HTML
Introduction to Internet
Internet is the world’s largest computer network, the network of networks, scattered all over the
world. It is huge network of computers that links many different types of computers all over the
world. These networks are spread over various countries, various continents and are linked through
satellite, via telephone lines.
Definition – Internet is a huge network of computers that links many different types of computers all
over the world. It is a network of networks that share a common mechanism for addressing
computers and a common set of communication protocols for communications between two
computers on the network.
History of Internet
The seeds of the Internet was planned in 1969, when the Advanced Research Project Agency
(ARPA) of U.S. Department of Defence began connecting computers at different universities and
defence contractors. The goal of this project was to create large computer network with multiple
paths – in the form of telephone lines – that could survive a nuclear attack or other disaster. If one
part of the network was destroyed, other parts of the network would remain functional because data
could continue to flow through the surviving lines. ARPA also wanted users in remote locations to
be able to share scare computing resources. The ARPANET was very important to the Internet
project and was called the Backbone Networks. It helped researchers to communicate with each
other. The history of Internet is as follows

ARPANET – Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, Department of Defence

Developed in 1960s

Funded research to universities and companies

First packet-switched network built by BBN – Dec. 1969

Many LANs connected to the ARPANET with TCP/IP
NSFNET – National Science Foundation, late 1970s



High speed successor to ARPANET
ANSNET – Advanced Networks and Services

Took over NFSNET in 1990

Formed by IBM for commercial uses

Upgraded 1.5 Mbps links to 45 Mbps, sold to AOL in 1995
INTERNET

In mid 1980s, collection of networks viewed as “The Internet”.

TCP/IP is the glue that holds it together.

The primary applications of Internet are – E-mail, news, remote login, file transfer, www.
Who Runs Internet
No one in particular owns or runs the Internet. It is not surprising? Every network that is connected
to the Internet is responsible for its own part. However, there are three main organizations which are
suppose to guide and coordinate the working of Internet. They are
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) – It develops and maintains the Internet’s
communication protocols, which are the methods by which computers on Internet are connected.

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) – It looks into long term research problems, many of which
are at times critical to the Internet.

Internet Architecture Board (IAB) – This oversees the IETF and IRTF. It also ratifies any major
change to the Internet that comes from the IETF.
Very Short Answer Questions (1 – 2 Marks Questions)
1. Expand the following acronyms (a) WWW (b) HTTP
WWW – World Wide Web
HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol
2. Mention any two uses of Internet.
The two uses of Internet are
On-Line Communication – The Electronic (Email) service on Internet is extensively used
today by computer users around the world for faster communication with each other.

On-Line Journals and Magazines – The Internet has literally thousands of electronic
subscriptions that can be found both for free and low cost. A large number of magazines and
journals are available on Internet.
3. What is Web Page?
The documents residing on web sites are called web pages. A web page is a single unit of
information, often called a document that is available via the world wide web. A web page can be
longer than one computer screen and can use more than one piece of paper when it is printed out.
4. What is Web Site?
A collection of related web pages is called a web site. A web site comprises of collection of web
pages that may be maintained and updated by an organization like government or university
department, a business firm, a research organization etc.
5. Name the type of device to be used for connecting to Internet.
Modem
6. Give name of any two web sites used as search engines.
www.google.com, www.yahoo.com
7. What do you mean by Hypertext?
Hypertext is a text that is specially coded using a standard system called Hypertext Markup
language. These links can be textual or graphic, and when clicked on, can “link” the user to
another resource such as HTML documents, text files, graphics, animation and sound.
8. Define the following terms – (a) TCP/IP (b) HTTP
(a) TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) – The TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol) part is responsible for dividing the message into packets on the source computer. TCP
is also responsible for reassembling the received packets at the destination computer. The IP
(Internet Protocol) is responsible for handling the address of destination computer so that each
packet is sent to its proper destination.
(b) HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) – It is the set of rules or protocols, that governs the
transfer of hypertext between two or more computers. HTTP is a protocol used mainly to access
data on the world wide web. The protocol transfer data in the form of plain text, hypertext, audio,
video and so on. However, it is called the hypertext transfer protocol because its efficiency
allows its use in a hypertext environment where there are rapid jumps from one document to
another.
9. Expand the following acronyms – (a) ISDN (b) ISP (c) HTML (d) URL (e) FTP
ISDN
-
Integrated Services Digital Network
ISP
-
Internet Service Provider
HTML
-
HyperText Markup Language
URL
-
Uniform Resource Locator
FTP
-
File Transfer Protocol
10. What do you understand by web server?
A web server refers to a location on the Internet that contains information in the form of web
pages. To display HTML pages on web, it is necessary to access a web server.
11. What is a web browser? Name any two web browsers.
A web browser is a piece of software that acts as an interface between the user and the inner
working of the Internet, specifically the world wide web. Browsers are also referred to as web
clients or universal clients, because in the client/server model, the browser functions as the client
programs. The two popular web browsers are Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox.
12. What is the function of web browser? Explain.
Browsers are called as web clients or universal clients. The browser acts on behalf of the user and
does the following –

