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 John Stevens, the father of American railroads, 1825
 Cyrus McCormick, mechanical mower reaper 1831
 Samuel B. Morse telegraph 1838
 John Deere, steel plow 1840s
 Richard Hoe, rotary printing press 1840s
 Elias Howe & Isaac Singer and the sewing machine
1846
 Cyrus Field and the Transatlantic Cable 1866
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First Industrial Revolution:
Late 18 th century to 1860
Rotary press
Cotton gin Steel plow Sewing machine
Mechanical reaper
Telegraph
Early train
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John Stevens became interested in steam locomotion in the 1780’s. He established the world's first steam ferry, and later built the first operating steam locomotive in the United States.
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6

At the age of 22, McCormick invented the first successful mechanical reaper in 1831, which later led to the harvesting machine industry. McCormick ushered in a new era of agriculture mechanization. In this new era fewer farmers could feed more non farmers. This made it possible for millions of people to leave farms for jobs and careers in the new cities and factories.
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In 1835, Samuel Morse proved that signals could be transmitted by wire. He invented the Morse Code which used dots and dashes to transmit messages. In
1838 Congress funded construction of an experimental telegraph line from Washington to
Baltimore, a distance of 40 miles. The first official message "What hath God wrought?" opened the completed line on
May 24, 1844.
Morse
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John Deere invented a steel plow that could cut through land that in the past could not be cultivated with iron plows. He went on to build a large agricultural implement business.
John Deere 1859 factory
First steel plow
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In 1843, Richard Hoe invented the rotary printing press, a design that allowed much faster printing than the old style of printing press. With
Hoe’s design more cylinders could be placed around the main cylinder, moving much faster in one direction.
Some versions of the press were able to create up to 20,000 impressions per hour.
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1846 Advertisement
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Elias Howe Isaac Singer
Elias Howe invented the first practical sewing machine in
1845, but was unable to successfully market the product in the U.S. or abroad. Upon his return from Europe many designers modified his machine, the most successful of which was Issac Singer, who was able to sell them commercially on a large scale.
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“Now I can sew my clothes in half the time.”
1853
Singer advertisement
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Transatlantic Cable Telegraph
The first cable crossed the
Atlantic Ocean from Valentia
Island, in western Ireland to
Newfoundland. The Transatlantic cable connected North America with Europe, making communication possible in minutes rather than the usual days by ship. A stable connection was established in 1866 and more cables were laid down until the turn of the century.
Cyrus W. Field played a crucial role in coordinating the transatlantic cable telegraph
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This engraving includes scenes and people related to the laying of the Atlantic telegraph cable and the invention of the telegraph including Benjamin Franklin, Cyrus W. Field & Samuel Morse.
President Johnson is shown reading the morning news from
Europe, and Queen Victoria reading the news from America with the cable-laying ship at center, 1865.
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The completion of the transatlantic cable was celebrated as one of the great events of history
17

Prior to the railroad it was difficult for companies to move products to distant locations.
A transportation system was needed to efficiently and cheaply move both raw materials to the factories and the finished goods to the consumers.
River and canal transportation were limited to areas near water routes. In addition, frozen water prevented their use during the winter.
Railroads solved the problems and within a few decades of development, railroads became the most important method of moving goods and people.
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After much hardship the transcontinental railroad was completed in
1869, several years ahead of schedule.
Because the railroad was built so fast and with inferior materials, the whole route had to be replaced fifteen years later.
1883 train
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The completion of the transcontinental railroad changed the nation. The East and West were now united.
The nationwide railroad allowed for delivery in a much shorter time period. Items that had taken months to move could be sent in a matter of days at a fraction of the cost.
Western products like agriculture, coal, and other minerals could be moved easily to the east coast.
Passengers and freight from the east coast could reach the west coast in a matter of days instead of months at cheap prices.
Many people began settling in western areas. The 1890
Census showed new migration patterns and settlement.
Many historians cite the transcontinental railroad as a major factor in the closing of the western frontier.
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Railroad track mileage increased at a rapid pace from 1830 to 1910
1830 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
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Innovations led to the creation of an efficient rail network in the United States
The width of the rail tracts (gauge) was standardized which allowed trains from different railroads to switch tracks.
Four standardized time zones were created for the entire nation in 1883. This made it possible to create train arrival and departure times across the country.
Steel rails replaced iron rails, which could carry heavier loads.
The state and federal governments gave railroads huge grants of land amounting to over 180 million acres. This provided an incentive to build more lines and encouraged settlement.
George Westinghouse patented the first automatic air brake, which made train travel much safer.
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Gauge
Four standardized time zones replaced the original 100 on November 18, 1883, which made scheduling much easier
George Westinghouse created a better braking system based on compressed air which revolutionized the train industry
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George Pullman designed a sleeping car including the services of supplying the linens, housekeeping, and attendants for the sleeping cars, making train travel much more comfortable.
Pullman’s car gained much attention after it housed President’s
Lincoln’s body through 8 states during the funeral procession.
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Operation of railroads depended on the use of the telegraph to communicate location and prevent collisions
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1874
27

