Chinese Mandarin Introductory
Course Using Pinyin
This document has been updated during June, 2013.
It now combines the first course,
“Pinyin Mandarin Preliminary Course” of 2003-2005
with a later course,
“Pinyin Mandarin Introductory Course” of 2006-2008
This version was updated 26 June, 2013.
See also the associated document,
“Chinese Mandarin Pronunciation Using Pinyin”,
an htm file with text linked to audio files.
Dictionaries are also available online at www.jaspell.co.uk
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
LIST OF CONTENTS
STUDIES
STUDIES
1 Pronunciation of individual and grouped characters
1.1 Individual sounds and their writing in Pinyin
1.2 Pronunciation of special vowel groups and syllables
1.3 Pronunciation of i depending on its context
1.4 Vowel tones and their tone marks in Pinyin
2 Greetings and appreciation, request and thanks; read
3 Presenting a message
4 Personal pronouns I, you, he, she, it; basic sentence construction
4.1 Sentence construction – subject and predicate
4.2 Sentence construction – conveying a verb for “being”
4.3 Sentence Construction – with a verb other than for “being”
5 Plural formation of personal pronouns
6 Who? - questioning
7 What? — questioning; calling by name
8 shð – the verbal word for “being, be, am, is, are”; yîge – “a, an”
9 ma – “is it so?” forms questions from statements; hço ma? — O.K.?
10 hën – very, indeed
11 bù – not, forming negative phrases
12 Auxilliary verbs: xiçng — want to; xíwèng — wish, hope to
13 gëi — give; næ — take
14 Speaking; Indirect and Direct Object pronouns
15 zèi – again
16 nêng, huð, dèo – can, to be able to
17 Close relatives and friends
18 Addition of xié to form plurals of demonstrative pronouns
19 know; understand; sentence elements with action and object
20 thing, look, see
21 Review of words learned in Studies 1-20
22 de — of; …’s; …s’ possessive case
23 Sentence structure with Direct or Indirect Objects
24 bç — a device for relocating an Indirect Object to achieve emphasis
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25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
bìi — by, indicating the doer in a Passive Sentence
God; Jehovah; këyï — permission; bùkë — prohibition
Measure words — more detail; (yí + gé) = yîge — “a, an”
de is added after more than one Hanzi character, as in hën hço de rên
yóu, mêiyóu — having; the Bible’s promised blessings
qù, læi, xuê, xuêxî — go, come, study
Places, buildings, meetings
huð — future actions and times
Past actions and times
cònglæi, cònglæi bù, cònglæi mêi — ever, never
Yes and No
Connectives — and, but, or
More Connectives — therefore, because, whether
wìishênme? yínwìi — reasoning why? because
yèoshi, jiçrö, röguó — Conditional Sentences — if…, then…
[zèi] zhìr / zhìlï; nèr / nèlï — [located] here, there
[zèi] zhër? / zhëlï; nçr? / nçlï — [located] where?
… de — that which …; huè — words; zhôngyèo — important
zuô — [to] do, make; sit; ride; xõyèo — [to] need [to]
yèng - manner; fångfç - way; fångshð - method; lù - means, road
Measure Words (MW) : “bën”, and “fìn”. See also Study 28+
guånyö —about; bångzhù — help; yông— use
yèoshi …, … jiù …— If …, then … …: further examples
suó —what, that which; suóyóu —whatever there is; dñu—all
Review of Interrogatives— who? what? when? where? why?
More interrogatives— how? how much? whose? which?
Try [to]
Let; cause to; suffer problem conditions
Direction: to, from
Direction: through, by way of, in the name of, behalf
Purpose, for, due to
Position: [located] in, at, on
Position: up, down, inside, outside, ahead, behind, beside, near
Circumstances: before, with, during, after
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59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
Auxilliary verbs - desire [to]: like, enjoy, wish, hope, want
Auxilliary verbs – complusion: need to, must, should, ought to
Auxilliary Verbs – ability: may, can, try to, let, allow
Use of Verbs: help, live, return, visit, stay, meet, do
Use of Verbs: see, hear, read, write
Use of Verbs: love, understand, have, obtain, receive
de and its various uses; Relatives and Correlatives
Measure Words (MW)
bï — Comparative; zuð — Superlative; gender
Numbers
Days, Months, and Dates
FREQUENTLY USED WORDS — Chinese Mandarin to English
FREQUENTLY USED WORDS — English to Chinese Mandarin
Review of Words Learned
APPENDICES
A SENTENCE STRUCTURE
B CONDUCTING A MEETING IN CHINESE MANDARIN
C HEBREW-ARAMAIC SCRIPTURES
D CHRISTIAN GREEK SCRIPTURES
ASSOCIATED PUBLICATIONS (at www.jaspell.co.uk)
PRONUNCIATION (WITH AUDIO FILES)
EXERCISES
INCREMENTAL PHRASE METHOD
DICTIONARY – CHINESE MANDARIN TO ENGLISH
DICTIONARY – ENGLISH TO CHINESE MANDARIN
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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STUDY 1
Pronunciation of individual and groups of characters
PRONUNCIATION 1.1 (Individual Sounds and Their Writing in Pinyin)
Pinyin script provides an approximate method for representing the
pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese using Roman characters with accents.
Some letters are pronounced as in English, but others have very different
sounds (as highlighted in the following chart). Pronunciation also varies in
different regions of China, but the following guidance is generally
acceptable.
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INDIVIDUAL SOUNDS
Pronounciation
Letters
a
b
c
ch
d
e
e
f
g
h
i
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
sh
t
u
w
wu
x
y
yi
z
zh
a
b
ts
tsh
d
e
e
f
g
ch
i
ee
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
chh
r
s
sh
t
u
w
oo
s
hs
y
ee
ds
dge
as in “father”, “atone”
as in “bag”
as in “bats”
as in “hatshop”
as in “dog”
as in “her”
as in “yes”, “yeah”
as in “fun”
hard as in “get”
gutturally as in “loch”
as in “sir”, “circle”, “chirp”
as in “been”;
as in “bistro”
as in “jam”
as in “kitchen”
as in “love”
as in “mug”
as in “nibble”
as in “or”
as in “pun”
as in “matchhead”
rolled as in “curl”
as in “sat”
as in “rashly”
as in “top”
as in “boot”
as in “water”
as in “pool”
as in “see”;
as in “aah, see!”
as in “yam”
as in “been”
as in “suds”
as in “hedgeless”
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Position
Position
generally
after “y”
(not soft as in“gel”)
after c, ch, r, s, sh, z, zh
after b, d, j, l, m, n, p, q, t, x, y
(See group below)
not “wu”
yi is “i”, not “yi”
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See also the table below about groups of vowels and syllables.
PRACTICE 1.1 (Pronunciation of Characters in Simple Syllables)
With the help of the table given above please read these syllables:
Read: ba, ca, cha, da, e, ye, er, fa, ga, ha, yi, bi, ci, ju, ka, la, ma,
na, bo, pa, qu, re, sa, sha, ta, wu, bu, wa, xi, ya, yi, za, zha
Repeat
PRONUNCIATION 1.2 (Pronunciation of Special Vowel Groups)
See the following table titled: “Some Special Vowel Groups and
Syllables”.
Some groups are marked with an asterisk, “*”. The following comments
apply to these.
If the vowel group starting in “i” occurs on its own, it needs to be written
beginning with “y” instead of “i”. So, “ian” would be written as “yan”.
Similarly, a group on its own starting in “u” is written using a “w” instead
of the “u”. So, “uan” is written as “wan”.
Some sound groups are easier recognizable for an English speaker: aisle;
ban; bang; naos (sounding like now); eight; tiara; ring.
