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WESTERN CIVILIZATION
Volume I: To 1715
EIGHTH EDITION
Jackson J. Spielvogel
The Pennsylvania State University
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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Western Civilization:
Volume I: To 1715, Advantage
Edition, Eighth Edition
Jackson J. Spielvogel
Licensed to: iChapters User
1
The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations
2
The Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires
3
The Civilization of the Greeks
4
The Hellenistic World
99
5
The Roman Republic
123
6
The Roman Empire
7
Late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World
197
8
European Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750–1000
238
9
The Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High
Middle Ages 272
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Brief Contents
1
37
60
163
10
The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power
11
The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the
Fourteenth Century 339
12
Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance
13
Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth
Century 417
14
Europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500–1800
15
State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth
Century 498
16
Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: The Scientific
Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science 546
303
376
459
iii
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Preface
vii
The High Point of Greek Civilization:
Classical Greece 77
Culture and Society of Classical Greece 85
Introduction to Students
of Western Civilization xiii
About the Author
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: Women in Athens
xv
and Sparta
4
1
THE HELLENISTIC WORLD
Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the
Nile” 18
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: Akhenaten’s Hymn
to Aten and Psalm 104 of the Hebrew
Bible 30
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE: The Egyptian
Diet 32
On the Fringes of Civilization
34
2
THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: PEOPLES
EMPIRES 37
AND
The Hebrews: “The Children of Israel”
The Neighbors of the Israelites 45
The Assyrian Empire 46
The Neo-Babylonian Empire 50
The Persian Empire 51
3
OF THE
GREEKS
The Greeks in a Dark Age
(c. 1100–c. 750 B.C.E.) 64
The World of the Greek City-States
(c. 750–c. 500 B.C.E.) 67
iv
99
Macedonia and the Conquests
of Alexander 100
The World of the Hellenistic Kingdoms 105
Hellenistic Society 111
Culture in the Hellenistic World 115
Religion in the Hellenistic World 120
THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: THE FIRST
CIVILIZATIONS 1
The First Humans 2
The Emergence of Civilization 6
Civilization in Mesopotamia 8
THE CIVILIZATION
Early Greece 61
94
38
5
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
123
The Emergence of Rome 124
The Roman Republic (c. 509–264 B.C.E.) 127
The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean
(264–133 B.C.E.) 133
Society and Culture in the Roman
Republic 138
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic
(133–31 B.C.E.) 148
6
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
163
The Age of Augustus (31 B.C.E.–14 C.E.)
The Early Empire (14–180) 171
Roman Culture and Society in the
Early Empire 178
60
IMAGES
OF
164
EVERYDAY LIFE: Trade and the
Products of Trade
179
Transformation of the Roman World: Crises
in the Third Century 186
Transformation of the Roman World: The
Rise of Christianity 188
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Contents
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Contents
of the Huns
OF
204
The Germanic Kingdoms 208
Development of the Christian Church
The Byzantine Empire 223
The Rise of Islam 231
213
EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION IN THE EARLY
MIDDLE AGES, 750–1000 238
Europeans and the Environment 239
The World of the Carolingians 239
Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire 251
The Emerging World of Lords
and Vassals 256
The Zenith of Byzantine Civilization 262
The Slavic Peoples of Central and Eastern
Europe 264
The Expansion of Islam 266
OF
EVERYDAY LIFE: Entertainment
in the Middle Ages
372
12
RECOVERY AND REBIRTH: THE AGE
THE RENAISSANCE
376
OF
Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian
Renaissance 377
The Making of Renaissance Society 378
The Italian States in the Renaissance 384
The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy 390
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: The Renaissance
Prince: The Views of Machiavelli
and Erasmus 392
9
THE RECOVERY AND GROWTH OF EUROPEAN
SOCIETY IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES 272
Land and People in the High Middle
Ages 273
The New World of Trade and Cities 282
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: Two Views of
286
The Intellectual and Artistic World of the
High Middle Ages 290
10
AND
A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social
Crisis 340
War and Political Instability 349
The Decline of the Church 359
The Cultural World of the Fourteenth
Century 365
Society in an Age of Adversity 369
IMAGES
8
Trade and Merchants
11
THE LATER MIDDLE AGES: CRISIS
DISINTEGRATION IN THE
FOURTEENTH CENTURY 339
THE RISE OF KINGDOMS AND
OF CHURCH POWER
303
THE
GROWTH
The Emergence and Growth of European
Kingdoms, 1000–1300 304
The Recovery and Reform of the Catholic
Church 319
Christianity and Medieval Civilization 321
The Crusades 330
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: The Siege of
Jerusalem: Christian and Muslim
Perspectives 334
The Artistic Renaissance 398
The European State in the Renaissance 405
The Church in the Renaissance 412
13
REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS WARFARE
IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
417
Prelude to Reformation 418
Martin Luther and the Reformation
in Germany 421
The Spread of the Protestant
Reformation 430
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: A Reformation
Debate: Conflict at Marburg
The Social Impact of the Protestant
Reformation 440
The Catholic Reformation 442
Politics and the Wars of Religion
in the Sixteenth Century 448
432
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7
LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EMERGENCE
THE MEDIEVAL WORLD
197
The Late Roman Empire 198
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: Two Views
v
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Contents
14
16
EUROPE AND THE WORLD: NEW
ENCOUNTERS, 1500–1800 459
On the Brink of a New World 460
New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish
Empires 463
New Rivals on the World Stage 473
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: West Meets East:
An Exchange of Royal Letters
The Impact of European Expansion
Toward a World Economy 493
15
STATE BUILDING AND THE SEARCH
ORDER IN THE SEVENTEENTH
CENTURY 498
480
487
OF
FOR
EVERYDAY LIFE: Dutch
Domesticity
530
The Flourishing of European Culture
Background to the Scientific
Revolution 547
Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution
in Astronomy 549
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: A New Heaven?
Faith Versus Reason
Social Crises, War, and Rebellions 499
The Practice of Absolutism: Western
Europe 506
Absolutism in Central, Eastern,
and Northern Europe 517
Limited Monarchy and Republics 527
IMAGES
TOWARD A NEW HEAVEN AND A NEW
EARTH: THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
AND THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN
SCIENCE 546
539
556
Advances in Medicine and Chemistry 559
Women in the Origins of Modern
Science 563
Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism,
and a New View of Humankind 567
The Scientific Method and the Spread
of Scientific Knowledge 569
Documents
D-1
Chapter Notes
Index
I-1
C-1
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
vi
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DURING A VISIT to Great Britain, where he studied as a young man, Mohandas Gandhi, the
leader of the effort to liberate India from British colonial rule, was asked what he thought of
Western civilization. “I think it would be a good idea,” he replied. Gandhi’s response was as
correct as it was clever. Western civilization has led to great problems as well as great accomplishments, but it remains a good idea. And any complete understanding of today’s world must
take into account the meaning of Western civilization and the role Western civilization has
played in history. Despite modern progress, we still greatly reflect our religious traditions, our
political systems and theories, our economic and social structures, and our cultural heritage. I
have written this history of Western civilization to assist a new generation of students in learning more about the past that has helped create them and the world in which they live.
At the same time, for the eighth edition, as in the seventh, I have added considerable new
material on world history to show the impact other parts of the world have made on the West.
Certainly, the ongoing struggle with terrorists since 2001 has made clear the intricate relationship between the West and the rest of the world. It is important then to show not only how
Western civilization has affected the rest of the world but also how it has been influenced and
even defined since its beginnings by contacts with other peoples around the world.
Another of my goals was to write a well-balanced work in which the political, economic, social, religious, intellectual, cultural, and military aspects of Western civilization have been integrated into a chronologically ordered synthesis. I have been especially aware of the need to
integrate the latest research on social history and women’s history into each chapter of the book
rather than isolating it either in lengthy topical chapters, which confuse the student by interrupting
the chronological narrative, or in separate sections that appear at periodic intervals between
chapters.
Another purpose in writing this history of Western civilization has been to put the story
back in history. That story is an exciting one; yet many textbooks fail to capture the imagination of their readers. Narrative history effectively transmits the knowledge of the past and
is the form that best aids remembrance. At the same time, I have not overlooked the need
for the kind of historical analysis that makes students aware that historians often disagree
on their interpretations of the past.
FEATURES
OF THE
TEXT
To enliven the past and let readers see for themselves the materials that historians use to create their pictures of the past, I have included in each chapter primary sources (boxed documents) that are keyed to the discussion in the text. The documents include examples of the
religious, artistic, intellectual, social, economic, and political aspects of Western life. Such
varied sources as a Renaissance banquet menu, a student fight song in nineteenth-century
Britain, letters exchanged between a husband on the battle front and his wife in World
War I, the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in the French Revolution, and a debate in the Reformation era all reveal in a vivid fashion what Western civilization meant to the individual men and women who shaped it by their activities. I have
added questions at the end of each source to help students in analyzing the documents.
Each chapter has detailed chronologies that reinforce the events discussed in the text and
appear at the end of each chapter. Updated maps and extensive illustrations serve to deepen
the reader’s understanding of the text. Detailed map captions are designed to enrich students’
vii
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Preface
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Preface
awareness of the importance of geography to history. To facilitate understanding of cultural
movements, illustrations of artistic works discussed in the text are placed near the discussions.
Throughout the text, illustration captions have been revised and expanded to further students’
understanding of the past. Chapter outlines at the beginning of each chapter give students a useful overview and guide them to the main subjects of each chapter. A guide to pronunciation is
now provided in the text in parentheses following the first mention of a complex name or term.
NEW
TO
THIS EDITION
As preparation for the revision of Western Civilization, I reexamined the entire book and analyzed the comments and reviews of many colleagues who have found the book to be a useful instrument for introducing their students to the history of Western civilization. In making
revisions for the eighth edition, I sought to build on the strengths of the first seven editions
and, above all, to maintain the balance, synthesis, and narrative qualities that characterized
those editions. To keep up with the ever-growing body of historical scholarship, new or revised material has been added throughout the book on the following topics:
Chapter 1 the first humans; the Akkadian Empire; the Third Dynasty of Ur; revision of
Images of Everyday Life feature on “The Egyptian Diet.”
Chapter 2 the Assyrian Empire.
Chapter 3 the Persian Wars.
Chapter 4 Philip’s military reforms; new section, “Alexander’s Military Success.”
Chapter 5 Roman military success.
Chapter 6 the Roman army.
Chapter 7 iconoclasm; the practice of war and diplomacy in the Byzantine Empire;
Constantinople and the role of trade; the rise of Islam.
Chapter 8 Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire.
Chapter 9 Goliardic poetry.
Chapter 10 King John; Magna Carta; King Philip Augustus; the French Parlement; the
rise of the mendicant orders; the Crusades.
Chapter 11 new section on “The Black Death: From Asia to Europe,” with subsection on
“Role of the Mongols”; revised section on “The Black Death in Europe.”
Chapter 12 the impact of the Italian wars on Machiavelli; the studia humanitatis; the
Spanish expulsion of the Jews and Muslims; the threat of the Ottoman Turks to the West;
women in the home in the Italian Renaissance.
Chapter 13 Erasmus’s New Testament scholarship; Thomas More; Luther and the
Christian humanists; Luther and the peasants; Luther and predestination; the empire of
Charles V; political motives of popes and monarchs; the Ottoman Turks; the meaning of
the Catholic Reformation.
Chapter 14 revision of introduction to include a more concise road map of the chapter;
viceroys in Spain’s Latin American empire; impact of slave trade on Africa; products of the
Columbian Exchange, including cochineal; mercantilism.
Chapter 15 the causes of the Bohemian phase of the Thirty Years’ War; the consequences
of the Peace of Westphalia; Bishop Bossuet; the revocation of the Edict of Nantes; Colbert and
the finances of Louis XIV’s reign; how “Western” Russia was before Peter the Great.
Chapter 16 Antoine Lavoisier and his wife; the state and science.
The enthusiastic response to the primary sources (boxed documents) led me to evaluate the
content of each document carefully and add new documents throughout the text, including
new comparative documents in the feature called Opposing Viewpoints. This feature, which
was introduced in the seventh edition, presents a comparison of two or three primary sources
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
viii
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ix
in order to facilitate student analysis of historical documents. This feature has been expanded
and includes such new topics as “Czechoslovakia, 1968: Two Faces of Communism.” Focus
questions are included to help students evaluate the documents. Images of Everyday Life, which
combines two illustrations with a lengthy caption to provide insight into various aspects of social life, has also been expanded. Chapter Notes have now been placed at the end of the book
rather than at the end of each chapter.
Because courses in Western civilization at American and Canadian colleges and universities follow different chronological divisions, a one-volume edition and two two-volume
edition are being made available to fit the needs of instructors. Teaching and learning ancillaries include the following.
SUPPLEMENTS
FOR
THE INSTRUCTOR
PowerLecture CD-ROM with ExamView® and JoinIn®
This dual platform, all-in-one multimedia resource includes the Instructor’s Resource Manual; Test
Bank, prepared by Jason Ripper of Everett Community College (includes key term identification,
multiple-choice, essay, and true/false questions); Microsoft® PowerPoint® slides of both lecture
outlines and images and maps from the text that can be used as offered or customized by importing
personal lecture slides or other material; and JoinIn® PowerPoint® slides with clicker content. Also
included is ExamView, an easy-to-use assessment and tutorial system that allows instructors to create, deliver, and customize tests in minutes. Instructors can build tests with as many as 250 questions using up to twelve question types, and using ExamView’s complete word-processing
capabilities, they can enter an unlimited number of new questions or edit existing ones.
eInstructor’s Resource Manual
Prepared by Richard Gianni of Westwood College–River Oaks Campus. This manual has
many features, including chapter outlines and summaries, lecture suggestions, map exercises,
discussion questions for the boxed primary sources, suggested research and paper topics, and
suggested weblinks and resources. Available on the instructor’s companion website.
HistoryFinder
This searchable online database allows instructors to quickly and easily download thousands of
assets, including art, photographs, maps, primary sources, and audio/video clips. Each asset
downloads directly into a Microsoft® PowerPoint® slide, allowing instructors to easily create exciting PowerPoint presentations for their classrooms.
WebTutor™ on Blackboard® and WebCT®
With WebTutor’s text-specific, pre-formatted content and total flexibility, instructors can
easily create and manage their own custom course website. WebTutor’s course management
tool gives instructors the ability to provide virtual office hours, post syllabi, set up threaded
discussions, track student progress with the quizzing material, and much more. For students,
WebTutor offers real-time access to a full array of study tools, including animations and videos that bring the book’s topics to life, plus chapter outlines, summaries, learning objectives, glossary flashcards (with audio), practice quizzes, and weblinks.
CourseMate
Cengage Learning’s History CourseMate brings course concepts to life with interactive learning, study, and exam preparation tools that support the printed textbook. Watch student
comprehension soar as your class works with the printed textbook and the textbook-specific
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Preface
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x
website. History CourseMate goes beyond the book to deliver what you need! History CourseMate includes an integrated eBook; interactive teaching and learning tools including quizzes, flashcards, videos, and more; and EngagementTracker, a first-of-its-kind tool that
monitors student engagement in the course. Learn more at www.cengagebrain.com.
CourseReader
CourseReader is a new customized online reader. You simply go on online to search or
browse the collection of hundreds of text documents and video clips from multiple disciplines. You choose the documents to assign to your students. Each source document includes a descriptive introduction that puts it in context, and every selection is further
supported by both critical-thinking and multiple-choice questions; you can also add your
own notes and highlighting. Ask your sales representative about possible discounts.
FOR
THE
STUDENT
Western Civilization CourseMate Website
This website for students features a wide assortment of resources to help students master the
subject matter. The website, prepared by Michael A. Sparks of Ivy Tech Community
College–Central Indiana, includes a glossary, flashcards, crossword puzzles, tutorial quizzes,
essay questions, critical thinking exercises, weblinks, and suggested readings.
Cengagebrain.com
Save your students time and money. Direct them to www.cengagebrain.com for choice in
formats and savings and a better chance to succeed in your class. Cengagebrain.com,
Cengage Learning’s online store, is a single destination for more than 10,000 new textbooks,
eTextbooks, eChapters, study tools, and audio supplements. Students have the freedom to
purchase à la carte exactly what they need when they need it. Students can save 50 percent
on the electronic textbook, and can pay as little as $1.99 for an individual eChapter.
Wadsworth Western Civilization Resource Center
Wadsworth’s Western Civilization Resource Center gives your students access to a “virtual
reader” with hundreds of primary sources including speeches, letters, legal documents and
transcripts, poems, maps, simulations, timelines, and additional images that bring history to
life, along with interactive assignable exercises. A map feature including Google Earth™ coordinates and exercises will aid in student comprehension of geography and use of maps.
Students can compare the traditional textbook map with an aerial view of the location today. It’s an ideal resource for study, review, and research. In addition to this map feature,
the resource center also provides blank maps for student review and testing.
Rand McNally Historical Atlas of Western Civilization, 2e
This valuable resource features more than forty-five maps, including maps that highlight Classical Greece and Rome; maps documenting European civilization during the Renaissance; maps
that follow events in Germany, Russia, and Italy leading up to World Wars I and II; maps
that show the dissolution of communism in 1989; maps documenting language and religion in
the Western world; and maps describing the unification and industrialization of Europe.
The History Handbook, 1e
Prepared by Carol Berkin of Baruch College, City University of New York, and Betty Anderson
of Boston University. This book teaches students both basic and history-specific study skills
such as how to take notes, get the most out of lectures and readings, read primary sources,
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Preface
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xi
research historical topics, and correctly cite sources. Substantially less expensive than comparable skill-building texts, The History Handbook also offers tips for Internet research and evaluating online sources. Additionally, students can purchase and download the eAudio version of
The History Handbook or any of its eighteen individual units at www.cengagebrain.com to listen to on the go.
Doing History: Research and Writing in the Digital Age, 1e
Prepared by Michael J. Galgano, J. Chris Arndt, and Raymond M. Hyser of James Madison
University. Whether you’re starting down the path as a history major, or simply looking for a
straightforward and systematic guide to writing a successful paper, you’ll find this text to be an
indispensible handbook to historical research. This text’s “soup to nuts” approach to researching
and writing about history addresses every step of the process, from locating your sources and
gathering information, to writing clearly and making proper use of various citation styles to
avoid plagiarism. You’ll also learn how to make the most of every tool available to you—
especially the technology that helps you conduct the process efficiently and effectively.
Reader Program
Cengage Learning publishes a number of readers, some containing exclusively primary
sources, others a combination of primary and secondary sources, and some designed to
guide students through the process of historical inquiry. Visit Cengage.com/history for a
complete list of readers.
Custom Options
Nobody knows your students like you, so why not give them a text that is tailor-fit to their
needs? Cengage Learning offers custom solutions for your course—whether it’s making a
small modification to Western Civilization to match your syllabus or combining multiple
sources to create something truly unique. You can pick and choose chapters, include your
own material, and add additional map exercises along with the Rand McNally Atlas to create a text that fits the way you teach. Ensure that your students get the most out of their
textbook dollar by giving them exactly what they need. Contact your Cengage Learning representative to explore custom solutions for your course.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I began to teach at age five in my family’s grape arbor. By the age of ten, I wanted to know
and understand everything in the world, so I set out to memorize our entire set of encyclopedia volumes. At seventeen, as editor of the high school yearbook, I chose “patterns” as its
theme. With that as my early history, followed by many rich years of teaching, writing, and
family nurturing, it seemed quite natural to accept the challenge of writing a history of
Western civilization as I approached that period in life often described as the age of wisdom.
Although I see this writing adventure as part of the natural unfolding of my life, I gratefully
acknowledge that without the generosity of many others, it would not have been possible.
David Redles gave generously of his time and ideas, especially for Chapters 28 and 29.
Chris Colin provided research on the history of music, while Laurie Batitto, Alex Spencer, Stephen Maloney, Shaun Mason, Peter Angelos, and Fred Schooley offered valuable editorial assistance. I deeply appreciate the valuable technical assistance provided by Dayton Coles. I am
deeply grateful to John Soares for his assistance in preparing the map captions and to Charmarie Blaisdell of Northeastern University for her detailed suggestions on women’s history.
Daniel Haxall of Kutztown University provided valuable assistance with materials on postwar
art, popular culture, Postmodern art and thought, the Digital Age, and the Film & History
feature. I am especially grateful to Kathryn Spielvogel for her work as research associate for
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Preface
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Preface
Chapters 15–30. I am also thankful to the thousands of students whose questions and responses have caused me to see many aspects of Western civilization in new ways.
My ability to undertake a project of this magnitude was in part due to the outstanding
European history teachers that I had as both an undergraduate and a graduate student.
These included Kent Forster (modern Europe) and Robert W. Green (early modern Europe)
at The Pennsylvania State University and Franklin Pegues (medieval), Andreas Dorpalen
(modern Germany), William MacDonald (ancient), and Harold J. Grimm (Renaissance and
Reformation) at The Ohio State University. These teachers provided me with profound insights into Western civilization and also taught me by their examples that learning only becomes true understanding when it is accompanied by compassion, humility, and openmindedness.
I would like to thank the many teachers and students who have used the first seven editions of my Western Civilization. Their enthusiastic response to a textbook that was intended to put the story back in history and capture the imagination of the reader has been
very gratifying. I especially thank the many teachers and students who made the effort to
contact me personally to share their enthusiasm. Thanks to Wadsworth’s comprehensive review process, many historians were asked to evaluate my manuscript and review for their
each edition. I am grateful for their innumerable suggestions over the course of the first
seven editions, which have greatly improved my work.
The editors at Cengage Wadsworth have been both helpful and congenial at all times. I
especially wish to thank Clark Baxter, whose clever wit, wisdom, gentle prodding, and good
friendship have added much depth to our working relationship. Margaret Beasley thoughtfully, wisely, efficiently, and pleasantly guided the overall development of the eighth edition.
I also thank Nancy Blaine for her suggestions and valuable insights. I also want to express
my gratitude to John Orr, whose good humor, well-advised suggestions, and generous verbal support made the production process easier. Pat Lewis, a truly outstanding copy editor,
continued to teach me much about the fine points of the English language. Abigail Baxter
provided valuable assistance in suggesting illustrations and obtaining permissions for the
illustrations.
Above all, I thank my family for their support. The gifts of love, laughter, and patience
from my daughters, Jennifer and Kathryn; my sons, Eric and Christian; my daughtersin-law, Liz and Laurie; and my sons-in-law, Daniel and Eddie, were enormously appreciated. I also wish to acknowledge my grandchildren, Devyn, Bryn, Drew, Elena, Sean,
Emma, and Jackson, who bring great joy to my life. My wife and best friend, Diane, contributed editorial assistance, wise counsel, good humor, and the loving support that made it
possible for me to accomplish a project of this magnitude. I could not have written the book
without her.
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xii
Introduction to Students
of Western Civilization
CIVILIZATION, AS HISTORIANS define it, first emerged between five and six thousand
years ago when people in different parts of the world began to live in organized communities with distinct political, military, economic, and social structures. Religious, intellectual,
and artistic activities assumed important roles in these early societies. The focus of this
book is on Western civilization, a civilization that many people identify with the continent
of Europe.
DEFINING WESTERN CIVILIZATION
Western civilization itself has evolved considerably over the centuries. Although the concept of
the West did not yet exist at the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, their development
of writing, law codes, and different roles based on gender all eventually influenced what became
Western civilization. Although the Greeks did not conceive of Western civilization as a cultural
entity, their artistic, intellectual, and political contributions were crucial to the foundations of
Western civilization. The Romans produced a remarkable series of accomplishments that were
fundamental to the development of Western civilization, a civilization that came to consist
largely of lands in Europe conquered by the Romans, in which Roman cultural and political
ideals were gradually spread. Nevertheless, people in these early civilizations viewed themselves
as subjects of states or empires, not as members of Western civilization.
With the rise of Christianity during the Late Roman Empire, however, peoples in
Europe began to identify themselves as part of a civilization different from others, such as
that of Islam, leading to a concept of a Western civilization different from other civilizations.
In the fifteenth century, Renaissance intellectuals began to identify this civilization not only
with Christianity but also with the intellectual and political achievements of the ancient
Greeks and Romans.
Important to the development of the idea of a distinct Western civilization were encounters with other peoples. Between 700 and 1500, encounters with the world of Islam
helped define the West. But after 1500, as European ships began to move into other parts
of the world, encounters with peoples in Asia, Africa, and the Americas not only had an impact on the civilizations found there but also affected how people in the West defined themselves. At the same time, as they set up colonies, Europeans began to transplant a sense of
Western identity to other areas of the world, especially North America and parts of Latin
America, that have come to be considered part of Western civilization.
As the concept of Western civilization has evolved over the centuries, so have the values
and unique features associated with that civilization. Science played a crucial role in the development of modern Western civilization. The societies of the Greeks, Romans, and medieval Europeans were based largely on a belief in the existence of a spiritual order; a dramatic
departure to a natural or material view of the universe occurred in the seventeenth-century
Scientific Revolution. Science and technology have been important in the growth of today’s
modern and largely secular Western civilization, although antecedents to scientific development also existed in Greek and medieval thought and practice, and religion remains a component of the Western world today.
xiii
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Introduction to Students of Western Civilization
Many historians have viewed the concept of political liberty, belief in the fundamental
value of every individual, and a rational outlook based on a system of logical, analytical
thought as unique aspects of Western civilization. Of course, the West has also witnessed
horrendous negations of liberty, individualism, and reason. Racism, slavery, violence, world
wars, totalitarian regimes—these, too, form part of the complex story of what constitutes
Western civilization.
THE DATING
OF
TIME
In our examination of Western civilization, we also need to be aware of the dating of time.
In recording the past, historians try to determine the exact time when events occurred.
World War II in Europe, for example, began on September 1, 1939, when Hitler sent
German troops into Poland, and ended on May 7, 1945, when Germany surrendered. By
using dates, historians can place events in order and try to determine the development of
patterns over periods of time.
If someone asked you when you were born, you would reply with a number, such as
1993. In the United States, we would all accept that number without question because it is
part of the dating system followed in the Western world (Europe and the Western Hemisphere). In this system, events are dated by counting backward or forward from the year 1.
When the system was first devised, the year 1 was assumed to be the year of the birth of Jesus,
and the abbreviations B.C. (before Christ) and A.D. (for the Latin words anno Domini, meaning
“in the year of the Lord”) were used to refer to the periods before and after the birth of Jesus,
respectively. Historians now generally prefer to refer to the year 1 in nonreligious terms as the
beginning of the “common era.” The abbreviations B.C.E. (before the common era) and C.E.
(common era) are used instead of B.C. and A.D., although the years are the same. Thus, an
event that took place four hundred years before the year 1 would be dated 400 B.C.E. (before
the common era)—or the date could be expressed as 400 B.C. Dates after the year 1 are
labeled C.E. Thus, an event that took place two hundred years after the year 1 would be
dated 200 C.E. (common era), or the date could be written A.D. 200. It can also be written simply
as 200, just as you would not give your birth year as 1993 C.E., but simply as 1993. In keeping
with the current usage by most historians, this book will use the abbreviations B.C.E. and C.E.
Historians also make use of other terms to refer to time. A decade is ten years, a century is one hundred years, and a millennium is one thousand years. Thus, “the fourth century B.C.E.” refers to the fourth period of one hundred years counting backward from the
year 1, the beginning of the common era. Since the first century B.C.E. would be the years
100 B.C.E. to 1 C.E., the fourth century B.C.E. would be the years 400 B.C.E. to 301 B.C.E. We
could say, then, that an event in 350 B.C.E. took place in the fourth century B.C.E.
Similarly, “the fourth century C.E.” refers to the fourth period of one hundred years after the beginning of the common era. Since the first period of one hundred years would be
the years 1 to 100, the fourth period or fourth century would be the years 301 to 400. We
could say, then, that an event in 350 took place in the fourth century. Likewise, the first
millennium B.C.E. refers to the years 1000 B.C.E. to 1 C.E.; the second millennium C.E. refers
to the years 1001 to 2000.
The dating of events can also vary from people to people. Most people in the Western
world use the Western calendar, also known as the Gregorian calendar after Pope Gregory
XIII, who refined it in 1582. The Hebrew calendar uses a different system in which the year
1 is the equivalent of the Western year 3760 B.C.E., considered to be the date of the creation
of the world according to the Bible. Thus, the Western year 2011 is the year 5771 on the
Hebrew calendar. The Islamic calendar begins year 1 on the day Muhammad fled Mecca,
which is the year 622 on the Western calendar.
