What Goes Wrong in
Diabetes……….
or How the Body Uses Fuel
§What is Diabetes?
§The Human Digestive System
§The Fate of Absorbed Glucose
§Hormones Regulate the Fate of Glucose
§Types of Diabetes
§Symptoms of Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus
• Diabetes is a disease with multiple
causes
• It is associated with problems in fuel
usage
Ø Ingested sugars and proteins cannot be
ABSORBED properly by cells
ØIngested sugars and proteins cannot be
STORED properly by cells
Symptoms of Diabetes
SHORT-TERM Symptoms
• Hyperglycemia – high levels of glucose in the blood
• Hyperproteinemia – high levels of protein in the
blood
• Glucosuria – glucose in the urine
1
Symptoms of Diabetes
SHORT-TERM Symptoms
• Hyperglycemia
– high levels of glucose in the blood
• Hyperproteinemia
– high levels of protein in the blood
• Glucosuria – glucose in the urine
LONG-TERM Symptoms
• Reduced muscle growth in Children
• Symptoms of Wasting
Digestion of
Carbohydrates
begins in the
MOUTH
The Human
Digestive
System
STOMACH
LIVER
LARGE
INTESTINE
SMALL
INTESTINE
RECTUM
Food Molecules are broken
down by Enzymes & HCl in
the Mouth and Stomach
Complex
Carbohydrates
Glucose
Proteins
Peptides &
Amino Acids
2
Absorption of Simple Sugars
and Amino Acids occurs in
the Small Intestines
C h y m e Mixture is completely
digested in Intestine
-E n z y m e s f r o m P a n c r e a s
-Bile Salts from Gall Bladder
Degraded food
mixture is called
CHYME
Absorption occurs across
Plasma Membrane of
Microvilli
The Fate of Absorbed Glucose
• Glucose can be USED to make ATP
• Glucose can also be STORED
- Liver can store glucose
as GLYCOGEN
- Fat Cells convert glucose
to FAT
LIVER
FAT
CELL
3
Hormones Regulate the Fate
of Glucose
• Hormones are small molecules that
are used by cells to relay information
• Hormones are produced by the
organs of the Endocrine System
• Hormones are secreted into the
Circulatory System
• Regulate many processes including
Fuel Usage
Hormonal
Signaling
RECEPTOR
Hormonal Signaling
Hormones must get their message to
the inside of cells
Outside the cell
RECEPTOR
Inside the cell
4
The Pancreas Secretes the
Hormone INSULIN
• Insulin itself is a small
protein ( 51 amino acids)
• Insulin is secreted by the
pancreas when blood
glucose levels are high
• Insulin promotes glucose
ABSORPTION & STORAGE
by liver, fat and muscle cells
LIVER
PANCREAS
Types of Diabetes
Insulin Dependent Diabetes mellitus (aka . Type I)
-Infrequently due to genetic
defect in Insulin production
-Autoimmune response that
causes the death of cells in
pancreas that make insulin.
X
- Usually occurs before age 15
Types of Diabetes
Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes mellitus( aka.Type II)
- Problems with receptor,
occurs in 90% of Diabetes
cases
- Hypothesized to be due to
decreased production of
insulin receptor due to
chronic production of insulin
- Gestational Diabetes is
similar to Type II
X
5
Symptoms of Diabetes
SHORT-TERM
1. Hyperglycemia
2. Hyperproteinemia
3. Glucosuria
4. Excessive urination
and dehydration
Filtered Blood
OUT
Blood INTO Kidney
Nephron
Symptoms of Diabetes
SHORT-TERM
1. Hyperglycemia
2. Hyperproteinemia
3. Glucosuria
4. Excessive urination and dehydration
5. Thirst
6. Electrolyte imbalance
7. Coma
Symptoms of Diabetes
LONG-TERM
1. Reduced muscle growth in Children
2. Symptoms of Wasting
3. Renal failure
4. Symptoms of Atheroscelrosis
(heart attacks, strokes, gangreen)
6
Treatment of Diabetes
Type I
•
•
•
Controlled Diet
Monitor Blood Glucose Levels
INJECTIONS of INSULIN
X
Treatment of Diabetes
Type II
•
•
CONTROLLED DIET
Moderate EXERCISE
X
7