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SOME SPECIAL
SPECIAL VOWEL GROUPS AND SYLLABLES
Group
Sounds like…
like…
en urn or undo
eng bung
i (in ci, chi, ri, si, shi, zi, zhi) shirt (without r), zircon, adze
i (in bi, di, fi, ji, li, mi, ni, qi, ti, xi, yi) been, deed, jeep, tee, see, eel
ia / ya * yarn, try a bit
ian / yan * yen, try any
iang / yang * young
iao / yao * yowl
ie / ye * the air; ee-ye
iong / yong * Jung (German)
iu / you * yoyo
o
fore, door
ong (after d, t, n, l, z, c, s, zh, ch, r, g, k, h) jung (German); long
ou dough
u / wu * shoe, gnu, do
u (in lú, nú ) / yu * chew your food
u (in ju, qu, xu) / yu * chew your food
ua / wa * wax
uai / wai * wide
uan / wan * won
uan (after j, q, x) / yuan * ú-yen; new end; inuendo
uang / wang * wangle
ue (in lúe, núe) / yue * ú-ye, new energy
ue (in jue, que, xue) / yue * ú-ye, new energy
(uei) / ui / wei * weigh
un (after d, t, n, l, z, c, s, zh, ch, sh, r, g, k, won, dun
h) / wen
(ueng) / weng * swung
un (in jun, qun, xun) / yun * unique; German ú
uo / wo wall
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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PRACTICE 1.2 (Pronunciation of Special Vowel Groups and Syllables)
With the help of the table (of special vowel groups and syllables) given
above please read these syllables:
Read:
en, ben, beng, ci, bi, ya, jia, lia, yian, dian, dianr, yang, liang, yao,
biao, jiao, ye, bie, jie, xie, yong, jiong, xiong, you, miu, jiu, o
Repeat
Read:
bo, dong, rong, zhong, wu, bu, yu, nú, lú, ju, qu, wa, zhua, hua,
wai, guai, wan, duan, juan, quan, xuan, wang, huang, chuang, yue
Repeat
Read:
lúe, núe, jue, xue, wei, dui, zui, wen, dun, hun, yun, jun, xun, wo,
duo, shuo, huo, huor .
Repeat
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
PRONUNCIATION 1.3 (Pronunciation of “i” Depending on Its Context)
The vowel “i” may occur after some, but not all consonants. If the sound of
the letter “i” occurs on its own, the sound is represented by “yi”.
The letter “i” can be pronounced in two different ways, depending on
which sort of consonant it occurs with. It is easier to remember which is
right, if you register where in your mouth the first group is pronounced.
Note: c, ch, r, s, sh, z, and zh are a family of sounds. They are all
pronounced in the roof of the mouth towards the front of the palate with
the help of different amounts of pressure from the tongue. With “r” the
tongue barely touches the palate, whereas with “zh” the tongue is folded
back there somewhat painfully.
WAYS TO PRONOUNCE “I”
ci
chi
ri
si
shi
zi
zhi
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
what sir did
what churns around
never irksome
sir
shirt
zircon
adjourn
Repeat
bi
di
ji
li
mi
ni
pi
qi
ti
xi
yi
Repeat
been
deed
jeep
leek
meek
need
peek
cheek
tee
“aah, see!”
“eel”
* If this “i” occurs with characters in the group in left hand column, but it
occurs without a tonal mark — especially at the tail end of a word — it
tends to be restrained. (Compare the end of English words like “sire”,
“shire”, “adze”, “badge”, etc., in which the final vowel “e” is almost lost.)
For example, this applies to “shi”, but not to sh, sh, sh, or sh.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
PRACTICE 1.3 (Varying Pronunciation of “i”)
With the help of the table given above please read these syllables:
Read: bi, ci, chi, di, ji, li, mi, ni, pi, qi, ri, si, shi, ti, xi, yi, zi, zhi.
Repeat
PRONUNCIATION 1.4 (Vowel Tones and Their Tone Marks in Pinyin)
Mandarin is pronounced with tones. These are indicated in Pinyin script by
tone marks.
Mandarin
Tone
First tone
Second tone
Third tone
Fourth tone
(Toneless)
Pinyin
Tone mark
à
á
â
ã
(No mark)
Description of Tone
highest and level pitch
starts high and rises
falls first and then rises
starts high and then falls
unstressed or neutral
Example
må (mother)
mæfan (trouble)
mç (horse)
mè (scold)
ma (eh, surely!)
Repeat
NOTE 1
When a third tone (…â) precedes another third tone, pronounce it as a
second tone (…á). Hence “hën hço” is pronounced ‘hên hço’. Similarly,
“nï hço” is pronounced more like “nî hço”.
NOTE 2
Some words like “bù” change before a fourth tone syllable ã or before a
toneless syllable. “bù” changes in writing to “bö”.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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PRACTICE 1.4 (Pronunciation of Vowel Tones)
Read the following verses (from Galatians 5:22-23).
Lðng yð
fångmièn,
shìnglîng
de guóshî
yóu
èixín,
xïlì,
hêpîng,
On the
other
hand,
the
fruitage of
the spirit
is / have
love,
joy,
peace,
jiånrën,
rêncî,
liængshèn,
xðnxín,
wénhê,
zðzhð.
longsuffering,
kindness,
goodness,
faith,
mildness,
selfcontrol.
Lðng yð fångmièn, shìnglîng de guóshî yóu èixín, xïlì, hêpîng, jiånrën,
rêncî, liængshèn, xðnxín, wénhê, zðzhð.
PRACTICE 1.5 (Pronunciation of Vowel Tones)
Read:
Qïng dö zhìge hço xiåoxi.
Please read this good news.
Wó xíwèng gëi nï zhìge tìbiê qïngtië. I'd like (hope) to give you this
special invitation.
Xíwèng hën kuèi jièndèo nï!
See you soon! (Wish very quickly
get to see you.)
Zhù nï zço rð kångfù!
‘Get well soon!’
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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DIALOGUE 1.1 (Pronunciation of Vowel Tones)
Read this dialogue as two persons, A and B:
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
Zçoshèng hço
Good morning
Zçoshèng hço.
Good morning
Hën gåoxðng jièndèo nï
Nice to see you.
Wó yë hën gåoxðng jièndèo nï.
Nice to see you too.
Wó jièo X. Nï jièo shênme
I'm called X. What name are you
mîngzi?
called?
Wó jièo X.
I'm called X.
Wómen xíwèng xiçngyóu hêpîng We'd like to enjoy a life of peace,
de shéngmðng, këshð yóu duñ
but we have much difficulty.
kùnnan.
Duð!
Correct!
Wó xíwèng gëi nï zhìfìn qïngtië. I'd like to give you this invitation.
Wìishênme?
For what?
Mëi Xíngqíyí yóu pøtònghuè yông Each Monday there's a discussion
de tçolùn.
using Mandarin.
Tçolùn de huètî shð shênme?
What is the topic?
Wómen xuêxî Shèngdð de yùyæn. We study God's prophecy. He said
Tå shuñ le Tå huð zënyèng
how He will help righteous ones.
bångzhù yðrên.
Zèi nçr?
Where?
Wó nêng læi rèng nï dåché.
I can come and give you a lift by
car.
Xiìxie. Këshð wó nêng zóulù.
Thanks. However, I can go on foot.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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DIALOGUE 1.2 (Pronunciation of Vowel Tones)
Read this dialogue as two persons, A and B:
A Nï xiçng dö zhìge hço xiåoxi ma? Would you like to read this
good news?
B Hçode
OK
A Nï duð zhìge huètî gçn xðngqù ma? Are you interested in this topic?
B Wó yóu xðngqù liçojië. Këshð guô I'm interested in understanding.
yíhuïr.
But later.
A Zhì shð wóde diènhuè hèomç.
This is my telephone number.
Zhì shð wóde yímìir dðzhï.
This is my email address.
B Xiìxie.
Thanks.
A Nï nêng gèosù wó nïde diènhuè
Could you tell me your
hèomç hê dðzhï ma?
telephone number and address?
B Hçode. Gëi nï.
OK. Here you are.
A Mîngtiån Yîngwên yông de tçolùn Tomorrow the topic in English
huð shð:
will be:
“Shèngdð duð nï hën zhôngshð ma?” “Does God count you as
important?”
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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STUDY 2
Greetings and appreciation; read
VOCABULARY 2.1 (Greetings, Request and Thanks)
Huånyîng! *
Nï hço!
pøtñnghuè
Welcome!
Hello! Hi! Howdy! How do you do!
Mandarin
Qïng
dö
Xiìxie!
Xiìxie nîn!
Please!
[to] read
Thanks!
Thank you! (polite form)
* See guidance on Mandarin pronunciation and Pinyin script.
Check especially “h” in Pronunciation 1.1.
Check especially “q”, and “x” in Pronunciation 1.1.
Check tones and tonal marks in Pronunciation 1.4.
Remember, when a third tone (…â) precedes another third tone, pronounce
it as a second tone (…á). So, “nï hço” is pronounced more like “nî hço”.
PRACTICE 2.1 (Greetings and Appreciation)
Nï hço!
qïng
Qïng dö
Xiìxie
pøtñnghuè
Huånyîng
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
Hi!
please
Please read.