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xiv
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JACKSON J. SPIELVOGEL is associate professor emeritus of history at The Pennsylvania
State University. He received his Ph.D. from The Ohio State University, where he specialized
in Reformation history under Harold J. Grimm. His articles and reviews have appeared in
such journals as Moreana, Journal of General Education, Catholic Historical Review, Archiv
für Reformationsgeschichte, and American Historical Review. He has also contributed
chapters or articles to The Social History of the Reformation, The Holy Roman Empire:
A Dictionary Handbook, the Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual of Holocaust Studies, and
Utopian Studies. His work has been supported by fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation
and the Foundation for Reformation Research. At Penn State, he helped inaugurate the
Western civilization courses as well as a popular course on Nazi Germany. His book Hitler
and Nazi Germany was published in 1987 (sixth edition, 2010). He is the coauthor (with
William Duiker) of World History, first published in 1998 (sixth edition, 2010), and The
Essential World History (third edition, 2008). Professor Spielvogel has won five major
university-wide teaching awards. In 1988–1989, he held the Penn State Teaching Fellowship,
the university’s most prestigious teaching award. He won the Dean Arthur Ray Warnock
Award for Outstanding Faculty Member in 1996 and the Schreyer Honors College Excellence
in Teaching Award in 2000.
TO DIANE,
WHOSE LOVE AND SUPPORT MADE IT ALL POSSIBLE
J.J.S.
xv
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About the Author
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the ownership of all copyrighted material and to secure permission from copyright holders. In
the event of any question arising as to the use of any material, we will be pleased to make the
necessary corrections in future printings. Thanks are due to the following authors, publishers,
and agents for permission to use the material indicated.
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 3
13: PRITCHARD, JAMES; ANCIENT
NEAR EASTERN TEXTS RELATED TO
THE OLD TESTAMENT - THIRD EDITION WITH SUPPLEMENT. © 1950,
1955, 1969, renewed 1978 by Princeton University Press. Reprinted by permission of
Princeton University Press.
66: From THE ILIAD by Homer, translated by
E. V. Rieu, Revised and updated by Peter Jones
with D. C. H. Rieu, Edited with an introduction
and notes by Peter Jones (Penguin Classics,
1950, Revised translation 2003). Copyright
© the Estate of E. V. Rieu, 1946. Revised translation and Introduction and Notes copyright
© Peter V. Jones, 2003. Reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd.
30: Scripture taken from the HOLY BIBLE,
NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®.
Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 Biblica.
Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights
reserved. The “NIV” and “New International
Version” trademarks are registered in the
United States Patent and Trademark Office
by Biblica. Use of either trademark requires
the permission of Biblica.
CHAPTER 2
42: Scripture taken from the HOLY BIBLE,
NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®.
Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 Biblica.
Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights
reserved. The “NIV” and “New International
Version” trademarks are registered in the
United States Patent and Trademark Office
by Biblica. Use of either trademark requires
the permission of Biblica.
53: From THE PERSIAN WARS by Herodotus, translated by George Rawlinson, copyright 1942 by Random House, Inc. Used by
permission of Modern Library, a division of
Random House, Inc.
82: From THE HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR by Thucydides, translated by Rex Warner, with an introduction
and notes by M. I. Finley (Penguin Classics,
1954, Revised edition 1972). Translation
copyright © Rex Warner, 1954. Introduction
and Appendices copyright (c) 1972. Reproduced by permission of Penguin Books, Ltd.
94: Reprinted by permission of the publishers
and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Xenophon, Memorabilia and
Oeconomicus, Loeb Classical Library Vol.
IV, translated by E.C. Marchant and O.J.
Todd, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, Copyright © 1930, by the President and
Fellows of Harvard College. The Loeb Classical Library is a registered trademark of the
President and Fellows of Harvard College.
95: From Ancient Greece: Social and Historical Documents from Archaic Times to the
Death of Socrates. Edited by Matthew Dillon
and Lynda Garland. London: Routledge,
1994, pp. 393–95. Copyright © 1994
Matthew and Lynda Garland.
D-1
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CHAPTER 4
114: Reprinted by permission of the publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical
Library from Diodorus Siculus, Loeb Classical Library Vol. 1, trans. by C. H. Oldfather,
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,
Copyright © 1933 by the President and
Fellows of Harvard College. The Loeb Classical Library is a registered trademark of the
President and Fellows of Harvard College.
Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 Biblica.
Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights
reserved. The “NIV” and “New International
Version” trademarks are registered in the
United States Patent and Trademark Office by
Biblica. Use of either trademark requires the permission of Biblica.
CHAPTER 7
120: From Hellenistic Philosophy: Stoics,
Epicureans, Sceptics, Second Edition, A. A.
Long. Copyright © 1986 by A. A. Long.
Reprinted by permission of the University of
California Press.
204: From THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE
by Ammianus Marcellinus, selected and translated by Walter Hamilton (Penguin Classics,
1986). Translation copyright © Walter
Hamilton, 1986. Reproduced by permission
of Penguin Books Ltd.
CHAPTER 5
205: Priscus, An Account of the Court of Attila the Hun, from Fragmenta Historicorum
Graecorum, trans. J. B. Bury.
130: From Roman Civilization, Vol. I, Naphtali Lewis and Meyer Reinhold. Copyright ©
1955 Columbia University Press. Reprinted
by permission of the publisher.
141: Reprinted by permission of the publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical
Library from Dionysius, vol. 1, Loeb Classical Library Vol. 319, translated by Earnest
Cary, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Copyright © 1937 by the
President and Fellows of Harvard College.
The Loeb Classical Library is a registered
trademark of the President and Fellows of
Harvard College.
158: From The Lives of the Noble Grecians
and Romans by Plutarch, translated by John
Dryden and edited by Arthur H. Clough.
CHAPTER 6
166: From Roman Civilization, Vol. I, Naphtali Lewis and Meyer Renhold. Copyright ©
1955 Columbia University Press. Reprinted
by permission of the publisher.
191: Scripture taken from the HOLY BIBLE,
NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®.
234: From THE KORAN, translated by N. J.
Dawood (Penguin Classics 1956, Fifth revised
edition 1990). Copyright © N. J. Dawood,
1956, 1959, 1966, 1968, 1974, 1990, 1993,
1997, 1999, 2003. Reproduced by permission
of Penguin Books Ltd.
CHAPTER 8
245: Reproduced from Handbook for
William: A Carolingian Woman’s Counsel
for Her Son, by Dhuoda, translated by Carol
Neel, by permission of the University of
Nebraska Press. Copyright © 1991 by the
University of Nebraska Press.
252: From THE ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLES (New York: St. Martin’s, 1982), translated by Anne Savage, pp. 994, 997, 998,
999, 1003. Reprinted by permission of the
translator.
267: From THE VIKINGS by Johannes
Brøndsted, translated by Kalle Skov (Penguin
Books, 1965) copyright © Johannes Brøndsted,
1960, 1965. Reproduced by permission of
Penguin Books Ltd.
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CHAPTER 9
280: From Not in God’s Image: Women in
History from the Greeks to Victorians by Julia
O’Faolain and Lauro Martines. Copyright ©
1973 by Julia O’Faolain and Lauro Martines.
Reprinted by permission of the authors.
280: From Not in God’s Image: Women in
History from the Greeks to Victorians by
Julia O’Faolain and Lauro Martines. Copyright © 1973 by Julia O’Faolain and Lauro
Martines. Reprinted by permission of the
authors.
286: Life of Saint Godric. From Reginald of
Durham, “Life of St. Godric,” in G. G. Coulton,
ed., Social Life in Britain from the Conquest to
the Reformation, (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1918), pp. 415–20.
287: Ibn Khaldun, Prolegomena. From An
Arab Philosophy of History. Ed. and trans.
by Charles Issawi. New York: Darwin Press,
1987. Reprinted by permission of the Darwin
Press.
CHAPTER 10
306: From University of Pennsylvania Translation and Reprints, translated by E. P. Cheyney
(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania
Press), 1897, Volume I, No. 6, pp. 6–16.
D-3
348: From CHRONICLES by Froissart, translated by Geoffrey Brereton (Penguin Classics,
1968, Revised 1978). Translation copyright
© Geoffrey Brereton, 1968. Reproduced by
permission of Penguin Books, Ltd.
CHAPTER 12
392: Machiavelli, The Prince (1513). From
The Prince by Machiavelli, translated by
David Wootton, pp. 51–52. Copyright ©
1995 by Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
Reprinted by permission of Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
393: From The Education of a Christian Prince,
by Erasmus, translated by L. K. Born. Copyright © 1936 by Columbia University Press.
Reprinted with permission of the publisher.
396: Laura Cereta, “Defense of the Liberal
Instruction of Women,” from Her Immaculate Hand: Selected Works by and about the
Women Humanists of Quattrocentro Italy,
ed. by Margaret King and Albert Rabil
(Pegasus Press, Asheville, NC, 2000).
Reprinted by permission.
CHAPTER 13
334: From The First Crusade: The Chronicle
of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials, 2nd ed., ed. Edward Peters (University
of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), pp. 90–91.
432: “The Marburg Colloquy,” from
GREAT DEBATES OF THE REFORMATION, edited by Donald Ziegler, copyright
© 1969 by Donald Ziegler. Used by permission of Modern Library, a division of
Random House, Inc.
335: From Arab Historians of the Crusades,
ed. and trans. E. J. Costello. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.
455: From Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments
by John E. Neale. London: Jonathan Cape,
1953.
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 14
345: From The Jew in the Medieval World by
Jacob R. Marcus. Copyright 1972 by
Atheneum. Reprinted with permission of
The Hebrew Union College Press.
470: From The European Reconnaissance:
Selected Documents by John H. Parry. Copyright © 1968 by John H. Parry. Reprinted by
permission Walker & Co.
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476: From European Society in the Eighteenth
Century, ed. Robert and Elborg Forster.
New York: Walker & Co., 1969. Reprinted
by permission of Walker & Co.
480: From The World of Southeast Asia:
Selected Historical Readings, Harry J. Benda
and John A. Larkin, eds. Copyright © 1967
by Harper & Row Publishers. Used with permission of John A. Larkin.
CHAPTER 15
536: From The Statutes: Revised Edition
(London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1871),
Vol. 2, pp. 10–12.
CHAPTER 16
556: From DISCOVERIES AND OPINIONS
OF GALILEO by Galileo Galilei, translated
by Stillman Drake, copyright © 1957 by Stillman Drake. Used by permission of Doubleday, a division of Random House, Inc.
556: From Galileo, Science, and the Church by
Jerome J. Langford (New York: Desclee, 1966).
566: From A Political Treatise, Benedict de Spinoza, copyright 1895 by George Routledge &
Sons.
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CHAPTER 1
1. Jean-Marie Chauvet et al., Dawn of Art:
The Chauvet Cave (New York, 1996),
pp. 49–50.
2. Quoted in Amelie Kuhrt, The Ancient
Near East, c. 3000-330 B.C. (London,
1995), vol. 1, p. 68.
3. Quoted in Michael Wood, Legacy: The
Search for Ancient Cultures (New York,
1995), p. 34.
4. Quoted in Marc van de Mieroop, A
History of the Ancient Near East, ca.
3000-323 B.C. (Oxford, 2004), p. 69.
5. Quoted in ibid., p. 64.
6. Quoted in ibid., p. 106.
7. Quoted in Thorkild Jacobsen,
“Mesopotamia,” in Henri Frankfort
et al., Before Philosophy (Baltimore,
1949), p. 139.
8. Quoted in Thorkild Jacobsen, The
Treasures of Darkness: A History of
Mesopotamian Religion (New Haven,
Conn., 1976), p. 97.
9. The Epic of Gilgamesh, trans. N. K.
Sandars (London, 1972), p. 62.
10. James B. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, 3rd ed. (Princeton, N.J.,
1969), p. 372.
11. Quoted in Angela P. Thomas, Egyptian
Gods and Myths (London, 1986), p. 25.
12. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts,
p. 445.
13. Quoted in B. G. Trigger, B. J. Kemp,
D. O’Connor, and A. B. Lloyd, Ancient
Egypt: A Social History (Cambridge,
1983), p. 74.
14. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts,
p. 34.
15. Ibid., p. 36.
16. Quoted in Rose-Marie Hagen and
Rainer Hagen, Egypt: People, Gods,
Pharaohs (Cologne, 2002), p. 148.
17. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts,
p. 413.
18. Quoted in John A. Wilson, The Culture
of Ancient Egypt (Chicago, 1956),
p. 264.
19. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts,
p. 412.
20. Ibid., p. 413.
CHAPTER 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
2 Samuel 8:2.
Psalms 137:1, 4–6.
Psalms 145:8–9.
Psalms 121:2–3.
Exodus 20:13–15.
Isaiah 2:4.
Proverbs 31:10-20, 24–28.
Judges 5:24–27.
Quoted in Roland de Vaux, Ancient
Israel: Its Life and Institutions (New
York, 1961), p. 49.
Quoted in Marc van de Mieroop, A
History of the Ancient Near East
(Oxford, 2004), p. 242.
Quoted in H. W F. Saggs, The Might
That Was Assyria (London, 1984),
pp. 261–262.
John C. Rolfe, trans., Quintus
Curtius I (Cambridge, Mass., 1971),
pp. 337–339.
Quoted in John M. Cook, The Persian
Empire (New York, 1983), p. 32.
Herodotus, The Persian Wars, trans.
George Rawlinson (New York, 1942),
p. 257.
Isaiah 44:28, 45:1.
Quoted in Albert T. Olmstead, History
of the Persian Empire (Chicago, 1948),
p. 168.
Quoted in Cook, The Persian Empire,
p. 76.
Yasna 44:3–4, 7, as quoted in A. C.
Bouquet, Sacred Books of the World
(Harmondsworth, England, 1954),
pp. 111–112.
C-1
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Chapter Notes
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Chapter Notes
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
1. H. D. F. Kitto, The Greeks (Harmondsworth, England, 1951), p. 64.
2. Homer, Odyssey, trans. E. V. Rieu
(Harmondsworth, England, 1946),
p. 337.
3. Xenophon, Symposium, trans. O J.
Todd (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 3.5.
4. Homer, Odyssey, pp. 290–291.
5. Quoted in Thomas R. Martin, Ancient
Greece (New Haven, Conn., 1996),
p. 62.
6. Quoted in Victor David Hanson, The
Wars of the Ancient Greeks, rev. ed.
(London, 2006), p. 14.
7. These words from Plutarch are quoted
in Elaine Fantham et al., Women in the
Classical World (New York, 1994),
p. 64.
8. Hesiod, Works and Days, trans.
Dorothea Wender (Harmondsworth,
England, 1973), pp. 77, 71, 68.
9. Theognis, Elegies, trans. Dorothea
Wender (Harmondsworth, England,
1973), pp. 118, 100.
10. Aeschylus, The Persians, in The
Complete Greek Tragedies, vol. 1, ed.
David Grene and Richmond Lattimore
(Chicago, 1959), p. 229.
11. Herodotus, The Persian Wars, trans.
Robin Waterfield (New York, 1998),
p. 3.
12. Thucydides, History of the
Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner
(Harmondsworth, England, 1954),
p. 24.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Sophocles, Oedipus the King, trans.
David Grene (Chicago, 1959),
pp. 68–69.
16. Sophocles, Antigone, trans. Don Taylor
(London, 1986), p. 146.
17. Plato, The Republic, trans. F. M.
Cornford (New York, 1945),
pp. 178–179.
18. Quotations from Aristotle are from Sue
Blundell, Women in Ancient Greece
(London, 1995), pp. 106, 186.
1. Quoted in Sarah B. Pomeroy et al.,
Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and
Cultural History (Oxford, 1999),
p. 390.
2. Polybius, The Histories, trans. W R.
Paton (Cambridge, Mass., 1960), 18.37.
8–10.
3. Quoted in Graham Shipley, The Greek
World After Alexander, 323–30 B.C.
(London, 2000), p. 53.
4. Quoted in ibid., p. 304.
5. Maureen B. Fant and Mary R. Lefkowitz,
Women’s Life in Greece and Rome: A
Source Book in Translation (Baltimore,
1992), no. 208.
6. Roger S. Bagnall and Peter Derow, Greek
Historical Documents: The Hellenistic
Period (Chico, Calif., 1981), p. 113.
7. Plutarch, Life of Marcellus, trans. John
Dryden (New York, n.d.), p. 378.
8. Celsus, De Medicina, trans. W. G.
Spencer (Cambridge, Mass., 1935),
Prooemium 23–24.
9. Epicurus: The Extant Remains, trans.
Cyril Bailey (Oxford, 1926), pp. 89–90,
115, 101.
10. Diogenes Laertius, Life of Zeno, vol. 2,
trans. R. D. Hicks (London, 1925),
p. 195.
11. Quoted in W. W. Tarn, Hellenistic Civilization (London, 1930), p. 324.
CHAPTER 5
1. Polybius. The Histories, trans. W. R.
Paton (Cambridge, Mass., 1960), Book
I, 37.7-37.10.
2. Quoted in Chester Starr, Past and
Future in Ancient History (Lanham,
Md., 1987), pp. 38–39.
3. Cicero, Laws, trans. C. W. Keyes
(Cambridge, Mass., 1966), 2.12.31.
4. Cato the Censor, On Farming, trans.
Ernest Brehaut (New York, 1933), 141.
5. Quoted in J. Wright Duff, A Literary
History of Rome (London, 1960),
pp. 136–137.
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6. Terence, The Comedies, trans. Betty
Radice (Harmondsworth, England,
1976), p. 339.
7. Pliny, Natural History, trans. W. H. S.
Jones (Cambridge, Mass., 1963), 29.7.
8. Mary Beard and Michael Crawford,
Rome in the Late Republic (London,
1985), p. 3.
9. Quoted in Adrian Goldsworthy, Caesar:
Life of a Colossus (New Haven, Conn.,
2006), p. 235.
10. Quoted in ibid., p. 358.
11. Appian, Roman History: The Civil
Wars, trans. H. White (Cambridge,
Mass., 1961), 4.2.149-151.
12. Florus, Epitome of Roman History,
trans. E. S. Forster (Cambridge, Mass.,
1960), 2.22.327.
13. The Poems of Catullus, trans. Charles
Martin (Baltimore, 1990), p. 109.
14. Lucretius, On the Nature of Things,
trans. Anthony M. Esolen (Baltimore,
1995), 2.115–123.
15. Quoted in Anthony Everitt, Cicero
(New York, 2001), p. 181.
16. Julius Caesar, The Gallic War and
Other Writings, trans. Moses Hadas
(New York, 1957), 2.25.
CHAPTER 6
1. Livy, The Early History of Rome, trans.
Aubrey de Sélincourt (Harmondsworth,
England, 1960), p. 35.
2. Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome,
trans. Michael Grant (Harmondsworth,
England, 1956), p. 30.
3. Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of
Roman History, trans. Frederick Shipley
(Cambridge, Mass., 1967), 2.117.
4. Tacitus, Annals of Imperial Rome,
p. 37.
5. Virgil, The Aeneid, trans. C. Day Lewis
(Garden City, N.Y, 1952), p. 154.
6. Horace, Satires, in The Complete Works
of Horace, trans. Lord Dunsany and
Michael Oakley (London, 1961), 1.1.
7. Ibid., 1.3.
8. Livy, Early History of Rome, p. 18.
9. Tacitus, Annals of Imperial Rome,
p. 31.
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10. Tacitus, The Histories, trans. Kenneth
Wallesley (Harmondsworth, England,
1964), p. 23.
11. Quoted in Martin Goodman, The
Roman World, 44 B.c.-A.D. 180
(London, 1997), p. 67.
12. Quoted in ibid., p. 72.
13. Seneca, Letters from a Stoic, trans.
Robin Campbell (Harmondsworth,
England, 1969), let. 5.
14. Tacitus, Annals of Imperial Rome,
p. 147.
15. Juvenal, The Sixteen Satires, trans. Peter
Green (Harmondsworth, England,
1967), satire 7, p. 171.
16. Ibid., satire 10, p. 207.
17. Tacitus, A Dialogue on Oratory,
in The Complete Works of Tacitus,
trans. Alfred Church and William
Brodribb (New York, 1942), 29,
p. 758.
18. Ovid, The Amores, trans. Grant
Showerman (Cambridge, Mass., 1963),
2.14. 26–27.
19. Matthew 5:17.
20. Matthew 7:12.
21. Mark 12:30–31.
22. John 18:36.
23. Matthew 26:26–28.
24. Early Christian Writings (Harmondsworth, England, 1968), pp. 76–77.
25. These lines and the one by Polycarp are
quoted in Colin Wells, The Roman
Empire (Stanford, Calif., 1984),
pp. 263–264.
26. Quotations by Tertullian can be found
in David Chidester, Christianity: A
Global History (New York, 2000),
pp. 74, 79, 82.
27. Tertullian, “The Prescriptions Against
the Heretics,” in The Library of Christian Classics, vol. 5, Early Latin
Theology, ed. and trans. S. L. Greenslade
(Philadelphia, 1956), p. 36.
28. Colossians 3:10–11.
CHAPTER 7
1. Naphtali Lewis and Meyers Reinhold,
eds., Roman Civilization, vol. 2 (New
York, 1955), p. 191.
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2. “The Creed of Nicaea,” in Henry
Bettenson, ed., Documents of the Christian
Church (London, 1963), p. 35.
3. Charles C. Mierow, trans., The Gothic
History of Jordanes (Princeton, N.J,
1915), pp. 88–89.
4. Quoted in Averil Cameron, The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity
(London, 1993), p. 37.
5. Ernest F. Henderson, Selected Historical
Documents of the Middle Ages
(London, 1892), p. 182.
6. Ibid., p. 181.
7. Anne Fremantle, ed., A Treasury of
Early Christianity (New York, 1953),
p. 91.
8. Matthew 16:15–19.
9. R. C. Petry, ed., A History of Christianity: Readings in the History of Early
and Medieval Christianity (Englewood
Cliffs, N.J., 1962), p. 70.
10. Brian Pullan, ed., Sources for the History of Medieval Europe (Oxford,
1966), p. 46.
11. Quoted in Sidney Painter and Brian
Tierney, Western Europe in the Middle
Ages, 300-1475 (New York, 1983),
p. 106.
12. Mark 10:21.
13. Norman F. Cantor, ed., The Medieval
World, 300-1300 (New York, 1963),
pp. 104, 101, 108, 103.
14. Bede, A History of the English Church
and People, trans. Leo Sherley-Price
(Harmondsworth, England, 1968),
pp. 86–87.
15. Quoted in Peter Brown, The Rise of
Western Christendom: Triumph and
Adversity, A.D. 200-1000 (Oxford,
1997), p. 98.
16. Procopius, Secret History, trans.
Richard Atwater (Ann Arbor, Mich.,
1963), p. 3.
17. H. B. Dewing, trans., Procopius, vol. 1
(Cambridge, Mass., 1914), p. 48.
18. Procopius, Buildings of Justinian
(London, 1897), pp. 9, 6–7, 11.
19. Quoted in Jonathan Harris, Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium (New
York, 2007), p. 40.
20. Quoted in ibid., p. 118.
21. Quoted in Arthur Goldschmidt Jr.,
A Concise History of the Middle East,
7th ed. (Boulder, Colo., 2001), p. 60.
CHAPTER 8
1. Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne,
trans. Samuel Turner (Ann Arbor,
Mich., 1960), p. 30.
2. Ibid., p. 57.
3. Alessandro Barbero, Charlemagne:
Father of a Continent, trans. Allan
Cameron (Berkeley, Calif., 2004), p. 4.
4. Quoted in Pierre Riché, Daily Life
in the World of Charlemagne, trans.
Jo Ann McNamara (Philadelphia,
1978), p. 56.
5. 1 Corinthians 7:1–2, 8–9.
6. Quoted in Derrick Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition
(London, 1955), p. 73.
7. Quoted in Paul Veyne, ed., A History
of Private Life, vol. 1, From Pagan
Rome to Byzantium, trans. Arthur
Goldhammer (Cambridge, Mass.,
1987), p. 440.
8. Stanley Rubin, Medieval English Medicine (New York, 1974), p. 136.
9. Quoted in Brian Inglis, A History of
Medicine (New York, 1965), p. 51.
10. Quoted in Simon Keynes, “The Vikings
in England, c. 790–1016,” in Peter
Sawyer, ed., The Oxford Illustrated
History of the Vikings (Oxford, 1997),
p. 81.
11. Quoted in Oliver Thatcher and Edgar
McNeal, A Source Book for Medieval
History (New York, 1905), p. 363.
12. Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge,
Alfred the Great: Asser’s “Life of King
Alfred” and Other Contemporary
Sources (Harmondsworth, England,
1983), pp. 84–85.
13. Quoted in Bernard Lewis, The Arabs in
History (London, 1958), p. 90.
14. al-Mas’udi, The Meadows of Gold: The
Abbasids, ed. Paul Lunde and Caroline
Stone (London, 1989), p. 151.
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CHAPTER 9
1. Quoted in Joseph Gies and Frances Gies,
Life in a Medieval Castle (New York,
1974), p. 175.
2. Quoted in Robert Delort, Life in the
Middle Ages, trans. Robert Allen (New
York, 1972), p. 218.
3. Quoted in Jean Gimpel, The Medieval
Machine (Harmondsworth, England,
1976), p. 92.
4. Quoted in Charles H. Haskins, The Rise
of Universities (Ithaca, N.Y, 1957),
pp. 77–78.
5. Ibid., pp. 79–80.
6. Quoted in David Herlihy, Medieval
Culture and Society (New York, 1968),
p. 204.
7. Quoted in John H. Mundy, Europe in
the High Middle Ages, 1150-1309 (New
York, 1973), pp. 474–475.
8. The Goliard Poets, trans. George
Whicher (Cambridge, Mass., 1949), p. 111.
9. Helen Waddell, The Wandering Scholars (New York, 1961), p. 222.
10. Quoted in John W. Baldwin, The
Scholastic Culture of the Middle Ages,
1000-1300 (Lexington, Mass., 1971),
p. 15.
CHAPTER 10
1. Quoted in John K. Fairbank, Edwin O.
Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig, East
Asia: Tradition and Transformation
(Boston, 1973), p. 164.
2. Ernest F. Henderson, ed., Selected Historical Documents of the Middle Ages
(London, 1892), p. 332.
3. Ibid., p. 365.
4. Oliver J. Thatcher and Edgar H.
McNeal, eds., A Source Book for
Medieval History (New York, 1905),
p. 208.
5. Quoted in R. H. C. Davis, A History of
Medieval Europe from Constantine to
Saint Louis, 2nd ed. (New York, 1988),
p. 252.
6. Luke 18:23-25.
7. Quoted in Rosalind Brooke and
Christopher N. L. Brooke, Popular
8.
9.
10.
11.
C-5
Religion in the Middle Ages (London,
1984), p. 19.
Henry T. Riley, ed., Memorials of
London and London Life in the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Centuries
(London, 1868), vol. 2, pp. 148–149.
Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book for
Medieval History, p. 517.
Quoted in Thomas Asbridge, The First
Crusade: A New History (Oxford,
2004), pp. 79–80.
Quoted in Hans E. Mayer, The Crusades, trans. John Gillingham (New
York, 1972), pp. 99–100.
CHAPTER 11
1. Quoted in H. S. Lucas, “The Great
European Famine of 1315, 1316, and
1317,” Speculum 5(1930): 359.
2. Quoted in Christos S. Bartsocas, “Two
Fourteenth-Century Descriptions of the
’Black Death,’” Journal of the History
of Medicine (October 1966): 395.
3. Quoted in David Herlihy, The Black
Death and the Transformation of the
West, ed. Samuel K. Cohn Jr. (Cambridge, Mass., 1997), p. 9.
4. Quoted in Rosemary Horrox, ed., The
Black Death (Manchester, England,
1994), pp. 18–19.
5. Giovanni Boccaccio, Decameron, trans.
Frances Winwar (New York, 1955),
p. xxv.
6. Ibid., p. xxvi.
7. Jean Froissart, Chronicles, ed. and trans.
Geoffrey Brereton (Harmondsworth,
England, 1968), p. 111.
8. Quoted in James B. Ross and
Mary M. McLaughlin, The Portable
Medieval Reader (New York, 1949),
pp. 218–219.
9. Quoted in Barbara W. Tuchman, A
Distant Mirror (New York, 1978),
p. 175.
10. Froissart, Chronicles, p. 212.
11. Ibid., p. 89.
12. Oliver J. Thatcher and Edgar H.
McNeal, eds., A Source Book for
Medieval History (New York, 1905),
p. 288.
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13. Quoted in D. S. Chambers, The Imperial
Age of Venice, 1380-1580 (London,
1970), p. 30.
14. Quoted in Robert Coogan, Babylon on
the Rhône: A Translation of Letters by
Dante, Petrarch, and Catherine of Siena
(Washington, DC, 1983), p. 115.
15. Quoted in Caroline Walker Bynum,
Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious
Significance of Food to Medieval
Women (Berkeley, Calif., 1987), p. 180.
16. Dante Alighieri, Divine Comedy, trans.
Dorothy Sayers (New York, 1962),
“Paradise,” canto 33, line 145.
17. Petrarch, Sonnets and Songs, trans.
Anna Maria Armi (New York, 1968),
no. 74, p. 127.
18. Quoted in Millard Meiss, Painting in
Florence and Siena After the Black
Death (Princeton, N.J., 1951), p. 161.
19. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales,
in The Portable Chaucer, ed. Theodore
Morrison (New York, 1949), p. 67.
20. Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City
of Ladies, trans. E. Jeffrey Richards
(New York, 1982), pp. 83–84.
