9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008)
Data Booklet for Chemistry (Advanced Level)
TABLES OF CHEMICAL DATA
Important values, constants and standards
molar gas constant
R
= 8.31 J K" mo!"'
the Faraday constant
F
= 9.65 x 10'C mor'
the Avogadro constant
L
= 6.02
the Planck constant
h
= 6.63 X 10,34 J s
speed of light in a vacuum
c
= 3.00 x 10' m s"
rest mass of proton, : 1-1
mp
= 1.67
X
10,27 kg
rest mass of neutron, ,',11
mn
= 1.67
X
10,27 kg
rest mass of electron, _~e
me
= 9.11
X
10,31 kg
electronic charge
e
=,1.60x lO"'C
molar volume of gas
Vm
= 22.4 dm' mol" at s.l.p.
X
10" mol"
Vm
= 24 dm' mol" under room conditions
(where s.t.p. is expressed as 101 kPa, approximately, and 273 K (0 °C))
ionic product of water
= 1.00
X
10,14 mol' dm"
(at 298 K 125 °CD
specific heat capacity of water
=4.18kJk "K"
(= 4.18 J g.9 K")
35
9746 H2 CHEMISTRY 12008)
Ionisation encrgies (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th) of selectcd elemcnts, in kJ mol-'
Proton
Number
H
First
Sccond
Third
Fourth
1310
He
2
2370
5250
Li
3
519
7300
11800
Be
'I
900
1760
14800
21000
13
5
799
2420
3660
25000
C
6
1090
2350
4610
6220
N
7
1400
2860
4590
7480
0
8
1310
3390
5320
7450
F
9
1680
3370
6040
8410
Ne
10
2080
3950
6150
9290
Na
11
494
4560
6940
9540
Mg
12
736
1450
7740
10500
AI
13
577
1820
2740
11600
Si
14
786
1580
3230
4360
P
15
1060
1900
4960
S
16
1000
2260
2920
_ 3390
CI
17
1260
2300
3850
5150
Ar
18
1520
2660
3950
5770
K
19
418
3070
4600
5860
Ca
20
590
1150
4940
6480
Sc
21
632
1240
2390
7110
Ti
22
661
1310
2720
4170
V
23
648
1370
2870
4600
Cr
24
653
1590
2990
4770
Mn
25
716
1510
3250
5190
Fe
26
762
1560
2960
5400
Co
27
757
1640
3230
5100
Ni
28
736
1750
3390
5400
Cu
29
745
1960
3350
5690
Zn
30
908
1730
3828
5980
Ga
31
577
1980
2960
6190
Ge
32
762
1540
3300
4390
Br
35
1140
2080
3460
4850
Sr
38
548
4120
5440
Sn
50
707
1060
1410
53
1010
1840
2940
2040
3930
4030
56
82
502
716
966
1450
Ba
Pb
36
4540
3390
3080
4080
9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008)
Bond energies
(a)
Diatomic molecules
Bond
H-J-i
D-O
N"N
0=0
F-F
Cl-CI
Br-Br
I-I
H-F
H-el
H-Br
H-I
(b)
Energy/kJ mor'
436
442
994
496
158
244
193
151
562
431
366
299
Polyatomic molecules
Bond
c-e
C=C
C"C
C~C
(benzene)
C-H
c-el
C-Br
e-I
C-O
C=O
e-N
C=N
CiiN
N-H
N-N
N=N
O--+i
0-0
Sf-.CI
Sf-H
Si--O
Si-Si
S-Cl
s-H
s-s
Energy/kJ mol-'
350
610
840
520
410
340
280
240
360
740
305
610
890
390
160
410
460
150
359
320
444
222
250
347
264
37
9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008)
Standard electrode potential and redox potentials, E e at 298 K (25 DC)
For ease of reference, two tabulations are given:
(a) an extended list in alphabetical order;
(b) a shorter list in decreasing order of magnitude, i.e. a redox series.