Thanks!
Mandarin
Welcome!
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STUDY 3
Presenting a message; style awareness
VOCABULARY 3.1 (Messages)
zhì; zhìi
zhìge …
nè …
nège …
hço
xiåoxi
xðnxí
qïngtië
this (some person or thing here)
this (particular) …
that (some person or thing there)
that (particular) …
well, good fine
news
information, message
invitation
(Remember, “h” in “hço” is pronounced raspingly, like “ch” in Scottish
“loch”)
(Pronounce “zh” in “zhì” like ‘dge’ in ‘hedgeless’. Curl back the tongue.)
GRAMMAR 3.1 (Style Awareness)
You may be able to discern subtle differences in how a word feels
according to context. Observe in the following example that “zhì” would
feel too vague and general, so it’s good to add “-ge” to make the object in
the sentence more specific.
The examples provided at the start of this course try to make meaningful
sentences, but with only a few words learned at this stage, it is almost
unavoidable that some of them lack some of the finer style you can achieve
with a wider choice of words.
Qïng dö zhì[ge].
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
Please read this [item].
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INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION 3.1 (Messages)
Learn the following method or constructing a sentence incrementally.
Nï hço!
Qïng dö
xiåoxi
hço xiåoxi
zhìge xiåoxi
zhìge hço xiåoxi
dö zhìge hço xiåoxi
Qïng dö zhìge hço xiåoxi!
Hi!
Please read.
news
good news
this news
this good news
Read this good news
Please read this good news!
INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION 3.2 (Messages)
Nï hço!
Qïng dö
qïngtië
hço qïngtië
zhìge qïngtië
zhìge hço qïngtië
dö zhìge hço qïngtië
Qïng dö zhìge hço qïngtië!
Xiìxie!
Xiìxie nîn!
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
Hi!
Please read.
invitation
good invitation
this invitation
this nice invitation
read this nice invitation
Please read this nice invitation!
Thanks!
Thank you! (polite form)
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REVIEW 3.1
Greetings! / ‘Hello!’ /
‘How are you?’
‘nï hço’! [- h is pronounced like ch in loch]
Please!
Read!
Please read …!
qïng! [- q is lpronounced ike ch in chicken]
dö!
qïng dö …!
information
this [a word used in place of
a person or thing]
this particular …
this information
Please read this invitation.
xðnxí
zhì [- zh is pronounced like dge in fudge]
Please read this invitation.
Qïng dö zhìge qïngtië.
Thanks!
Thank you! (polite form)
xiìxie!
xiìxie nîn!
zhìge … - g is like g in get
zhìge xðnxí
Qïng dö zhìge xðnxí.
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STUDY 4
Personal pronouns and basic sentence construction
VOCABULARY 4.1 (Personal Pronouns)
wó
nï
tå
I
you
he, she, it
ACTIVITY 4.1
{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Clap, repeat prompt:
“Juanita”. Get all to stand, pointing to oneself, to the adjacent person, or to
another person further away.}
Imagine “Juanita” dancing to lively music played on stringed instruments.
Do the following activity.
:wó point to self (= 1st. person)
nï
point to partner (= 2nd. person)
tå
point to another (= 3rd. person)
Repeat singing and clapping. Repeat gesturing without singing. Repeat
singing and clapping.
Repeat singing and gesturing.}
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GRAMMAR 4.1 (Sentence Construction – Subject and Predicate)
Observe in the following examples how a sentence is made up of a Subject
and its Predicate. The Subject is, in effect, the doer of an action. The
action is conveyed by a doing word, a verb. This action may or may not
affect an object. For further examples of sentence construction see
Study 19.
GRAMMAR 4.2 (Sentence Construction – Conveying a Verb for “Being”)
In this first example, the action word, or verb, conveys the thought of
“being”. In some languages, as with Chinese Mandarin, the verb word
indicating “being” can be omitted. Each of these sentences is simple, only
having one clause, and this is a Main Clause. In each of these simple Main
Clauses there are a ‘subject’ (doer) and an adjective describing the doer.
SUBJECT
DOER
Wó
Nï
Tå
PREDICATE
ACTION
[]
hço.
[]
hço.
[]
hço.
SUBJECT
DOER
I
You
He, she or it
PREDICATE
ACTION
[am]
[are]
[is]
fine.
fine.
fine.
GRAMMAR 4. 3 (Sentence Construction – With a Verb Not for “Being”)
In these second examples, the action word, or verb, conveys the thought of
“reading”. In one set the verb does not have an object. The other does.
SUBJECT
DOER
PREDICATE
ACTION
OBJECT
Wó
Nï
Tå
dö.
dö.
dö.
Wó
Nï
Tå
dö
dö
dö
SUBJECT
DOER
tå.
tå.
tå.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
20
PREDICATE
ACTION
OBJECT
I
You
He, she or it
read.
read.
reads.
I
You
He, she or it
read
read
reads
it.
it.
it.
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
ROUTINE 4.1
Form a variety of sentences using one choice from each of the three
elements.
1
2
Qïng
Wó
Nï
Tå
3
tå
dö
zhìge xiåoxi
EXERCISE 4.1 (See Answers below.)
Translate into English:1. He reads.
2. Please read.
3. Please read it.
4. Please read this news.
5. I read it.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 4.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
EXERCISE
He reads.
Please read.
Please read it.
Please read this news.
I read it.
ANSWER
Ta dö.
Qïng dö.
Qïng dö tå.
Qïng dö zhìge xiåoxi.
Wó dö tå.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
EXERCISE 4.2 (See Answers below.)
Translate into Mandarin:1. Nï dö.
2. Qïng dö tå.
3. Tå dö zhìge xiåoxi
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 4.2
(Practise these until you know them well.)
EXERCISE
1. Nï dö.
2. Qïng dö tå.
3. Tå dö zhìge xiåoxi.
ANSWER
You read
Please read it.
He reads this news.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 5
Plural formation of personal pronouns
VOCABULARY 5.1 (Plural Construction)
…men
…s (plural ending for persons )
GRAMMAR 5.1
The plural of words for personal pronouns and nouns for animate
groupings is made by appending “men”. This is similar to the appending
of “s” in English.
Wó
Nï
Tå
Wómen
Nïmen
Tåmen
I
You
He, she, it
We
YOU
They
EXAMPLES 5.1
Wó hço.
Nï dö.
Wómen hço.
Nïmen dö.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
I [am] fine.
You read.
We [are] fine.
YOU read.
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
ROUTINE 5.1
Form a variety of sentences using one choice from each of the three
elements.
Wó
Nï
Tå
Wómen
Nïmen
Tåmen
tå
dö
zhìge xiåoxi
hço
PRACTICE 5.1
{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of
three}
Exchange statements using:wó, nî, tå, wómen, nïmen, tåmen, hço, dö, zhìge xiåoxi.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 6
Who? - questioning
VOCABULARY 6.1
shêi?
who?
GRAMMAR 6.1
Shêi [ ] hço? *
Who [is] well?
Shêi dö tå?
Who reads it?
Shêi dö zhìge qïngtië?
Who reads this invitation?
* Note that the verb word indicating “being” has been omitted again.
ROUTINE 6.1
Create questions (wìntî) and answers (huîdæ) from the two elements.
Q
dö?
Q
Shêi
reads?
Who
hço?
A
Wó
Nï
Tå
Wómen
Nïmen
Tåmen
is well?
A
dö
hço
I
You
He, she, it
We
YOU
They
read
am/is/are well
ACTIVITY 6.1
{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of
three.}
Exchange statements using:wó, nî, tå, wómen, nïmen, tåmen, shêi, hço, xiåoxi, qïngtië, dö.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 7
What? — questioning; calling by name
VOCABULARY 7.1
shênme?
jièo
mîngzi; mîng
what?
[to] call by a name; [to] be called by a
name
name
GRAMMAR 7.1
Wó jièo Alan.
Nï jièo shênme mingzi?
Nï jièo Bill.
Tå jièo Colin.
Tåmen jièo shênme mîngzi?
I'm called Alan.
What name are you called?
You are called Bill.
He is called Colin.
What is their name?
GRAMMAR 7.2
Nï dö shênme?
What are you reading?
Tå dö shênme xiåoxi?
He is reading what news?
Shênme hço xiåoxi?
What good news?
Shênme xiåoxi [ ] hço? *
What news [is] good?
* Note that the verb word indicating “being” has been omitted again.