21. Quoted in Susan Mosher Stuard, “The
Dominion of Gender, or How Women
Fared in the High Middle Ages,” in
Renate Bridenthal, Claudia Koonz, and
Susan Stuard, eds., Becoming Visible:
Women in European History, 3rd ed.
(Boston, 1998), p. 147.
22. Quoted in David Herlihy, “Medieval
Children,” in Bede K. Lackner and
Kenneth R. Philp, eds., Essays on
Medieval Civilization (Austin, Tex.,
1978), p. 121.
23. Quoted in Jean Gimpel, The Medieval
Machine (New York, 1976), p. 168.
CHAPTER 12
1. Quoted in Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy,
trans. S. G. C. Middle more (London,
1960), p. 81.
2. Baldassare Castiglione, The Book of the
Courtier, trans. Charles S. Singleton
(Garden City, N.Y., 1959),
pp. 288–289.
3. Quoted in De Lamar Jensen, Renaissance Europe (Lexington, Mass., 1981),
p. 94.
4. Quoted in Iris Origo, “The Domestic
Enemy: The Eastern Slaves in Tuscany
in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries,” Speculum 30 (1955): 333.
5. Quoted in Gene Brucker, ed., Two
Memoirs of Renaissance Florence
(New York, 1967), p. 132.
6. Quoted in Margaret L. King, Women
of the Renaissance (Chicago, 1991),
p. 3.
7. Quoted in Gene Brucker, ed., The Society of Renaissance Florence (New York,
1971), p. 190.
8. Quoted in Garrett Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (Baltimore, 1964),
p. 42.
9. Ibid., p. 95.
10. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, trans.
David Wootton (Indianapolis, 1995),
p. 48.
11. Ibid., p. 55.
12. Ibid., p. 27.
13. Petrarch, “Epistle to Posterity,” Letters
from Petrarch, trans. Morris Bishop
(Bloomington, Ind., 1966), pp. 6–7.
14. Quoted in Frances Yates, Giordano
Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition
(Chicago, 1964), p. 211.
15. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Oration
on the Dignity of Man, in E. Cassirer,
P. O. Kristeller, and J. H. Randall Jr.,
eds., The Renaissance Philosophy of
Man (Chicago, 1948), p. 225.
16. Ibid., pp. 247, 249.
17. Quoted in W. H. Woodward, Vittorino
da Feltre and Other Humanist Educators (Cambridge, 1897), p. 102.
18. Quoted in Iris Origo, The Light of the
Past (New York, 1959), p. 136.
19. Quoted in Elizabeth G. Holt, ed., A
Documentary History of Art (Garden
City, N.Y, 1957), vol. 1, p. 286.
20. Quoted in Rosa M. Letts, The Cambridge
Introduction to Art: The Renaissance
(Cambridge, 1981), p. 86.
21. Quoted in Johan Huizinga, The Waning
of the Middle Ages (Garden City, N.Y,
1956), p. 265.
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CHAPTER 13
1. Desiderius Erasmus, The Paraclesis, in
John Olin, ed., Christian Humanism
and the Reformation: Selected Writings
of Erasmus, 3rd ed. (New York, 1987),
p. 101.
2. Thomas More, Utopia, trans. Paul Turner
(Harmondsworth, England, 1965), p. 76.
3. Quoted in Alister E. McGrath, Reformation Thought: An Introduction
(Oxford, 1988), p. 72.
4. Quoted in Gordon Rupp, Luther’s
Progress to the Diet of Worms (New
York, 1964), p. 82.
5. Martin Luther, On the Freedom of a
Christian Man, quoted in E. G. Rupp
and Benjamin Drewery, eds., Martin
Luther (New York, 1970), p. 50.
6. Quoted in Roland Bainton, Here I
Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (New
York, 1950), p. 144.
7. Quoted in De Lamar Jensen, Reformation Europe (Lexington, Mass., 1981),
p. 83.
8. Quoted in Lee Palmer Wandel, Voracious Idols and Violent Hands: Iconoclasm in Reformation Zürich,
Strasbourg, and Basel (New York,
1995), p. 81.
9. Quoted in A. G. Dickens and Dorothy
Carr, eds., The Reformation in England
to the Accession of Elizabeth I (New
York, 1968), p. 72.
10. Quoted in Lewis W. Spitz, The Renaissance and Reformation Movements
(Chicago, 1971), p. 414.
11. John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian
Religion, trans. John Allen (Philadelphia,
1936), vol. 1, p. 220.
12. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 228; vol. 2, p. 181.
13. Quoted in Roland Bainton, Women of
the Reformation in Germany and Italy
(Minneapolis, 1971), p. 154.
14. Quoted in Bonnie S. Anderson and
Judith P. Zinsser, A History of Their
Own: Women in Europe from Prehistory to the Present (New York, 1988),
vol. 1, p. 259.
15. Quoted in John A. Phillips, Eve: The History of an Idea (New York, 1984), p. 105.
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16. Quoted in John O’Malley, The First
Jesuits (Cambridge, Mass., 1993), p. 76.
17. Quoted in R. J. Knecht, The French
Wars of Religion, 1559-1598, 2nd ed.
(New York, 1996), p. 47.
18. Quoted in Mack P. Holt, The French
Wars of Religion, 1562-1629 (Cambridge, 1995), p. 86.
19. Quoted in Garrett Mattingly, The
Armada (Boston, 1959), pp. 216–217.
20. Quoted in Theodore Schieder, Handbuch der Europäischen Geschichte
(Stuttgart, 1979), vol. 3, p. 579.
CHAPTER 14
1. Quoted in J. R. Hale, Renaissance
Exploration (New York, 1968), p. 32.
2. Quoted in J. H. Parry, The Age of
Reconnaissance: Discovery, Exploration, and Settlement, 1450 to 1650
(New York, 1963), p. 33.
3. Quoted in Richard B. Reed, “The
Expansion of Europe,” in Richard De
Molen, ed., The Meaning of the
Renaissance and Reformation (Boston,
1974), p. 308.
4. Quoted in K. N. Chaudhuri, Trade and
Civilization in the Indian Ocean: An
Economic History from the Rise of
Islam to 1750 (Cambridge, 1985), p. 65.
5. Quoted in Ian Cameron, Explorers
and Exploration (New York, 1991),
p. 42.
6. Bernal Díaz, The Conquest of New
Spain (New York, 1963), pp. 405–406.
7. Quoted in J. H. Parry and Robert G.
Keith, eds., New Iberian World, vol. 2
(New York, 1984), pp. 309–310.
8. Quoted in J. H. Elliott, Empires of the
Atlantic World (New Haven, Conn.,
2006), p. 125.
9. Quoted in A. Andrea and J. H. Overfield, The Human Record: Sources of
Global History, 3rd ed. (Boston, 1998),
p. 460.
10. Quoted in Basil Davidson, Africa in
History: Themes and Outlines, rev. ed.
(New York, 1991), p. 198.
11. Quoted in Cameron, Explorers and
Exploration, p. 42.
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12. Quoted in Louis J. Gallagher, ed. and
trans., China in the Sixteenth Century:
The Journals of Matthew Ricci (New
York, 1953), p. 154.
13. Quoted in G. V. Scammell, The First
Imperial Age: European Overseas
Expansion, c. 1400-1715 (London,
1989), p. 62.
14. Miguel Leon-Portilla, ed., The Broken
Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico (Boston, 1969), p. 51.
CHAPTER 15
1. Quoted in Joseph Klaits, Servants of
Satan: The Age of the Witch Hunts
(Bloomington, Ind., 1985), p. 68.
2. Quoted in Peter H. Wilson, The Thirty
Years War: Europe’s Tragedy (Cambridge, Mass., 2009), p. 783.
3. Quoted in John B. Wolf, Louis XIV
(New York, 1968), p. 134.
4. Quoted in James B. Collins, The State in
Early Modern France (Cambridge,
1995), p. 130.
5. Quoted in Wolf, Louis XIV, p. 618.
6. Quoted in D. H. Pennington, Europe in
the Seventeenth Century, 2nd ed. (New
York, 1989), p. 494.
7. Quoted in J. H. Elliot, Imperial Spain,
1469-1716 (New York, 1963), p. 306.
8. Quoted in B. H. Sumner, Peter the Great
and the Emergence of Russia (New
York, 1962), p. 122.
9. Quoted in Simon Schama, A History of
Britain, vol. 2, The Wars of the British,
1603-1776 (New York, 2001), pp. 182,
185.
CHAPTER 16
1. Quoted in Alan G. R. Smith, Science and
Society in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth
Centuries (London, 1972), p. 59.
2. Edward MacCurdy, The Notebooks of
Leonardo da Vinci (London, 1948), vol. 1,
p. 634.
3. Ibid., p. 636.
4. Frances Yates, Giordano Bruno and the
Hermetic Tradition (New York, 1964),
p. 448.
5. Ibid., p. 450.
6. Quoted in Smith, Science and Society,
p. 97.
7. Logan P. Smith, Life and Letters of Sir
Henry Wotton (Oxford, 1907), vol. 1,
pp. 486–487.
8. Quoted in John H. Randall, The Making of the Modern Mind (Boston, 1926),
p. 234.
9. Quoted in Smith, Science and Society,
p. 124.
10. Quoted in Betty J. Dobbs, The Foundations of Newton’s Alchemy (Cambridge,
1975), pp. 13–14.
11. Jolande Jacobi, ed., Paracelsus:
Selected Writings (New York, 1965),
pp. 5–6.
12. Ibid., p. 21.
13. Quoted in Londa Schiebinger, The Mind
Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of
Modern Science (Cambridge, Mass.,
1989), pp. 52–53.
14. Ibid., p. 85.
15. Quoted in Phyllis Stock, Better than
Rubies: A History of Women’s Education (New York, 1978), p. 16.
16. René Descartes, Philosophical Writings,
ed. and trans. Norman K. Smith (New
York, 1958), p. 95.
17. Ibid., pp. 118–119.
18. Francis Bacon, The Great Instauration,
trans. Jerry Weinberger (Arlington
Heights, 111., 1989), pp. 2, 8, 16, 21.
19. Descartes, Discourse on Method, in
Philosophical Writings, p. 75.
20. Margaret C. Jacob, The Cultural
Meaning of the Scientific Revolution
(New York, 1988), p. 73.
21. Stillman Drake, ed. and trans., Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo (New
York, 1957), p. 182.
22. Benedict de Spinoza, Ethics, trans.
R. H. M. Elwes (New York, 1955),
pp. 75–76.
23. Ibid., p. 76.
24. Spinoza, Letters, quoted in Randall, The
Making of the Modern Mind, p. 247.
25. Blaise Pascal, Pensées, trans. J. M.
Cohen (Harmondsworth, England,
1961), p. 100.
26. Ibid., pp. 31, 52–53, 164, 165.
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Locators for maps and illustrative material are italicized
A
Abbasid Caliphate: as figureheads,
268; Golden age of, 267–268;
problems, weaknesses, 268
Abbasid Dynasty: breakdown of
distinction between Arab, nonArab Muslims, 266; building
of Baghdad, 266; civilians vs.
warriors as ideal, 266;
disintegration of, 330; Persian
influence, 266
abbess, 221
abbot, 218
Abd al-Rahman (Spain), 268, 269
Abelard, Peter, 296
Abraham, 38
Absolutism, 506, 526
Abu Bakr, Caliph, 233
Account of Ibn al-Athir, 334–335
Achaean League, 110
Achaemenid dynasty (southern
Iran), 52
Achilles, 65, 104
Acropolis, 67
Act of Supremacy, 436, 454
Act of Uniformity, 456
Address to the Nobility of the
German Nation (Luther), 381,
424
Adelard of Bath, translator from
Arabic to Latin, 295
Adolphus, Gustavus of Sweden
(king), 505
Adoration of the Magi (Dürer),
404
Aeneid (Virgil), 169–170
Aeolian Greeks, 64
Aeolian League, 110
Aequi, 132
Aeschylus, 77, 87
Aetius (Master of the Soldiers),
207
Affonso of Congo (Bakongo)
(king), 477
Africa: the slave trade: criticism,
477, 478; depopulation of areas
of Africa, 478; and discovery of
Americas, 474; economic
effects, 478; effects on kingdom
of Benin, 478; growth of,
474–475, 475; intra-African,
477–478; and labor needs,
South America and Caribbean,
474; origins, 474; political
effects, 478; Portugal and, 474;
primary early markets, 474;
social effects, 478; and
sugarcane in South America,
Caribbean, 474; triangular
trade route, 474–475, 475. See
also Atlantic slave trade
Against the Robbing and
Murdering Hordes of Peasants
(Luther), 426
Agamemnon, 63, 65
Agatharchides, 114
agora, 67
agriculture, development of
systematic, 5
Agrippina, 185
Ahab (king), 40
Ahriman, 58
Ahuramazda, 56–58
Aidan of Iona (monk), 219
Akbar, 482
Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV), 29,
30
Akhenaten’s Hymn to Aten, 31–32
Akhetaten, 30
Akkad, 12
Akkadian, Old (language), 17
Akkadian Empire, 11
al-Andalus, 268
Alaric, 206
Alcibiades, 83–84
Alcon, 184
Alcuin, 244
Ale in High Middle Ages, 276–277
Alexander Nevsky (prince)
(Russia), 318
Alexander the Great, 30, 101
Alexander the great, 122
Alexander the Great: chronology
of conquests, 122; conquests,
103; contradictory nature of,
104; creation of Hellenistic era
as legacy, 104; cultural aspects
of legacy, 105; death, 103;
defeat of Persian Empire,
102–103; early military
conquests, 101; extension of
conquests past Persia,
102–103, 103; and marriage
and women, 104; military,
engineering skills, 102; military
success, 103–104; nature of
rule, 104; as pharoah of Egypt,
102; resources vs. Persian
Empire, 101–102; as son of
Amon to Greeks, 102
Alexander V (pope), 362
Alexander VI (pope), 414
Alexandria, 109, 202
Alexandria, during Roman
Empire, 175
Alexandria, Hellenistic culture in:
history, 115–116; library, 116;
as magnet, 115; role
of Ptolemies, 115; theater, 115
Alexius I Comnenus (Byzantine)
(Emperor), 331
Alfonso X of Castilel (King), 312
Alfred the Great, King of Wessex,
259–260
Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law,
235
al-Khwarizmi (Arab
mathematician), 295
Allah, 231
al-Mas’udi (Muslim historian),
268
alphabets, 65
Ambrose of Milan (bishop), 216
Amenemhet I, 24
Amenhotep III, 29
Amenhotep IV, 29
Americas, 5
Americas at beginning of
seventeenth century, 486
Americas: British North America
in seventeenth century: British
colonies, 486; colonial
resistance to British
government, 486; Dutch
settlement in Hudson River
Valley, 486; and mercantilist
theory, 487; motives for
colonization, 486; New
Netherland as New York, 486;
thirteen colonies on eastern
seaboard, 486
Americas: British West Indies and
mercantilist theory, 487
Americas: eighteenth century Latin
America, 487
I-1
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Index
Americas: French colonial empire
in: administration of, 487;
Canada as French possession,
487; difficulty populating, 487;
Quebec and Canada as a
French colony, 487; Saint
Lawrence River, 487; as
trading area, 487
Americas: West Indies in
eighteenth century: African
slaves in, 486; French and
English in, 486; plantation
economies, 486
Amiens, cathedral in, 301
“A Mighty Fortress Is Our God”
(Luther), 425
Amish, 436
Ammianus Marcellinus (Roman
historian), 204–205
Amon-Re, 29
Amorites (Ol Babylonians), 12
Amos, 42
An Account of the Court of Attila
the Hun (Priscus), 205
Anarchism, 805
Anatolia, 36
Andersen, Hans Christian, 750
Angkor kingdom in Cambodia and
trade with west, 480
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (monks),
252–253
Anglo-Saxon England, 211
Anglo-Saxon England, Venerable
Bede as historian of, 222
Annals (Tacitus), 180
Annotations (Erasmus), 419
Anticlericalism, 839
Antigone (Sophocles), 87
Antigonid kingdom of Macedonia,
105–106
Antigonus Gonatus, 105–106
Antioch: capture in First Crusade,
334; as city founded by apostle
of Jesus, 202; as crusader state,
334; during Roman Empire,
175
Antiochus III, 106–107, 121–122,
136
Antoninus Pius (Roman emperor),
173
Anu, 10, 19
A Political Treatise
(Spinoza), 566
apostolic succession, 192–193
Appian Way (Via Appia), 134, 156
apprentices, 290
Arab conquests: vs. Byzantine
army, 233; vs. conversion to
Islam, 233; early organization
of, 235; Egypt, 234; North
Africa, 235; vs. Persian
Empire, 233; Persian Empire,
233; Spain, 235; stopped in
Constantinople, 236; stopped
in southern France, 235–236;
Straits of Gibraltar, 235; of
Visigoths, 235
Arab Empire, 236
Arabs, early, 231
Aragon, 311, 408
Archelaus (king), 100
Archimedes: defensive devises vs.
Rome, 117; establishing value
of pi, 117; geometry of spheres
and cylinders, 117
Archippe, 112
architecture, 8
archons, 74
Areopagus, 74
Arianism, 202–203, 209
Aristarchus of Samos, 116
Aristophanes, 88
Aristotle, 91, 294; on citizenship,
68; on government, 92;
influence on western thought
in Middle Ages, 92; interest in
analysis, classification, 91; on
mechanics and motion, 555;
vs. Plato’s ideal Forms, 91;
tutor to Alexander the Great,
91; on women, 92
Aristotle’s works, Jewish and Arab
commentary on, 295
Arius (Alexandrine priest),
202–203
Ark of the Covenant, 39
A Roman Woman (mosaic), 145
Arsinoë, 111–112
Art and writing, Egypt, 28
Art in High Renaissance, Rome as
cultural center, 401
Art in the Renaissance:
architecture to fit human
measurements, 399–400;
classical motifs, 398; human
beings as focus of attention,
398; and imitation of nature,
398; investigation of
movement, anatomical
structure, 398; Masaccio’s
cycle of Frescos, Brancacci
Chapel as first masterpiece of,
398; mathematics: geometry
and perspective, 398;
portraiture, 400; realistic
portrayal of human nude, 398;
sculpture, 399
Art of Love (Ovid), 170
Aryans, 838
Ashurbanipal, 47
Ashurbanipal (king), 49
Ashurnasirpal (king), 49
Asia, soutwest, 7
Asia, western, 7
Asoka, 106
Aspasia, 97
Assyrian economy, 49
Assyrian Empire, 46–49, 48, 50
Assyrian Empire, chronology, 59
Assyrian language, 17
Assyrians, 30, 40
Assyrian society and culture, 49,
50
Astell, Mary, 591
astrolabe, 270, 295
Ataturk, 927
Aten, god of sun disk, 29
Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria,
202–203
Athenian democracy: Athenian use
of word democracy, 75;
Cleisthenes’ reforms, 75; in
Pericles’ Funeral Oration, 82
Athenian family and relationships:
importance of children, 96;
male homosexuality, 97;
nuclear family, 96;
prostitution, 96–97; slaves and
extended family, 96; women
in, 96
Athenian imperialism:
accompanying democracy
expansion at home, 81; and
defeat of Persian Empire, 80;
Delian League, 81; dissolution
of Athenian Empire, 85; land
empire and overexpansion, 81;
offensive vs. Persia, 81; peace
with Sparta, 81; peace with
Sparta, 83; sea empire, 81
Athenian lifestyle, 96
Athens: chronology of Archaic Age
of, 97; vs. Corinth, 83; defeat of
Persians, 55; definition of
citizen, 74; Delian League, 80;
economic problems, 74;
expansion of empire, 80;
government, administration,
74, 81, 85; location, 74; vs.
Macedonians, 101; vs. Megara,
83; vs. Persian Empire, 77; as
polis, 67; re-emergence as major
force in Greek World, 85;
reforms of Solon, 74; shifting
leadership, 85; vs. Sparta,
71–72, 80; tyranny, 74; as
unified polis, 74; women in, 74,
94
Atlantic slave trade: countries
involved, 476; criticism,
476–477, 476–477; and
economy, 475; Middle
Passage, 476–477; mortality
among slaves, 476–477;
numbers of slaves involved,
476; triangular trade route,
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
I-2
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474–475. See also Africa: the
slave trade
Attica: location, 61; as poleis, 67
Attila the Hun, 216
Atum, 25
audiencias, advisory groups, 473
augurs, 140
Augustine (Roman monk),
219–220
Augustus: adopted son of Julius
Caesar, 165; defensive policies
and reduction of slavery, 185;
revival of state religion, 188;
statue of, from Prima Porta,
165
Augustus as title of ruler, 198
Aurelian (Roman emperor), 187,
188
Auscleich (Compromise) of 1867,
772–773
Australopithecines, 3
Austrasia (along Rhine), 211
Austrian Empire: as collection of
territories, 518; emergence,
518; growth of, 519
Austrian Succession, War of. See
War of the Austrian Succession
(eighteenth century)
Authemius of Tralles (Haga
Sophia), 227
auxiliaries (Roman Empire), 165
Avignon, papacy at, 360–361; and
Catherine of Siena (saint), 361;
development of administrative
system, 361; dominance of
French as cardinals, 360–361;
loss of papal states’ income,
361; as symbol of church
abuses, 361
Aztecs, 468–469
B
Babur, 482
Babylon, 12, 17, 38, 47, 54
Babylonia, 40, 50, 51
Babylonian captivity, 40
Babylonian Captivity of the
Church (Luther), 424
Babylonians, 47
Bacchiad family, 71
Bacon, Francis, 569
Baghdad (early), 266, 267, 268
Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, 467
Balkan peninsula, 35
Balkan peninsula, during Age of
Augustus, 168
Ball, John (English), 347
Baltic Sea, 524
barbarians in Roman army, 188
barrel, or cross, vault, 300
Basil II (Byzantine emperor), 263
Battle <of Amphipolis, 83
Battle of <mantinea, 85
Battle of Actium, 156
Battle of Agincourt, 351
Battle of Chaeronea, 101
Battle of Crécy, 351
Battle of Hastings, 304
Battle of Kosovo, 411
Battle of Las Navas de
Tolosa, 311
Battle of Marathon, 55, 77
Battle of Pharsalus, 155
Battle of Plassey, 483
Battle of Poitiers, 351
Battle of Poltava, 523
Bedouins, 231
Beguines, 324, 325
Belisarius (Roman general), 223,
224
Benedictine monasteries, 243
Benedictines, 443
Benin, 478
Bible, 39
Bible, Hebrew, 41
bishops, 192–193
Bismarck, Otto von
Black Death, medicine before: and
Black Death, 373; medical
profession hierarchy, 371;
preplague: classical greek
medicine, 371
Black Hole of Calcutta, 483
Black Land vs. Red Land, 20
Black Sea, 69
Blanche of Castile (Queen), 279
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 343–344,
365–367
Bodin, Jean, 506
Boeotia, 61
Boers, 474
Bogaskoy, 35
Bohemia: Czech ties with
northeastern Slav neighbors,
410; distrust of Germany, 410;
in Holy Roman Empire, 410;
Hussite wars, 410; ties with
Poles and Slovaks, 410
Bolgna, 386
Boniface VIII (pope), 360
Book of Common Prayer, 456
Book of Proverbs, 44–45
Book of the City of Ladies (Pizan),
367–368
Book of the Courtier, The
(Castiglione), 380
Book of the Dead, 26, 26
Book of the Dead (Egypt), 25
Borgia, Cesare, 389
borough, 284
Bosporus, 69
Bossuet, Jacques (Bishop),
506
I-3
Botticelli, Sandro (Italy), 398
boule, 74
Bourbon dynasty, 501
bourgeoisie, 284
boyars, 318
Boyars, 520
Boyle, Robert: Boyle’s law, 562;
controlled experiments,
562; matter composed of
atoms, 562
Bramante, Donato: and
architectural ideals of High
Renaissance, 402;
commissioned to design Saint
Peter’s, Rome, 402
Braye, Tycho, 552–553
Britain: political divisions of, 208;
Saxon control in, 207
British East India Company, in
India, 483
bronze, 7
Bronze Age, 7
Brothers of the Common Life,
363–364
Bruges, 378
Brunelleschi, Filippo, 400
Bruni, Leonardo (Italy), 391
Bruno, Giordano (Italy), 394
Bubonic plague: symptoms, 341;
transmission mechanism, 341
Buddhists as missionaries in
northern Greece, 106
Bulgurs, 228
Bull of Heaven, 19
Burckhardt, Jacob, 377
Burgundians, 207
Burgundy, 211
Burma (Myanmar): resistance to
foreign encroachment,
sixteenth century, 480; trade
with West, seventeenth
century, 480
Byblos (Phoenician city), 45–46
Byzantine civilization, zenith of:
east vs. west church conflict,
262–263; extent of territory,
262; intellectual renewal, 262;
Macedonian Dynasty, 263;
reforms, 262. See also
Macedonian Dynasty
(Byzantium)
Byzantine Empire: and aid from
West vs. Turkey, 331; as buffer
state for west, 230; chronology,
236, 271; Comneni Dynasty,
331; defeat by Ottoman Turks,
411; diplomacy, in eighth
century, 230; division between
Catholic and Orthodox
churches, 331; and Germanic
kingdoms, eighth century, 230;
military, in eighth century,
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Index
Byzantine Empire (continued)
229–230; power struggles postMacedonian dynasty, 331;
route by Seljuk Turks, 330;
territory before Justinian, 224;
trade with Europe, early middle
ages, 262
Byzantine Empire, eighth century:
Christianity as glue of state, 229;
as Christian state, 229; demise
of Latin, 229; emperor as chosen
by God, 229; as Greek state,
229; iconoclastic controversy,
229; Roman Catholicism vs.
Greek Orthodoxy, 229; as true
faith, 229
Byzantine Empire, reign of
Justinian: building program,
226; chariot races, 227–228;
extent at Justinian’s death,
223; Hagia Sophia, 226–227;
intellectual life, 225; map, 224;
Nika Revolt, 225–226; public
works, 226; reconstruction of
Constantinople, 226; religious
buildings, 226; territory gained
by Justinian, 224
Byzantium (Constantinople/
Istanbul), 69, 201
C
Cabot, John on New England
coastline, 467
Caesar, Julius, 153–156, 154, 161
Caesar as title of vice-emperor,
198
Caesarius of Aries, 218
Cairo (Arab), 268
Caligula (Roman emperer), 171
caliph, 233
Calvin, John: absolute sovereignty
of God, predestination, 439;
background, 438; in Geneva,
439; vs. later Calvinists on
predestination, 439; and
Martin Luther on doctrine,
438–439; religious
crisis, 438
Calvinism: church government,
439; Huguenots, 448; as
militant Protestantism, 439;
spread of, 439–440
Cambodia, Angkor Kingdom, and
trade with west, 480
Cambridge, University
of, 292
Cambyses II, 54
Canaan, 30, 38–39, 45, 47, 50
Canterbury Tales (Chaucer), 367
Canuleian law, 131
Canute of England (king), 304
Capetian Dynasty (France), 308;
vs. dukes, 308–309; lack of
male heir, 350
Capitalism, growth of commercial:
Amsterdam Exchange, 494;
Bank of Amesterdam, 494; and
condition of European
peasants, 495; Europe as
integrated market, 494;
government-entrepreneur ties,
494; industry-banking ties,
494; joint-stock company, 494;
profitable industries, 494
Capuchins, 443
Caracalla (Roman emperor), 177
Caracalla, baths of, 181
Caral, 8
Cardinal Mazarin, 508
Cardinal Richelieu: financial
problems of state, 508;
intendants, 508; and the nobles,
508; vs. political, military rights
of Huegenots, 508; portrait,
507; taille, 508
Cardinal Ximenes, 409, 421
Carolingian miniscule,
243–244
Carolingians, early Middle Ages:
248, diet; advice from a
Carolingian mother, 245;
alcohol consumption, 248–249;
Carolingian government vs.
modern government, 241;
Carolingian Renaisssance, 244;
Catholic Church in Carolingian
government, 241; Charlemagne
(Charles the Great), 240;
chronology, 270; daily life, 244;
disintegration, division of
empire, 251; end of
Merovingians, 239; extent of
Carolingian Empire, 242;
family life, 244; Frankish
kingdom into Carolingian
Empire, 240; governing
Carolingian Empire, 241;
health, 249; hospitality and
travel, 248; hygiene, 249;
medical treatment, 249–250;
medical treatment: bloodletting,
250; medical treatment:
Christian, pagan practices, 250;
Pepin as king of Frankish state,
239–240; revival of learning,
243; use of parchment in
bookmaking, 243–244
carruca (heavy, wheeled plough),
274
Cartesian dualism, 568
Carthage, 46; background, 133;
extent of empire, 133; mistrust
of Rome, 134; as military state,
133; and Spain, 135; trade
monopoly, 133
Carthage’s struggle with Rome:
condequences, 136; destruction
of Carthage, 136–137; First
Punic War, 134–135; as
province called Africa,
136–137; Second Punic War,
135; Spain, 135–136
Cartier, Jacques, 487
Cassiodorus, 222
Castellans and castles, 257
Castiglione, Baldassare, 380
Castile, 311, 408
Çatal Hüyük, 6
Catharism, 327
Catherine of Siena (saint), 364;
and papal return to Rome, 361
Catholic Church, Cluniac reform
movement: abbey at Cluny and
William of Aquitaine, 319;
Benedictine rule, 319;
eliminating abuses, 319; and
establishment of new
monasteries, 319;
independence from local
control, 319
Catholic Church, England: Celtic
vs. Roman Christianity, 220;
Irish vs. Pope Gregory the
Great in, 219–220; loyalty to
Rome, 220; monasticism,
learning, missionary work
from Irish, 220
Catholic Church, Irish:
characteristics of, 219;
conversion of Angles, Saxons,
Europeans, 219; learning and
education, 219; missionary
activity, 219; monasteries as
fundamental organizational
units, 219; organization vs.