(a)
E"" in
alphabetical order
EeN
Electrode reaction
Ag' + e'
Ai" + 3e
Sa:- + 2e'
Br, + 2e'
Ca" + 2e'
CI, + 2e'
2HOCI + 2H' + 2e'
Co" + 2e'
Co 3 - + e-
[Co(NH')6I" + 2e'
Cr" + 2e'
Cr" + 3e'
Cr" + e'
Cr,O," + 14H' + 6e'
.
Cu +e
Cu" + 2e'
Cu" + e'
(Cu(NH,),l" + 2e'
F, + 2e'
Fe" + 2e'
Fe" + 3e'
Fe" + e'
(Fe(CN)6I" + e'
Fe(OH), + e'
2H' + 2e'
I, + 2e'
K+ + e'
U+ + eMg" + 2e'
Mn" + 2e'
Mn" + e'
Mn02 + 4H' + 2e'
MnO, + e'
MnO, + 4H' + 3e'
MnO, + BH' + 5e'
NO,' + 2H' + e'
NO,' + 3H' + 2e'
NO,- + 10H' + Be'
Na+ + e'
Ni" + 2e'
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Ag
+0.80
Al
·1.66
Ba
·2.90
2Br-
+1.07
Ca
·2.87
2CI'
+1.36
CI, + 2H,O
+1.64
Co
·028
Co"
+1.82
Co + 6NH,
·0.43
Cr
,0.91
Cr
·0.74
Cr"
·0.41
2Cr" + 7H,O
+1.33
Cu
+0.52
Cu
.
Cu
+0.34
Cu + 4NH,
-0.05
2F
+2.87
Fe
-0.44
+0.15
Fe
-0.04
Fe"
+0.77
(Fe(CN)6I"
+0.36
Fe(OH), + OH
-0.56
H,
0.00
2r
+0.54
K
-2.92
Li
-3.04
Mg
-2.38
Mn
Mn 2+
-1.18
+1.49
Mn" + 2H 2O
MnO;'
+1.23
Mn02 + 2H,O
+1.67
Mn" + 4H,O
+1.52
+0.56
NO, + H,O
+0.81
HN0 2 + H,O
+0.94
NH; + 3H 2O
Na
+0.87
Ni
-0.25
38
-2.71
9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008)
IN,(NH,).i" + 2e
~
N, + 6NH,
-051
H,O, + 2H'
2e
~
2H,0
+1.77
0, + 4H' + 4e
~
2H,0
+ 1 23
0, + 2H,0 + 4e
~
40H
+0.40
..
H,O,
+0,68
II, / 201-1'
-083
-
Pb
-0.13
t
0, + 2H' + 2e
2H,O + 2e
Pb" + 2e
Pb" + 2e
-'
~
Pb"
+1,69
PbO, + 4H' + 2e
~
Pb" + 2H,0
+1.4 7
SO.... + 4H' + 2e
~
SO, + 2H,0
+0,17
S,O,"+ 2e
~
2S0.."
+2.01
2S,0,'
+0.09
Sn
-0.14
--
Sn"
+0,15
=
V
V'·
-026
V'· + H,O
+0.34
S.,O.'"+ 2e
Sn" + 2e
Sn'/' + 2e
V'· + 2e
v3 ' + e
VO,· + 2H' + e
=
~
~
=
-1.20
VO,' + 2H' + e
~
VO,· + H,O
+1,00
VO; + 4H' + e
,-
VO,· + 2H,O
+1.00
Zn" + 2e
~
Zn
-0.76
1111 ionic states refer 10 aqueous ,ons but other state symbols have been omitted,
(b)
E" in decreasing order of oxidising power
(see also the extended alphabetical list on the previous pages)
E'N
Electrode reaction
F, + 2e'
~
S,O,"+ 2e'
~
H,O, + 2H, + 2e'
MnO; + 8H' + 5e
PbO, + 4H' + 2e'
2F'
2S0,,.