ACTIVITY 7.1
{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of
two or three.}
Act out roles of two persons. Exchange names. Exchange questions and
statements using:wó, nî, tå, wómen, nïmen, tåmen, shênme, etc.]
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
Tå
Wómen
Nïmen
Nï
Wó
Tåmen
shênme?
dö
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
hço xiåoxi!
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 8
shð – the verbal word for “being, be, am, is, are”; yîge – “a, an”
VOCABULARY 8.1
shð
[to] be; am, are, is, be
yîge *
a, an (indefinite article )
* “yîge” is, in effect, a combination of “yí” (meaning “one”) and “gé”.
This “gé” is a measure word and the most common one, because you can
get away with using it generally. Later you will learn other measure words
that are specific to particular nouns. (See Study 27.)
GRAMMAR 8.1
Nïmen shð shêi?
Tå shð shênme?
Zhì shð yîge qïngtië.
Who are YOU?
What is it?
This is an invitation.
ACTIVITY 8.1
{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of
two or three.}
Act out roles of two persons. Exchange questions and statements using one
choice from each of the three sentence elements.
Tå
Wómen
Nïmen
Nï
Wó
Tåmen
shêi?
Ann
Bill
Colin …
shð
*
* Here you could also say: “Yéhêhuæ Jiènzhìngrên” : “Jehovah's
Witness(es)”, for example.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
DIALOGUE 8.1
Read this dialogue as two persons, A and B:
A
B
A
B
B
A
B
Nè shð shênme?
Nè shð yîge qïngtië!
Zhì shð shênme qïngtië?
Zhìge xðnxí shð hço xiåoxi!
Qïng dö nège qïngtië.
Xiìxie.
Xiìxie nîn!
What is that?
That’s an invitation!
What invitation is this?
This message is good news?
Please read that invitation.
Thanks.
Thank you. (polite form)
EXERCISE 8.1
Translate into English:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Nè shð shênme?
Nïmen shð shêi?
Nè shð shênme xðnxí?
Nège xiåoxi shð shênme?
Zhì shð yîge xðnxí.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 8.1
(Practise these until you know them well.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
EXERCISE
Nè shð shênme?
Nïmen shð shêi?
Nè shð shênme xðnxí?
Nège xiåoxi shð shênme?
Zhì shð yîge xðnxí.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
ANSWER
What is that?
Who are YOU?
What message is that?
What is that news?
This is a message.
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
EXERCISE 8.2
Translate into Mandarin:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
This invitation is good news.
That is an invitation?
Please read that invitation.
What message?
That message.
What message is it?
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 8.2
(Practise these until you know them well.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
EXERCISE
This invitation is good news.
That is an invitation?
Please read that invitation.
What message?
That message.
What message is it?
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
ANSWER
Zhìge qïngtië shð hço xiåoxi.
Nè shð yîge qïngtië?
Qïng dö nège qïngtië.
Shênme xðnxí?
Nège xðnxí.
Tå shð shênme xðnxí?
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26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 9
ma – “is it so?” to form a question from a statement; hço ma? — O.K.?
VOCABULARY 9.1
ma?
… hço ma?
mm, eh, surely, is it so?
…, O.K.? (…, is it good with you?)
NOTE: “… ma?” is added to a sentence to convert it from a statement to a
question.
EXAMPLES 9.1
Wó hço ma?
Nï hço ma? *
Nï dö tå ma?
Zhìge xiåoxi hço ma?
Qïng dö zhìge qïngtië, hço ma?
How am I? I'm O.K., eh?
Am I well?
You're O.K., mm? How are you? *
Do you read this?
Is this news good?
Would you read this invitation?
(Please read this invitation, O.K.?
* Note that this is asking how “you” are and differs from “Nï hço”.
PRACTICE 9.1
Convert these questions into plain statements.
Wó hço ma?
Nï hço ma?
Tå hço ma?
Wómen hço ma?
Nïmen hço ma?
Tåmen hço ma?
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
How am I? I'm O.K., eh?
You're O.K., mm? How are you?
Is it O.K.? It's fine, mm? He's well?
How are we? We're O.K., surely?
How are you? YOU're fine, eh?
How are they? They're O.K., mm?
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
PRACTICE 9.2
Convert these statements into questions by using “ma?”
Wó hço.
Nï hço.
Tå hço.
Wómen hço.
Nïmen hço.
Tåmen hço.
I'm O.K.
You're O.K.
It's fine. / He's well
We're O.K.
YOU're fine.
They're O.K.
PRACTICE 9.3
Convert these statements from singular person to plural person.
Wó hço.
Nï hço.
Tå hço.
I'm O.K.
You're O.K.
It's fine. / He's well
PRACTICE 9.4
Convert these questions from plural person to singular person.
Wómen hço ma?
Nïmen hço ma?
Tåmen hço ma?
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
How are we? We're O.K., surely?
How are you? YOU're fine, eh?
How are they? They're O.K., mm?
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
PRACTICE 9.5
Converse using questions (wìntî) and answers (huîdæ).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
QUESTIONS
Wó hço ma?
Nï hço ma?
Tå hço ma?
Wómen hço ma?
Nïmen hço ma?
Tåmen hço ma?
ANSWERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Nï hço!
Wó hço!
Tå hço!
Nïmen hço!
Wómen hço!
Tåmen hço!
REVIEW 9.1
well, good
I
I [am] well
you
You [are] well.
he, she, it
He [is] well.
we
We [are] well.
YOU
YOU [are] well.
they
They [are] well.
…, is it so?
I [am] well, is it so?
You [are] well, are you?
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
hço
wó
Wó [ ] hço
nï
Nï [ ] hço
tå
Tå [ ] hço
wómen
Wómen [ ] hço
nïmen
Nïmen [ ] hço
tåmen
Tåmen [ ] hço
… ma?
wó [ ] hço ma?
Nï [ ] hço ma?
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 10
hën – very, indeed
VOCABULARY 10.1
hën
very, ‘is very’, ‘is indeed’
GRAMMAR 10.1
Wó hën hço! *
Wó bù hço.
Wó bù hën hço. *
I sure [am] fine! I['m] very well.
I [am] not well.
I [am] not very well.
* Remember, when a third tone (…â) precedes another third tone, pronounce
it as a second tone (…á). Hence “hën hço” is pronounced like ‘hên hço’.
ROUTINE 10.1
{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of
two or three.}
Exchange names. Converse using questions (wìntî) and answers (huîdæ)
Wó hço ma?
Nï hço ma?
Tå hço ma?
Nïmen hço ma?
Tåmen hço ma?
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
Nï hën hço!
Wó hço.
Tå hën hço!
Wómen hën hço!
Tåmen bù hço!
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 11
bù – not, forming negative phrases
VOCABULARY 11.1
bù (bö before a fourth tone syllable ã not, not want to, No
or before a toneless syllable)
GRAMMAR 11.1
Wó hën hço!
Wó bù hço.
Wó bù hën hço.
I sure [am] fine! I [am] very well.
I [am] not well.
I [am] not very well.
Remember, when a third tone (…â) precedes another third tone, pronounce
it as a second tone (…á). Hence “hën hço” is pronounced like ‘hên hço’.
ROUTINE 11.1
{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of
two or three.}
Converse using questions (wìntî) and answers (huîdæ).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Wó hço ma?
Nï hço ma?
Tå hço ma?
Wómen hço ma?
Nïmen hço ma?
Tåmen hço ma?
Tåmen hço ma?
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
35
Nï hën hço!
Wó bù hço.
Tå hën hço!
Nïmen bù hço!
Wómen hën hço!
Tåmen bù hço!
Tåmen bù hën hço!
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
EXERCISE 11.1 (See Answers below.)
Translate the following examples into English:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Wómen hço ma?
Nïmen bù hço!
Tå hço ma?
Tåmen bù hën hço!
Wómen hën hço!
Tåmen bù hço.
Tåmen hço ma?
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 11.1
Practise these, if you need to.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
EXERCISE
Wómen hço ma?
Nïmen bù hço!
Tå hço ma?
Tåmen bù hën hço!
Wómen hën hço!
Tåmen bù hço.
Tåmen hço ma?
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
ANSWER
Are we O.K.?
YOU are not well!
Is he well?
They are not very well!
We are very well!
They are not O.K.
Are they alright?
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
EXERCISE 11.2 (See Answers below.)
Translate the following examples into Mandarin Chinese:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
You are very fine!
I’m not O.K.
It’s great!
How are you?
How are YOU?