Roman Catholicism, 219; Saint
Patrick as founder, 219
Catholic Church, problems of
decline: control of local
lords, 319; entanglement in
lord-vassal relations, 319;
invasions and monastic
establishments, 319
Catholic Church and late Roman
state, 215; church as highest
authority, 216; church role in
secular state, 216; emperors
and church affairs, 216
Catholic Church and pope:
doctrine of Petrine supremacy,
215; reform of papacy, 319;
and Roman bishops, 215
Catholic Church: celibacy, 214;
among women, 222; emphasis
on virginity, 221–222; as ideal,
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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221; marriage as alternative to,
214; as victory over flesh, 222
Catholic Church: conciliarism:
church as community of
faithful, 362; clergy role, 362;
Council of Pisa, 362;
redefinition of church-state
relationship, 362
Catholic Church: decline in late
High Middle Ages: capture and
trial in France of Boniface VIII,
360; chronology, 375; election
of Frenchman as pope, 360;
move of papacy from Rome to
Avignon, 360–361; and right
of state to tax French clergy,
360; universal authority:
papacy vs. secular claims to,
360
Catholic Church: during Black
Death, 344
Catholic Church: efforts to reform:
Council of Constance, 413;
legislative system superior to
popes, 413; pope vs. council
struggles, 414; reassertion of
papal authority, 414
Catholic Church: great schism:
aggravation of financial
abuses, 362; Avignon vs.
Rome, 361; division of
Europe’s loyalties, 361–362;
end of, 362; increased
taxation, 362; loss of believers’
faith, 362; and three competing
popes, 362
Catholic Church: growth of papal
monarchy: extent of papal
monarchy’s power, 321–322;
papal curia, 321; papal
supremacy over secular
monarchs, 322; Pontificate of
Innocent III, 321; Rome’s
administrative structure,
321–322
Catholic Church in fourteenth
century, 360, 364, 365
Catholic Church in High Middle
Ages: monasticism and social
services: and Benedict’s Rule,
325; food, clothing for pooer,
325; herbal gardens, herbal
remedies, 325; hospitals, 325;
leper houses, 325
Catholic Church in High Middle
Ages: new religious orders,
ideals: Cistercian Order, 323;
Dominicans (Order of
Preachers), 324; Franciscans,
324; growth of, 323; living
among people, 324;
mendicants, 324, 325;
monastic orders place in
religious life, 325; women in
religious orders, 323
Catholic Church in High Middle
Ages: popoular religion, 326;
clergy as key to salvation, 325;
indulgences, 326; pilgrimages,
326; purgatory, 326;
sacraments, 325; saints, 326;
use of relics, 326; Virgin Mary´s
place, 326
Catholic Church in High Middle
Ages: protest and intolerance:
Catharism, 327; Crusade
against Albigensians, 327–328;
dualism, 327; heresy, 327;
Holy Office, 327–328;
intolerance of homosexuality,
329–330; persecution of Jews,
327–328
Catholic Church in Middle Ages:
Carolingian reforms, 241;
childrearing, 247; and
Frankish family life, 244–245;
and marriage, 245–246;
nuclear vs. extended family,
246; prohibition of divorce,
246; relations with
Carolingians, 242–243; and
sexuality, 246–247
Catholic Church in Renaissance,
chronology, 415
Catholic Church: monks, missions:
early monks, 217; and Europe
as bastian of Roman
Catholicism, 220; Irish
Catholic church, 219; Irish
monks as missionaries, 219;
monastic communities,
217–218; monasticism, 217,
218; women and monastic
rules, 218; women’s religious
communities, 218, 221
Catholic Church: on eve of
Reformation: corruption, 420;
finances, 420; ignorance,
ineptitude of local clergy, 420;
indulgences, 420; internal
reform efforts, 421; lack of
spiritual leadership, 420; lay
piety vs. clerical worldliness,
421; pluralism, 420; relics,
421; and salvation, 421
Catholic Church: reform of
papacy, 320–321; Concordat
of Worms, 321; elimination of
lay investiture, 319; Investiture
Controversy, 320–321
Catholic Church: Renaissance
papacy: debauchery, 414; from
end of Great Schism to
Reformation, 414; nepotism,
I-5
414; offspring of, 414; as
patrons of culture, 414–415;
secular vs. spiritual functions,
414; territorial aims of papal
states, 414
Catholic Church responses to
challenges: under Leo XIII:
compromise, 839–840; under
Pope Pius IX, 839; rejection of
modern ideas and forces, 839;
religious Modernism, 839;
Salvation Army, 840;
winning support among
poor, 840
Catholic Church: women’s
religious communities:
establishment of convents, 221;
and female intellectuals,
221; as heads of double
monasteries, 221; as
missionaries, 221
Catholic missionaries in China:
and ancestor worship as point
of contention among, 490; at
height in early eighteenth
century, 490; Jesuits
predominant, 489; techniques,
489
Catholic missionaries in Japan: at
height in 16th century, 490;
Japanese reaction to Jesuit
destruction of religious stuff,
490; persecution of Japanese
Christians, 490
Catholic missionaries in New
World: as barriers of foreign
encroachment, 489;
Christianization as official
policy, 489; Dominicans,
Franciscans, Jesuits, 489; as
means to control local
population, 489; outlets for
women, 489; social services
and education, 489
Catholicism in Spain, 451
Catholic Reformation, 443;
Carmelite nuns, 443;
cementing of papal supremacy,
447; chronology, 457–458;
and compromising with
Protestantism as heresy, 447;
Council of Trent and revived
papacy, 446; emergence of new
mysticism/Catholic piety, 443;
regeneration of religious
orders, 443; response to
reform forces within
Catholic Church, 443; rigidity
of, 447; the Roman Inquisition
(Holy Office), 447; and
stopping spread of
Protestantism, 443
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Index
Catholic Reformation: Society of
Jesus (Jesuits): cf. military
command, 445; chief
instrument of Catholic
Reformation, 443; to engage in
conflict for God, 445;
establishment of schools,
445–446; as fighters against
Protestantism, 446; instrument
of papal policy, 445;
propagation of faith among
non-Christians, 446
Catholics, in England during
Elizabeth I, 456
Catholic saints: cults, 326;
description of, 326; local
saints, 326
Cato, 136
Cato the Elder, 143, 147
Cato the Younger, 155
Catulllus (Rome), 158–159
Celsus, 117
Celtic Britains’s resistance to
Anglo-Saxons, 211
Celts (Gauls). See Gauls (Celts)
Central Asia, 8
Cereta, Laura (Italy), 395
Cézanne, Paul, Post-Impressionist
painter, 842
Chadwick, Edwin, 706
Chaldean Empire, chronology, 59
Chaldeans, 40, 50
challenge and response, theory of, 8
Champlain, Samuel de, 487
Chandragupta Maurya, 106
chanson de geste (heroic epic),
298–299
Chanson de Roland (Song of
Roland), 299
Charlemagne (Charles the Great):
description of, 240; as
emperor, 242–243;
establishment of palace school,
244; and Germanic king
tradition, 240; military
campaigns and conquests,
240–241; and proclamation as
Emperor of Romans, 243;
reforms of Catholic Church, 241;
relations with Roman Catholic
Church, 242–243; revival of arts,
244; and revival of learning, 243;
significance of, 243
Charles (king) and move towards
Revolution, 532
Charles I of Germany and V of
Holy Roman Empire, 427
Charles I of Spain (king), 387
Charles IV of Holy Roman Empire
(emperor), 357
Charles IX of France
(king), 449
Charles the Bald (western Frankish
king), 251
Charles the Bold, duke of
Burgundy, 407
Charles V, Second Report to, by
Hernán Cortés, 470–471
Charles VIII of France (king),
387
Charles VII of France (king), 406
Charles VI of France (king),
351–352, 356–357
Charles V of France (king), 351,
356
Chartres, 291, 301
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 367
Chauvet cave, 5
children, childrearing in middle
ages, 247
Children of Israel, 38
China: emperor as Son of Heaven,
483; epidemic and population
devastation in seventeenth
century, 484; extent of empire,
sixteenth century, 483; first
direct contact with Europe,
483; invention of gunpowder,
354; Manchus, 484; Ming
dynasty, 483–484; peasant
revolt in seventeenth century,
484; Qing dynasty, 484; trade
with Roman Empire, 177;
Yuan dynasty, 318
China: western inroads: East India
Company in, 484; Qing efforts
to control, 484; rejection of
British desire to expand access,
484–485; signs of decline in
Qing dynasty, 484
chivalry, 279–281
Christian Church development:
Latin Fathers of the Catholic
Church, 213–214;
predominance at end of
Roman Empire, 213
Christian Church: Orthodox vs.
Roman conflict over Nicene
Creed, 262–263
Christianity: Christian ideals, 191;
and destruction of Jerusalem,
192; development of hierarchy,
192–193; early communities,
192; Eucharist or Lord’s
Supper, 192; gospels, 192; vs.
Greco-Roman values, 191; as
religious movement within
Judaism, 190; spread of, 192,
221; written materials, 192
Christianity, early, and women:
activities of, 195; female
martyrs, 195; Paul of Tarsis on
role of women, 195; role of,
192; role of women, 193
Christianity’s growth: appeal of
message, 195; bishops, 194; cf.
mystery religions, 195; and
Greco-Roman culture,
194–195; Greek language,
194–195; hierarchical
structure, 194; neo-platonism,
194–195; persecution and,
194; universal appeal, 195
Christian life, ordinary, in
fourteenth century adversities:
church failure to provide
comfort, 363; familychapels,
363; imitation of Christ’s life,
364; loss of faith in institutonal
church and clergy, 363;
mechanical path to salvation,
363; mysticism and lay piety,
363; performance of good
works, 363; purgatory, 363
Christian martyrs, 193–194
Christian/northern Renaissance
humanism: belief in power of
education, 418; faith in human
reason, ability to improve, 418;
focus on early Christianity,
418; and knowledge of classics,
418; reform program, 418;
religious preoccupation, 418
Christians, persecution of Roman,
194, 196
Chronicle of the First Crusade
(Fulchur of Chartres), 334–335
Chronicles (Froissart, Jean), 348
chronologies, 35, 36
Chrysoloras, Manuel, 391
Church of England (Anglican
Church): Book of Common
Prayer, 456; moderate
Protestantism, 456; Thirty
Nine Articles, 456
Church of San Lorenzo
(Brunelleschi), 400
Church of San Vitale at Ravenna,
224
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 139, 140,
145, 153, 160
Cinna (Rome), 152
Ciompi, 359
Circus Maximus (Rome), 183
Cistercian Order: activist role of,
323; vs. Benedectine model,
323
Cities, 7
City of God (Saint Augustine), 214
civic humanism, 390–391
Civilization, emergence of, 7
Civilization of the Renaissance in
Italy, The (Burckhardt), 377
civil law (ius civile), 146
Classical Greece, description of, 77
Claudius (Roman emperor), 171
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Cleanthes, 120
Cleisthenes, 75
Cleisthenes, reforms of, 80
Clement V (pope), 360
Clement VI (pope), 344
Clement VII (pope), 361
Clement XIV (pope), 606
Cleon, 83
Cleopatra, 107
Cleopatra VII, 156
Clive, Robert, 482–483
Clouds, The (Aristophanes), 88
Clovis (King of Franks), 210; as
Catholic king, 210; expansion
into Germany, southern Gaul,
210; support of Roman
Catholic Church, 210
Coal Mines Act of 1842, 717
Code of Hammurabi, 12–15, 14
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 511
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste and finances
of Louis XIV: adherence to
mercantilism, 511;
development of infrastructure,
512; development of local
industries, 512; financial
incentives to new
manufacturers, 512; merchant
marine, 512; self-defeating
aspects, 512; taxation and
tariffs, 512
Cologne during Roman Empire,
175
coloni, 200
colonial empires: Africa,
Portuguese in, 473
colonial empires: rivalries, 473
Colosseum (Rome), 181, 183
Columbian Exchange, 490, 491
Columbus, Christopher: beliefs
about geography, 466; portrait
of, 467; subsequent voyages to
Caribbean and Central
America, 466; use of wind
patterns to sail, 465; voyage to
Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti,
Dominican Republic), 466
Commentaries on the Gallic War
(Caesar), 161
Commodus (Roman emperor),
186
Common law, 306
Communes (townspeople of High
Middle Ages), 285
Comneni Dynasty, 331
Compurgation, 212–213
Concerning Character (Vergerio),
394
Concordat of Worms, 321
Concrete, use of in Rome, 181
Condottieri, 358
Confessions (Saint Augustine), 214
Conquistadors, 468
Conrad III of Germany (emperor),
335
Conrad II of Franconia, 312
Conrad of Franconia (German
king), 258
Constantine (emperor of western
Roman empire), 198, 199;
building programs, 201; and
Carthage, 201; construction in
Rome, 201–202; construction
of Christian churches, 202;
conversion to Christianity,
202; death of, 203; Edict of
Milan, 202; image, 201;
response to Arianism, 203
Constantinople (Byzantium,
Istanbul), 201; as commercial
center, 230; importance of,
230; map of, 226;
reconstruction, 226; sack of,
411; silk industry, 230
Constitution of the Spartans
(Xenophon), 94–95
coper, 7
Copernican system, 551
Copernicus, Nicholas, 550, 555
Córdoba, 268–269; as major
urban center and capital of
Muslim Spain, 235–236, 310;
mosque at, 269
Corinth, 69; vs. Athens, 83;
Roman destruction of, 137;
tyranny in, 71
Corinthian League, 101
Corinthian order, 116
Corpus Hermeticum (Ficini,
trans.), 393–394
Corpus Iuris Civilis (Justinian),
297
Corsica, as Roman province, 136
Cort, Henry, 689–690
Cortés, Hernán, 469
Cortés, Hernán, and native
Mexicans, 461
Council of Claremont,
331–332
Council of Constance, 412, 413
Council of Five Hundred, 80
Council of Nicaea, 203
Council of Pisa, 362
council of the plebs, 130
Council of Trent, 446; as
Conservative victory of
restatement of Catholic
doctrine, 447; establishment of
theological seminaries, 447
Counter-Reformation, 443. See
also Catholic Reformation
covenant, 42
Cranmer, Thomas, 436
Crassus, 153–154
I-7
“Cremation of the Strasbourg
Jews” (von Königshofen), 345
Crete, 24
Crete, during Greek Dark
Age, 64
Cromwell, Oliver: crushing
rebellions in Ireland, Scotland,
534; death of, and restoration
of Stuart monarchy, 534;
dispersal of Parliament, 534;
failure to govern with army,
534; opposition at home, 534;
Rump Parliament, 534
Cromwell, Thomas, 436
cross, or barrel, vault, 300
Crusade, First: army of western
European nobility, 331;
capture of Jerusalem, 332,
334–335; as diversion from
domestic violence, 333;
enrichment of Italian cities,
334; motivations of knights,
333; route of, 333
Crusade, Second: fall of Jerusalem
to Muslim forces, 335; Muslim
recapture of crusader states,
334–335
Crusade, Third: reaction to fall of
Jerusalem, 335; royal
leadership in person, 335
Crusader states, 334
Crusades: attacks against Jews in
Europe by crusaders, 329;
Children’s Crusade, 336;
chronology, 337; Council of
Clermont, 331–332;
disintegration of abbasid
caliphate, Baghdad, 330;
failure of last two crusades,
336; Fifth Crusade and end of
papal leadership of crusaders,
336; Fourth Crusade and Latin
Empire of Constantinople,
336; as holy wars against
infidels, 331; Islam and Seljuk
Turks, 330; Pope Urban II,
331–332; and remission of
sins, 331–332; Sixth Crusade
and fall of Jerusalem again,
336
Crusades, effects of: economic
growth, Italian port cities, 337;
first widespread massacres of
Jews in Europe, 337; increased
control by Western monarchs,
337; on Middle East,
336–337
Culture of Fourteenth Century:
art: Black death and, 369;
Florentine painting, 369;
Giotto, 365; themes of pain,
death (ars moriendi), 369
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Index
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Index
Culture of Fourteenth Century:
vernacular literature:
emergence of individuality,
366; English vernacular
literature, 367; French
vernacular literature, 367;
Italian vernacular literature,
365
Cumae, 124
cuneiform, 17
Cuneiform, 18
curiales, 200
Cuzco, 469–470
Cyaxares (king), 52
Cybele, cult of, 189
Cyrus the Great, 51, 52, 53, 54
Czechoslovakia, conversion to
Roman Christianity, 265
D
da Gama, Vasco: arrival at Calicut,
465; spice trade, 465
Danish Lutheranism, 430
Dante Alighieri, 365
Danton, George, 665
Darius: achievements, 55, 55, 56;
death of, 78, 102; as Great King,
54
Darius III, vs. Alexander the Great,
102
David, 38, 39
David (Donatello), 399
David (Michelangelo), 401, 402
Dead Sea Scrolls, 189–190
de Albuquerque, Alfonso
(Admiral), 465
Deborah, 45
Decameron (Boccaccio), 343,
366–367
Decretum (Gratian), 280
Defender of the Peace (Marsiglio
of Padua), 362
Defense of the Liberal Instruction
of Women (Cereta), 396
Deir el Bahri, 31
De Las Casas, Bartolome, 472–473
de Las Casas, Bartolome, 472–473
Delian League: as Athenian
Empire, 81; as nucleus of
Athenian Empire, 80
demesne, 261
Demeter, myth of, 93
Demosthenes, 100
Denmark, 315; bloodless
revolution of 1660, 524; in
eighteenth century, 623;
elected monarchs, 524;
hereditary monarch, absolutist
constitution, 524; Northern
War with Sweden, 524; and
Thirty Years’ War, 524
Descartes, René, 570; background,
567–568; Cartesian dualism,
568; doubt as beginning of
knowledge, 568; father of
modern rationalism, 568; “I
think therefore I am” as first
postulate, 568; split between
mind and matter, 568
Description of the Rus (Ibn
Fadlan), 267
d’Este, Isabella (Mantua), 387
d’Este family (Ferrara), 386
de Troyes, Chrétien and Arthurian
legends, 299
Dialogue on the Two Chief World
Systems: Ptolemaic and
Copernican (Galileo), 555
Diary of a Citizen, 476–477
Diaspora, 44
Díaz, Bernal, 469
Díaz de Vivar, Rodrigo (El Cid),
311
Diet of Augsburg, 429
Diocletian (Roman emperor), 198,
199, 199
Diodorus of Sicily, 114
Discourse on Method (Descartes),
568
Discourse on Method (Descartes),
570
divination, 17
Divine and Human Readings
(Cassiodorus), 222
Divine Comedy (Dante Alighieri),
365–366
divine kingship in Egypt, 21, 23,
24, 111–112
Divine-right monarchy, 506
Djozer, King, 27
dome of the Duomo (Brunelleschi),
399
Domesday Book, 305
Dominicans, 324, 421, 443, 473;
vs. heresy, 324; in New World,
489
Donatello, Donato di, 399
Dorian Breeks, 64
Doryphoros (Polyclitis), 88–89
Drake, Francis, 456
dualism, 327
Dufay, Guillaume: change in
composition of Mass music,
405; music for secular settings,
405; use of secular tunes vs.
Gregorian chant, 405
Duke and Duchess of Urbino
(Piero della Francesca), 400
dukes, 258
Dürer, Albrecht: blending northern
and Italian elements, 404;
mastery of laws of perspective,
proportion, 405; as treatise
writer, 405; and use of detail,
405
Dutch East India Company:
control of Indonesian
archipelago, 480–481; as jointstock company, 494; as
permanent colony in South
Africa, 474
Dutch Realism: Judith Leyster,
541; reflection of Burgher
society, 541; Rembrandt van
Rijn, 541, 542
Dutch Republic: as Atlantic power,
528; and Calvinist heritage,
529; Dutch West and East
India Companies, 528–530;
economic decline, beginning of
eighteenth century, 528; House
of Orange vs. the States
General, 528; internal
dissension in seventeenth
century, 528; invention of fluyt
(flyt) for sea transport, 529; life
in seventeenth century
Amesterdam, 529; oligarchies
vs. house of Orange, 614;
painting in Dutch Golden Age,
530–531; and Peace of
Westphalia, 528; prosperity as
European trade carriers, 528;
Prussian intervention, 614;
seventeenth century as golden
age of, 528; sources of wealth,
530–531
E
early civilizations, 8, 35, 36
Early Dynastic Age, 11, 21
Eastern Europe: High Middle
Ages, 315; Hungary as stable
country, 315; Mongols as
invaders, 315; Teutonic
knights as invaders, 315
Eastern Europe’s struggle for
monarchy, 410
eastern Frankish lands (later
Germany): German dialect,
252; under Louis the German,
251; struggle with western
Frankish lands over Middle
Kingdom, 251–252
Eastern Roman Empire, 204, 209,
223, 225, 228. See also
Byzantine Empire, reign of
Justinian
Ecclesia, 74, 80
Ecclesiastical History of the
English People (Venerable
Bede), 222
Ecclesiastical Ordinances, 439
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Eck, Johann, 424
Edessa, as crusader state, 334
Edgar, King of England, 260
Edict of Fontainebleau, 511
Edict of Milan, 202
Edict of Nantes: Catholism as
official religion, 450;
revocation by Edict of
Fontainbleau, 511; toleration
of Protestantism, 450
Education of a Christian Prince
(Erasmus), 392–393
Edward, Prince of Wales (Black
Prince), 351
Edward III of England (king), 350,
355
Edward I of England (king):
expulsion of Jews from
England, 329; and Parliament,
308; reestablishment of
monarchical rights, 308; and
struggle with Scotland, 308;
unification of British Isles, 308
Edward the Confessor (king), 304
Edward VI of England (King), 437
Egypt, Lower vs. Upper, 20
Egypt, Old Kingdom, 21–24, 27
Egypt, spiritual life in, 25
Egyptian civilization, 7, 19–23,
25–35, 34, 38, 50, 54,
111–112
Egyptian Empire, 28–30, 29, 36
Einhard, Charlemagne’s historian,
244
Einstein on the Beach (musical
composition) (Glass), 1069
Elamites, 12
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 279
Elegances of the Latin Language,
The (Valla), 391
Elements (Elements), 116–117
Elements (Euclid), 295
Elizabeth I of England (queen):
background, 454; clandestine
aid to Huegenots and
Calvinists, 456; foreign policy,
456; The Golden Speech, 455;
government of, 456; and Mary,
Queen of Scots, 456; and the
Netherlands, 456; and
Parliament, 455; and raids on
Spanish ships and colonies,
456; religous policy/Act of
Supremacy, 454
emir, 268
Empire and new world, fifteenth
and sixteenth centuries, 464
encomienda system, 472
England: abolition of slavery, 478;
and Black Death, 343;
chronology of limited
monarchy, 545; emergence of
constitutional monarchy, 532;
fourteenth century peasant
revolt, 347–349; Hundred
Years’ War, 349–354;
instability and War of the
roses, 355–356; new
monarchy, 407; Toleration
Acts and rights for Puritan
dissenters, 536–538. See also
Great Britain
England, Anglo-Saxon:
administrative units in, 260; as
agrarian society, 261–262;
education in, 260; manorial
system, 260–261; trade
decline, 262; as unified
kingdom, 259–260; use of old
English, 260
England, Reformation in:
administrative rather than
doctrinal change, 437;
and strength of Catholicism,
437
England and Civil War: execuition
of Charles and end of
monarchy, 533; first phase,
Oliver Cromwell, Parliament
victorious, 533; Parliament
split over Presbyterian
church, 533; purge of
Presbyerians in Parliament,
533; second phase, Crommwell
and capture of King Charles,
534
England and Glorious Revolution:
Revolution Settlement, 535;
William of Orange and Mary
invade England, 535
England and monarchy restored:
agenda of Charles II, 535;
Charles’s sympathy with
Catholics and Puritans, 535;
Declaration of Indulgence,
535; powers of parliament,
535; religious divisions and
Whig vs. Tory parties, 535;
restoration by Parliament of
Anglican Church as official
church, 535; Test Act of 1673,
535
England: Civil War: cost of
Hundred Years’ War, 407; and
establishment of Tudor
dynasty, 407; House of
Lancaster vs. House of York,
407; War of the Roses, 407
England: Growth of political
institutions: Parliament:
assumption of current
organizational structure, 355;
Great Council of Barons, 355;
House of Commons, 355;
I-9
House of Lords, 355; taxation
and financing, 355
England in High Middle Ages:
Battle of Hastings, 1066, 304;
chronology, 374; expulsion of
Jews, 329; French lands
possessed and ceded, 309;
Norman conquest, 305;
Norman invasion, 304;
restoration of Anglo-Saxons,
304; Scandinavian
control, early eleventh
century, 304
England in High Middle Ages,
Parliament, 308; composition,
308; first Parliament, 308;
House of Commons, 308;
House of Lords, 308; origin of
word, 308
England in High Middle Ages,
Plantagenet Dynasty, common
law, 305
England of Elizabeth: Act of
Supremacy, 454–456; Act of
Uniformity, 456; Catholics,
456; Church of England, 456;
and Parliament, 455; as a
Protestant country, 457;
Puritans, 456; Spanish
Armada, 457
England: Reformation in, 436; Act
of Supremacy, 436; increase in
Protestantism under Queen
Mary, 438; King as supreme
head of the church, 436; move
towards Protestantism under
Edward VI, 437–438
English Bill of Rights, 536–537;
foundation for Constitutional
Monarchy, 537–538; restoring
balance of power to
Parliament, 537
English Peasants’ Revolt of 1381,
347–349
Enki, 16–17
Enkidu, 19
Enlil, 15, 16–17
Enuma elish, 15
environmental influences, 4–5
Environment and green
movements, 1065–1066
Epaminondas, 85
Ephesus during Roman Empire,
175
ephors, 73
Epic of Gilgamesh, 16
Epicurus, 118–119
Epicurus, philosophy of, 159
Epistles (Horace), 170
equestrians (equites), 149
equites (equestrians), 149
Erasistratus, 117
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Erasmus, 392; belief in power of
education, 418; death, 420;
dissent from Luther, 426;
founder, popularizer of
Christian humanism, 418–419;
and Martin Luther, 419; and
the philosophy of Christ, 419;
vs. Protestant reformers, 419;
vs. separation of English
Church from Rome, 420;
translation and editing of
Bible, 419
Eratosthenes, 116
eridu, 10
Erioikoi, 72
Essenes, 189–190
Estates-General (first parliament),
310, 356
Ethics Demonstrated in the
Geometrical Manner
(Spinoza), 573
Etruscans: defeat by Romans, 126,
133; expansion in Italy, 126;
impact on initial development
of Rome, 125–126; impact on
Rome, 126; invasion by Gauls,
126
Eucharist or Lord’s Supper, 192
Euclid, 116
Euripides, 87
Europe, beginning of seventeenth
century: continuing war,
famine, plague, 499; declining
silver imports, 499; economic
contraction, 499; economic
recession, Mediterranean, 499;
population trends, 499; social
tensions, 499
Europe, early Middle Ages:
products exported east for
luxury goods, 262; trade with
Byzantine Europe, 262
Europe, early Middle Ages,
environment: climate, 239;
cultivated land/farming, 239;
forests, 239; population, food
production, 239
Europe, early Middle Ages,
feudalism, 256
Europe, early Middle Ages,
invasions: Magyars, 251;
Muslims, 251; Vikings, 251
Europe, early Middle Ages, tenth
century political configuration:
chronology, 270; east Frankish
kingdom as Germany, 258;
western Frankish lands as loose
alliance, 259
Europe, impact of expansion on
conquered peoples, 496–497;
on agriculture, 488–489; on
ecology, 488; India, 488;
Indonesian archipelago, 488;
little direct, on most native
Asian civilizations, 488;
multiracial society in Latin
America, 488; Native
American civililzations, 488; of
slave trade on West Africa, 488
Europe: absolutism, chronology,
544
European culture: Baroque period:
appeal to Catholics, 537;
Artemisia Gentileschi, 541;
background, 539; dramatic
effects to heighten emotional
intensity, 539; Gian Lorenzo
Bernini, 540; Peter Paul
Rubens, 540; Renaissance
classicism and spirituality of
16th century, 540; Saint Peter’s
Basilica, 540; use by kings to
impress with awe and power,
539
European culture postRenaissance: Mannerism
Europe and Black Death: antiSemitism during Black Death,
344–345; bubonic plague, 341;
Catholic Church response,
344; cultural preoccupation
with death, 346; England, 343;
France, 343; Germany, 343; in
Italy, 342–343, 342; mortality
figures, 342–343; population
collapse, 346; reactions to,
343, 344; recurrent outbreaks,
343; spread of, 341–342,
342; spread of by Mongols,
341; spread through trade,
341
Europe and New World,
467
Europe and New World: means for
expansion, 462; Geography
(Ptolemy), 462, 463; growth of
centralized monarchies, 462;
knowledge of wind patterns,
462; maps (portolani), 462;
ships and navigational
techniques, 462
Europe and New World: motives
for expansion, 461; closing of
overland routes east., 461;
fantasy literature, 460; to find
new trading areas, 460;
religious zeal, 461
Europe and war, seventeenth
century: changes in science of
warfare, 505; changes in use of
troops, 505; increased power
of sstate governments, 506;
and increased taxation, 506;
military power and ruler’s
reputation, 505; naval arms
race, 506
European economy, sixteenth
century: price revolution, 493;
problem of inflation, 493
European kingdoms, High Middle
Ages, chronology of growth,
337
European rebellions, seventeenth
century: in England, 506; in
France, Austria and Hungary,
506; greater unrest in Portugal
and Catalonia, 506; in Naples
and Sicily, 506; in Russia, 506;
in Sweden, Denmark, United
Provinces, 506
European society in High Middle
Ages, chronology, 302
European states in Renaissance:
central, eastern Europe as still
weak, 405; early: disintegrative
patterns, 405; second half: new
monarchies/Renaissance states,
405; in second half of fifteenth
century, 406; second half:
recovery, 405
Europe at end of High Middle
Ages: climate change, 340;
famine, 340; land use
problems, 340; population
pressures, 340
Europe: economy, slave trade and
triangular trade route,
474–475
Europe: Fifteenth Century:
dynastic instability, 353–354
Europe: Fourteenth Century,
spread of gunpowder, 354
Europe: Fourteenth Century
demographic crisis: and
agricultural produce, 346;
conditionof peasants vs.
