WLHS/A&P/Oppelt
Name ____________________________________
Period______
Chapter 5 Reading Guide: The Skeletal System (pages 134-176)
1. The skeleton is subdivided into what 2 divisions? And what body parts do they include?
A. _____________________________: _____________________________________________________
B. _____________________________: _____________________________________________________
2. Besides bones, what else does the skeletal system include? _________________________________________
Bones: An Overview
3. Identify the 5 functions of bones
i. _____________________________
iv. _____________________________
ii. _____________________________
v. _____________________________
iii. _____________________________
4. Bones can be classified into two basic types; compact bone and spongy bone. Below are the 4 groups of bone
found throughout the body. Fill out the table below.
Bone Group
Compact or Spongy?
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
5. Define the following terms:
a. DIAPHYSIS: _______________________________________
___________________________________________________
b. EPIPHYSIS:_________________________________________
___________________________________________________
6. In the picture to the right, identify the following structures: epiphysis,
diaphysis, periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, epiphyseal line,
and yellow bone marrow
Where found in body?
7. Describe the difference between red and yellow bone marrow.
8. a. What are bone markings? __________________________________________________________________
b. Examine Table 5.1 (page 142) and give 3 examples of bone markings.
9. Define the following terms:
a. Osteon:
b. Osteocytes:
c. Osteoblasts
d. Osteoclasts
10. Explain how osteoclasts and osteoblast remodel bone.
11. Describe how osteoblasts and/or osteoclasts respond to calcium levels that are:
-too high:
-too low:
12. On page 141, read the section “Homeostasic Balance” on Rickets.
a. What is rickets? ______________________________________________________________________
b. What vitamin is the child deficient in? _________________________________
c. What shape do the weight bearing bones have? ______________________________________
13. Distinguish between the AXIAL and APPENDICULAR skeletons.
Axial Skeleton
14. Describe the position of each of the following cranial bones:
• Frontal bone:
• Parietal bones:
• Occipital bone:
• Temporal bones:
• Sphenoid bone:
• Ethmoid bone:
15. What are FONTANELS? What is their function?
16. a) What is the function of the intervertebral discs?
b) What substance are they made of?
17. Describe what a herniated disc is.
18. Complete the following chart comparing the various types of vertebrae.
Type of vertebrae
Number present in
human backbone
Function(s)
Features, attachments,
misc.
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
19. Distinguish between TRUE RIBS, FALSE RIBS, and FLOATING RIBS. Include how many of each are
present.
Appendicular Skeleton
20. What is the function of the clavicle? What happens when the clavicle is broken?
21. a) What are the TUBERCLES on the humerus?
b) What is their function?
22. How is the radius structured or arranged to allow for rotation of the forearm?
23. a) List the bones of the PELVIS.
b) List three functions of the PELVIC GIRDLE.
24. Summarize the differences between a female and male pelvis. What is the significance of these differences?
25. Complete the following chart for the bones of the lower limb.
Lower limb bone:
Articulates with… (include where it articulates; e.g. at the proximal end,
distal end, laterally, medially, etc.)
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals (Talus)
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Joints
26. Define ARTICULATION: __________________________________________________________________
27. What are two ways in which joints are grouped or classified? Which is more commonly used? (circle)
28. Complete the following chart of joint types.
Type of Joint
Description
Amount of movement
allowed
Where is this joint type
found in the body?
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints
29. What are BURSAE and what are their function?
30. Complete the following chart of synovial joint types.
Synovial Joint Classification
Description
Example
Ball-and-socket
Condylar
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
31. Which two regions grow the most rapidly during childhood?
32. Compare osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
33. a. What is osteoporosis? ____________________________________________________________________
b. Who is affected by this disease?