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 11.2
These translations are quite flexible, loosely mixing the words “O.K.,
“fine”, “great”, “well”, etc. Practise these, if you need to.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
EXERCISE
You are very fine!
I’m not O.K.
It’s great!
How are you?
How are YOU?
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
ANSWER
Nï hën hço!
Wó bù hço.
Tå hën hço!
Nï hço ma?
Nïmen hço ma?
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26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 12
Auxilliary verbs: xiçng — want to; xíwèng — wish, hope to
VOCABULARY 12.1
xiçng
[to] want to, intend, think [about];
would like to
[to] wish, hope, would like [to]
xíwèng
GRAMMAR 12.1
Wó xiçng dö zhìge qïngtië.
I'd like to (want to) read this
invitation.
We would like (wish we could) read
that information.
Wómen xíwèng dö nège xðnxí.
PRACTICE 12.1
Nï xiçng dö zhìge xðnxí ma?
Bù xiçng.
Nï hço! Qïng dö nège xðnxí, hço
ma?
Wó xiçng dö nège xðnxí.
Would you like to read this information?
No. (=No, I don’t want to.)
Hi! Would you [like] to read this
information(, O.K.)?
I'd like to read this information.
Wómen hën xíwèng dö hço xiåoxi. We'd really would like to read good news.
EXERCISE 12.1 (See Answers below.)
Translate the following examples into English:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Wó xíwèng dö nège xðnxí.
Tå xíwèng dö zhìge hço xiåoxi.
Nï xiçng dö zhìge qïngtië ma?
Xiçng bù xiçng?
Bù xiçng.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 12.1
Practise these, if you need to.
EXERCISE
1. Wó xíwèng dö nège xðnxí.
2. Tå xíwèng dö zhìge hço xiåoxi.
3. Nï xiçng dö zhìge qïngtië ma?
ANSWER
I'd like to read that information.
He'd like to read this good news.
Would you like to read this
invitation?
Would [you] like to or not [like to]?
No. (=No, I wouldn't [like to].)
4. Xiçng bù xiçng?
5. Bù xiçng.
EXERCISE 12.2 (See Answers below.)
Translate the following examples into Mandarin Chinese:1. We would like to read good news.
2. They don’t want to read that
message.
3. Would you like to read it or not?
4. I would very much like to.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 12.2
Practise these, if you need to.
EXERCISE
1. We would like to read good news.
2. They don’t want to read that
message.
3. Would you like to read it or not?
4. I would very much like to.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
39
ANSWER
Wómen xíwèng dö hço xiåoxi.
Tåmen bù xiçng dö nège xðnxí.
Nï xiçng bù xiçng dö tå?
[Wó] Hën xiçng.
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY
STUDY 13
gëi — give; næ — take
VOCABULARY 13.1
gëi
næ
[to] give
[to] take
GRAMMAR 13.2
Wómen gëi nïmen tå.
Wó gëi nï hço xiåoxi.
Tåmen næ zhìge hço qïngtië.
We give YOU it.
I give you good news.
They take this nice invitation.
PRACTICE 13.2
Wó xiçng gëi nï tå.
Tå xiçng gëi wómen zhìge xðnxí.
Nï xiçng næ tå ma?
Bù xiçng.
I'd like to give you it (that).
He'd like to give us this information.
Would you like to take it?
No. (=No, I wouldn't [like to].)
EXERCISE 13.1 (See Answers below.)
Translate the following examples into English:1.
2.
3.
4.
EXERCISE
Nï xiçng næ zhìge qïngtië ma?
Qïng gëi wó nège xðnxí.
Næ tå.
Tå gëi wó hço xiåoxi.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
ANSWER
1.
2.
3.
4.
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26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 13.1
Practise these, if you need to.
EXERCISE
1. Nï xiçng næ zhìge qïngtië ma?
ANSWER
Would you like to take this
invitation?
Please give me that information.
Take it.
It [or he, she] gives me good news.
2. Qïng gëi wó nège xðnxí.
3. Næ tå.
4. Tå gëi wó hço xiåoxi.
EXERCISE 13.2 (See Answers below.)
Translate the following examples into Mandarin Chinese:EXERCISE
1. I give him this news.
2. Give me it.
3. I would like to give you this
information.
4. Please take this invitation.
ANSWER
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 13.2
Practise these, if you need to.
EXERCISE
1. I give him this news.
2. Give me it.
3. I would like to give you this
information.
4. Please take this invitation.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
ANSWER
Wó gëi tå zhìge xiåoxi.
Gëi wó tå.
Wó xiçng gëi nï zhìge xðnxí.
Qïng næ zhìge qïngtië.
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 14
Speaking; Indirect and Direct Object pronouns
VOCABULARY 14.1
shuñ
shuñhuè
gèosu
pøtñnghuè
Pínyín
Hènzð
[to] speak, say
[to] discuss, talk
[to] tell
Mandarin
a Romanized form of writing
Mandarin [as used in this course]
the writing of Chinese in pictographic
characters [not used in this course]
GRAMMAR 14.1 (Indirect and Direct Object Pronouns)
The Indirect and Direct Object pronouns are the same as the Nominative
Case in Chinese Mandarin. This means that “me” is, in effect, translated as
“I” in a sentence like “You tell me”: “Nï gèosu wó”.
Tå shuñ pøtñnghuè.
Nï shuñ pøtñnghuè ma?
Wó bù shuñ pøtñnghuè.
Wómen gèosu nïmen hço xiåoxi.
Qïng gèosu wó, nï shð shêi?
Wó xiçng shuñhuè.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
He (or she) speaks Mandarin.
Do you speak Mandarin?
I do not speak Mandarin.
We tell YOU good news.
Please tell me, who are you?
I would like (want) to talk.
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ROUTINE 14.1
Create questions (wìntî) and answers (huîdæ) using some of these words.
shêi
?
[bù]
wó
nï
wómen
nïmen
dö
gèosu
xíwèng
tå
næ
xiçng
zhìge hço xiåoxi
gëi tåmen
ma?
shuñhuè
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 15
15
zèi – again
VOCABULARY 15.1
zèi
again
GRAMMAR 15.1
The word “zèi”, when it means “again”, is placed in front of the action that
is to be repeated.
zèi dö
Qïng zèi dö tå.
Nï xiçng zèi dö ma?
Qïng zèi gèosu wó tå.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
read again
Please read it again.
Would you like to read again.
Please tell me it again.
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STUDY 16
nêng, huð – can, to be able to
VOCABULARY 16.1
nêng
[to] be able to; can
huð
[to] be able to; can
dèo
[to] be able to attain / accomplish; can
NOTE: “huð” is also used like “will” to express future actions.
GRAMMAR 16.1
Tå nêng shuñ pøtñnghuè.
He [or she] can speak Mandarin.
Nï huð shuñ pøtñnghuè ma?
Can you speak Mandarin?
Nïmen huð bö huð dö Hènzð? *
Can you [or can you not] read Hanzi?
* Remember, “bù” needs to change to “bö” in front of “huð”.
PRACTICE 16.1
Wó nêng dö tå.
Nï nêng dö tå ma?
Tå bù nêng dö zhìge xiåoxi.
Tå bö huð dö tå.
I can read it.
Can you read it?
He cannot read this news.
He cannot read it.
PRACTICE 16.2
Tå nêng dö Hènzð.
Nï huð dö Hènzð ma?
Wó nêng dö Pínyín.
Wó nêng dö pøtñnghuè.
Nï nêng dö Hènzð ma?
Wó bù nêng dö Hènzð.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
He (or she) can read Hanzi.
Can you read Hanzi?
I can read Pinyin.
I can read Mandarin.
Can you read Hanzi?
I cannot read Hanzi.
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PRACTICE 16.3
Wó bù nêng dö pøtñnghuè.
I cannot read Mandarin.
Nï nêng dö Hènzð ma?
Can you read Hanzi?
Tåmen bù xiçng dö Pínyín.
They don't want to read Pinyin.
Tåmen xíwèng dù Hènzð.
They wish [they could] to read Hanzi.
Wómen bö huð dö Hènzð. *
We cannot read Hanzi.
Wómen xíwèng nêng dö Hènzð.
We'd like to be able to read Hanzi.
* Remember, “bù” must change to “bö” in front of “huð”.
ROUTINE 16.1
Create questions (wìntî) and answers (huîdæ) using some of these words.
shêi
?
[bù]
nêng
huð
dö
tå
zhìge hço xiåoxi
xiçng
gèosu
næ
xíwèng
gëi tåmen
[bö]
wó
nï
wómen
ma?