landlords, 346; income effects,
346; labor services vs. rents,
346; and labor shortages, 346;
and society’s estates, 346;
Statute of Laborers, 346
Europe: Fourteenth Century
peasant revolts: atrocities
during, 346–349; class
tensions, 346–349; English
Peasants’ Revolt of 1381,
347–349; in France:
Jacquerie, 346, 348; and
taxes, 346–349
Europe: Fourteenth Century:
political instability: formation
of factions, 354; lord-serf
relationship, 354; lord-vassal
relationship, 354; money-based
contracts, 354; relationships of
political advantage, 354;
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I-10 Index
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scutage, 354; use of
mercenaries, 355
Europe: Fourteenth Century urban
revolts: capitalist industrialists
vs. laborers, 349; and
economic consequences of
Black Death, 349; lack of
success of, 349
Europe in Asia, Batavia, Java, 479
Europe in Renaissance,
chronology, 415
Europe: rivals on world stage,
chronolgy, 496–497
Europe: the witchcraft craze, 499
Evans, Arthur, 61
exchequer (permanent royal
treasury)
excommunication, 320
Execrabilis (papal bull), 414
Exodus, 39, 41, 42, 43
F
Factory Rules, Foundry and
Engineering Works of the
Royal Overseas Trading
Company, Berlin, 694–695
fasces, 126
Fatimid family (caliphate in
Egypt), 268; rivals of Sunnis of
Baghdad, 330; Shi´ite Muslims,
330; threat from Seljuk Turks,
330
Fedele, Cassandra (Italy), 395
federates, 206
Ferrara, 386
Fertile Crescent, 5–6, 9
Ficino, Marsilio, Italian:
exposition of Neoplatonism,
391; as magi, 394; spiritual or
Platonic love, 392; synthesis of
Christianity and Platonism,
391–392; translation of
Hermetic manuscripts, 393;
translation of plato, 391
fief-holding, 257
fire, use of, 5
first humans, 36
First Intermediate Period, 23
First Peloponnesian War, 81, 83
First Punic War, 134–135
First Triumvirate, 153–154
five good emperors, 172–173
Five Pillars of Islam, 233
flagellants, 344
Flanders and trade in High Middle
Ages, 282
Flavian dynasty, 172
Florence: Ciompi (wool workers)
revolt, 349; control by popolo
graso, 359; dominance of
Tuscany, fourteenth century,
359; economy, 358; education
in High, Late Middle Ages,
370–371; fifteenth century
banking and the Medici family,
379; as free commune, 358;
grandi domination, 358;
hospitals for children;
importation of foreign slaves,
381; and leadership of
Tuscany, 315; merchantindustrial class domination
(popolo grasso), 358–359;
Ordinances of Justice, 359;
regulation of prostitution, 384;
republican government, shape
of, 359; and Spanish rule, 520
Florence in Renaissance: civic
humanism, 390–391;
domination of Tuscany, 386;
Machiavelli, Niccoló,
388–389; and Medici family,
386; Medici family, 388;
merchant oligarchy, 386; wool
industry recovery, 379
Florentine Platonic Academy, 391
food surpluses, 8
fourteenth century society:
inventions: cotton rag paper,
374; eyeglasses, 373–374;
gunpowder, cannons, 374;
mechanical clock, 373
fourteenth century society:
medicine: medical schools,
371; theory vs. clinical
practice, 371
fourteenth century society:
medicine and Black Death:
growth of surgeon’s
prominence, 373; growth or
practical knowledge in
vernacular, 373; pulic health,
sanitation, 373
fourteenth century urban life:
children: attention to health of,
371; education, 370;
foundlings, 371
fourteenth century urban life:
family life: marriage at earlier
age, 370; nuclear family as
basis, 370
fourteenth century urban life:
gender roles: acceptance of
male dominant, female passive,
submissive, 370; education of
boys vs. girls, 371; effect of
Black Death on jobs for
women, 370; influence of
Aristotle, Aquinas, et. al. on
perception of, 370; limitations
on functions of women, 370
fourteenth century urban life:
social response to adversity:
I-11
government regulation of
perceived threats to health,
369; hedonism, 370;
prostitution, 369
Fourth Council of Toledo, 210
Fourth Lateran Council of 1215:
decree that Jews must wear
distinguishing clothes, 329;
development of Jewish ghettos,
329; isolation of Jews from
Christians, 329
France, 35; abolition of slavery,
478; alliance with Pope
Clement VII vs. Charles V,
428–429; and Black Death,
343; disputes with Charles V,
Hapsburg-Valois Wars,
428–429; as intellectual center
of Europe, twelfth century,
291; move to the right, 1086;
as western Frankish lands, 251
France, absolute monarchy, 507
France: absolute monarchy, 507
France: Fourteenth Century,
peasant revolt (Jacquerie), 346
France: growth of monarchy, 406;
under Charles VII, 406;
development of French
national feeling, 406;
development of territorial
state, 407; and EstatesGeneral, 406
France: Hundred Years’ War,
349–354
France in High Middle Ages:
chronology, 374; expulsion of
Jews, 329
France in High Middle Ages,
growth of kingdom:
acquisitions from England,
309; branches of royal
administration, 310; vs.
English control of some French
territory, 309; establishment of
first Parliament, 310
France: monarchical instability:
Burgundian faction vs.
Orleanists, 356; EstatesGeneral, 356; Estates-General
vs. kings, 356; and Hundred
Years’ War, 357; and need for
revenue/taxation, 356;
territorial princes, customs and
laws, 356
France: wars of religion: Catholic
vs. Calvinist fanaticism, 448;
dynastic marriage for
reconciliation, 449; and Edict
of Nantes, 450; end of, 450;
Guise family, 448; Holy
League, 449; and hostility to
monarchy, 448–449; Paris
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France: wars of religion
(continued)
massacre, 449; persecution of
Huguenots, 448; politiques,
449; Saint Bartholomew’s Day
Massacre, 450; strenth of
Calvinist armiees, 449; ultraCatholic party, 448, 449;
War of Three Henries, 449–450
Franciscans, 324, 421, 443, 473
Franciscans, in New World, 489
Francis I of France (king), 387,
428–429
Frankish Kingdom, 210; Charles
Martel’s rise, 211; defeat of
Muslims, 211; division of, 211;
fusion of Latin and German
cultures, 211; Gallo-Roman vs.
Frankish cultures, 211;
Merovingian Dynasty,
210–211; nature of society,
211; rise of nobility, 211
Frankish lands, early middle ages,
240
Franks, 207; invasions of Gaul and
Spain, 3rd century, 187;
marriage customs, 213;
patriarchal extended families,
213
Frederick Barbarossa of Germany
(king), 335–336
Frederick II king of Germany and
Sicily and Emperor:
establishment of centralized
Italian state, 314–315; nature
of, 314
Frederick I of Germany (king)
(Barbarossa): background,
314; and Italy as center of
Holy Roman Empire, 314; and
Italy as financial base, 314;
opposition from Pope, 314;
settlement with northern
Italian cities, 314
Frederick the Great Elector
(Brandenberg-Prussia), 517–518
Frederick William (BrandenbergPrussia/Prussia), 518
French classicism: grandeur and
classical values, 541; Nicolas
Poussin, 541; post-Renaissance
cultural leader of Europe, 541
Frequens decree, 413
Froissart, Jean (French), 347d, 351
fueros, 312
Fugger, Jacob, 494
Funeral Oration of Pericles, 82
G
gabelle (salt tax), 356
Gaiseric (Vandal leader), 207
Gaius Gracchus, 150–151
Galba (Roman governor), 171
Galen (Greek physician in Rome),
184, 294, 371
Galilei, Galileo: discoveries on
composition of universe, 554;
first European to use telescope,
554; and science as part of high
culture, 571; and Spanish
Inquisition, 554
Gandhara, 116
Gasga, 36
Gaul, 154; freedom from Rome,
207; Julius Caesar and, 154
Gaul and his wife, statue, 107
Gauls (Celts): defeat by Attallus I
of Pergamum, 107; defeat by
Marius, 151; description of,
107; military attacks,
107–108; sack of Rome, 107
Gelasius (pope), 216
gender roles, 4
Genghis Khan (Temuchin):
creation of military force, 317;
unification of Mongol tribes,
317
gentes, 128
Geography (Ptolemy), 462, 463
Germania (Tacitus), 180
Germanic Goths, as Arian
Christians, 203
Germanic kingdoms/states:
Christian intellectual life in,
222; chronology, 236;
Frankish Kingdom, 210; fusion
of Roman, German upper
classes, 212; kings’
dominationof church and state,
216; law, compurgation and
ordeal to determine guilt,
212–213; law, personal nature
of, 212; Lombards, 209; of old
western empire, 208;
Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy,
209; patriarchal extended
families, 212; position of
women, 213; Roman control
of economic resources, 209;
Visigoths, 210
Germanic tribes, invasions into
Roman Empire, third century,
187
German kingdoms, High Middle
Ages: elective monarchy, 312;
kings and church, 312–313;
Salian kings (Germany), 312;
Saxon kings’ revival of
Carolingian Empire, 312
German kingdoms, High Middle
Ages, in Italy, 313
Germans, 206, 207; as Arian
Christians, 209; Burgundians,
207; as changing groups, 203;
early, in Britain, 211–212;
Franks, 207; as hired Roman
fighters, 203; Huns, 205;
migration routes, 206;
migrations of, 205; as
missionaries, 265; Roman
attitudes to, 203;
Romanization, 203; Saxons,
207; Vandals, 207; Visigoths,
205–206; way of life, 203
German states: autonomy of Holy
Roman Empire states, 517;
freedom of religious choice and
Peace of Westphalia, 517;
Growth of BrandenburgPrussia, 518; Prussia, 517; Rise
of Brandenburg-Prussia, 517,
518
Germany: absorption of Prussia,
316; Augustus’s expansion
into, 168; and Black Death,
343; and Charles V, 429; early
kings’ reliance on church
officials, 258; as eastern
Frankish lands, 251; end of
religious warfare, 430;
extermination of Jews during
Black death, 344–345,
345; first Saxon dynasty, 258;
Lutheran defeat in
Schmalkaldic Wars, 429–430;
as new Roman Empire, 259;
Otto I as Emperor of Italy,
259; religious division in
seventeenth century, 502
Germany, High Middle Ages:
Concordat of Worms, 321;
confusion in thirteenth century,
315; as loose confederation,
315; Pope Gregory VII vs
Henry IV, 320–321
Germany: High Middle Ages: citystates, 357; disintegration of
Holy Roman Empire, High
Middle Ages, 357;
ecclesiastical states, 357; end of
Hohenstaufen dynasty, 357;
knights’ territories, 357; as
multitude of independent
states, 357; princely states, 357
Germany in High Middle Ages,
chronology, 374
Germany: monarchy: electoral
nature of and electors, 357;
electoral nature of and
weakness of kings, 357;
Golden Bull, 357; near
anarchy, start of Fifteenth
Century, 357
Gian Francesco I Gonzaga of
Mantua (ruler), 394
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I-12 Index
Licensed to: iChapters User
Gift of the Nile, The, 19
Gilgamesh, 19
Giotto, 365, 369, 398
Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
(van Eyck), 403
Girondins, 664
Gladatorial games, 178
Gladiatorial shows: amphitheatres
for, 183; political and social
functions of, 183; as public
slaughter, 183; in Roman
society, 183
Globalization, overseas trade and
colonies: global interlocking
trade patterns, 496; growth of
overseas trade, eighteenth
century, 496; intra-European
trade predominant, 495–496;
Mercantilist theory on role of
colonies and overseas
expansion, 495; value of
overseas goods, 496
Glorious Revolution, 535; and
destruction of divine rights of
kings, 537; end of struggle
between king and Parliament,
537
Golden Bull, 357
Golden Horde, 317
“Golden Speech, The” Elizabeth I,
455
Gonfaloniere, 359
Gonzaga lords (Mantua), 386
Gospel of Mark on following
Jesus, 217
Goths, 187
Government bureaucracy, early, 7
Grammaticus, 143
Granada, 408
Granada, last Muslim holdout in
Spain, 312
Great Britain. See also England
Great Council of Barons,
355
Great king, as regent of God
Ahuramazda, 55–56
Great Peloponnesian War:
alliances and battles, 84;
Athenians failure in Syracuse,
84; chronology, 97;
destruction of Athenian fleet at
Aegospotami, 85; dissolution
of Athenian Empire, 85;
surrender of Athens, 85;
weakening of Athenian
democracy, 84
Great Wall of China, 483
Greco-Macedonian rule:
characteristcis of, 104–105;
extent of, 104–105
Greece, 948; Aeolian League,
110; cultural unity vs. political
disunity, 68; hoplite forces, 69;
military system, 68; war as
integral to Greek life, 68
Greece, Archaic Age of, 67;
aristocracy vs. common
people, 76–77; art vs. art of
Classical period, 89;
chronology of Athens, 97;
chronology of Sparta, 97;
colonies, 70; colonization and
growth of trade, 69–70;
colonization of Black Sea,
Mediterranean, 67; Greek citystates, 67; Greek culture in,
75–76
Greece, dark age of: iron replacing
bronze during, 65; migrations
during, 64; population, food
production decline, 64
Greece, Early: influence of sea, 61;
role of geography, 61;
topography, 61
Greece, geography: of ancient, 62;
Attic peninsula (Attica), 61;
influence of sea, 61;
Peloponnesus, 61; topography,
61
Greece, life in Classical: city-state
as male citizen community, 93;
population, 93; social
classes, 93
Greek art of Classical period:
Acropolis, 88–89; vs. of
Archaic <period, 89;
architecture, 88; description of,
88–89; Greek temples, 88;
influence on western world,
88; Parthenon, 88; search for
ideal beauty in sculpture,
89–90
Greek city-states, 52
Greek civilization: classical Greece,
62; colonization of Black Sea,
Mediterranean, 62; emergence
of city-state, 62; and
Peloponnesian War, 62; and
Persian Wars, 62
Greek colonization, effects:
cultural, 70; Greek identity, 71;
trade and industry, 71
Greek drama: Aeschylus, 87;
comedy, 88; form of, 87;
tragedy, 87–88
Greek economy: artisans and
crafts, 96; diversified
agricultural, 94–95; factories
using slaves, 96; importance of
trade, 95; as leading trade
center, 96
Greek expansion: causes, 69;
colonies as poleis, 69; eastern
Spain, 69; in Egypt, 69–70;
metropoleis, 69; to north, 69;
Northern Africa, 69; southern
I-13
France, 69; southern Italian
coastline, 69
Greek fire, 228
Greek language, and spread of
Christianity, 194–195
Greeklings, 148
Greek Orthodox Church, in
eastern Europe, 410
Greek philosophy: Aristotle, 91;
Athens as center, 90; and the
divine, 90; focus of early, 90;
philosophy, 90; Plato, 91;
rhetoric, 90; Socrates, 90–91;
Sophists, 90
Greek religion: festivals, 93; gods,
92; Homer’s account, 92;
interconnection with daily life,
92; Mount Olympus, 92;
mystery religions, 93; oracles,
93; sacrifices, 92
Greeks, influence on Rome, 124
Greek slavery and economy,
94–95
Greek Triereme, 79
Greek tyranny, 71
Greek war elephants, 109
Gregory the Great (pope):
conditions in Rome and
territories, 217; conversion
techniques, 219–220; creation
of Papal States, 217; defense
against the Lombards, 217;
missionaries in England,
Germanic Europe, 217; papal
authority extension, 217
Gregory VII (pope), 319; extent of
claimed powers over secular
rulers, 320; as God’s vicar on
earth, 320; Investiture
Controversy, 320–321
Gregory XI (pope), 361
Groote, Gerard, 363–364
Grounds of Natural Philosophy
(Cavendish)
Guicciardini, Francesco (Italy),
397
Guide for the Perplexed
(Maimonides), 295
guilds in High Middle Ages,
apprenticeship system, 290
Guillotine, 666
Gutenberg, Johannes, 397
Gutians, 11–12
Guzmán, Dominic de (Saint
Dominic), vs. heretical
movements, 324
gymnasium, 113
H
Habsburg dynasty, and Thirty
Years’ War, 502
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Index
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Hadrian (Roman emperor), 173,
185
Haga Sophia (Church of the Holy
Wisdom), 227, 227
Hamilcar Barca, 135
Hamurabi, 12
Handbook for William (Dhouda),
245
Handbook of the Christian Knight
(Erasmus), 419
Hanging Gardens of Babylon, 50
Hannibal, 135–136
Hanseatic League, 378
Harappa, 8
Harold Godwinson (king), 304
Harun al-Rashid (calilph), 267
Harvey, William: discovery of
heart as beginnning point of
blood circulation, 562;
discovery of how blood
circulates, 562
hastati, 138
Hateshpsut, 31
Hattusas, 35
Hebrew Bible, 13, 31, 44–45
Hebrews, 35, 38–39
Hebrews, social structure,
44–45
hegemon, 101
heliaea, 74
heliocentric view of the universe,
116
Heliopolis, 25
Hellenestic mystery religions, 189
Hellenisic philosophy: new schools
ofthought: Athens as center,
118; Epicureanism, 118–120
Hellenistic art, 116; architecture,
116; Buddha statues in India,
116; change from idealism to
realism, 116; female nude in,
116; sculpture, 116, 118
Hellenistic cities, 109–110;
advantages of, 109; Aeolian
League, 110; Alexandria,
Egypt, 109; amd Greek polis,
109–110; and dominance of
Greek culture, 109–110; kings
and, 110; physical layout, 110;
Seleucus as founder of many,
109; and spread of Greek
colonists to Near East, 109; and
spread of Greek culture to Near
East, Afghanistan and India,
110
Hellenistic economic trends:
agriculture, 110; commerce
and international trade, 111;
importance of grain, 111; main
products, 111; shift of
manufacturing centers,
110–111
Hellenistic era: definition of, 104;
military monarchies, 105
Hellenistic medicine, 117;
anatomy, 117; continuation of
alternative methods of healing,
118; understanding of human
organs and systems, 117; use
of dissection and vivisection,
117
Hellenistic military institutions,
108; innovations, 108, 109;
and maintenance of kingdoms,
108; phalanx, 108
Hellenistic monarchies, 105, 106
Hellenistic philosophy: new
schools of thought: and change
in Greek lifestyle, 120;
Stoicism, 119–120
Hellenistic political institutions:
democratic forms under
monarchy, 108; and native
populations vs. GrecoMacedonian ruling class, 108;
omewhat stable monarchies,
108; ruling class, 108
Hellenistic science: astronomy,
116; determining earth’s shape,
116; empirical research, 116;
fundamental elements of
geometry, 116–117;
heliocentric view of the
universe, 116; separation from
philosophy, 116
Hellenistic society: changing roles
for women in, 111–112;
infanticide of girls, 112;
opportunities for upper-class
women, 111; prostitution, 112;
shift in role of men, 111;
slavery, 113
Hellenistic society, culture in, 115;
in Alexandria, 115; in
Pergamum, 115; role of kings,
115
Hellenistic society, education in: in
Classical period, 113;
curriculum, 113; gymnasium,
113; role of kings, 115; and
spread of Greek culture, 115
Hellenistic society, slavery in:
attitude towards, 113; effects
of on Hellenizing process, 113;
types of work for, 113;
women slaves as concubines,
113
Hellenistic world, Jews in:
Diaspora, 121–122; in Judaea,
121; vs. Rome, 121–122; vs.
syncretism, 121
Hellenistic world, mystery
religions in: and Christianity,
121; eastern, 121; Egyptian
cult of Isis, 121; fundamental
premises, 121; syncretism, 121
Hellenistic world, religion in:
decline in traditional Greek
Olympian, 120–121; mystery
religions, 121
Hellenistis world, Jews in, and
Jewish uprising, 121–122
Hellespont, 69
Henry Hudson, 486
Henry III of England (king), 279,
349–350
Henry III of France (king), 449
Henry III of Germany (king), 312
Henry II of England (king), 279;
administrative, legal
institutions, 306; and the
cnurch, 306–307; exchequer
(permanent royal treasury),
307; royal courts’ jurisdiction,
306
Henry I of England (king), 305
Henry IV of England (king),
355–356
Henry IV of Germany (king), 312,
320, 320–321
Henry of Navarre, 449
Henry the Fowler (German king),
258
Henry VIII of England (king), 420,
436
Henry VII of England (king), 407,
467
Henry VI of England (king), 354
Henry VI of Germany: collapse of
empire at his death, 314;
control of Germany, northern
and southern Italy, 314; son of
Frederick I, 314
Henry V of England (King),
351–352
Heracleopoli, 23
Heracles, and Alexander the Great,
104
heresy, 327; Albigensian heresy,
328; Catharism, 327; dualism,
327; extent in southern France,
327; extreme punishments of,
327–328; problem in High
Middle Ages, 327
hermeticism in Renaissance Italy,
393; Hermetic revival, 394;
magi, 394; and pantheism,
393–394; as science of the
divine, 394; writings on occult
sciences, 393–394; writings on
theological and philosophical
beliefs, 393–394
Herodotus, 27, 53; and conflict
between Greek freedom and
Persian despotism, 86; on
Cyrus the Great, 54; Persian
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I-14 Index
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Wars, 86; reputation among
conquered people, 54
Herophilus, 117
Hesiod, 76
hetairai, 96–97, 112
hieroglyphics in Egypt, 28
High Middle Ages, apprenticeship
system, 290
High Middle Ages, Arabic
scholarship introduced to
Europe, 295
High Middle Ages, aristocracy:
from knights to nobles, 278;
power of, 277; warfare as main
male occupation, 277
High Middle Ages, aristocratic
marriage: age discrepancy,
husband and wife, 281;
annulment, 281–282; divorce,
281; parents’ supervision of
choice, 281; purposes
of, 281
High Middle Ages, aristocratic
women: under control of men,
278; estate/household
management, 279; financial
supervision, 278–279; ladiesin-waiting, 279; marriage, 279;
property holders/inheritors,
278
High Middle Ages, castles, 278
High Middle Ages, cities: around
fortified strongholds, 284;
fortified town of Carcassonne,
285; in Mediterranean world,
284; in Northern Europe, 284;
old Roman cities, 284; relation
between, and surrounding
country, 284; Rome, 284; in
southern Italy, 284; Spain’s
Islamic cities, 284; trade revival
and cities’ revival, 284
High Middle Ages, city
governments, 286–288
High Middle Ages, city life:
churches, 288; danger of fire,
288; environmental problems,
288–289; family life, 289;
guilds, 290; manufacturing,
289–290; physically tightly
filled, 288; population´s
occupations, 288; types of
buildings, 288; water
problems, water resources,
289; women, 289
High Middle Ages, development of
scholasticism: definition, 295;
and Peter Abelard, 295;
scholastic method as base of
university instruction, 295
High Middle Ages, Gothic
cathedral, 301; architectural
innovations, 300–301; as a
community projject, 301; labor
for, 301; mathematics in
designing, 301; Notre Dame in
Paris, 300; spread of classical
scientific, philosophical works,
301; stained glass windows,
301; symbol of medieval
preoccupation with God,
300–301
High Middle Ages, guilds, 290
High Middle Ages, intellectual
development: educational
institutions, 290; intellectual
centers of Medieval Europe,
292; law, 290; rebirth of
interest in ancient culture, 290;
secular clergy, 291; theology,
290; universities, 291;
vernacular literataure, 290
High Middle Ages, land and
people: agricultural changes,
273; changing relationship
among land, lords and serfs,
275; climate change, 273;
deforestation for industry and
agriculture, 273–274; food for
profit, 275; inventions for use
with horses, 274; iron use in
tools, weapons, 274; mills,
dams, 274; population growth,
273, 273; timber-based
industries, 273
High Middle Ages, literature:
courtly romance (e.g. stories of
King Arthur), 299; creative, in
vernacular, 298; Goliardic
poetry, 298; heroic epic
(chanson de geste), 298–299;
Latin poetry on religion, love
and nature, 298; troubadour
poetry (in vernacular),
298–299
High Middle Ages, men of war:
Catholic Church interventions
vs., 278; and the Crusades,
278; justification, 278; Truce
of God, 278
High Middle Ages, on womens’
rightful roles, 280
High Middle Ages, peasant life:
alcohol consumption, 275;
Catholic Church: feast days,
holy days, 275; diet, 276–277;
family life, 276; household,
276; importance of seasons,
275; infant mortality, 276;
peasant activities, French
calendar, 276; village church,
276; women, 276–277
High Middle Ages, problem of
universals: Aristotle and
I-15
scholastic nominalists, 296; on
the nature of reality itself, 296;
Plato and scholastic realists,
296; reconciling Aristotle and
Christianity, 296; Saint
Thomas Aquinas, 296
High Middle Ages, revival of
classical antiquity: Greek
science and philosophy, 294;
role of Arabic and Jewish
scholars, 295; translation of
Greek from Arabic to Latin,
294–295
High Middle Ages, revival of
Roman law: commentaries
known as ordinary gloss, 297;
evidence in place of system of
ordeal, 297–298; Itallian cities
as prominent centers, 297;
rediscovery of Corpus Iuris
Civilis (Justinian), 297
High Middle Ages, rights of
townspeople: alliances with
rural nobles vs. bishops, 285;
and attainment of selfgovernment, 285; charters of
liberties, 284; communes, 285;
definition of citizenship,
286–287; degrees of selfgovernment, 285–286;
freedom for serfs, 285;
northern Europe, 285–286
High Middle Ages, Romanesque
architecture: barrel, or cross,
vault, 300; development of
international basic features,
300; influence of Late Roman
Empire churches, 300; need for
professional master builders,
299–300; religious buildings,
299; similarity between
cathedrals and castles, 300
High Middle Ages, strengthening
of kings: divine favor, 304;
finances, 304
High Middle Ages, tournaments,
280
High Middle Ages, trade revival:
Black Sea, 282; commercial
capitalism, 283; and
Constantinople, 282; Flanders,
282–283; Italian cities, 282;
money economy, 283;
Northern Europe, 282; role of
Crusades, 282; trade routes,
283; trans-European trade,
283; trans-Mediterranean,
282; views on trade and
merchants, 286–287
High Middle Ages, universities,
291; beginnings of, 291; liberal
arts, 292; professional studies,
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Index
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High Middle Ages, universities
(continued)
292; secular clergy’s role in
developing, 291; University of
Cambridge, 292; University of
Oxford, 292; University of
Paris, 291
High Middle Ages, university
students, 293–294
High Middle Ages, university
teaching: exams and degrees,
293; Latin as language of, 293;
lecture method, 293; liberal
arts, 292; professional training,
293; undergraduate and
graduate degrees, 293
High Middle Ages, wage earners
and entrepreneurs, 290
High Middle Ages, warriors’ lives:
apprenticeship as knights, 279;
chivalry, 279–281; at home,
281; knighting, 279; military
lessons as children, 279
High Middle Ages, women’s orders:
Beguines, 324, 325; as haven for
intellectuals, 323; inhabitants of,
323; Poor Clares, 324
Hildegard of Bingen (German
nun): abbess at Disibodenberg,
Germany, 323; as author,
323–324; composer, 323–324;
mystical visions, 323
Hippias, 75
Hippocrates, 294, 371
Hippocrates, separation of
medicine from philosophy, 117
Hippodrome (Constantinople), 227
historia, 86
Historical and Critical Dictionary
(Bayle), 579
Histories (Tacitus), 180
History of Florence (Guicciardini),
397
History of Italy (Guicciardini), 397
History of My Misfortunes
(Abelard), 296
History of the Peloponnesian War
(Thucydides), 82
History of the Pelopponesian War
(Thucydides), 83, 86–87
Hittite Empire, 29, 36, 46, 48
Hittites, 29, 35
Ho, 3
Hobbes, Thomas: absolute ruler,
538; commonwealth to control
human nature, 538
Hohenstaufen Dynasty (Germany),
314, 357
Hollenzollern dynasty, 517
Holy League, 450
Holy Office of the Roman Catholic
Church, 327–328
Holy Roman Empire: Arab,
Barbary attacks on
Mediterranean coasts, 429;
under Charles V, 427–428,
428; disintegration, High
Middle Ages, 357; disunited,
430; division into Lutheran vs.