Contact a web server and sends request for information.

Receives the information and then displays it on the user’s computer.
13. What is the role of Internet Service Provider?
Internet Service Provider provides the Internet connectivity to the customers. The customers who
wish to have Internet connection apply to the ISP and pay a certain amount for obtaining the
connection. The ISP will in turn provide the connection to the customers.
14. Write the names of two Internet Service Providers in India.
(a) VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited)
(b) MTNL (Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited)
15. Explain the following terms – (a) URL (b) WWW (c) FTP (d) HTTP
(a) URL – URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. URLs represent a standardized addressing
scheme for the Internet resources and help users locate these resources by indicating exactly
where they are. Each resource or web site is available via the world wide web has a unique URL.
(b) WWW – WWW stands for World Wide Web. It is a repository of information spread all over
the world and linked together.
(c) FTP – FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is the protocol or set of rules, which enables
files to be transferred between computers. FTP is powerful tool which allows files to be
transferred from one computer to another computer.
(d) HTTP - It is the set of rules or protocols, that governs the transfer of hypertext between two
or more computers. HTTP is a protocol used mainly to access data on the world wide web. The
protocol transfer data in the form of plain text, hypertext, audio, video and so on. However, it is
called the hypertext transfer protocol because its efficiency allows its use in a hypertext
environment where there are rapid jumps from one document to another.
16. What do you mean by Gateway?
A gateway is a device that connects dissimilar networks i.e. networks having different
communication architecture are connected using gateways. Computers that interconnect two
networks and pass packets from one to the other are called Internet Gateways.
17. What is the purpose of modem?
Modem is short for Modulator – Demodulator. A modem is a device or program that enables a
computer to transmit data over, telephone or cable lines. Modems are of two types –
Internal Modem – These are the kind of modem that are fixed within computer.
External Modem – This type of modems are connected externally to a computer.
18. What do you mean by web address?
Web addressing is a systematic way to identify people, computers and the Internet resources.
Addresses can mean many different things from an electronic mail address to URL.
19. A Internet users uses a web browser to access the world wide web. Web pages can be
retrieved from web server using HTTP or HTTPS protocol.
(a) What does HTTP stand for
(b) What is the difference between HTTP and HTTPS
(a) HTTP stand for Hypertext transfer protocol. It is the set of rules or protocols that governs the
transfer of hypertext between two or more computers. The protocol transfer the data in the form
of plain text, hypertext, audio and video.
(b) Hypertext transfer protocol secure (HTTPS) is widely used communications protocol for
secure communication over a computer network. HTTPS URLs begin with “https:// “ and use
port 443 by default, whereas HTTP URLs begin with “http://” and use port 80 by default. HTTP
is insecure and is subject to main-in-the-middle and attacks, which can let attackers gain access
to website accounts and sensitive information. HTTPS is designed to withstand such attacks and
is considered secure against such attacks. The typical websites that required secure data
transmission(HTTPS) are: Social networking sites, Banking web sites, Online shopping websites.
20. Name few services offered on the web.
The services offered on web are
Email