ACTIVITY 16.1
{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of
two or three.}
Converse using nêng, huð, xiçng, xíwèng, dö, shuñ, pøtñnghuè, Pínyín,
Hènzð, zèi.]
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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ROUTINE 16.2
Repeat incrementally at speed the following sets of words.
Qïng.................shuñ.................Qïng shuñ pøtñnghuè
Wó
huð
Wó huð
shuñ
Wó huð shuñ
pøtñnghuè
Wó huð shuñ pøtñnghuè
ma?
Wó huð shuñ pøtñnghuè ma?
Nï
huð
Nï huð
shuñ
Nï huð shuñ
pøtñnghuè
Nï huð shuñ pøtñnghuè
ma?
Nï huð shuñ pøtñnghuè ma?
Tå
huð
Tå huð
shuñ
Tå huð shuñ
pøtñnghuè
Tå huð shuñ pøtñnghuè
ma?
Tå huð shuñ pøtñnghuè ma?
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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STUDY 17
Close relatives and friends
VOCABULARY 17.1
rên
pêngyou
dðxiñng
jiëmìi, zïmìi
dðxiñng jiëmìi
dðxiñngmen
person, man
friend
brother
sister
brothers and sisters
brothers
jiåtîng
fùmø
mèma; mø qín
bèba; fù qín
xiåohæir
êrzi
ný’êr
family
parents
mother
father
child
son
daughter
GRAMMAR 17.1
When speaking about one’s close relative, there is no need to use a
grammatical possessive form (my, etc.). Full construction of Possessive
forms is explained later, including the use of “de”.
Zhì shð shêi?
Tå shð wó dðxiñng.
Tåmen shð wó dðxiñngmen.
Nï jiëmìi nêng dö tå.
Zhìge pêngyou shð wó dðxiñng.
Nège rên shð shêi?
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
Who is this?
He is my brother.
They are my brothers.
Your sister can read it.
This friend is my brother.
Who is that person?
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PRACTICE 17.1
Qïng dö zhì[ge].
Zhì shð shêi?
Nï xiçng gèosu wó tå ma?
Tå shð wó dðxiñng.
Zhì shð shênme?
Wó xiçng shuñ tå.
Zhì shð hço xiåoxi
Please read this [item].
Who is this?
Would you like to tell me it?
He is my brother.
What is this?
I'd like to say it.
This is good news.
PRACTICE 17.2
Nï nêng dö zhì[ge] ma?
Zhì shð wó jiëmìi.
Wó xiçng gèosu nï zhì[ge].
Shêi shuñ zhì?
Nï dðxiñng huð dö zhìge qïngtië.
Zhìge pêngyou shð wó dðxiñng.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
Can you read this?
This is my sister.
I'd like to tell you this.
Who says this?
Your brother can read this invitation.
This friend is my brother.
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EXERCISE 17.1 (See Answers below.)
Translate the following examples into English:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
EXERCISE
Tå shð wó dðxiñng.
Nï jiëmìi nêng dö tå.
Nï xiçng shuñ tå ma?
Nège pêngyou shð wó dðxiñng.
Tåmen xiçng gèosu nï zhì[ge].
Wó shð nï dðxiñng.
Tå jiëmìi shuñ zhì.
ANSWER
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 17.1
Practise these, if you need to.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
EXERCISE
Tå shð wó dðxiñng.
Nï jiëmìi nêng dö tå.
Nï xiçng shuñ tå ma?
Nège pêngyou shð wó dðxiñng.
Tåmen xiçng gèosu nï zhì[ge].
Wó shð nï dðxiñng.
Tå jiëmìi shuñ zhì.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
ANSWER
He is my brother.
Your sister can read it.
Would you like to read it?
That friend is my brother.
They'd like to tell you this.
I am your brother.
His sister says this.
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EXERCISE 17.2 (See Answers below.)
Translate the following examples into Mandarin Chinese:EXERCISE
That sister tells me this good news.
Who is this person?
That person can tell them.
Our brothers and sisters would like
to give YOU this information.
5. Who is your brother?
ANSWER
1.
2.
3.
4.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 17.2
Practise these, if you need to.
EXERCISE
ANSWER
1. That sister tells me this good news. Nège jiëmìi gèosu wó zhìge hço
xiåoxi.
2. Who is this person?
Zhìge rên shð shêi?
3. That person can tell them.
Nège rên huð gèosu tåmen.
4. Our brothers and sisters would like Wómen dðxiñng jiëmìi xiçng gëi
to give YOU this information.
nïmen zhìge xðnxí.
5. Who is your brother?
Nï dðxiñng shð shêi?
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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STUDY 18
Addition of xié to form plurals of demonstrative pronouns
VOCABULARY 18.1
...xié *
...se (plural determiner); some
yðxié
some
zhìxié
these; these ones
nèxié
those; those ones
* Note, remember to pronounce ‘x’ rather like ‘hss’ or the ‘s’ in ‘see’, but
Pronounce ‘sh’ like the English ‘sh’ in ‘rashly’.
GRAMMAR 18.1
zhìxié rên
zhìxié
nèxié
nèxié pêngyou
shð
shð
shð
shð
hço pêngyou.
hço pêngyou.
hço rên.
wó dðxiñng
jiëmìi.
These persons are good friends.
These are good friends.
Those are good persons.
Those friends are my brothers and
sisters.
ACTIVITY 18.1
{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of
two or three to do the following activities.}
Using the structure of Columns 1, 2, and 3 the first person makes up a
sentence from the language learned up to now. The next person this from
singular to plural or from plural to singular.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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STUDY 19
19
know; understand; sentence elements
zhídao
rìnshi
[to] know, have knowledge of a fact
[to] know, be acquainted with (a
person, the personality behind a name)
[to] understand
[to] see clearly, understand
dóng
mîngbai *
* mîngbai =“clear”+“white”
GRAMMAR 19.1 (Sentence Elements)
For previous discussion of sentence construction, see Grammar 4.1. The
following groups of examples demonstrate the breakdown of any sentence
strictly into Subject (Doer) and Predicate (composed of Action and Object).
Word order is more or less the same in Chinese Mandarin as in English.
SUBJECT
DOER
Tå
Nï
Nï
Wó
Wó
Tåmen
Nï jiëmìi
Wó
PREDICATE
ACTION OBJECT
shð
wó dðxiñng.
zhídao.
zhídao tå.
zhídao nï shð shêi.
xíwèng zhì shð
zhídao shênme.
bù
zhìge hço
zhídao xiåoxi shð
shênme.
zhídao wómen shõo
tå.
zhídao nï xiçng dö
zhìge xðnxí.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
53
He is my brother.
You know.
You know it.
I know who you are.
I would like to know what this is.
They do not know what this good
news is.
Your sister knows we say it.
I know you would like to read this
information.
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
Wó
rìnshi nï.
Nï
bö rìnshi tå.
Zhìxié pêngyou bö rìnshi nï dðxiñng.
Nï dðxiñng
jiëmìi
nèxié rên
Wó
Tåmen
[Nï]
Tå
Nï
Tåmen
rìnshi
rìnshi
I know you.
You don't know him.
These friends do not know your
brother.
zhìge pêngyou Do your brothers and sisters know
ma?
this friend?
zhìxié jiëmìi. Those people know these sisters.
mîngbai.
I understand.
mîngbai zhìge hço
They understand this good news.
xiåoxi.
Dóng bù
Do [you] understand [or do you
dóng?
not understand]?
mîngbai pøtñnghuè
He understands Mandarin.
mîngbai pøtñnghuè ma? Do you understand Mandarin?
bù
zhìge qïngtië. They do not understand this
mîngbai
invitation.
ACTIVITY 19.1
{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of
two or three.}
Work on the Chinese Mandarin in Columns 1, 2, and 3 of the above tables.
Taking turns, one person says the Mandarin already given; then the next
person turns a statement into a question by adding “ma?” or turns a
question into a statement. The next person translates this into English. The
next converts the Mandarin from singular to plural or from plural to
singular.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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ACTIVITY 19.2
Another student says one of the grammar examples in the Mandarin
already given in the above tables; then next person says the negative of this
by putting “bù/bö” in front of “shð”, “zhídao”, “dóng”, “mîngbai” or
“rìnshi”, or says the affirmative by removing “bù/bö”.
ACTIVITY 19.3
{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Read to students all
together.}
Get a good reader to read sentences in the Grammar 19 tables, and students
write them down in Chinese Mandaring using Pinyin.