Catholic, 429; dynastic
marriages for expansion, 410;
and Hapsburg dynasty,
409–410; Hapsburg-Valois
wars, 429; Ottoman attacks,
429; Schmalkaldic Wars and
Lutheran defeat, 429–430;
twelfth century lands, 313
Homer: aristocratic values of
courage, honor in, 67; on
Greek religion, 92; ideal of
excellence in Iliad, 66; Iliad
and Odyssey of, 65; Mycenae
exploits in, 63
Homeric tradition, 67; as creation
of ideal past, 65–66; social
conditions of the Dark Age, 65;
underlying moral lessons, 65;
universal lessons, 65; women
in, 67
hominids, 3
Homo erectus, 3
Homo sapiens sapiens, 3, 3, 4
homosexuality: in Byzantine
Empire, 247; and Catholic
Church in middle ages,
246–247; intolerance by
Church, High Middle Ages,
329–330; and Roman Empire,
246–247
Honorius (Roman emperor), 207
hoplites, 68, 69
Horace (Rome), 170
Horemhab, 30
Hortensian law, 131
hospitals, in High Middle Ages,
325
House of Commons, 355
House of Lords, 355
House of Wisdom (Baghdad), 269
Huguenots: French Calvinists,
448; and House of Bourbon,
448; make-up of early
population of, 448
humanism and philosophy in
Renaissance Italy: interest in
Plato, 391; Neoplatonism,
391
humanism in Renaissance
Florence: Cicero as model,
391; civic humanism, 390;
duty of intellectual to state,
391; secular vs. religious
interests in Greek classics, 391;
study of Greek classics, 391
humanism in Renaissance Italy:
classical Latin vs. medieval
Latin, 391; de-emphasis of
divine intervention, 397;
description of, 390; emergence
of, 390; Petrarch as father of,
390; secularism and, 390; and
self-awareness of being
humanists, 391; stress on
political forces, role of
individual in history, 397;
Valla as purist, 391
humans, early, 3–5
Hume, David, 586–587
Hundred Years’ War, 349–354,
351; Battle of Agincourt, 351;
Battle of Crécy, 351; Battle of
Poitiers, 351; Capetian
Dynasty (France), 350;
chronology, 374; Edward III
and Philip VI, 350; and
Edward Prince of Wales (Black
Prince), 351; between France
and England, 349–354; Joan of
Arc and end of, 353–354, 353;
longbows and pikes, 350; map
of, 352; Peace of Brétigny, 351;
transition from knights to
peasant foot soldiers, 350;
Treaty of Troyes, 351
Hunefer, 26
Hungary, 1079–1080; brief period
of importance in Europe,
410–411; conversion to
Roman Catholicism, 410;
conversion to Roman
Christianity, 265; King
Matthias Corvinus, 411;
prosperity of church, 410
Hungary as authoritarian state,
948
Huns: divergent views of,
204–205; and Visigoths,
205
hunter-gatherers, 3, 4
Hurrians, 36
Hus, John, 424; burned at stake as
heretic, 413; vs. papacy’s
power, 413; vs. worldliness,
corruption of clergy, 413
Hussites: and Bohemian hostililty
to Catholic Church, 413; and
Czech resentment of Germanss,
413; Hus’s death and
revolutionary upheaval, 413;
Hussite Wars, 413; and
Lollards, 413
Hussite Wars, 413
Hyksos, 28
Hymn to the Nile, 19
Hymn to Zeus (Cleanthes),
120
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I-16 Index
Licensed to: iChapters User
I
Ibn-Rushd (Averroës), on
Aristotle, 295
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Islamic
medicine, 270
iconoclasm abolished, 262
icons and iconoclasts (Byzantine
Empire), 229
icons and iconoclasts (in Islam),
229
Ignatius of Antioch, 193
Ignatius of Loyola, 443, 445
Ihotep, 27
Iliad (Homer), 65
Iliad (Homer), 104
illustres and illustrissimi, 199
Illyrians, 100
Imitation of Christ Thomas á
Kempis, 421
imperator, 166
imperium, 164
Inca Empire: background,
469–470; buildings and roads,
469–470; growth under
Pachakuti, 469–470
independent city states in
Renaissance: as centers of
Renaissance culture, 386; role
of women in, 387
Index of Forbidden Books, 447
India, British consolidation in,
eighteenth century, 483; British
East India Company in, 483;
English, Dutch, Portuguese
competition in seventeenth
century, 482; Mughal Empire,
482
individualism in Renaissance Italy,
390
Indo-Europeans, 35
indulgences, 326
Indus River, India, 8
Indus Valley, 8
infanticide: condemned by
Christian Church, 247; of girls
in Hellenistic societies, 112;
persistence in middle ages, 247;
in Rome, 186, 247
Innocent III (Pope): Crusade
against Albigensians, 327–328;
and Franciscan, Dominican
orders, 322; inauguration of
Fourth Crusade, 322; vs. King
John of England, 322–323; vs.
King Phillip II Augustus of
France, 322–323; with papal
bull, 322; papal supremacy
over secular monarchs, 322;
use of interdict, 323
Inquiry into the Nature and
Causes of the Wealth of
Nations (Smith), 588
Inquisition, enforcement of
orthodoxy, 409
Institutes of the Christian Religion
(Calvin), 438
insulae (Rome), 181–182
Intendants, 508
interdict, 323
Investiture Controversy, 320–321
Ionia, 64
Iran, 12
iron metallurgy, 48
iron weapons, 48
Isabela of England, 350
Isaiah, 42
Ishtar, 19
Ishtar Gate, 50, 51
Isis (Egyptian god), 25, 121
Isis, Cult of, 189
Islam: as heir to old Roman
Empire, 236; rise of, and
challenge to Eastern Roman
Empire, 228; split into Shi’ites,
Sunnites, 235; succession
problems, 235; Ummayad
dynasty, 235
Islam, expansion of: Abbasid
Dynasty, 266; Damascus as
center of Islam, 266; end of
Umayyad dynasty, 266
Islam, rise of: background, 231;
beginning of calendar, 232;
and changing trade routes,
231; chronology, 237; as
theocratic religion, 232
Islam, spread of, 233; Arab
conquest vs. conversion to
Islam, 233; map of, 235
Islam, teachings of: basic message,
232; code of ethics in Five
Pillars of Islam, 232–233; as
direct, simple, 233; Qur’an,
232; Shari’a as law code,
233; strict behavior
regulations, 233
Islamic civilization, 268;
absorption of Graeco-Roman,
Greek, Syrian, Persian cultures,
268; advances in chemistry,
medicine, 270; advances in
mathematics, astronomy,
natural sciences, 270;
chronology, 271; cities’
distinctive features, 269;
creation of urban culture, 268;
introductionof paper, 269;
mathematics from India, 269;
spread of classical scientific,
philosophical works, 269
Israel, 38, 38
Israelites, 39–41, 42
Israelites, chronology, 59
Istanbul (Byzanatium,
Constantinople), 201
I-17
Italian cities and trade: Genoa,
282; Pisa, 282; Venice, 282
Italian or Social War, 152
Italian states in Renaissance,
Milan, 384
Italian states in the Renaissance,
chronology, 415
Italy: Austrian acquisitions in, War
of spanish Succession, 520; and
Black Death, 342–343;
corruption, 1086;
oppressiveness of Catholic
CounterReformation, 520; and
stuggles between France and
Spain, 520
Italy, ancient, 125
Italy, High Middle Ages: alliance
with pope vs. Frederick I, 314;
central Italy controled by Papal
States, 313; chronology, 374;
defeat of Frederick I, 314;
emergence of city-states, 315;
establishment of centralized
Italian state, 314–315; and
Frederick II, 314–315; lack of
central authority, 313; as loose
confederation, 315; Norman
conquest of southern Italy,
313; settlement with Frederick
I of Germany, 314; Southern
Italy conflicts, Lombards,
Muslims, Byzantines, 313;
wealthy northern cities and
Germany, 314
Italy, northern, as part of Middle
Kingdom, 251
Italy, States of: central Italy
controled by Papal States, 358;
condottieri, 358; failure to
develop monarchical state,
358; fourteenth century
changes in city states, 358;
fourteenth century
development of despotism,
358; fourteenth century
development of regional states,
358; fourteenth century
tendencies, 358; Kingdom of
Naples, 358; Kingdom of
Sicily, 358; lack of centralized
authority, 358; in North, 358;
northern Italy as independent
city-states, 358
Italy: ciompi (wool workers)revolt
in Florence, 349
Italy: from Spanish to Austrian
rule, 520
Italy in Renaissance: commercial
empire, 385; extended
household; husband-father at
center; husband-father’s
absolute authority over
children; individualism,
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Index
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Italy in Renaissance (continued)
secularism, humanism, 390;
lack of national consciousness,
388; loyalty to own state, 388;
map of, 385; and modern
diplomacy, 385; wife as
household manager
Italy in Renaissance, education:
effects of humanist movement,
394; influence of classical
authors, 394; liberal studies,
394; school of Mantua, 394;
sound mind in sound body
approach, 394–395; of
women, 395, 396
Italy in Renaissance, family:
childbirth as woman’s main
responsibility, 383; child death
rates and male heirs, 383–384;
dangers of childbirth in Rome,
383; extended household, 382;
husband-father at center, 382;
husband-father’s absolute
authority over children,
382–383; nursing babies, 383;
prestige of old family names,
382; and the vendetta, 382; wife
as household manager, 383
Italy in Renaissance, influence of
Cicero on, 160
Italy in Renaissance, marriage in:
arranged for business, family
ties, 382; dowry, 382; marriage
contract, 382; weddding
banquet, 383
Italy in Renaissance, sexual norms:
and age difference between
husbands and wives, 384;
existence of large young
unmarried male population,
384; men vs. women, 384;
prostitution, 384
Italy in Renaissance, warfare:
alliance system, 387; concept
of balance of power, 387;
domination by Spain after sack
of Rome, 387; French
intervention in Italian politics,
387; and growth of powerful
monarchical states, 387; as
pawn in Valois-Hapsburg
power struggles, 387; Peace of
Lodi, 387; sack of Rome, 387;
Spain in Italy, 387
Italy in Renaissance and modern
diplomacy, 388
Italy in Renaissance: Machiavelli
and statecraft, 388–389
Italy: weak coalition government,
1030
ius civile (civil law), 146
ius gentium (law of nations),
146
Ivan III of Russia (prince), 411
Ivan IV the Terrible in sixteenth
century: extension of
Russian terrtitory, 520;
increase in autocracy/defeat
of boyars, 520
J
Jacquerie (French peasant revolt),
346, 348
Jael, 45
James II of England (king):
attempts to further Catholic
interests, 535; Declaration of
Indulgence, 535; specter of a
Catholic hereditary monarchy,
535
James II of Scotland (king), 374
James I of England (king) and
Parliament: attempts to tax
without Parliament’s consent,
532; death of Tudor dynasty,
birth of Stuart line, 531; Long
Parliament, 533; and
Puritanism, 532; religious
policy problems, 532;
specifying that Parliament must
meet, 533; on tax revenues,
military issues, martial law,
532; Triennial Act, 533
Jamestown, 486
Janissaries, 526
Japan: shogunates, 485;
Tokugawa rulers and
restoration of central
authority, 485; unification in
sixteenth century, 485
Japan: opening to West: arrival of
Jesuits in sixteenth century,
485; Dutch as only foreigners
permitted, 485; expulsion of
European merchants, 485;
missionary interference in local
politics and expulsion, 485;
Portuguese traders in sixteenth
century, 485
Jericho, 6
Jerome (Latin Father):
background, 214–215; Latin
translation of Old, New
Testament, 215; as scholar,
215; Vulgate Bible, 215
Jerusalem, 40, 50; as city founded
by apostle of Jesus, 202; as
crusader state, 334; destruction
by Rome, 192; and First
Crusade, 334–335; as ultimate
pilgrimage, 326
Jesus of Nazareth: background,
basic teachings, 190;
crucifixion and story of
resurrection, 190; disputes
over his nature, 202–203;
Jewish responses to, 190;
Roman Palestinian authorities
responses to, 190
Jewish religious tradition, 42
Jewish traders, 262
Jews, 40, 54; anti-Semitism during
Black Death, 344; expulsion
from Spain, 1492, 409;
extermination of Jews during
Black death, 344–345;
persecution by Church, High
Middle Ages, 328–329;
pogroms during Black Death,
344; role in revival of classical
antiquity in High Middle Ages,
295; in Spain, fifteenth century,
409; in Spanish Reconquista,
312
jihad, 233
Joan of Arc, 353–354, 353
John II of France (king), 351
John of England (king), 306
John of England (king), vs.
Innocent III (pope), 323
John of Leiden, 435
Joint-stock company, 494
journeymen (in trades), 290
Juana Inez de la Cruz (sor), 489
Judah, 40, 50
Judaism, 40
Judaism and Roman involvement:
Christianity as religious
movement within Judaism,
190; emergence of Jesus of
Nazareth, 190; internal Jewish
conflicts, 189; Jewish
expectation of Messaiah,
189–190; Judaea as Roman
province, 189; Roman
destruction of Jewish Temple
in Jerusalem, 190
Judaism in Hellenistic times,
189
Judaism in Roman Empire, 189
Judas Maccabaeus, 121–122
Jugurthine War, 151
Julian (Roman emperor), 202
Julian calendar, 156
Julio-Claudian dynasty, 171–172
Julius Caesar, 139
Julius II (pope), 414, 415
Jung, Karl, 958
Junkers, 517
Justinian (Byzantine emperor):
background, 223; contrasting
views of his legacy, 223; and
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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I-18 Index
Licensed to: iChapters User
his Court, 224; on
homosexuality, 247
Justinian (Roman emperor), 209
Justinian’s Code of Law: as basis
of Byzantine Empire’s law,
225; as basis of Continental
Europe’s legal system, 225;
Corpus Iuris Civili (Body of
Civil Law), 223; Digest,
compendium or Roman jurists’
writings, 223; Institutes,
summary of chief principles of
Roman law, 223; Novels,
compilation of new edicts, 223
Juvenal (Roman poet), 181,
182–183
K
ka (spiritual body of human), 27
Kandinsky, Wassily, abstract
painter, 843–844
Karnak, 29
Kassites, 12
Kepler, Johannes, 552, 553
Khamerembty, Queen, 23
khanates, 317
Khorsabad, 49
Khufu, King, 27
kingship, divine, 10
King’s Peace, 85
Knighton, Henry, 346
knights, 277
Knossus, 61
Knox, John, 439
Kubilai Khan, 318
L
ladies-in-waiting, 279
Lagash, 10
Lamentation (Giotto), 368
Landing of Marie d’Medici at
Marseilles, The (Rubens), 540
Laon, 291
Later Roman Empire (Ammianus
Marcellinus), 204–205
Latifundia, 143, 150, 178
Latin: revival in Carolingian
Empire, 243; use of Classical
by Renaissance humanists, 390
Latium, plain of: Latin revolt, 132;
threats from Latins, 132
Lavoisier, Antoine: founder of
modern chemistry, 562;
fundamental rules of chemical
combination, 562; naming of
chemical elements, 562; water
is hydrogen-oxygen
compound, 562
Lavoisier, Marie-Anne, 562
law of nations (ius gentium), 146
lay investiture, 319
Lazar of Serbia (king), 411
League of Augsburg, 515
Lebanon, 24
legates, 167
Leipzing Debate, 424
Leoba (German nun), 221
Leo I (Pope), 216
Leo III (Byzantine emperor), 229
Leonardo da Vinci, 398, 401;
attempt to move from realistic
to ideal form, 401; and
experimental tradition, 401;
portrayal of psychology,
personality, 401; transitional
shift to High Renaissance
principles, 401
Leopold I of Austria, 519
Leo VI (Byzantine emperor), 263
Leo X (pope), 415, 423
lepers in High Middle Ages, 325
lesbian, 76
Lesbos, 64
Le Tellier, Francois-Michel
(marquis of Louvois), 513
Letter from the King of Tonkin to
Louis XIV, 480–481
Letter to Paolo Foscarini
(Bellarmine), 557
Letter to the grand duchess
christina (Galileo), 556–557
Letter to the King of Tonkin from
Louis XIV, 480–481
liberal arts, 222; in Charlemagne’s
court, 244; in High Middle
Ages universities, 292
Library of History (Diordorus),
114
Libyans, 30
Licinian-Sextian laws, 131
Life of Julius Caesar (Plutarch),
158–159
Life of Saint Godric, 286–287
Livia (wife of Emperor Augustus),
171, 185
Livy (Roman historian), 170–171
Livy, teaching of Roman virtues,
132
Li Zicheng, 484
Locke, John: vs. absolute rule of
one man, 538; government to
protect rights, 538; inalienable
rights of man, 538; mutual
obligation between
government and people, 538;
people meant landholding
aristocracy, 538
Lollards, and Hussites, 413
Lombards, 209, 223
Long Parliament, 533
I-19
Long Walls, 96
Lorenzo the Magnificent (Italy), 398
Lothar (Middle Kingdom king),
251
Louis IX of France (king), 279; as
champion of his people, 310; in
Crusades, 310; as ssaint, 310
Louis the German (eastern
Frankish king), 251
Louis the Pious (Carolingian king),
252
Louis VII of France (king), 279,
335
Louis XI of France (king), 407
Louis XIV of France (king),
480–481, 508
Louis XIV of France (king), reign
of: Court of Versailles: court
etiquette, 513; home for high
nobililty, away from real
power, 513; life as endless
ceremony, ritual and
entertainment, 512–513;
purposes of Versailles, 512
Louis XIV of France (king): reign
of wars: acquisitions from,
514; conflict with French
Huegenots, 510; control of
policy-making, 510;
conversion to strong ruler,
509; Court of Versailles, 509;
dangers from high nobles and
royal princes, 510;
development of professional
army, 513; Edict of
Fontainebleau, 510; financial
challenges, 511; vs. Holy
Roman Empire, 514; hostility
to Dutch, 513–514; Huegenots
and expulsion, destruction of
churches, 508; and internal
administration, 507;
invasion of Spanish
Netherlands, Franche-Comté,
513–514; and League of
Augsberg, 514–515; losses
from, 515, 515; marked by
overlapping authorities,
entities, 509; Memoirs for the
Dauphin, 510; relationship
with parlements, 510;
restructuring of central policymaking, 510; as Sun King, 509;
and Triple Alliance, 513–514;
War of the League of
Augsburg, 515; War of the
Spanish Succession, 515–516
Lucius Cornelius Sulla, 152
Lucretia, rape of, 126–127
Lucretius (Rome), 159–160
l’uomo universale, 377
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Index
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Luther, Martin: appearance before
Reichstag, 424; background,
422; Bible as sole authority,
423; death of, 429; dependence
on state authorities, 426–427;
dissent from Catholicism, 424;
excommunication, 424;
indulgence controversy,
423–424; justification through
faith alone, 422–423; marriage
to Katherina von Bora, 427;
Ninety-Five Theses, 423–424;
portrait, 423; refusal to recant,
424–425; search for salvation
certainty, 422; spread of
reformed church, 425
Lutheranism: defeat in
Schmalkaldic Wars, 429–430;
iand Scandinavian monarchs,
431; redefinition, reduction of
number of sacraments,
426–427; worship service to
replace mass, 427
Luxor, 29
Lycurgus, 72
Lycurgus (Plutarch), 94–95
Lydia, defeat by Persia, 52
Lysistrata (Aristophanes), 88
M
Ma’at, 26
Macedonia: Alexander the Great
as king of, 101; chronology,
122; conflict with Rome, 137;
conquest by Rome, 137;
Corinthian League, 101;
description of Macedonians,
100; emergence of, 100;
location, 61; as Roman
province, 137
Macedonian Dynasty (Byzantium),
263; civil service, 263;
Constantinople (Byzantium,
Istanbul), 263; as continuation
of Christian Roman Empire,
263; and economic prosperity,
263; expansion of Empire,
263; spread of Eastern
Orthodox Christianity, 263;
strengthening of small farmers,
263. See also Byzantine
civilization, zenith of
Macedonians, 30
Machiavelli, Niccoló, 388–389
madrigals: chief form of secular
music, Italy and France, 405;
erotic or emotional love
themes, 405; text painting,
405; vernacular poems set to
music, 405
Magi, 58, 394
Magna Carta: background, 306; as
feudal document, 308; and
King John, 306, 308; and
limited monarchy, 306, 308;
purposes of, 306; selections,
306–307
Magna Graecia (Great Greece), 69
Magyars: vs. Bulgars, Pechenegs,
253; establishment of Christian
kingdom of Hungary, 254;
invasions of Europe, 251,
253–254
Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon)
on faith and reason, 295
Major domus, 211
Malay states: lack of cohesion,
482; spice trade and the West,
482; as victims of their own
resources, 482
Manetho, 20
manor, 260
Mantua, 386
Maps: improvement in and
exploration, 492; map
projections, 492; Mercator
projection (Gerardus
Mercator), 492–493;
seventeenth century world
map, 492
Marburg Colloquy between
Zwingli and Luther, 432–433
Marcel, Étienne, 356
Marcus Aurelius (Roman
emperor), 173, 186
Marcus Cato the Elder, 148
Marduk (god and cult), 15, 50, 51,
51
Margraves (Carolingian Empire),
241
Marius, 151
Marius (Rome), 152
Mark Antony, 156
Marquise de Chatelet, 585
Marriage, as sacrament, 246
Marsiglio of Padua, 362
Martel, Charles, 211, 239
Martin Luther (Chranach the
Elder), 423
Martin V (pope), 363, 414
Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian
(Pollaiuolo), 398
Mary, Queen of Scots, 456
Mary of England (Queen),
437–438
Masaccio’s cycle of Frescos,
Brancacci Chapel, 398
Massachusetts Bay Company, 486
Massachusetts Colony, 486
Massilia (Marseilles), 69
masters (in trades), 290
Masters of the Soldiers, 207
Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy (Newton),
558–559
Matthias Corvinus of Hungary
(king), 411
Mauryan Empire, 106
Maximian as Caesar, 198
Maya, 468
Mazimilian I emperor (Holy
Roman Emperor), 410
Mecca, 232
Medes, 50, 51, 52
Media. See Medes
Medici, Catherine de,’ 448
Medici, Cosimo de,’ 386, 391
Medici, Lorenzo the Magnificent,
386
Medici family, 379
Medieval conception of universe,
549
Medina, 232, 235
Meditations (Aurelius), 173
Mediterranean, 35
Megaliths, 35
Megara, vs. Athens, 83
Megasthenes, 106
Meister Eckhart, 363
Memoirs for the Dauphin (Louis
XIV), 510
Memphis, Egypt, 21
Memphis, Egypt, as capital of
Egypt, 54
Menander, 115
Menes, King, 21
Menkaure, King, 23
Mennonites, 436
Mentuhotep, king of
Thebes, 23
Mercantilism: colonies as sources
and markets, 495; definition,
495; effects on state economic
policies, 495; and role of state
intervention, 495
Mercator projection (Gerardus
Mercator), 492–493
Merovingian Dynasty, 210–211,
212, 241
Mesoamerican civilizations:
Aztecs, 468–469; Maya, 468;
Tenochtitlán, 468
Mesopotamia, 38
Mesopotamia, civilization in,
9–10, 15–17, 18–19, 46–47,
50
Mesopotamian empires, 11, 12
Mesopotamian history, chief
events in, 35
Messenia, 72
Metamorphosis (Ovid), 170
Metics, 93
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I-20 Index
Licensed to: iChapters User
Michael III (Byzantine emperor),
262
Michelangelo, 401; ideal types as
closer to divine, 401;
Neoplatonic influence, 401;
Sistine Chapel ceiling, 401; on
statue resideing in uncarved
piece of stone, 402
Middle Ages: entertainment, 372
Middle Kingdom, 23, 24; under
Lothar, 251; struggle between
western and eastern Frankish
lands over, 251–252
Middle Kingdom in Egypt, 28
Middle Passage, 476
Mieszko (Prince) (Slav), 265
Milan: duchy of, description, 358;
Investiture Controversy, 320;
power over Lombardy, 358;
and Visconti family, 358
Milan and leadership of Lombard
region, 315
Milan in Renaissance:
centralization, 385; as
maritime republic, 386;
taxation and revenue
generation, 385; Visconti and
Sforza rulers, 384–385
military, 7
Millenarianism, 435
Minoan Crete: as Bronze Age
civiliazation, 61; civilization,
62; collapse of, 63; King
Minos, 61; Knossus, 61–62;
location, 61; love of nature,
62–63
Minos, 61
Missi dominici (Carolingian
Empire), 241
Mita, 472
Mitanni kingdom, 46
Mithra, 58
Mithraism, 189
Mithridates, 152, 153
Moabites, 39
Moctezuma, 469
Moctezuma, in Cortés’s words,
470–471
Modern Devotion, 363–364
Modernism, 839
Mohenjo-Duro, 8
Molière, Jean-Baptiste, 544
Monasteries, as centers of learning,
243
Monasticism, 217, 218–219
Mongol Empire, extent of, 317
Mongols: cannons and
cannonballs, 354; relationship
with Russia, 411
Mongols as invaders: conquest as
highest pleasure, 317; conquest
of Russia, 318; rise to power,
317
Mongols as spreaders of Bubonic
plague, from China to Europe,
341
Monk (monachus), 217
Monotheism, 40–41
Montecino, Antón, 472
Montefelrto dynasty (Urbino), 386
Montefeltro, Federigo da (Urbino),
386
More, Thomas, 436–437;
background, 419–420; and
King Henry VIII, 420; and
Utopian society, 420
Mosaics, Byzantine, 224
Moses, 39, 41, 42
mos maiorum, 147
Mt. Vesuvius eruption, 184
Muawiya, caliph, 235
mudbricks, 10
mudejares, 312
Muhammad: conversion successes,
232; death of, and problem of
successor, 233; early failures,
232; early life, 231; Hegira,
232; military conquests, 232;
revelations from Allah, 231;
teachings as basis of Islam, 231
mummification, 27
Müntzer, Thomas, 426
Murad, Sultan, 411
Muslim, invasions of Europe, 251,
252, 253
Mycenae, 63–64; characteristics of
society, 63; death mask from,
64; decline, 63; first Greek
state, 63; high´point of
civilization, 63; Homer, 63;
origins, 63; palace complexes,
63
mystery religions, 93, 189; cult of
Cybele, 189; cult of Isis, 189;
Eleusinian cult, 93; Mithraism,
189
mysticism: Brothers of the
Common Life, 363–364;
definition, 363; and the
Eucharist, 364; female mystics,
364; Meister Eckhart, 363;
Modern Devotion, 363–364
N
Nabonidus (king), 51
Naboopolassar (king), 50
Naples in Renaissance: as
backward and poor, 386;
extent of, 386; French and
Argonese struggles over, 386;
French occupation of, 387
I-21
Naram-Sin, 11–12
natural law (ius naturalae), 146
Navarre, 408, 448
Neanderthals, 4
Neapolis (Naples), 69
Near East, 5
Nebuchadnezzar II of Chaldea
(king), 40, 50
Nefer-Rohu (Neferti), 23
Neo-Babylonian Empire, 48, 50,
51
Neolithic Europe, late, 35
Neolithic Revolution, 6–7
neo-platonism, 194–195
nepotism, 414
Nero (Roman emperor), 171–172,
179–180
Nerva (Roman emperor), 173
Netherlands: as collection of
cultures, religions, 452–453; as
commercial grouping,
452–453; control of Portugal’s
Indian Ocean trade, 473–474;
and Duke of Alva, 453;
Pacification of Ghent, 454; as
part of Middle Kingdom, 251;
Philip II of Spain (king) in, 453;
seizure of Portugal’s African
ports, 473–474; vs. Spain, 54;
Spanish invasion, 453; Union
of Arras and Union of Utrecht,
454; United Provinces, 454;
William of Orange’s efforts,
454. See also Dutch Republic
Neumann, Balthazar, 595
Neustria (northern Gaul), 211
New Cicero, The (Bruni), 391
New Kingdom (Egypt), 28–31
New Kingdom (Hittite), 36
New Rome (Constantinople), 201
New Spain, 473
New Stone Age. See Neolithic
Revolution
Newton, Isaac: background, 558;
invention of the calculus, 558;
investigations into composition
of light, 558; law of universal
gravitation, 558
Newton and the occult: and
Hermetic tradition, 558; as last
of magicians, 558; studies of
alchemy, 558
Newton and universal law of
gravitation: application of laws
of motion, 559; implications,
559; three laws of motion, 559;
universe as well-regulated
machine, 559
New World expansion: AngloDutch trade wars, 488;
Columbian Exchange, 491;
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Index
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New World expansion (continued)
effects on European intellectual
attitudes, 488; effects on
European lifestyle, 488; and
European belief in its inherent
superiority, 489; and increased
European competition, 488;
psychological impact on
Europeans, 489; statesponsored piracy, 492
New World resources: Columbian
