Chapter 18
Urban Growth
And
Farm Protest
1887-1893
Changes in the structure of Business
• Vast businesses owned enormous factories which produced large cities.
• Manufacturing belt includes most major cities.
• People migrate from Europe, the American South and the unsuccessful farm to the cities for work.
Innovations and inventions
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Electricity
Skyscrapers
Streetcars
Urban trains
Eventually subways
elevated trains
Inventors Change the World
• Thomas Edison was one of many inventors to change the quality of life
Poverty in the city
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No place to grow own food.
Vertical growth
Tenements (slums)
Many without windows.
No fire escapes
Shared toilet facilities
Crowded City
• The Founders never considered cities of such size would be where most Americans live.
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Machine Politics
• The presence of large numbers of uneducated people leads to political power and in some cases
corruption.
• Irish are absorbed by Democrats
• Irish had been politically marginalized in Ireland by the English
• Tammany Hall
• Many Italians join Republican party.
Influx of Immigrants
Chapter 18.....p. 2
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Southern and Eastern Europeans arrive
Jews from Eastern Europe
Catholics from Italy & Sicily
Orthodox Christians from Greece, Ukraine and Yugoslavia.
African-Americans fleeing southern political and economic discrimination.
Nativism
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Prejudice against the immigrants.
More focused on Catholics than Jews.
Mythology evolves around what constitutes an American.
Catholics and Jews had both fought for freedom in the Revolutionary War
Catholic Charles Carroll had signed the Declaration of Independence.
Religious Intolerance
Pilgrims, Puritans and Presbyterians fled religious persecution, that of the Church of England, the
largest Protestant religion.
The definition of different religions is changing
Different religions, that is, not Protestant.
Many tensions were really economic
Competing for jobs.
Irish need not apply
American Protective Association founded in 1887.
Openly identifies itself as anti-Catholic.
Views not held by Catholicism for centuries offered up a reasons to fear and hate this group.
Interpretations of history in which one side was as bad as the other are used to show Catholics as
threat.
Union Response to Immigration
Initially immigrants used as strike breakers.
Eventually, after considerable conflict, immigrants become a vital part of unions.
Collective bargaining was the primary cause of improved working conditions
Most Blacks excluded from membership.
Education in America
• Thomas Jefferson believed having an educated electorate was essential to democracy=s success
• This democratic view of education combines with the many religions opening colleges to create an
educational system totally different than existed in England
• Colleges set the trend for the nation.
Chapter 18.....p. 3
One Room School House
• The one-room school house was where most Americans learned until the last quarter of the 19th
Century.
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Higher Education and Religion
Every religious denomination establishes a college to train clergy and educate faithful
Not enough enroll to become clergy so seminaries are opened up to all males of that religious
denomination.
Hundreds of colleges formed.
Seven before American Revolution 250 in the fifty years that follow Independence
Harvard University
Like most American private colleges Harvard initially had a religious orientation
Higher Education Evolves
At first only the elite went on to college.
This is only changing in England since WWII.
There were colleges in most regions before there were public schools.
Most colleges had to admit unschooled applicants.
Many students left for Acollege@ at 13 or 14.
The AGentlemen=s C.@
The Gentlemen’s “C”
• Initially American colleges did not strive for academic excellence but rather basic competence.
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Higher Education and Women
Women are admitted to colleges when there are not enough men to make the school profitable.
Most believe women only need an education to train their sons to be good citizens.
Ultimately women excel in college.
In the 1990's more women in college than men.
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Education and Equality
Education becomes one the primary ways women are able to show their equal ability.
Educated women become the pioneers in the advocacy of women=s rights.
Educated women begin entering professions.
Barred from many professions.
Education (teaching) accepts women.
Public Education
• Urban public schools designed to make immigrant children more American
Chapter 18.....p. 4
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The public school, common to New England, spreads throughout the nation.
Initially start off as religious schools.
Not a problem when all are basically the same religion.--Generic Protestantism becomes norm.
New territories create true sectarian public school.
The Prairie Schoolhouse
• The Northwest territories were the first place that public schools were planned.
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Regional Variations in Public Schools
Northwest Territories provide for schools in creation by federal government
New England schools become more numerous
New York follows New England’s example
Mid-Atlantic starts religious-community schools and numerous private schools
Most Teachers were Women
• Because women were forced to work for less money to save money schools hired them as teachers
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The South and Education
The South had limited education to the tutoring of the wealthy on the various plantations
The South had few colleges
Some church affiliated schools
In keeping with the English notion that education was the realm of the elite
When the South is readmitted to the Union it is required to set up public schools.