EXERCISE 19.1 (Answers are given below)
Translate into English:1. Tå
2. Nïmen
3. Nïmen
4. Nï
zhídao.
zhídao
bù
zhídao
zhídao
wó shð shêi.
zhìge hço xiåoxi
shð shênme.
wó xiçng dö
zhìge xðnxí.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.1
1. Tå
2. Nïmen
3. Nïmen
4. Nï
zhídao.
zhídao
bù
zhídao
zhídao
He/she knows.
wó shð shêi.
YOU know who I am.
zhìge hço xiåoxi YOU do not know what this good
shð shênme.
news is.
wó xiçng dö
You know I would like to read this
zhìge xðnxí.
information.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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EXERCISE 19.2 (Answers are given below)
Translate into Chinese Mandarin:1. I know it.
2. They would like to know
what this is.
3. Your brother knows we say
it.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.2
1. I know it.
2. They would like to know
what this is.
3. Your brother knows we say
it.
Wó
Tåmen
Nï
dðxiñng
zhídao
xíwèng
zhídao
zhídao
tå.
zhì shð shênme.
wómen shõo tå.
EXERCISE 19.3 (Answers are given below)
Translate into English:1. Wó
rìnshi
2. Nèxié bö rìnshi
pêngyou
3. Zhìxié rìnshi
rên
tå.
nï jiëmìi.
wómen.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.3
1. Wó
rìnshi
2. Nèxié bö rìnshi
pêngyou
3. Zhìxié rìnshi
rên
tå.
I know him.
nï jiëmìi. Those friends do not know your sister.
wómen. These people know us.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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EXERCISE 19.4 (Answers are given below)
Translate into Chinese Mandarin:1. You don't know me.
2. Do his brothers and sisters know
that person?
3. They do not know your brother.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.4
1. You don't know me.
2. Do his brothers and sisters know
that person?
3. They do not know your brother.
Nï
Tå dðxiñng
jiëmìi
Tåmen
bö rìnshi wó.
rìnshi
nège rên ma?
bö rìnshi nï dðxiñng.
EXERCISE 19.5 (Answers are given below)
Translate into English:1. Wó
2. Tå
3. Wó
mîngbai
zhìge hço xiåoxi.
bù mîngbai pøtñnghuè
bù mîngbai nège xðnxí.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.5
1. Wó
2. Tå
3. Wó
mîngbai
zhìge hço xiåoxi. I understand this good news.
bù mîngbai pøtñnghuè
He does not understand Mandarin.
bù mîngbai nège xðnxí.
I do not understand this
information.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
EXERCISE 19.6 (Answers are given below)
Translate into Chinese Mandarin:1. We understand.
2. Do [you] understand [or do you
not understand]?
3. Do they understand Mandarin?
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.6
1. We understand.
Wómen mîngbai.
2. Do [you] understand [or do you [Nï]
Dóng bù dóng?
not understand]?
3. Do they understand Mandarin? Tåmen mîngbai
pøtñnghuè ma?
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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STUDY 20
thing, look, see
VOCABULARY 20.1
dñngxi
nièn
kèn
kènjièn
thing; things
[to] read (aloud)
[to] look, watch; read (silently)
[to] see; observe; get sight of
GRAMMAR 20.1
Qïng kèn nège xðnxí.
Qïng kèn zhìge dñngxi.
Nège dñngxi shð shênme?
Wó xiçng kèn tå.
Nï kènjièn nège rìn ma?
Tåmen xiçng nï nièn zhìge qïngtië.
Please look at that information.
Please look at this thing.
What is that thing?
I'd like to look at it.
Do you [get to] see that person?
They would like you to read this
invitation (aloud).
PRACTICE 20.1
Nï nêng kènjièn nège dñngxi ma?
Zhìge dñngxi shð hço xiåoxi.
Wó xiçng gèosu nï zhì (ge).
Shêi shuñ zhìge xðnxí?
Nï dðxiñng nêng dö zhìge qïngtië ma?
Zhìge pêngyou shð wó dðxiñng.
Tå huð nièn Hènzð.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
Can you [get to] see that thing?
This thing is good news.
I'd like to tell you this (matter).
Who says this information?
Can your brother read this invitation?
This friend is my brother.
He can read out Hanzi.
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PRACTICE 20.2
Nï nêng dö zhì(ge) ma?
Zhì shð wó jiëmìi.
Wó xíwèng kèn nège qïngtië.
Zhì shð shêi?
Tå shð wó dðxiñng.
Qïng nièn zhìge xðnxí.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
Can you read this?
This is my sister.
I'd like to have a look at that
invitation.
Who is this?
He is my brother.
Please ring out this message.
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STUDY 21
Review of words learned in Studies 1-20
VOCABULARY 21.1 (Review of Words Learned)
This is a review of all the vocabularies covered in Studies 1-20.
See Study 1 for guidance on Mandarin pronuciation and Pinyin script.
Check especially tones and tonal marks in Pronunciation 1.4.
English to Chinese Mandarin Pinyin
English
‘Hello!’ / Greetings! /
‘How are you?’
‘How are you?’ / Greetings! /
‘Hello!’
able to attain or accomplish;
can
able (be able to; can)
able (be able to; can)
again
answer
answer
be (am, is, are)
brother
brothers
brothers and sisters
call by a name; [to] be called
by a name
can; be able to attain or
accomplish
can, be able to
can, be able to
child
Chinese Mandarin Pinyin
Nï hço!
Study
2
Nï hço!
2
dèo
16
huð, nêng
nêng, huð
zèi
dæfù (See also: huîdæ)
huîdæ (See also: dæfù)
shð
dðxiñng
dðxiñngmen
dðxiñng jiëmìi
jièo
16
16
15
6
6
8
17
17
17
7
dèo
huð, nêng
nêng, huð
êrzi
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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16
16
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
daughter
discuss
Do [you] understand?
family
father
fine
friend
give
good
Greetings! / ‘Hello!’ /
‘How are you?’
Hanzi (the writing of Chinese
in pictographic characters, not
used in this course)
he
hope, wish, would like [to]
I
indeed
information
invitation
is it so?
it
Jehovah
Jehovah's Witness(es)
know (person)
look at
Mandarin
message
message; news
mm, is it so?
mother
name
name
news; message
ný’êr
shuñhuè
Dóng bù dóng?
jiåtîng
fùmø
hço
pêngyou
gëi
hço
Nï hço!
17
14
19
17
17
3
17
13
3
2
Hènzð
14
tå
xíwèng
wó
hën
xðnxí
qïngtië
ma?
tå
Yéhêhuæ
Yéhêhuæ Jiènzhìngrên
rìnshi
kèn
pøtñnghuè
xðnxí
xiåoxi
ma?
mèma; mø qín
mîng; mîngzi
mîngzi; mîng
xiåoxi
4
12
4
10
3
3
9
4
8
8
19
20
2
3
3
9
17
7
7
3
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
not
O.K.?
parents
people, person
person, people
Pinyin (a Romanized form of
writing Mandarin, as used in
this course)
Please!
Please …, O.K.?
question
read
read (silently)
read aloud
s (…s) (Plural ending)
say, speak
se (...se, plural determiner);
some
see clearly; understand
see; observe; get sight of
several, some
sister
sister
some, several
son
speak, say
surely
take
talk
tell
Thank you! (polite form)
Thanks!
that (pronoun)
bù (Note: bö before 4th tone,
such as shð)
hço ma?
fùmø
rên
rên
Pínyín
9
17
17
17
14
qïng!
Qïng …, hço ma?
wìntî
dö (See also: kèn)
kèn (See also: dö)
nièn (See also dö)
men (…men)
shuñ
xié (...xié)
2
9
6
2
20
20
5
14
18
mîngbai
kènjièn
yðxié
jiëmìi, zïmìi
zïmìi, jiëmìi
yðxié
êrzi
shuñ
hën
næ
shuñhuè
gèosu
Xiìxie nîn!
xiìxie!
nè
19
20
18
17
17
18
17
14
10
13
14
14
2
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3
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that …
these
these …
they
thing; things
this (pronoun)
this (pronoun)
this …
those
those …
understand
understand; see clearly
very
want to, would like to
we
Welcome!
well
what
what?
who
who?
wish, hope, would like [to]
Witness(es)
would like to, want to
would like [to], wish, hope
would you? O.K.?
you
YOU
you (Thank you! —polite
form)
nège …
zhìxié
zhìxié …
tåmen
dñngxi
zhì; zhìi
zhìi; zhì
zhìge …
nèxié
nèxié …
dóng
mîngbai
hën
xiçng
wómen
huånyîng!
hço
shênme
shênme?
shêi
shêi?
xíwèng
Jiènzhìngrên
xiçng
xíwèng
hço ma?
nï
nïmen
nîn (Xiìxie nîn!)