Chat

Online Journals

Online Shopping

Video Conferencing

Online Banking
21. Give two reasons why most modern day companies decide to create a website of their own
rather than print brochures.
A website comprises of a collection of web pages that may be maintained and updated by an
organization like government of university department, a business house, a research organization
etc. Even a single individual can also create and maintain his/her own website to promote certain
ideas. The information on a website is stored in the form of a series of files that may be stored on
one or more computers. The companies create websites for their products to advertise them
worldwide whereas with print brochures it is very difficult to advertise their products worldwide.
22. Differentiate between web page and web site.
The documents residing on web sites are called web pages. A web page is a single unit of
information often called a document that is available via the world wide web. A web page can be
longer than one computer screen and can use more than one piece of paper when it is printed out.
A collection of web pages is called a web site. Web sites are housed on web servers, Internet host
computers that often store thousands of individual pages. Copying a page on a server is called
posting the page, but the process may also be referred to as publishing or uploading.
23. What do you mean by HTML
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It is a language for creating web pages. HTML
defines several aspects of a web page including heading levels, bold, italic, images, paragraphs
and hypertext links to other resources. HTML is standardized and portable. A document that has
been prepared using HTML markup tags can be viewed using a variety of web browsers such as
Internet Explorer, Mozilla FireFox.
24. What do you mean by domain name and domain name system (DNS)?
A domain name is a way to identify and locate computers connected to the Internet. A domain
name must be unique. i.e. no two organizations on the Internet can have the same domain name.
A domain name always contains two or more components separated by periods called “dots”.
Some examples of names are Microsoft.com, cbse.nic.in nasa.gov etc.
The domain name system (DNS) completes the task of matching domain name to IP address. The
domain name system is a collection of databases that contain information about domain names
and their corresponding IP address.
25. What is a protocol? Name any two protocol used on Internet.
Protocols are set of rules that govern the transfer of information over the Internet. The computers
connected to the Internet follow these protocols. The one protocol used on the Internet is TCP/IP.
The computers are connected to Internet using TCP/IP protocol.
26. What is e-mail? Write advantages of e-mail and limitation of over traditional mail.
E-mail is an electronic message sent from one computer to another. You can send or receive
personal and business related messages and attachments like pictures or other documents. Just as
a letter or document stops at the different postal stations along its way, e-mail is passed from one
computer to another as it travels along the network. Each computer reads the e-mail address and
routes it to another computer until it eventually reaches its destination. It is then stored in an
electronic mail box.
Advantages of E-mail

It is very fast, saves time and money, easy to use and less expensive than post.

Unlike the telephone, the persons communicating with each other need not to be available at
the same time.
Limitations of E-mail

Email has created an information overload.

It can become a distraction and can prevent people from doing productive work.
27. Give one reason why each computer on the Internet needs to have a unique IP address.
An IP address is a unique number that identifies computers on the Internet. An IP address
consists of four numbers separated by periods. Each number must be between 0 and 255. IP
addresses are unique. No two computers can have the same IP address.
28. What do you mean by dial up connection? Explain its purpose.
A dial-up connection is temporary connection, setup between your computer and ISP server. To
make a dial up connection we need a PC, a modem and an account from ISP. An Internet Service
Provider is a company that provides access to the Internet. Dial-up is an analog connection
because data is sent over an analog, public telephone network. The modem converts received
analog data to digital and vice versa. This connection is established by dialing the telephone
numbers of local ISP through modem. After dialing the number we have to enter UserName and
Password provided us by ISP and then connection is made to local server of ISP. The server of
ISP is connected to Internet and in this way PC gets connected to the Internet.
Advantages of Dial-up Connection

Low price connection

Easily available

Secure connection – because IP address continually changes.

East to setup
Disadvantages of Dial-up Connection

Quality of the connection is not always good.

Speed of connection is very slow.