Exchange, 490; precious metals,
487; reciprocal exchange of
animals and plants, 487
Nicene Creed, 203
Nicholas of Cologne, 336
Nicias, 83
Nile Delta, 22
Nile River, 19–20, 22
Nimrud, 49
Ninety-Five Theses, 424
Nineveh, 47, 49, 50
Ninursaga, 16–17
Nnovus homo, 149
nobiles, 131–132
nobiles, 149
Nogarola, Isotta, 395
nomarch, 22
nomen, 129
nominalism, 364–365
nonaggression treaty with Hittites,
36
Norman conquest of England:
Anglo-Saxon administrative
system, 305; centralized
monarchy, 305; connection
with France, 305; emergence of
new English, 305;
establishment of hierarchy of
nobles, 305; French language
use, 305; fusion of Normans
and Anglo-Saxons, 305
Northern Europe, High Middle
Ages: continuing warlike
tendencies, 315; conversion to
Christianity, 315; emotional
intensity of religious feeling,
403–404; empirical
observation, accurate portrayal
of detail, 403; Flanders, 403;
illuminated manuscripts, 403;
vs. in Italy, 403, 404; northern
artists in Italy, 404; rendering
of detail, 403; Scandinavia
kingdoms, 315; wooden panel
painting for altarpieces, 403
Northern European cities and
trade, 282
Norway, 315
Norwegian Lutheranism, 430–431
Nubia, 24, 28
Nubians, 30
Numerian (Roman emperor), 198
Nuns, 218
O
Observations upon Experimental
Philosophy (Cavendish)
obsidian, 6
Octavian, 156
Octavian, awarded title of
Augustus, 164
Odoacer (Master of the Soldiers),
207, 209
Odysseus, 65
Odyssey (Homer), 65
Oeconomicus (Xenophon), 94
Oedipe (Voltaire), 583
Oedipus the King (Sophocles), 87
“Of the Constitution of England”
(Montesquieu), 584
Old Kingdom (Hittite), 35
Old Stone Age. See Paleolithic Age
Old Testament, 41
Oligarchy, 73
Olympia, location, 61
On Agriculture (Cato), 147
On Agriculture (Marcus Cato the
Elder), 142
On Anatomical Procedures
(Galen), 562
On Chastity (Phintyss), 112
On Marriage (A Merchant of
Paris), 280
On the Fabric of the Human Body
(Vesalius), 562
On the Family (Battista Alberti),
383
On the Freedom of a Christian
Man (Luther), 424
On the Laws (Cicero), 160
On the Motion of the Heart and
Blood (Harvey), 562
On the Nature of the Universe
(Lucretius), 159–160
On the Republic (Cicero), 160
On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres
(Copernicus), 550
Optimales, 149
Oration on the Dignity of Man
(Pico), 394
Ordeal, 212–213
Ordinary gloss (Roman law), 297
Oresteia (Aeschylus), 87
Organization/bureaucracy in early
history, 8
Osiris (Egyptian god), 25, 26
Osiris cult, 26
Ostracism/ostrakon
Ostrakon/ostracism
Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy,
224; defeat by Justinian’s
army, 223; end of, 209;
opposition from Byzantine
Empire, 209; religious conflict,
209; Roman traditions of
government, 209; separation of
Romans, Ostragoths, 209;
Theodoric as ruler of Italy, 209
Otto I of Germany (king), 258
Ottoman Empire: at Danube
Valley, 526; defeat by Spanish
at Lepannto, 526; effective
governmental system of,
sixteenth century, 526; end as
threat to Europe, 526;
Janissaries, 526; military
system, 526; nominal control
of Mediterranean in sixteenth
century, 526; power in
Western Mediterranean, 526;
sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries, 525; as sleeping
giant, 526; threat to Europe,
429
Ottoman Turks: absorption of
Bosnia, Albania, rest of Serbia,
411; defeat of Balkans and
Bulgaria, 411; defeat of Serb
forces at Battle of Kosovo, 411;
offensive against Western
Europe, 412; Ottoman Empire
and southeastern Europe, 412;
pressure on Italian trade, 378;
seige of Constantinople, 411;
in Serbia, 411; spread from
northeastern Asia Minor, 411;
as threat to eastern Europe,
411
Ovid (Rome), 170
Oxford, University of, 292
P
Pachakuti, 469–470
Pacification of Ghent, 454
pagans, 410
Painted Portico (Stoa Poikile), 119
Paleolithic Age, 4–5
Paleologus dynasty, 411
Palestine, 30
Papal States, and Spanish rule, 520
Papal States in Renaissance, 386
Paracelsus (Phillipus Aureolus von
Hohenheim): background,
560; macrocosmicmicrocosmic principle,
561–562; notion that like cures
like, 562; observation and
experiment, 561
Paris: Catedral de Notre Dame,
301; as cathedral city with
cathedral school, 291
Paris, University of, 291
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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I-22 Index
Licensed to: iChapters User
Parlements, 512
Parlement vs. Parliament in
France, 310
Parthenon, 88–89, 180
Pascal,Blaise: background, 574;
Christianity not contrary to
reason, 574; science not a
means to God, 575
paterfamilias, 128
paterfamilias, 140, 144, 185
Patriarchal, 44
Patriarch Michael Cerularius,
331
Patriarch Photius (Orthodox
church), 262–263
patricians, 129
Paul III (pope), 446
Paul IV (pope), 447
Paul of Tarsis: background, 190;
founding of Christian
communities, 192; spread of
Jesus message to Gentiles,
190–192; transformation of
Christianity, 190; and
universal foundation for Jesus´s
ideas, 192
Pax Romana, 172–173
Peace of Augsburg, 428, 502
Peace of Brétigny, 351
Peace of Lodi, 387
Peace of Nicias, 83
Peace of Nystadt, 523
Peace of the Pyrenees, 504
Peace of Utrecht, 515
Peace of Westphalia, 504, 528
peace with Sparta, Athens and, 81,
83
Peasants’ Crusade and persecution
of the Jews, 331–332
peasants in the Renaissance: as 85
to 90 percent of European
population, 380; decline of
manorial system, 380;
elimination of serfdom, 380; as
legally free, 380
Peasants War, 426
Peloponnesian League, 83
Peloponnesian War, in
Aristophanes’s Lysistrata, 88
Peloponnesus: Achaean League,
110; during Greek Dark Age,
64; location, 61; Spartan
domination, 74
Pensées (Pascal), and conversion of
rationalists to Christians, 574
Pentateuch, 41
Pepin as king of Frankish state,
239–240, 241
Pergamum, kingdom of, 106–107
Pergamum, kingdom of, deeded to
Rome, 137
Pericles: democracy expansion, 81;
Funeral Oration, 82
Pericles, Age of, 80
Perpetua (Roman martyr), 195
Persia, 52
Persia, and Greek opposition to
Sparta, 85
Persian Empire, 52; vs. Alexander
the Great, 101–102;
chronology, 59;
communications, 55–56; under
Darius, 55; decline, 57; defeat
by Arabs, 233; defeat by
Athens/Delian <league, 80;
expansin under DArius, 55;
geographic spread of, 56; great
king, 55–56; Islamic conquest
of, 228; military, 57;
Persopolis as capital, 57;
satraps/satrapies, 56; Susa as
capital, 56–57
Persian Letters (Montesquieu),
583
Persian religion: preZoroastrianism, 58;
Zoroastrianism, 57
Persians, 30, 38, 40, 51, 52; defeat
by Athens, 55; Persian Empire,
54; Sassanid invasions of 3rd
century Rome, 187
Persians, The (Aeschylus), 77
Persian Wars: Athenians
evacuated to Salamis, 79;
battles, 78; chronology,
97; Xerxes invasion
routes, 78
Persian Wars (Herodotus), 86
Peru, 8, 473
Peter (disciple of Christ), 190
Peter the Great of Russia (Tsar):
adoption of western
mercantilist practices, 522;
construction of Saint
Petersburg, 523; demand for
service from landholding class,
521; description/background,
521; introduction of Western
manners, etiquette, 522;
military reforms, 522; opening
Window on the West, 522;
policy of Europeanization,
521; pros and cons of his
westernization, 523;
reorganization of army along
western lines, 521;
reorganization of central
government, 521; and Russian
Orthodox Church, 521; Table
of Ranks, 521; women under,
523
Peter the Hermit, 332
I-23
Petition for Higher Pay by a
Group of Third Class
Constables (1848), 746
Petition of Right, 532
Petrarch, 365–366, 390
Petrine supremacy, 215
phalanx, 68
pharaohs, 22, 24, 25
Pharisees, 189
Phile of Priene, 112
Philip II Augustus of France
(King), 309, 336; defeat of
English in French territory,
309; increase of monarchy’s
income, power, 309
Philip II of Macedonia (king):
achievements, 101;
assassination of, 101; conquest
of Greece, 77; defeat of
Athenians at Battle of
Chaeronea, 101; development
of unified state, 85; early
victories, 100; education in
Greek culture, military
developments, 100; Greek
views of, 100; as hegemon of
Corinthian League, 101;
military reforms, 100
Philip II of Spain (king): as
advocate of militant
Catholicism, 451; efforts to
consolidate Spanish lands,
451–452; and financial
problems, 451–452; as
micromanager, 451–452;
portrait by Titian, 451
Philip IV of France (king), 360;
bureaucratic specialization,
310; Estates-General (first
parliament), 310;
strengthening of monarchy,
310
Philip of Navarre, 370
Philippics (Demosthenes), 100
Philip VI of France (King), 356,
373
Philistines, 39, Ti
Phillip II Augustus of France
(king), 322–323
Phillip II of Spain (king), 452–453
Phillip VI of France (King), 350
philosophy, 90
Phintyss, 112
Phoenicia, 46
Phoenician alphabet, 65
Phoenicians, 45, 46
Photian schism, 262–263
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni
Pico (Italy), 394
Piero della Francesca, 400
pietas, 148
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Index
Licensed to: iChapters User
pilgrimages: Holy City of
Jerusalem, 326; Rome an relics
of Saints Peter and Paul, 326;
routes in Middle Ages, 327;
Santiago de Compostela, tomb
of Saint James, 326
pipe rolls, 305–306
Piraeus, 96
Pisistratus, 75
Pizan, Christine de, 367–368
plague, in Third Century Rome,
188
Plato: on government and the
state, 91; Ideal Forms, 91;
Socrates’ disciple, 91; on war,
68
Plautus, 146–147
plebeians, 129
plebiscita, 130–131
Plotina (wife of Trajan), 185
Plutarch (Greek), 158
pneumonic plague, 341
Poland, 1079–1080; conversion to
Roman Christianity, 265;
elective monarchy, 527; history
of stuggle between crown and
landed nobililty, 527;
peasantry as serfs, 527;
problems with Bohemia,
Hungary, 410; as seventeenth
century battleground for
foreign powers, 528; struggle
between crown and landed
nobility, 410; union with
Lithuania, 527; war with
Russia, Turks, 410; as weak,
decentralized in seventeenth
century, 527
Poland, High Middle Ages:
German encroachment, 316;
lack of natural frontiers, 316
Poleis, 70–71
Polis, 68; acropolis, 67; agora, 67;
citizens of, 68; description of,
67
Politics (Aristotle), 94–95
Politics Drawn from the Very
Words of Holy Scripture
(Bossuet), 506
Politiques, massacre of Huguenots
at Vassy, 449
Pollaiuolo, Antonio, 398
Polo, Marco, Niccoló and Maffeo,
461
Polybius, 115–116, 138
Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna,
193–194
Polyclitus, 89
Polytheistic, 16–17
Pompeii, destruction of city of, 184
Pompey, 153–154
Pompey (Rome), 153
Pontifex maximus, 139
Pontiffs, 139
Pontius Pilate, 190
Pope Leo I, 215
Pope Leo III, 242–243
Pope Leo IX, 331
Pope Urban II, 331–332
Popolo grasso, 358
Popolo minuto, 359
Populares, 149, 152
Portolani, 462
Portugal: as authoritarian state,
949; forts in Africa, 473; and
gold trade in Africa, 473;
modern boundaries attained,
311; Salazar as strongman,
950; in Southeast Asia,
478–479
Portugal and New World, Pedro
Cabral and accidental
discovery of South America,
467
Portugal’s maritime empire in
Africa, 465; coast of Africa as
far as Zanzibar, 465; contact
with Muslim merchants, 465;
forts in Africa, 465; gold, ivory
trade, 465; school for
navigators, 465; slave trade,
464–465
Portugal’s maritime empire in east
Asia: clove trade, 465; defeat
of Muslim traders, 465;
Malacca, Malaysia, 465; Spice
Islands, 465; as trade empire,
not colonized area, 465–466
Portugal’s maritime empire in
India: blockade vs. Muslim
rulers in Egypt, Ottoman
Empire, 465; defeat of Turkish,
Indian fleet, 465; Goa as
headquarters for, 465; spice
trade, 464
Portuguese Empire, sixteenth
century chronology, 496
praenomen, 128–129
Praetorian guard (Roman Empire),
165–166
presbyters (elders), 192–193
Price revolution, 493
Primavera (Botticelli), 398
Prince,The (Machiavelli): and
acquisition and expansion of
power, 389; and Cesare
Borgia, 389; vs. Christian
moral approach to ruling, 389;
critique of small Italian states
vs. large monarchical states,
389; on loving or fearing
rulers, 392–393; need for
understanding human nature,
389; sources for, 389
Prince Henry the Navigator of
Portugal, 461
Princeps, 164, 166
Principate, 164
Principes, 138
Principia (Newton), 558
Printing, impact of: development
of scholarly research, 397; and
European society, 397;
expansion of lay reading
public, 397; with movable
metal type, 397; printing
presses throughout Europe,
397; in Venice, 397
Priscus (Roman envoy), 204–205
Procopius, Justinian’s court
historian, 225, 227
Prolegomena (Ibn Khaldun), 287
Prophets, 42
Prostitution, 801; in fourteenth
century urban areas, 369–370;
in Hellenistic society, 112; in
Renaissance Italy, 384
Protestant Reformation, 424;
challenge of Peasants’ War,
426; chronology, 457–458;
concern with salvation, 421;
dissent from Catholicism, 426;
division between reformers,
431–434, 432; early converts
to Lutheranism, 425–426;
importance of debates, 432;
Lutheranism in Nuremberg,
425; Lutheranism in
Scandinavian, 430; Martin
Luther and split with Roman
Catholic Church, 422; NinetyFive Theses, 424; spread of
Lutheranism, 425
Protestant Reformation and
popular culture: efforts to
eliminate popular
entertainment, 443;
elimination of customary
practices, 443; elimination of
religious holy days, 443;
Sunday services, 443
Protestant Reformation:
education, 441–442;
broadened base of people being
educated, 441; sixteenth
century classroom, 442
Protestant Reformation: impact on
family: family as center of
human life, 440; matrimonial
love idealized, 440; sex in
marriage, 440
Protestant Reformation: society,
441
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
I-24 Index
Licensed to: iChapters User
Protestant Reformation: women:
as child-bearer, 440; family life
as only destiny, 441; as
obedient servant to husband,
440; and role in religious life,
441
Prussia: absorbed by Germany,
317; awarded to Teutonic
knights, 317
Psalm 104 of Hebrew Bible, 31–32
Ptolemaic dynasty of pharoas,
Hellenistic Egypt, 106–107
Ptolemy, 107, 555
Publius Cornelius Scipio (Scipio
Africanus the Elder), 136
Punt, 24
Purgatory, 326, 363
Puritans, within Church of
England, 456
Pym, John, 533
Pyramids, 26–27
Pyrrhic victory, 132
Pyrrhus (king), 132
Pythagoras, 90
Q
Quadrivium, 292
Quadrivium of liberal arts, 222
Quintus Fabius Maximus “The
Delayer,” 135–136
Qur’an, Pilgrimage, 234
R
Racine, Jean-Baptiste, 544
Radical Reformation: Anabaptists:
Amish, 436; appeal to people
with economic problems, 434;
beliefs in common, 434;
complete separation of church
and state, 434; as dangerous
radicals, 434–435; Dutch
Anabaptists, 435; Melchorites,
435; Mennonites, 436; and
millenarianism, 435;
persecution of Jews, 435; Swiss
Brethren, 435
Radiocarbon dating, 34
Ramadan, 232
Ramesses II, 30, 36
Raphael, 401; classical principles,
401; madonnas and ideal
beauty, 401; papal
commissions, 415; Vatican
frescoes, 401
Ravenna, 224
Razzia, 233
Realpolitik, 767
Reconquista, 310
Red Sea, 24
Reformation, Catholics and
Protestants in Europe by 1560,
444
Reims, 291, 301
religion, 8
religion, organize, structured, 7
Religious wars, chronology,
457–458
Renaissance, making of: banking
and the Medici, 379; decline of
trade in northern Europe, 378;
entrepreneurs, 379; industries,
378–379; metalworking,
firearms, 379; mining
operations, 379; production of
luxuries, 379; recovery of
Italian trade, 378
Renaissance, nobility in: aims of,
380; courtly standards, 380;
education for government
positions, 379–380
Renaissance, peasants as largest
portion of population, 380
Renaissance, townspeople in:
diversity of, 380–381;
patricians in capitalistic
enterprises, 381; petty
burghers, 381; propertyless
workers, 30 to 40 percent of
population, 381; slaves, 381
Renaissance artists, social status:
early: importance of wealthy
patrons, 403; early; start as
apprentices in craft guilds, 403;
high: art as profitable, 403;
high: as intellectual elite, 401;
high: equals in upper class,
403; high: respect for artists,
403
Renaissance characteristics, 378;
achievements of elites, 378;
age of recovery, 377; emphasis
on individual ability, 377;
Greco-Roman pagan
philosophy vs. Christian
thought, 377; ideal of wellrounded personality, 377;
largely Italian urban society,
377; rediscovery and interest
in Greco-Roman culture, 377;
respect for human dignity,
worth, 377; view of human
beings, 377
Renaissance historiography, 397
Renaissance: meanings,
interpretations: as birthplace of
the modern world, 377;
definition of word, 377; to
Italians between 1350-1550,
377; to nineteenth century
historians, 377
I-25
Renaissance music: in domain of
Burgundy, northern Europe,
405; madrigals in France and
Italy, 405; move from religious
to secular settings, 405
Renaissance social changes:
adaptations to traditional three
estates, 379; nobility/
aristocracy and education,
379–380; nobility/aristocracy
expectations, 380
Renaissance society, making of:
economic recovery, 378;
expansion of trade, 378;
Hanseatic League, 378
Repartimiento, 312
Republic, The (Plato), 91
Res Gestae (Augustus),
166–167
Revolution Settlement, 536
rhetoric, 90
rhetoric, 142–143
Rhineland, as part of Middle
Kingdom, 251
Rhodes, during Greek Dark Age,
64
Ricci, Matteo, 446, 489
Richard II of England (King),
348–349, 355
Richard I the Lionhearted of
England (King), 335
Ricimer (Master of the Soldiers),
207
Rilke, Rainer Maria, Symbolist
poet, 841
Risorgimento, 743
Robert Guiscard (Norman), 314
Roger II of Sicily (king), 314
Roman art, 147
Roman Catholic Church: in
declining Roman Empire, 209;
in eastern Europe, 410
Roman Catholic Church in the
Renaissance: end of Great
Schism, 412; heresy, 413;
inquisitional machinery,
413; Lollardy and
Hussitism, 413
Roman Christianity, Roman
Catholic Church, 209
Roman conquest of Italy:
chronology, 161; defeat of
Etruscans, 132–133; defeat of
Latium, 132; defeat of
Samnites, 132; external
enemies, early Republican
Rome, 132; struggles in and
defeat of Greeks in south,
132–133
Roman conquest of
Mediterranean, 133
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Index
Licensed to: iChapters User
Roman conquest of
Mediterranean, chronology,
161
Roman conquest of the
Mediterranean, 135
Roman culture, as continuation of
Greek culture, 124
Roman education: development
and curricula of schools, 143;
early Republic subject matter,
142; family-based, 142;
influence of Greek world, 142
Roman Empire, 30
Roman Empire, Age of Augustus,
161; army’s size, organization,
165; Augustus’s power,
164–166; end of Rome’s civil
wars, 164; governing the
provinces, 167; local elites,
167; popularity, 164;
Romanization of army, 164;
shift to professional army, 164;
significance, 171; system of
rule, 164; territorial increases,
167–168
Roman Empire, Augustus’s
reforms: imperial cult, 169;
public religion, 169; social
legislation, 169; tax laws
enforcing social policy, 169
Roman Empire, Christianity
triumphant in, 202; church
government, 202; heresies,
202; role of emperor, 203
Roman Empire, death of western,
207; disintegration of
provincial authority, 206–207;
Germanic kingdoms, 203;
Germanic tribes as Roman war
units, 206; Masters of the
Soldiers in control, 207;
symbolic end of Roman
Empire, 207
Roman Empire, early, 171, 174;
agriculture, development of
systematic, 178; architectural
innovations, 181; building
programs, 173; chronology of
rulers, 196; consequences of
natural disasters, 186; contact/
trade with China, 177;
destruction of city of Pompeii,
184; engineering skills, 181;
five good emperors, 172–173;
Flavian dynasty, 172;
gladatorial games, 178; gold,
silver coins, 177; gulf between
rich and poor, 178, 181–182;
Hadrian’s Pantheon, 173;
imperial bureaucracy, 171;
increase in slavery, 178; JulioClaudian dynasty, 171–172;
latifundia, 178; manufacturing,
178; Mt. Vesuvius eruption,
184; Pax Romana, 172–173;
power of the army, 172; power
shift from senate to emperors,
171–173; praetorian guard,
172; principle of dynastic
succession, 172; prosperity of,
177; roads, 177; Rome as
capital of, 181–182; Silk Road,
177; silver age of Latin
literature, 178; social service
programs, 173; trade, 177,
179; upper class women, 178;
use of title imperator, 172
Roman Empire, early, slavery in:
changes in slave population,
185; manumission, 185; roles
of slaves, 184–185; slaves as
status symbols, 184; treatment
of slaves, 185
Roman Empire, early, upper class
families in: birth control,
abortion, 186; dangers of
childbirth, 186; husband-wife
relationships, 185; infanticide,
186; low childbirth rates, 186;
paterfamilias, 185; position of
women, 185
Roman Empire, Golden Age of
Latin Literature, 169
Roman Empire, late, chronology,
236
Roman Empire, late, economic and
social trends: expansion of
army, civil service, 199;
financial problems, 200;
increased oppression of poor,
200
Roman Empire, late, military
reforms: army’s mobile units,
199; Constantine’s
reorganization, 199;
enlargement of army, 200;
frontier protection, 199
Roman Empire, late, political
reforms, 198; creation,
expansion of autocratic
policies, 199; Diocletian
restructuring, 198, 199;
emperor as divinely sanctioned
absolute ruler, 198, 199;
empire as tetrarchy, 198;
political divisions, 199; senate
stripped of power, 198;
separation civil, military
bureaucracies, 199
Roman Empire, religion in, 189;
Augustus and state religion,
188; focus of official state
religion, 188–189; mystery
religions, 189
Roman Empire, Rome as hub, 182
Roman Empire, society in Age of
Augustus: equestrian order,
168; lower class loss of power,
168; senatorial order as ruling
class, 168
Roman Empire, Third Century
transformation: break-away
provinces, 187–188; civil wars,
186; decline of military, 188;
economic deterioration, 188;
invasions, 187; military
monarchy and anarchy,
186–187; Persian invasions,
187; plague, 188; population
decline, 188; Severan Dynasty,
186
Roman Empire at its height:
changes in governing classes of
empire, 175–176; cities and
Romanization, 175; culture
and language, 173–174;
extension of citizenship,
173–174; extent of
Romanization, 175–176;
overextension and
retrenchment, 174–175;
physical extent, population,
173; Roman army and frontier
defense, 174–175; Roman
army and Romanization,
174–175; Romanizationof
provinces, 175; Roman law
and romanizaiton, 176–177;
trade routes and products, 176;
vulnerability, 174–175
Roman family: household
composition, 144; male
domination, 144; marriage,
144–145; position and
treatment of women, 144–145;
property rights, 144–145; and
Roman social structure, 144; a
roman woman, 145
Roman government of conquered
Italy: allowing local control,
133; awarding of citgizenships,
133; diplomatic decisions, 133;
establishment of fortified
towns, 133; military service
requirements, 133; treatment
of opposition, 133
Roman imperialism: attitudes
toward expansion, 137;
character of, 137;
opportunistic expansion, 137;
stages of building empire,
137
Roman in Eastern Mediterranean:
as advocate of Greek states,
137; conflict with Macedonia,
137
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
I-26 Index
Licensed to: iChapters User
Romanization of army, 164,
174–175
Roman law: civil law (ius civile),
146; classical age of, 177;
emperor as source of law, 177;
Greek influence, 146; laws
regarding Rome and foreigners
(ius gentium), 146; natural law
(ius naturalae), 146; natural
rights, concept of, 177;
praetors and jurists, 146;
Twelve Tables, 145–146;
uniform system, 177; universal
standards of justice, 177
Roman military: make-up of,
137–138; recruitment and
service, 138
Roman plays: comedy, 146–147;
Greek influence, 146; and
Greek New Comedy plots,
146; for masses vs. aristocracy,
146–147; plays at public
festivals, 146; Roman
elements, 146
Roman prose, 147
Roman religion: college of augurs,
140; emperor as pontifex
maximus, 128; empire as sign
of divine favor, 139; festivals
and games, 142; gods and
goddesses, 139; household
cults, 140; importance of
ritual, 139; omens in deciding
state actions, 140;
pervasiveness of, 139;
purification ceremonies/rituals,
142; syncretism of, 139;
Temple of Portunus, 140;
tolerance and absorption of
Greek religion, 139; Vestal
Virgins, 141
Roman Republic: political
institutions and social
divisions, 127; transition from
monarchy to, 127; The Twelve
Tables, 130–131
Roman Republic, death of:
assassination of Julius Caesar,
157; Battle of Actium, 156;
Caesar elected dictator for life,
155; Caesar’s defeat of
Pompey, 155; Caesar’s efforts
at reform, 155–156; Caesar’s
efforts at Romanization, 155;
consequences of Caesars
assassination, 156; division of
empire between Octavian and
Antony, 156; First
Triumvirate, 153–154;
Octavian as supreme ruler,
157; procscription of enemies,
156; restoration of tribunes,’
equites power, 153; Second
Triumvirate, 156; struggle
between Popmpey and Caesar,
153–154; suicide of Antony
and Cleopatra, 156
Roman Republic, decline and fall,
161; ascendancy of Marius,
151; chronology, 161; civil war
as fact of life, 152; defeat of
Gracchus brothers, 151;
development of capitalist
agriculture, 150; development
of urban proletariat, 150; effect
on constitution, 149; efforts at
land reform, 150–151; empire
building vs. internal stability,
148–149; government control
by divided aristocracy, 149;
impact of farm decline on
military, 150; impact of
military service on farms, 150;
influx of populares, 152;
landless families, 150; Marius’s
military reforms, 151–152;
military disasters, 151; rise of
generals, 151–152; role of
equestrians (equites), 149–150;
senate as ruling body, 149;
Sulla’s efforts to revive Senate
power, 152; undermining of
small farmers, 150
Roman Republic, impact of
Greeks: reasons for, 138–139;
Roman reaction to, 139
Roman Republic, late: history,
160–161; poetry in, 157–159;
Roman dominions in, 157;
union of Greek and Roman
culture, 157
Roman Republic, political
institutions: aediles, 128;
centuriate assembly, 128;
development of constitution,
130–132; dictator in
emergencies, 128; executive
authority, imperium, 127;
expansion with Roman
expansion, 127–128; plebeians
as consuls, 131; plebeians’
demands, 130–132; plebiscita,
130–131; practical emphasis
of, 127–128; praetors,
127–128; proconsul, 128;
propraetor, 128; quaestors,
128; resolution of plebpatrician political struggles,
130–132; senate, 128; The
Twelve Tables, 130–131; two
consuls, 127
Roman Republic, social
organization: clientage, 129;
family as basis of society, 128;
I-27
marriage between plebeians
and patricians, 131; names of
citizens and place in society,
128–129; patricians vs.