+2,87
+2.01
~
2H,0
+1,77
~
Mn" + 4H,0
+1,52
~
Pb" + 2H,O
+1.47
+1.36
~
2C/'
Cr,O," + 14H' + 6e'
~
2Cr" + 7H,0
+1,33
Br, + 2e'
~
2Br'
+1.07
NO; + 2H' + e'
~
NO, + H,O
+0.81
Ag' + e'
~
Ag
+0,80
Fe" + e'
~
Fe"
+0.77
I, + 2e'
~
21'
+0,54
0, + 2H,O + 4e'
~
40H'
+0.40
Cu" + 2e'
~
Cu
+0,34
sol' + 4H' + 2e'
=
SO, + 2H,0
+0,17
Sn" + 2e'
~
Sn"
+0,15
+0.09
CI, + 2e
S,O.'"+ 2e'
=
2S,O,'-
2H' + 2e'
=
=
H,
0.00
Pb
-0.13
Sn" + 2e'
=
Sn
,0.14
Fe" + 2e'
=
Fe
-0.44
Zn" + 2e'
=
Zn
-0.76
Pb" + 2e'
39
9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008)
Mg" + 2e'
Ca" + 2e'
K' + e'
=
=
=
Mg
-2.38
Ca
-2.87
K
-2.92
40
9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008)
Atomic and ionic radii
(a)
Period 3
metallic
single covalent
atomiclnm
Na
0.186
Mg
AI
0.160
0.143
Si
S
Cl
0.117
0.110
0.104
0.099
Ar
0.192
Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Ra
0.112
0160
0197
0.215
0.217
0.220
C
Si
Ge
0.077
0.117
0.122
Sn
0.162
0.175
Sn"
Pb
F
0.072
F-
0.136
CI
0.099
cr
o 181
Br
0.114
Br-
0.195
t
0.133
At
0.140
P
van der Waals
(b)
(c)
Group II
metallic
Group IV
single covalent
metallic
(d)
(e)
Group VII
single covalent
ioniclnm
Na+
0.095
M ,.
0065
A?'
0.050
First row transition elements
single covalent
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
0.144
0.132
0.122
0.117
0.117
0.116
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
0.116
0.115
0.117
0.125
41
Si'"
S,·
0.041
0.212
0.184
cr
0.181
Be"
Mg"
Ca"
Sr"
Ba"
0031
0065
0.099
0.113
0.135
0.140
p,.
Ra 2 +
si'"
Ge"
Pb"
,-
Sc"
Ti"
V'·
Cr"
Mn"
Fe"
Fe"
Co"
Ni"
Cu 2 '
Zn"
0.041
0093
0.112
0120
0.216
0.081
0.090
0.074
0.069
0.080
0.076
0.064
0.078
0.078
0.069
0.074
9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008)
Characteristic values for infra-red absorption (due to stretching vibrations in organic molecules).
Bond
Characteristic ranges
Wavenumber
(reciprocal wavelength)
Icm- 1
C-Cl
700 to 800
C-o
1000 to 1300
alcohols, ethers, esters
1610 to 1680
C=C
C=o
aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters
1680 to 1750
2070102250
C"N
2200 to 2280
'hydrogen-bonded' in acids
2500 to 3300
C-H
alkanes, alkenes, arenes
2840 to 3095
G-H
'hydrogen-bonded' in alcohols, phenols
3230 to 3550
primary amines
3350 to 3500
'free'
3580103650
42
9746 H2 CHEMISTRY (2008)
Typical proton chemical shift value (0) relative to T.M.S.=O
Type of proton
Chemical shift (ppm)
R-CH 3
0.9
R-CH 2 -R
1.3
1.4-1.7
R3CH
2.0
2.1
O)-CH
2.3
3
R-C=C-H
18-31
R-CH 2 -Hal
32-37
R-O-CH 3
33-40
R-O-H
05-6.0'
R2C=CH-
4.5-60
4.5-7.0'
6.0-9.0
<yO
9.0-100
R-C
"H
<yO
9.0-13.0'
R-C
"O-H
10-5.0'
R-NH 2
<O)-NH
3.0-60'
2
5.0-12.0'
'Sensitive to solvent, concentration
43
... - . _.. __ .- Tabl
.