KEY DATES IN THE HISTORY OF THE
RAILROADS IN THE U.S.
1804 - Oliver Evans, builds the first American locomotive.
1830 - First steam locomotive, The Best Friend of Charleston, put into service on the South Carolina Railroad.
1830 - First common-carrier railroad on the Baltimore & Ohio.
1831 - First mail carried on railroad in South Carolina.
1851 - First train reaches Lake Erie.
1852 - First train reaches Chicago from the East.
1858 - First Pullman sleeping car goes into operation.
1863 - First successful rail labor union, Brotherhood of the
Footboard.
1869 - First transcontinental railway completed.
1869 - Westinghouse patents air brake.
1870 - First train traveled coast to coast, Boston-San Francisco.
1875 - First parlor car by Pullman.
1883 - Standard time zones adopted.
1885 - Janney automatic coupler approved.
1893 - Federal law requires air brakes and automatic couplers.
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United States emerged as an industrial giant
After the Civil War, expansion of railroads and steam ships helped the U.S. economy grow. New industries such as petroleum refining, steel manufacturing, and electrical power also contributed to growth in the U.S. economy.
The Second Industrial Revolution saw many new inventions in machine tools, factory equipment, rubber and steel products, and communications devices. The total number of patents grew tremendously during the period.
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Industrialization changed the U.S.
From the 1860s to the 1910s the U.S. transformed from a rural to an urban nation.
The west was settled, closing the frontier.
Large factories, steel mills, transcontinental railroad lines, flourishing cities and vast agricultural holdings covered the nation.
Along with this economic growth and affluence came problems. Nationwide, business dominated whole industries, either independently or in combination with others. Working conditions were often unsafe and unregulated. Cities grew so quickly they could not properly house or govern their growing populations.
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Corporate business organization
Technology and
Inventions
Abundant resources
Improved
Transportation
Methods
Second
Industrial
Revolution
Laissez-
Faire attitude of government Capital for investment
National market
Large labor supply
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The U.S. was rich with raw materials such as iron ore, copper, lead, coal, timber and petroleum
Many navigable rivers for low cost transportation
Rivers and streams provided water power for pre-steam engine factories and mills
Vast arable land allowed the U.S. to not only grow enough food for its own population but export huge amounts of agricultural crops for cash from foreign nations
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33

Coal production in millions of tons
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1870 1890 1913
France
Germany
Great Britain
U.S.A.
34

Most of this increase can be attributed to the large number of immigrants who arrived in the U.S. during the third waves of immigration from Europe. Most of these immigrants would be the labor supply upon which industrialism depended.
80,000,000
70,000,000
60,000,000
50,000,000
40,000,000
30,000,000
20,000,000
10,000,000
0
1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 35

th
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
USA Argentina and Uruguay
Canada Brazil Australia
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37

What is the difference between iron and steel?
Iron has been used by humans for thousands of years to make various items like weapons, cooking utensils, jewelry, and statues. In the U.S. it was an important industry. The first railroads were constructed with iron rails.
Steel is much stronger and more flexible
(it doesn't break as easily). 38