Requires phone line.
29. Write the parts of URL with the help of one example of URL.
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL identifies a particular Internet resource e.g. a
web page, an image or a file. URLs represent standardized addressing scheme for the Internet
resources and help users locate these resources by indicating exactly where they are. Every
resource available via the world wide web has a unique URL.
URLs consists of letters, numbers and special characters. The basic structure of URL is
hierarchical and the hierarchy moves from left to right. The format of URL is protocol://servername.domain-name.top-level-domain:port/directory/filename
Example
http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2010/Apr/31pat.html
where
http
protocol
www
server name
rediff
domain name
com
top-level domain name
cricket
directory name
31pat.html
filename
30. What is a blog? What is its significance?
A blog is a type of website, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of
commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are
commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order.
Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more
personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images and links to other blogs, web pages,
and other media related to its topic. The features that make blogs different from other websites
are:

Content is published in a chronological order

Content is updated regularly

Readers have the possibility to leave comments.
31. What do you mean by IP address? Explain.
An IP address is a unique number that identifies computers on the Internet; every computer
directly connected to the Internet has one. An IP address comprises two fields namely the
network ID and the host ID. The network ID identifies the network to which the IP address
belongs, while the host ID uniquely identifies a host on the network.
An IP address consists of 32 bits of information. These bits are divided into four sections referred
to as bytes, each containing 1 byte(8 bits).
The four sections represent both the machine itself or host, and the network that the host is on.
The network portion of IP address is allocated to ISP by the InterNIC. ISPs then assign the host
portion of the IP address to the machines on the networks they operate.
32. Name the device used to connect computer to an analog telephone line.
The device used to connect a computer to an analog telephone line is Modem.
33. What is the purpose of Telnet?
The Telnet service allows Internet users to login to another computer somewhere in the network
i.e. Using telnet, user can have login session on a remote computer. To start a remote login
session, the user types the command telnet and address of the telnet computer. The user then
receives a prompt asking to enter a login name and a password to ensure that that the user has the
access rights for accessing the remote computer.
34. What is the purpose of using FTP?
FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is the set of rules, which enables the files to be
transferred between computers. A file that is to transferred may contain any type of digital
information such as text document, image, movie, sound etc. FTP has following advantages
It is an efficient way to get a geographically dispersed group to cooperate on a project.

It is useful to transfer files from one network in an organization to another.

It is a popular way to share information over the Internet.
35. Give any two websites used to send e-mail.
The websites used to send email are – www.gmail.com , www.rediff.com
36. What do you understand by downloading and uploading a file?
Moving a file from a remote computer to one’s own computer is called as downloading the file.
Moving a file from one’s own computer to remote computer is called as uploading the file.
37. Write the purpose of search engine? Give example of any one search engine.
A search engine is an interactive tool to help people locate information available via the world
wide web. Search engines are actually databases that contain references to thousands of
resources. http://www.google.com is an example of search engine.
38. What do you understand by video conferencing?
People who have a multimedia PC with a web camera and video compression hardware, access to
Internet and have videophone software can see each other while talking is called video
conferencing.
39. What do you mean by chat rooms?
The online textual talk is called chatting. Chatting is a popular way for Internet users to
communicate in a real-time with each user. Depending upon the interest of users a number of
chat rooms are there on chatting web sites. Users having interest in those rooms login there and
do chatting.
40. Differentiate between chat and e-mail.
Chat and email are similar in sense that both are carrying messages in textual form from one
device to another. The main difference between the two is with the speed that they occur. Chat is
like having an actual conversation where one party says something and expects a reply in a
couple of seconds. Email is more likely sending ordinary mail where we write something and
send it but expect a reply in anywhere from a few hours to a few days. The main differences
between char and email are as follows
Chat occurs in near real-time while email does not.

Chat is type of software while email is a protocol.

Chat requires the permission of both parties while email does not

Chat is typically software dependent while mail is not.

Chat needs accounts on the same provider while email does not.