plebeians, 129–132
Roman Republic, virtues,
132
Romans, and kingdom of
Pergamum, 106–107
Romans and Greek philosophy,
147
Roman slavery: crucifixion of
slaves, 144; in early Rome,
143; influence of
Mediterranean conquest, 143;
latifundia, 143; slave revolts,
144; slave trade, 143;
treatment of slaves, 143–144
Roman struggle with Carthage,
First Punic War, 134–135
Roman values and attitudes: Greek
inflluences, 148; importance of
parental authority, 147–148;
influence of empire on, 148;
mos maiorum/customs and
traditions of ancestors, 147;
nature of, 147; obligations to
the state, 147–148; pietas/
obligations to fellow citizens,
state, gods, 148; Roman
criticism of decline of, 148
Roman view of Christianity:
Christians as scapegoats, 193;
impact of Christians on, 193;
misperceptions, 193; as threat
to state, 193
Rome: as city founded by apostle
of Jesus, 202; conflict with
Seleucid dynasty of Syria, 137;
conquest of Macedonia, 137;
defeat by Gauls, 107;
Etruscans in, 125; geography
of Italian peninsula, 124;
Greek colonization, effects,
124; hospitals for children,
371; ideal woman in early,
126–127; influence of Greeks
on, 124; Pergamum as
province of, 137; as pilgrimage
site, 326; roads in Italy, 134;
sack of, by Visigoths, 206
Rome, city of: bread and circuses
for poor, 183; condition of the
poor, 181–183; as hub of
Roman Empire, 181–183;
public buildings, 181–182
Rome, early: Etruscan alphabet,
126; Etruscan influence, 126;
founding legend, 126;
overthrow of monarchy, 127;
settlement, 126; use of Latin,
126
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Index
Licensed to: iChapters User
Rome, emergence of, Greeks
presence in, 124
Rome, medicine in: development of
specialties, 184; doctors,
hospitals, 184; Greek
influence, 184; role of
paterfamilias, 184; use of
herbal medicines, 184
Rome, sack of, 387
Rome’s struggle with Carthage,
Second Punic War, 135
Romulus Augustus (Roman
Emperor), 207
Royal palace complex
(Constantinople), 227
Royal Road, 55–56
Rudel, Jaufré (troubadour poet),
298–299
Rudolf of Hapsburg (king), 315
Rump Parliament, 533
Russia: and Orthodox
Christianity, 263; relationship
with Mongols, 411
Russia, development of: Christian
Church and, 318; growth,
destruction of Kievan Rus,
318; growth under Ivan III,
411; Mongol invasions of,
318; principality of
Moscow, 411
Russia, imperial: abolition of
serfdom, 774, 775–777,
776–777; defeat in Crimean
War, 774; other reforms,
774–775
Russia as major power:
acceleration of westernizing
process, 521; increasing
contacts with West, 521; Ivan
IV the Terrible in sixteenth
century, 521; merchant and
peasant revolts, 521;
Muscovite society, 520; from
principality to nation-state,
523; Romanov dynaty, 520;
schism in Russian Orthodox
Church, 521; Time of
Troubles, 520
Russia as military power: Battle of
Poltava, 523; defeat of Charles
XII of Sweden, 522; Peace of
Nystadt, 523
Russia in eighteenth century:
Catherine the Great and
strengthening of landholders,
620; Charter of Nobility, 620;
Cossacks and mass peasant
revolt, 620–621; Palace Guard
and successors to Peter the
Great, 620; peasant conditions,
620; post-revolt deterioration
of peasant conditions, 621;
territorial expansion under
Catherine, 621
Russian Orthodox Churh in
Russia: and bond with
Byzantine civilization, 318; as
unifying force, 318
S
Sabines, 132
sacraments of Roman Catholic
Church, 325
Sacrosancta, 413
Sadducees, 189
Saguntum, 135
Sain Anthony, 217
Saint Augustine (Latin Father):
background, 214; as Bishop of
Hippo, 214; and church’s
views on sex, 214; City of God
and City of the World, 214; on
secular political authority, 214;
use of pagan culture in service
of Christianity, 214
Saint Benedict of Nursia: and
western Christian monastic
life, 218; Benedictine
monasteries, 218; Benedict’s
rules, 218
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, 323,
334–335
Saint Boniface, Apostle of the
Germans, 220
Saint Clare, 324
Saint Columba, 219
Saint-Denis, Gothic abbey church,
301
Saint Francis of Assisi, 324, 443
Saint Hilda, 221
Saint James, 326
Saint Maurice, 382
Saint Nicholas, patron saint of
children, 326
Saint Patrick, 219
Saint Peter’s Basilica (Bramante),
402, 415
Saint Simeon the Stylite, 217
Saint Stephen (Hungary), 265
Saint Teresa of Avila, 443
Saint Thomas Aquinas: attempt to
reconcile faith and reason, 297;
background, 296; challenges to
his grand synthesis, 364;
condemnation of
homosexuality, 329–330
Saladin, 335
Salian kings (Germany), 312
Sallust (Rome), 160–161
Samaria, 39–40
Samtiago de Compostela, tomb of
Saint James, 326
Sappho, 78
Saqqara, 27
Sardinia, 46
Sardinia, as Roman province, 136
Sargon II, 47
Sargon of Akkadians, 11, 46
Satires (Horace), 170
Satraps/satrapies, 55–56
Satrapy, 52
Saul, 38, 39
Saxons, 207
Schliemann, Heinrich, 63, 64
School of Athens (Raphael),
401
Science, women in origins of
modern: gaining an education,
563; informal scientific
networks among noblewomen,
563
Science and religion in seventeenth
and eighteenth century: church
support of PtolemaicAristotelian cosmology, 573;
Galileo and Nature vs. religion,
572–573; secularization of
intellectual life, 573; Spinoza
and Pascal’s responses, 573
Science and society in seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries: and
English Revolution, 572;
material benefits, 571; military
applications, 572; as part of
high culture, 571; practical
applications, 571
scientific method and science, 569
Scientific method and science in
modern world: Bacon’s
empiricism and Descarte’s
rationalism, 570; Descartes
and deduction and
mathematical logic, 570;
Francis Bacon and inductive
methods, 569; scientific
societies, 570–571
Scientific Revolution: ancient
authors, Renaissance artists:
artists’ close observation of
nature and science, 547; artists’
interest in mathematics,
geometry, 547; belief in
mathematics as key to nature’s
secrets, 548; contradictions vs.
Galen and Aristotle, 547;
emphasis on practical
knowledge, 548; influence of
Aristotle, Galen, Ptolemy,
Ptolemy, Plato, 547; influence
of printing press, 548;
mathematics, 548
Scientific Revolution: background:
logical analysis vs. systematic
observation, 547; scholastic
philosophers, 547
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I-28 Index
Licensed to: iChapters User
Scientific Revolution: challenges to
sun-centered universe: Galileo
Galilei, 553; Johannes Kepler,
552, 553; Martin Luther, 552;
Philip Melanchthon, 552;
Tycho Brahe, 552–553
Scientific Revolution: chemistry:
Antoine Lavoisier, 562; Robert
Boyle, 562
Scientific Revolution: Copernicus:
Copernican system, 551–552,
551; heliocentric conception of
universe, 550
Scientific Revolution: cosmology:
Christianized ptolemaic
universe, 550; classical and
Christian ideas, 550; efforts of
astronomers, 550; Ptolemaic
geocentric conception, 550
scientific revolution: debates on
nature of women: demotion of
role of midwife to male
doctors, 567; female responses,
565; male opinions inherited
from medieval period, 565;
portrayed as needing male
control, 565; querelles des
femmes, 565; Spinoza speaks,
566; use of pseudoscientific
evidence, 566–567
Scientific Revolution: Inquisition
and decline in Italy, 555
Scientific Revolution: mechanics
and motion: Aristotelian,
Ptolemaic and Copernican
systems, 555; Aristotelian
system, 555
Scientific Revolution: medicine:
Andreas Vesalius, 560; leaving
Galen, 560; Paracelsus, 560;
William Harvey, 560
Scientific Revolution: Renaissance
magic, 548–549; astrology and
alchemy and great names of
science, 548–549; hermetic
magic, 548; mathematical
magic, 548
Scientific revolution: women’s
contributions: Margaret
Cavendish in seventeenth
century, 564; Maria Merian,
entomologist in eighteenth
century, 563–564; Maria
Winkelmann, astronomer,
564–565; practitioners for
commoners: apothecaries,
midwives, faith healers, 563
Scipio Aemilianus Africanus the
Younger, 136–137, 139, 148
Scipio Africanus the Elder (Publius
Cornelius Scipio), 136
scriptoria, 243
scutage, 354
Sea Peoples, 30
Second Intermediate Period
(Egypt), 28
Second Peloponnesian War
(Second phase, Peloponnesian
War), 83
Second Punic War, 135
Secret History (Procopius), 225
secularism in Renaissance Italy,
390
Seleucid dynasty of Syria, 106–107
Seleucid dynasty of Syria, conflict
with Rome, 137
Seleucus, 110
Seljuk Turks: conquest of Abbasid
empire, 330; defeat by
Ottoman Turks, 411; route of
Byzantine Army, 330
Seneca (Roman philosopher), 171,
178–179
Septimus Severus (Roman
Emperor), 186, 187
Serfs in England, 261
Sermon on the Mount (Gospel
According to Matthew), 191
Servius Tullius, 127
Seven Wonders of the Ancient
World, 51
Seven Years’ War, 487
sexuality, and Catholic Church in
middle ages, 246–247
Sforza, Battista (Milan), 387
Sforza, Battista (Urbino), 387
Shakespeare, William:
background, 543; as complete
man of theater, 543
Shalmaneser III, 46–47
Shang dynasty, 8
Shari’a, Islamic law code, 233
sheriff (shire-reeve), 260
Shi´ite Muslims, 235
shogun, 485
Shonibare, Yinka, 1106
Sic et Non (Yes and No) (Abelard),
296
Sicily, 46, 124; as Roman
province, 136; slave revolts,
144
Sidon (Phoenician city), 46
Simons, Menno, 435
Sisters of the Common Life,
363–364
Sixtus IV (Pope), 414
Slavery: abolition, 478; and
European attitudes towards
Africans, 478
Slavery in Egyptian gold mines,
114
Slavery in Renaissance: decrease of
in Italian cities, 382;
importation of foreign slaves,
I-29
381; jobs of slaves, 381;
Portugal and importation of
African slaves, 382;
reappearance in Spain after
Reconquista, 381; sources for
Italian slaves, 381
Slavic Peoples, Central and Eastern
Europe, early middle ages:
eastern Slavs, Eastern
Orthodox Christians, 264;
migrations of, 264; southern
Slavs, Eastern Orthodox
Christians, 264; western Slavs,
Catholic Christians, 264
Slavs: chronology, 271; forced
conversion to Roman church,
317
Slavs, eastern: ancestors, Russians,
Byelorussians, Ukrainians,
265; Byzantine influence on
Russian political life, 266; and
Byzantine missionaries, 266;
and Vikings, 265–266
Slavs, southern: absorption of
Bulgars, 265; conversion to
Eastern Orthodox Christianity,
265; linked to Byzantine state,
265; split between Croats
(Roman church) and Serbs
(eastern Orthodox), 265
Slavs, Western: and conversion to
Roman Christianity, 265; in
Polish, Bohemian kingdoms,
265
Snefru, King, 27
Social or Italian War, 152
Social structure, 7
Society of Friends (Quakers), 478
Socrates: in Aristophanes’s The
Clouds, 88; and Plato, 90;
Socratic method, 90–91
Sogdia, 52
Soissons, 291
Solomon, 38, 39
Solon, reforms of, 74, 75
Some Reflections upon Marriage
(Astell), 591
Sonnets (Petrarch), 366
Sophists, 90
Sophocles, 87
Southern Africa: Boers, 474; and
Dutch East India Company,
474
Southern Asia, 5
Spain, 46; after defeat of Spanish
Armada, 457; Arab conquest,
235; as authoritarian state, 949;
and Carthage, 135; final
pacification by Rome, 168;
Franco regime, 949–950;
freedom from Rome, 207; Islam
in, 268; as Muslim state,
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Index
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Spain (continued)
235–236; persecution of Jews
during Black Death, 344–345;
Pompey and, 154; as Roman
province, 136; in Southeast
Asia, 479; Spanish Civil
War, 949; Umayyad dynasty,
268
Spain, decline of: expense of
empire, 518; internal revolts,
516; Reign of Philip IV, 516;
Thirty Years’ War, 517;
weaknesses, end of sixteenth,
beginning of seventeenth
centuries., 516–517
Spain and New World: Columbus’s
voyages, 466; Vasco Nuñez de
Balboa to Isthmus of Panama,
Pacific, 467
Spain as great power: defeat of
Turkey, 452; height of, 453;
importance of Catholicism for,
452; in the Netherlands,
452–453; use of Inquisition,
452
Spain; Christian reconquest
(Reconquista): Christian north
vs. Muslim south, twelfth
century, 311; northern
Christian kingdoms, 310–311;
repartimiento, 312; Spain and
the Islamic world, 310;
treatment of Jews, 312;
treatment of Muslims, 312; in
Western Mediterranean, 311
Spain in New World:
administration of its empire:
audiencias, advisory groups,
473; encomienda system, 472;
rights of monarchs in church
affairs, 473; two major units,
473; viceroys as representatives
of crown, 473
Spain in New World: Catholicism:
Inquisition, 473; institutional
structures of, 473; missionaries
and evangelism, 473
Spain in New World: conquest of
Aztec empire: destruction of
Aztec pyramids, palaes, temples,
canals, 469; Hernán Cortés´s
march to Tenochtitlán, 469;
Moctezuma and Cortés, 469;
role of allies from Aztec empire,
469; role of disease, 469
Spain in New World: conquest of
Inca empire, 469; Atahualpa as
emperor, 472; and
establishment of capital in
Lima, 472; Francisco Pisarro’s
landing, 471; Incan civil war,
472; Pizarro’s execution of
Atahualpa, 472; smallpox
epidemic among Inca,
471–472
Spain in New World: empire, 468
Spain in New World: treatment of
native population: conquering
Spaniards’ treatment of, 472;
consequences for population,
472; mita, 472; Montecino,
Antón, 472; protests by
Dominicans against, 472
Spain’s struggle with Carthage,
135–136
Spain: unification of: Aragon and
Castile as dynastic union, 408;
Catholicism as basic to state,
409; and church reform, 409;
and control of Catholic
Church, 409; defeat of
Granada, 409; and expulsion
of Jews, 409; expulsion of
Muslims, 409; independent
kingdoms in Middle Ages,
407–408; the Inquisition, 409;
marriage of Isaella of Castile
and Ferdinand of Aragon, 408;
political purposes of strict
religious uniformity, 409;
reorganization of military
forces, 408
Spanish Armada, 457
Spanish Empire, sixteenth century
chronology, 496
Spanish Inquisition, and
heliocentrism, 554
Sparta: vs. Athens, 71, 80;
chronology of Archaic Age, 97;
conquest of Laconia, 72;
conquest of Messenia, 72; daily
life, 72; fears of Athens, 83;
location, 61, 72; as polis, 72;
shifting leadership, 85; social
structure, 73; transformation
into permanent military camp,
72–73; women in, 73, 94–95
Sparta, state of: dominance of
Peloponessus, 73; gerousia, 73;
oligarchy, 73; self-imposed
isolation of, 73; two kings, 73
Spartacus, 144
Spartiates, 73
Spinoza, Benedict de: background,
573; vs. Descartes’s mind
matter dualism, 573; humans
as part of God/nature,
573–574; monism, 573; order
and necessity of nature, 574
Spiritual Exercises, The (Ignatius
of Loyola), 443–444
Statute of Laborers, 346
Stilicho (Master of the Soldiers),
207
Stoa Poikile (Painted Portico), 119
Stoicism and the Romans, 147,
159, 173, 178–179
Stonehenge, 35
Strategoi, 81
Subinfeudation, 257
sugarcane/cane sugar, 10,
474
Suleiman the Magnificent,
Ottoman Empire, 429
Sumer, 12
Sumerian cities, 10
Sumerian city-states, 10–11
Sumerian language, 17
Summa Theologica (Aquinas),
296–297, 329–330
Sunni Muslims, 235
Sun of Babylon, 12
Supe River Valley, Peru, 8
Suppiluliumas I, 36
Susa, 56–57
Sweden, 315; creation of First
Estate and stable monarchy,
524; defeat by Peter the Great
of Russia, 523; economy as
relatively weak, 524;
monarchy-nobility conflict,
524; rise and fall in eighteenth
century, 525; Swedish
monarchy rebuilt, seventeenth
century, 524; Thirty Years’
War, 524
Switzerland: Catholic vs.
Protestant division, 431–432;
civil war between Protestants
and Catholics, 434
Switzerland, Reformation in, and
Ulrich Zwingli, 431
Syncretism, 121
Syndics of the Cloth Guild
(Rembrandt), 542
Synod of Whitby, 220
Syracuse, 69
Syria, 24, 30, 36, 50; Crassus and,
154; defeat by Arabs, 233
Syrian states, 40
T
Tacitus (Roman historian), 180
Tacitus (Rome), 171, 172
Taille, 356, 407, 508
Tarentum (Tarento), 69, 124
Tell el-Amarna, 30
Tempietto, The (Bramante), 402
Temple in Jerusalem, 39
Temple of Portunus, 140
Ten Commandments, 43
Tenochtitlán: Aztec capital city,
468; in Cortés’s words,
470–471
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I-30 Index
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Terence, 146–147
Tertullian (Carthaginian
Christian), 193–194
Test Act of 1673, 535
Tetrarchy (rule by four), 198
Teutonic knights: attacks on pagan
Slaavs, 316; awarding of East
Prussia, 316; founding
of, 316
Thailand: resistance to foreign
encroachment, 481; resistance
to foreign encroachment,
sixteenth century, 480; trade
with West, seventeenth
century, 480
Thales of Miletus, 90
Theater in seventeenth century,
French drama, 543–544
Theater in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries:
Elizabethan era in England,
542; Lope de Vega, 543;
Spain’s Golden Century,
543–544; use of vernacular,
542
Theatines, 443
The Bacchae (Euripedes), 87
Thebes, 29, 30, 31, 85; location,
61; shifting leadership, 85
Theocracy, 10
Theocritus, 115
Theodora, wife of Justinian and
empress, 225–226
Theodoric (Ostrogothic king), 209
Theodosius (Roman emperor), 202
Theodosius I, 205, 216
Theodosius II (Roman emperor),
226
Theognis of Megara, 76
Thermopylae, 78–79
Thessaly, 61
The Starry Messenger, The
(Galileo), 554
Third Estate, 356
Third Peloponnesian War, 85
Third Punic War, 135–136
Thirty Nine Articles, 456
Thirty Years’ War: background,
500; Bohemian phase,
502–503; chronology, 544;
Danish phase, 503; as Europewide struggle, 501; FrancoSwedish phase, 504; in
Germanic area of Holy Roman
Empire, 501; as last of
religiious wars, 501; Peace of
Augsburg, 501; Peace of the
Pyrenees, 504; Peace of
Westphalia, 504; role of
militant Catholicism vs.
militant Catholicism, 501;
secular, dynastic-nationalist
considerations, 501; Swedish
phase, 499
Thirty Years’ War: outcomes:
economic effects, Germany,
504–505; French territorial
gains, 504; German states’
freedom of religious
determination, 504; as most
destructive European conflict
yet experienced, 505;
separation of religion and
politics, 504; states of Holy
Roman Empire virtually
independent, 504
Thrace, 69, 100
Three Estates of society, 379
Three-field system (agriculture,
high middle ages), 275
Thrity Tyrants, 85
Thuciydides, 86
Thuciydides (Greek), 161
Thutmosis I, 28
Thutmosis III, 28–29
Tiberius (Roman emperor), 171
Tiberius Gracchus, 150–151
Tiglath-Pileser I, 46
Tiglath-Pileser III, 47
Tin, 7
Tithe (manorial system), 261
Titus (Roman emperor), 172, 183
Tlaxcala, 469
Toleration, 606
Tools, making of early, 4
Torah, 41
Tournaments, High Middle Ages,
281
Trade, expansion before
Renaissance, 378
Traini, Francisco, 369
Trajan (Roman emperor), 173,
183
Transubstantiation, 427
Travels (Cook), 579
Treaty of Karlowitz, 519
Treaty of Ryswick, 514
Treaty of Troyes, 351
Treaty of Utrecht, 487, 622, 623
Treaty of Verdun, 151
Trebonium (Roman jurist), 223
Triangular trade route, 474–475
Triarii, 138
Tribunes of the plebs, 129–130
Tribute Money (Masaccio), 399
Triennial Act, 533
Triple Alliance, 513
Tripoli, as crusader state, 334
Tristan, Flora, 734–735
Triumph of Death (Francisco
Traini), 369
Trivium, 222, 292
Trojan War, 65
Troy, 63
I-31
Truce of God, 278
Tsar (Caesar), 520
Tullia, 145
Turkemenistan, 8
Tuscany, 315
Tutankhamunan, 30
Twelve Tables, The, 130–131
Two Treatises of Government
(Locke), 538
Tyler, Wat (English), 347
Tyranny, in Athens, 74–75
Tyrants, 71
Tyre (Phoenician city), 46
U
Uccello, Paolo, 398
Umayyad dynasty: capital moved
from Medina to Damascus,
Syria, 235; empire of, 236
Umma, 10
Union of Arras, 454
Union of Utrecht, 454
United States: abolition of slavery,
478;
Universitas, 291
Ur, 10, 12, 46
Urban VI (pope), 361
Urbino, 386
Uri, 10
Uruinigina, cone of, 18
Uruk, 10
Uruslines, 443
Utnapishtim, 18
Utopia (More), 42
Uzbekistan, 8
V
Valencia, 311
Valens (Roman emperor), 205
Valla, Lorenzo (Italian), 391
Vandals, 207, 223, 224
van Eyck, Jan, and uses of oil
paint, 403
Varus (Rome), 168
Vassalage: and castellans and
castles, 257; fief-holding, 257;
lords and knights, 256; and
military service, 257; mutual
obligations of, 257–258;
nature of lord-vassal
relationship, 257–258; origins,
256; subinfeudation, 257
Vega, Lopa de, 544
Venerable Bede: background, 222;
as historian of early AngloSaxon England, 222
Venetian Flanders Fleet, 378
Venice, 315
Venice, and Spanish rule, 520
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Index
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Venice, Republic of: Council of
Ten, 359; doge, 359;
expansion of Empire, 359;
Great Council, 359; recovery
of trade in Renaissance, 378;
Senate, 359; and slave trade,
381; stability of, 359; wealth
of, 359
Venice and high medieval trade,
282
Venice and New World, and the
name America, 467
Venice in Renaissance: oligarchy,
385; stability of, 385;
territorial expansion plans,
385
Vergerio, Pietro Paolo, 394
Versailles, Hall of Mirrors, 511
Vesalius: dissection of human
body, 562; and heart-great
blood vessel connection, 562;
misconceptions based on
Galen, 562; practical research
and human anatomy, 562
Vespasian (Roman emperor), 172,
183
Vespucci, Amerigo, 467
Vestal Virgins, 128, 139, 141
Viceroys as representatives of
crown, 473
Vietnam: contact between King of
Tonkin and Louis XIV,
480–481; resistance to foreign
encroachment, sixteenth
century, 480; West and
internal conflict, seventeenth
century, 481–482
Vietnam War, First, 1011
Vikings: invasion of England,
252–253; invasions of Europe,
253
Vikings (Northmen, Norsemen),
256; Christianization of, 255;
across North Atlantic Ocean,
255; Danish, 255; final wave of
Germanic migrantion, 254;
Greenland site of, 255;
Norwegian, 255; origins, 254;
raids of, 254–255; settlement
in England, 255; settlement in
Normandy (northern France),
255; ships of, 254; Swedish,
255; and weakening of
European kings, 256
Virgil (Rome), 169–170
Virgin Mary, 326
Visconti, Giangaleazzo, 358
Visconti family of Milan, 315
Visigoths: Arab conquest of, 235;
compared to Ostrogoths, 210;
conversion to Catholicism,
210; defeat by Muslim
invaders, 210; as hired Roman
fighters, 205; and HispanoRomans, 210; and Huns, 205;
as Roman allies, 206; and
Romans, 205; sack of Rome,
206; in Spain, 210
Vittorino da Feltre, 386, 394
Viziers (Egypt), 28
Volscians, 132
Von Bora, Katherina, 427
Vulgate Bible, 215
W
War, importance in European
affairs, seventeenth century,
505
War of the League of Augsburg,
515
War of the Roses, 355–356
War of the Spanish Succession:
English gains from, 515;
French after, 514; Philip V as
Spanish ruler, 515
Wars (Procopius), 225
War with Catiline (Sallust), 160
War with Jug-urtha (Sallust), 160
Wergeld, 213
Wergild/wergeld, 212
Western Europe: absolutism, 506
Western Europe: absolutism, vs.
divine-right monarchy, 506
Western Frankish lands (later
France): under Charles the
Bald, 251; Romance language,
252; struggle with eastern
Frankish lands over Middle
Kingdom, 251–252
Western Franks: Capetian
Dynasty, 259; as loose alliance
of lords, 259
West in India, European
competition in seventeenth
century, 482
West in India: England:
consolidation of control in
eighteenth century, 483; and
French, 482–483; and French
withdrawal from, 483; steady
increase of presence,
seventeenth century; success
and rivals, 482
West in India: France, 482–483
West in Southeast Asia:
reproduction of homeland,
479; resistance to by strong
monarchies upon arrival of,
480; trade with mainland
states, seventeenth century,
480
West in Southeast Asia, resistance
to, mainland states vs.
Malaysia, seventeenth century,
482
West in Southeast Asia: France:
early contact with Vietnam,
480–481; proselyzing as
motive, 480
West in Southeast Asia in
seventeenth century, and
internal conflict in Vietnam,
481–482
West in Southeast Asia: Portugal,
478–479
West in Southeast Asia: Spain, 479
West in Southeast Asia: the Dutch:
Batavia, Java, 479;
consolidation of political and
military power, 479; seizure of
Malacca from Portugal, 479;
seizure of spice trade from
Portugal, England, 479
William of Aquitaine (Duke)
(Burgundy), 319
William of Normandy (King), 305
William of Occam, challenge to
nominalism, 364–365
William of Orange, 454
William the Silent, 454
Witchcraft craze of sixteenth,
seventeenth centuries: decline
of, 500; extent of, in Europe,
North America, 499; nature of,
499–500; relationship to social
conditions, 500; women as
chief victims, 500
Wolsey, Cardinal, 436
Women, 4, 14–15, 31, 44–45,
933–934; Aristotle’s ideas
about, 92; Artemisia
Gentileschi, Baroque painter,
539; in Athens, 74, 96, 112; in
Catholic Church, 218, 220;
and celibacy in Catholic
Church, 222; Christine de
Pizan, fourteenth century
feminist, 367–368; cultural
opportunities, Hellenistic
upper class, 112; dangers of
childbirth in Rome, 186; in
early Christianity, 192;
economic opportunities,
Hellenistic society, 111–112;
education in Renaissance Italy,
395; in Egypt, 111; in Fascist
Italy, 933–934; female mystics,
364; fourteenth century
division of labor persisted until
Industrial Revolution, 370;
fourteenth century limitations
on activites of, 370; fourteenth
century perceptions of, 370; in
Hellenistic society, 111; in
High Middle Ages cities, 289;
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I-32 Index
Licensed to: iChapters User
Index
in resistance movements,
World War II, 982; in
Rome, 126–127, 144–145,
178; and scientific revolution, 562–567; in Sparta,
73, 112; upper class, in
Rome, 185; as victims of
witchcraft craze, 500;
working conditions
Work, 4
Works and Days (Hesiod), 76
Wrath of Achilles, 65
Writing, record keeping, 7
Wycliff John: vs. all practices not
in Scripture, 413; attacks on
papal authority, medieval
Christianity, 413; and Bible in
vernacular languages, 413; and
Lollards, 413
X
Xavier, Francis, 446
Xerxes invasion, 78–79, 78
Y
Yahweh, 40, 42
Yellow River, China, 8
Z
Zarathustra (Zoroaster), 58
Zealots, 190
Zend Avesta, 57
Zeno, 119
Zeno (Roman Emperor), 207, 209
ziggurat, 10
Zoroaster (Zarathustra), 57
Zoroastrianism, 58; monotheistic
message, 57; origins, 57;
reemergence of nature
worship, 58; spread of, 58;
struggle between good and evil,
58
Zwingli, Ulrich, 431
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in Homeric world, 67; and
Jean Jacques Rousseau,
591; and John Stuart Mill,
732; Judith Leyster, Dutch
Realist, 541; Lavoisier,
Marie-Anne and scientific
revolution, 562; in Macedonia, 111; and medical
schools, 788; medieval
church and marriage,
245–246; in New World,
490; peasant, in High
Middle Ages, 276–277;
under Peter the Great of
Russia, 523; political opportunities, Hellenistic upper class, 112; position in
Germanic kingdom/states,
213; and prostitution in
Second Industrial Revolution, 801; in religious orders, 323; in reliious
communities, 221; in Renaissance city-states, 387;
I-33
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