Illustration of an early iron mill
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Hopewell Furnace, now a national historic site, is located in southeastern
Pennsylvania.
The early iron and later steel town that operated between 1771-1883 demonstrates the typical layout of this kind of industrial town.
Key for illustration
1. Roads used to carry raw materials to the furnace and finished products to market
2. 1853 anthracite furnace that was meant to modernize
Hopewell's operations. The experiment failed
3. Recreated charcoal hearth
4. Charcoal house, which could hold 90,000 bushels, and the shed where the charcoal was cooled
5. Furnace bank, connecting shed, and bridge house, where charcoal, limestone, and ore were carried to the furnace
6. Water wheel that drove the blast machinery
7. Hopewell store
8. Cast house
9. Furnace
10. Shed where castings were cleaned before shipment
11. Blacksmith shop
12. Ruins of a schoolhouse built by the company in 1837
13. Tenant houses
14. Barn, accommodating 36 horses or mules
15. Spring house for perishable foods
16. Smoke house and bake oven
17. Ironmaster's mansion or
"Big House." Built in three stages, the house had 19 rooms on four floors
18. East headrace that carried water from a nearby creek to the water wheel
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Abundance of mineral resources like iron contributed greatly to the industrialization of the U.S.
Iron
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The process for making steel was discovered thousands of years ago
Although steel was superior to iron it was much harder to make and did not become widespread until the second half of the 19 th century.
Many people tried to find a way to produce steel cheaper but it was Henry
Bessemer, an English industrialist, who first devised what became known as the “Bessemer process” for making cheap steel.
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MAKING STEEL USING THE BESSEMER PROCESS
When iron is smelted from its ore by commercial processes, it contains more carbon than is desirable. To become steel, it must be melted and reprocessed to remove the correct amount of carbon, which is very expensive. It would not be cost effective to make steel until the Bessemer converter was invented by Henry Bessemer in England.
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Making steel using the Bessemer process
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Andrew Carnegie
A poor Scottish immigrant,
Carnegie went on to become one of America’s wealthiest men.
Carnegie had made a fortune in railroads and the iron business rebuilding bridges after the Civil War. On a vacation to his homeland,
Scotland, Carnegie witnessed the Bessemer process at a steel plant in
Britain. He bought the rights to the process and brought the Bessemer process to America.
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Carnegie took one of his
Iron foundries and converted it into a steel plant using the Bessemer process.
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Understanding the resources needed to produce large quantities of steel, Carnegie moved his operation to western
Pennsylvania where three rivers met,
Pittsburgh.
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It was in Pittsburgh, where
Carnegie would come to dominate the industry with his Carnegie Steel
Corporation, which not only produced steel but manufacturing it into useful products such as rails, bridges and ships.
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By the
1890s
Carnegie
Steel was the largest steel company in the US. By the 1900s,
Carnegie
Steel was producing more steel than the entire steel industry in
Great
Britain.
50

Iron ore production in millions of tons,
1870-1913
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35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Steel Production in millions of tons
1913
France
Germany
Great Britain
U.S.A.
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Total exports in percentages
6%
3%
3%
68%
1890
Agricultural products
Petroleum
Wood &
Manufacturings
Iron & Steel
13%
11%
5%
36%
1913
Agricultural products
Petroleum
Wood, Copper,
&
Manufacturing
Iron & Steel
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st
nd
450000
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0 before
1860
1860-
1890
# of patents issued
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Christopher Latham Sholes, an engineer, invented the modern typewriter in 1867 and secured the patent in 1868. Sholes sold the rights to the Densmore brothers because he did not want to market the new product. The Densmores went to rifle manufacturer Philo Remington to help sell the device.
"Whatever I may have felt in the early days of the value of the typewriter, it is obviously a blessing to mankind, and especially to womankind. I am glad I had something to do with it. I builded wiser than I knew, and the world has the benefit of it.” -Sholes
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The first "Sholes & Glidden Typewriter" went on the market in 1874 with lukewarm results. Remington engineers made improvements a few years later and sales skyrocketed.
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Twain showing his daughter one of his early typewriters.
“I will now claim--until dispossessed--that
I was the first person in the world to apply the typewriter to literature...The early machine was full of caprices, full of defects--devilish ones. It had as many immoralities as the machine of today has virtues. After a year or two I found that it was degrading my character, so I thought
I would give it to Howells...He took it home to Boston, and my morals began to improve, but his have never recovered.”
- The First Writing Machines , Mark Twain
Mark Twain’s 1880 typewriter. He was one of the first authors to use the machine.
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In 1881, the YWCA in New York offered a typing course for women. These were the first white collar jobs for women. By 1888, the number of women employed as typists grew to 60,000. These jobs led to women pursuing other white collar careers as well.
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1889 ad to train secretaries
1885 ad for Remington typewriters
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Ottmar Mergenthaler invented the linotype in 1886
The linotype allowed an operator to automatically set type through a
90-character keyboard that created an entire line of metal type at once. This created much faster printing than with the Gutenberg-style system where operators placed down one letter, punctuation mark or space at a time. The linotype machine poured molten type metal, which is a lead alloy, into the molds, producing a complete line of type in reverse, so it would read properly when used to transfer ink onto paper. The lines of type were then assembled by hand into a page. This technology revolutionized the industry.