Chat is able to convey voice and audio while mail cannot.
41. Define the following terms – Web Server , World Wide Web, Web Browser, News Groups,
Blogs
Web Server – A web server refers to a location on the Internet that contains information in the
form of web pages. To display HTML pages on web, it is necessary to access a web server. It is
the job of a web server to accept connections from web browsers all over the Internet and when
requested, send them the HTML documents that are available from site. This is done using the
HTTP protocol.
World Wide Web – The world wide web, also referred to as the WWW or simply the “web” is
the universe of information available via hypertext transfer protocol. WWW or web is a
repository of information spread all over the world and linked together. WWW provides a
network of interactive documents and the software to access them. WWW uses the concept of
hypertext and hypermedia.
Web Browser – A browser is a piece of software that acts as an interface between the user and
the inner working of the Internet, specifically, the world wide web. Browsers are also referred to
as web clients or universal clients, because in the client/server model, the browser functions as
the client program. The browser acts on behalf of the user and does the following
Contact a web server and sends request for information.

Receives the information and then displays it on the user’s computer.
News Groups – A newsgroup is like a large notice board that is accessible to all the members
belonging to the group. A member, who wants to exchange his/her views with other members,
sends a specially formulated message, which is processed and interpreted as a notice to be posted
on the notice board by the member’s computer, which has appropriate software running for this
purpose.
Blog – A blog is a type of website, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of
commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are
commonly displayed in chronological order. Blog can be also be used as a verb meaning to
maintain or add content to a blog.
42. Vinay Verma wants a broadband connection for accessing her mails and staying informed
about latest happenings in the field of Biotechnology. Can you suggest to Internet Service
Providers of India to be approached for the same.
Reliance, BSNL, Airtel
43. Sanjay works in a multinational company and needs to work online from home also. He
therefore requires a fast Internet connection. Which type of Internet connection in your
view would be best for him. Apart from browsing on the Internet he will be requiring
uploading/downloading of files to/from remote sites. Which protocol will help her to
perform his to perform this activity?
For fast Internet connection at home Broadband or cable connections are preferred. The FTP
protocol will help him to perform uploading and downloading of files.
44. How FTP work?
By using the FTP service, a file transfer takes place in the following manner
A user executes the FTP command on his local computer, specifying the address of remote
computer as a parameter.

An FTP process running on the user’s computer (called FTP client process) establishes a
connection with an FTP process running on the remote computer (called FTP server process).

The user is then prompted for login name and password to ensure that the user is allowed to
access the remote computer.
45. Name the two main parts of e-mail address with the help of example.
The two main parts of e-mail address are domain name and User Name. e.g. In e-mail address
xyz@rediffmail.com , xyz is the user name and rediffmail.com is the domain name.
46. What are the advantages of Telnet? Exaplain.
The advantages of Telnet are as follows
Using the computing power of the remote computer.

Using the software on remote computer.

Accessing remote computer’s database.

For logging into one’s own computer from another computer.
47. sf
Overview of HTML
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML represents a way to take ordinary text and
turn it into hypertext by just adding special elements – called – markup tags – that tells web browser
how to display a web page’s contents. HTML is the language interpreted by a Browser. Web Pages
are also called HTML documents. HTML is a set of special codes that can be embedded in text to
add formatting and linking information.
Definition – Hypertext Markup language is a language for describing how pages of text, graphics,
and other information are organized, formatted and linked together.
Today, HTML pages are the standard interface to the Internet. They can include animated graphics,
sound and video, complete interactive programs. Millions of web pages are retrieved each day from
thousands of web server computers around the world. HTML is specified as TAGS in an HTML
document. (i.e. web page).
HTML Tags
Tags are instructions that are embedded directly into the text of the document. An HTML tag is a
signal to a browser that it should something rather than just throw text up on the screen. By
convention all HTML tags begin with an open angle bracket (<) and end with a close angle bracket
(>).
An HTML tag is a coded command used to indicate how part of web page should be displayed.
HTML tags are of two types
Paired Tags or Container Tags – A tag is used to be a paired tag if it, along with a companion
tag,