.- - f the
EI
_... _.. t
~::;
Groun
I
I
I
II
III
I
IV
I
VI
V
I
0
4.0
VII
1.0
He
H
helium
hydrogon
Key
6.9
9.0
relative atomic mass
Li
Be
atomic symbol
B
C
N
16.0
0
name
boron
carbon
",troqe n
o"yge n
IiIhlum
beryllium
23.0
24.3
Na
Mg
sodium
11
K
potassium
19
n'!On
32.1
35.5
10
39.9
Al
Si
P
S
CI
Ar
alumtnlum
Slticon
phosphorus
sulphur
ChIOrlno
argon
14
13
15
16
18
17
45.0
52.0
54.9
55.8
58.9
58.7
63.5
65.4
69.7
72.6
74.9
79.0
79.9
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
calcium
scandium
litanlum
vanadium
chromium
manganese
iron
cobal!
nickel
C(Jpper
zinc
gallium
germanium
arsenic
selenium
bromine
kryplon
21
24
23
22
91.2
92.9
95.9
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
rubidium
slront'um
yltflum
Zlfconlum
nooblum
133
137
39
139
Cs
Ba
La
38
barium
-
Ra
Fr
radium
88
122
128
127
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
ruthenIum
rhodIum
O"II"(\IU(l"l
silver
cadm'um
InC'um
""
:If\l'l"Ony
rolturtu m
'Ot:'I'l(!
'r.I'lt)n
46
45
47
49
48
50
51
52
178
201
204
207
209
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
PI
Au
Hg
TI
Pb
Bi
tanlalum
lungslen
74
dubnium
rhenium
seaborgium
Bh
bohrlum
107
106
osmium
76
75
Sg
-
Db
105
iridium
Hs
hasslum
108
pl,wnum
78
77
Mt
gold
79
Unu
mercury
Uuu
meltnOhum
ununn,ltum
ununun,um
109
110
111
lead
thallium
81
80
82
bismuth
53
Po
polonIum
84
83
At
-
Uub
Uuq
Uuh
UUO
ununbtum
ununquadlum
ununhextum
ununochum
116
118
112
114
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
promethium
samilllum
(luroplum
gadohnoum
terbIum
dysprOSIum
holmIum
erbIum
thulium
ytterbium
lutollum
59
61
-
Nd
60
Th
Pa
Ihorlum
prOlachnium
91
144
U
uranium
92
150
62
Np
noplunlum
93
152
plutonium
94
64
63
Pu
157
Am
americium
95
159
65
Cm
CUllum
96
163
berkelium
165
67
66
Bk
97
radon
86
praseodym'um neodymIum
Pr
Rn
aSlal,ne
85
Sm
141
Ce
131
54
Pm
140
cerium
90
119
197
58
•
115
195
104
aclinides •
112
192
ac1in,um • rutherfordium
lanthanides •
108
190
73
36
35
106
186
Rf
89
34
33
103
44
43
32
184
• 72
Ac
42
31
30
83.8
101
Tc
molybdenum technetium
29
28
181
hafnium
lanlhanum
57
56
41
40
27
26
25
88.9
franCIum
Ne
111'''''1'1''
20.2
50.9
87.6
caesium
31.0
F
9
8
28.1
19.0
47.9
85.5
55
7
27.0
20
37
14.0
12.0
6
5
magnesium
12
40.1
39.1
10.8
atomic number
4
3
87
2
1
Cf
68
Es
californium
einsteinium
98
99
169
167
70
69
Fm
Md
fermium
mendeleulum
100
173
101
175
71
No
nobOlium
102
Lw
lawrenCIum
103