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Timeline of key electricity dates
1752: Benjamin Franklin invented the lightening rod, demonstrating that lightning was electricity.
1830: Joseph Henry discovered the principles of the dynamo.
1831: Michael Faraday demonstrated electromagnetic induction by passing a magnet through a coil of wire.
1834: Charles Wheatstone used a revolving mirror and four miles of wire to measure the velocity of electricity.
1870s: Thomas Edison built a DC
(direct current) electric generator in
America. He later provided all of New
York's electricity.
Franklin
Faraday
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Major modern figures in the development of electricity
Michael Faraday
(1791-1867) from England discovered electromagnetic induction, which explored how electric currents work. His experiments facilitated many other inventions fifty to one hundred years later.
The farad, the unit of capacitance is named in the honor of Michael
Faraday.
James Maxwell
(1831-1879) a
Scottish mathematician who translated
Faraday's theories into mathematical expressions. A maxwell, the electromagnetic unit of magnetic flux, is named after him.
He was a brilliant mathematician and is held in esteem only behind Newton and Einstein in the world of science.
Thomas Alva
Edison (1847-
1931) had 1093 patents on items ranging from the phonograph to motion picture cameras. He had a modern research laboratory in
Menlo Park, NJ where his discoveries were made. He invented the light bulb and furthered the spread of electricity throughout cities.
Nikola Tesla
(1856-1943) a
Serbian who later emigrated to the
U.S. is often referred to as the most dynamic genius of all time.
He invented the electro-magnetic motor, fluorescent lighting, the Tesla coil, and the AC electricity supply system. Tesla's system allowed for the first hydroelectric plant in the U.S. in Niagara Falls in
1886.
George
Westinghouse
(1846-1914) built the first generators at
Niagara Falls.
He used money from his air brake system in trains to buy up patents in the electric field.
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Edison’s lab in
Menlo Park, NJ
Thomas Edison
Edison’s electricity plant,
Boston
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Thomas Alva Edison
(1847-1931) was one of the most productive and creative inventors in history. He was also a shrewd businessman, manufacturing and marketing many of his inventions and innovations.
Edison’s voice,
1888
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Thomas Edison
His first patent was in 1868 for an Electrical Vote Recorder.
In 1869 he received patents for an improved stock ticker and several other devices.
Between 1872 and 1876 he invented the motograph, automatic telegraph systems, paraffin paper, the electric pen
(mimeograph machine), and many other useful machines.
1876-1877 he invented the carbon telephone transmitter
"button", which made telephony a commercial success. The first phonograph was made in
Edison’s lab.
1879 he invented the first commercially practical incandescent electric lamp and later invented the machinery for the commercial use of electricity.
Altogether Edison obtained almost 1100 patents. He also developed the first research lab at Menlo Park.
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68

Nikola Tesla
AC power plant First AC generator
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Laying the “electrical tubes”
70

Electricity vastly changed life for all people. This new technology paved the way for many future inventions that rely upon electricity to work.
Its immediate effects were felt by people who could continue to operate after dark.
Impact of electricity
71

The birth of the telephone
Spoken by: Thomas A. Watson, assistant to Alexander Graham
Bell
Recording date: c. 1914
Location: Edison motion picture film studio, Bronx, NY
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Bell family 1852
Bell making the first long distance call in 1892
He invented the telephone and patented it 1876
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Demonstration of Bell’s telephone between Salem and
Boston, Massachusetts
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1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1876 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900
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