Empty Tags –

Ad
Structure of an HTML Program
Every HTML program has a rigid structure. The entire web page is enclosed within <HTML>
</HTML> tags. Within these tags two distinct sections are created using the <HEAD> </HEAD>
tags and the <BODY> </BODY> tags.
<Head> Tag
Information placed in this section is essential to the inner workings of the document and has nothing
to do with the content of the document. With the exception of information contained within the
<TITLE> </TITLE> tags, all information placed within the <HEAD> </HEAD> tags is not
displayed in the browser. The HTML tag is used to indicate the start and end of the head section are:
<head>
<title>………………</title>
</head>
<body> tag
This tag is used to indicate the start and end of the main body of textual information are:
<body>
</body>
Attributes of <body> tag
Bgcolor
Changes the default background color to whatever color is specified with this
tag. The user can specify a color name or its equivalent color code.
Background Specifies the name of the graphics file that will be used as the background of
the document.
Text
Changes the body text color from its default value to the color specified with
this attribute.
<Title> tag
A web page could have a title and using <title> tag we can specify the title of web page. Text
included between the <title>………….</title> tags shows up in the title bar of the browser’s
window.
<title>Web Page Programming</title>
<html>
<head> <title> Title of Web Page <title>
</head>
<body>
Document body related tags
</body>
</html>
HEADING LEVEL TAGS
Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for your headings. HTML also have
six levels of headings, which use the elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and <h6>. While
displaying any heading, browser adds one line before and one line after that heading.
Example
<html>
<head><title>Heading Level Tags Example</title></head>
<body>
<h1>Database Management System</h1>
<h2>File Management System</h2>
<h3>Java Programming</h3>
<h4>PHP Programming</h4>
<h5>Visual Basic Programming</h5>
<h6>C++ Programming</h6>
</body>
</html>
PARAGRAPH TAG ( <P>…………</P> )
The <p> tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs. Each paragraph of text
should go in between an opening <p> and a closing </p> tag as shown below in the example:
Example
<html>
<head><title>Paragraph Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It is a language for creating web pages. HTML
defines several aspects of a web page including heading levels, bold, italic, images, paragraphs and
hypertext links to other resources. HTML is standardized and portable. A document that has been
prepared using HTML markup tags can be viewed using a variety of web browsers such as Internet
Explorer, Mozilla FireFox.
</p>
<p>
FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is the set of rules, which enables the files to be transferred
between computers. A file that is to transferred may contain any type of digital information such as
text document, image, movie, sound etc..
</p>
</body>
</html>
CENTERING CONTENT
You can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell.
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Centring Content Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>HTML is used to develop static web pages.</p>
<center>
<p>FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol</p>
</center>
</body>
</html>
HORIZONTAL LINES (<HR>)
Horizontal lines are used to visually break up sections of a document. The <hr> tag creates a line
from the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks the line accordingly. For
example, you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as in the given example below:
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Horizontal Line Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p>
<hr color=”blue” size=”3pt”>
<p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>
</body>
</html>
BOLD TEXT (<b>…………</b>
Anything that appears within <b>...</b> element is displayed in bold as shown below:
Example
<html>
<head><title>Example of Bold Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<b>HyperText Markup Language</b>
</body>
</html>
ITALIC TEXT (<I>…………..</I>)
Anything that appears within <i>...</i> element is displayed in italicized as shown below:
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Example of Italic Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<i>Web Programming using HTML</i>
</body>
</html>
Underlined Text (<u>…………..</u>)
Anything that appears within <u>...</u> element is displayed with underline as shown below:
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Example of Underline Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<u>Web Page Programming</u>
</body>
</html>
SUPERSCRIPT TEXT (^{……………})
The content of a ^… element is written in superscript; the font size used is the same size
as the characters surrounding it but is displayed half a character's height above the other characters.
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Superscript Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Solve Following Mathematical Equation:</p>
x²+y²+2xy
</body>
</html>
SUBSCRIPT TEXT (_{……………})
The content of a _… element is written in subscript; the font size used is the same as the
characters surrounding it, but is displayed half a character's height beneath the other characters.
Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Subscript Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Chemistry Equation:</p>
H₂O
</body>
</html>
INSERT IMAGES IN WEB PAGE ( <IMG> TAG)