3
18
18
4
20
3
3
3
18
18
19
19
10
12
5
2
3
7
7
6
6
12
8
12
12
4
4
2
Chinese Mandarin Pinyin to English
Chinese Mandarin Pinyin
English
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bèba; fù qín
bù (Note: bö before 4th tone,
such as shð)
dæfù (See also: huîdæ)
dèo
dðxiñng
dðxiñngmen
dðxiñng jiëmìi
dñngxi
dóng
Dóng bù dóng?
dö (See also: kèn)
êrzi
fù qín; bèba
fùmø
gèosu
gëi
Hènzð
hço
hço
hço
hço ma?
hën
hën
hën
huånyîng!
huð, nêng
huð, nêng
huîdæ (See also: dæfù)
jiåtîng
Jiènzhìngrên
father
not
17
11
answer
be able to attain / accomplish;
can
brother
brothers
brothers and sisters
thing; things
understand
Do [you] understand?
read
son
father
parents
tell
give
Hanzi (the writing of Chinese in
pictographic characters, not
used in this course)
fine
good
well
O.K.?
indeed
surely
very
Welcome!
able (be able to; can)
can, be able to
answer
family
Witness(es)
6
16
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jièo
jiëmìi, zïmìi
kèn
kèn (See also: dö)
kènjièn
ma?
ma?
mèma; mø qín
men (…men)
mîng; mîngzi
mîngbai
mîngbai
mîngzi; mîng
mø qín; mèma
næ
nè
nège …
nèxié
nèxié …
nêng, huð
nêng, huð
nîn (Xiìxie nîn!)
nï
Nï hço!
Nï hço!
Nï hço!
nïmen
nièn (See also dö)
ný’êr
pêngyou
call by a name; [to] be called by
a name
sister
look at
read (silently)
see; observe; get sight of
is it so?
mm, is it so?
mother
s (…s) (Plural ending)
name
see clearly; understand
understand; see clearly
name
mother
take
that (pronoun)
that …
those
those …
able (be able to; can)
can, be able to
you (Thank you! —polite form)
you
Greetings! / ‘Hello!’ /
‘How are you?’
‘Hello!’ / Greetings! /
‘How are you?’
‘How are you?’ / Greetings! /
‘Hello!’
YOU
read aloud
daughter
friend
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17
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20
20
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7
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3
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Pínyín
pøtñnghuè
qïng!
qïngtië
rên
rên
rìnshi
shêi
shêi?
shênme
shênme?
shð
shuñ
shuñ
shuñhuè
tå
tå
tåmen
wìntî
wó
wómen
xíwèng
xíwèng
xíwèng
xiåohæir
xiåoxi
xiåoxi
xiçng
xié (...xié)
xiìxie!
Xiìxie nîn!
Pinyin (a Romanized form of
writing Mandarin, as used in
this course)
Mandarin
Please!
invitation
people, person
person, people
know (person)
who
who?
what
what?
be (am, is, are)
say, speak
speak, say
discuss, talk
he
it
they
question
I
we
hope, wish, would like [to]
wish, hope, would like [to]
would like [to], wish, hope
child
message; news
news; message
want to; would like to
se (...se, plural determiner);
some
Thanks!
Thank you! (polite form)
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2
2
3
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19
6
6
7
7
8
14
14
14
4
4
4
6
4
5
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12
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xðnxí
xðnxí
Yéhêhuæ
Yéhêhuæ Jiènzhìngrên
yðxié
yðxié
zèi
zhì; zhìi
zhìi; zhì
zhìge …
zhìxié
zhìxié …
zïmìi, jiëmìi
information
message
Jehovah
Jehovah's Witness(es)
several, some
some, several
again
this (pronoun)
this (pronoun)
this …
these
these …
sister
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STUDY 22
de — of; …’s; …s’ possessive case
VOCABULARY 22.1
de
de
of; …'s; …s'
having the description of
wóde
nïde
tåde
wómende
nïmende
tåmende
zðjï de
of me; my
of you; your
of him, her, it; his, her, its
of us; our
of YOU; YOUR
of them; their
own; of oneself; of self
GRAMMAR 22.1
For further information on the uses of “de”, see Study 28.
wóde pêngyou
nïmende pêngyou
wóde qïngtië
nïde xiåoxi
tåmende qïngtië
pêngyou de jiëmìi
wómende dðxiñng
zðjï de mø qín
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
my friend
YOUR friend
my invitation
your news
their invitation
his/her sister
our brother
[one’s] own mother
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PRACTICE 22.1
Anna de jiëmìi
Bob de dðxiñng
Colin de mîngzi shð shênme?
wóde pêngyoumen
Nïde mîngzi shð shênme?
Nïde pêngyou shð shêi?
kèn qïngtië de rên
mîngbai wó de pêngyoumen
Wó huð dö zðjï de qïngtië.
Anna's sister; the sister of Anna
Bob’s brother; the brother of Bob
What is Colin’s name?
my friends
What is your name?
Who is your friend?
a person who reads the
friends who understand me
I can read my own invitation.
EXERCISE 22.1 (Answers are given below)
Translate into English:1.
2.
3.
4.
nï bù zhídao wóde mîngzi.
Qïng næ nïde qïngtïe.
Zhìge rên de xðnxí shð hço xiåoxi
Nï shð shêi de pêngyou?
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 22.1
1. Nï bù zhídao wóde mîngzi.
2. Qïng næ nïde qïngtië.
3. Zhìge rên de xðnxí shð hço xiåoxi
4. Nï shð shêi de pêngyou?
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You do not know my name.
Please take your invitation.
This person's message is good
news.
Whose friend are you?
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EXERCISE 22.2 (Answers are given below)
Translate into Chinese Mandarin:1. I know your friend.
2. I know your name.
3 Would you like to read my
invitation?
4. They tell their message.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 22.2
1. I know your friend.
2. I know your name.
3 Would you like to read my
invitation?
4. They tell their message.
Wó rìnshi nïde pêngyou.
Wó zhídao nïde mîngzi.
Nï xiçng dö wóde qïngtië ma?
Tåmen gèosu tåmende xðnxí.
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STUDY 23
Sentence structure with Direct or Indirect Objects
GRAMMAR 23.1
Observe the break-down of the simple sentences used in the next practice.
Doer
Action
Receiver
Receiver
Object acted upon.
SUBJECT
VERB
DIRECT OBJECT
INDIRECT OBJECT
Zhì
shð
Qïng [nï]
Qïng [nï]
Wó
Qïng [nï]
Wó
dö
næ
bù nêng dö
gëi
xiçng gëi
nïde qïngtië. *
wó
nï
wómende hço xiåoxi.
nïmende qïngtië.
zhìge qïngtië.
nïde qïngtië.
zhìge xðnxí.
Note the first sentence uses “shð” as the doing word or verb. The structure
of the sentence says that “A” is “B”. This is termed technically as the
“copulative form”. Contrast matching “he” in “I am he” with Direct and
Indirect Objects in “I give him them”. It is wrong to say, “I give he they”.
PRACTICE 23.1
Translate to and fro.
Zhì shð nïde qïngtië.
This is your invitation.
Qïng dö wómende hço xiåoxi.
Qïng næ nïmende qïngtië.
Wó bù nêng dö zhìge qïngtië.
Please read our good news.
Please take your invitation.
I cannot read this invitation.
Qïng gëi wó nïde qïngtië.
Please give me your invitation.
Qïng gæosu wó nïde mîngzi.
Please tell me your name.
Wó xíwèng gëi nï zhìge xðnxí. I would like to give you this information.
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PRACTICE 23.2
Translate to and fro.
Nè shð hço xiåoxi.
Nè bö shð wóde xðnxí.
Nïde mîngzi shð shênme?
Zhì shð wómende qïngtië.
Wóde pêngyou xíwèng dù tå.
Tåmen bö nêng dö nïmende hço
xiåoxi.
Zhì shð shêi de hço xiåoxi?
Qïng gëi wó nïmende qïngtië.
Wóde jiëmìi xíwèng gëi nï tåde
qïngtië.
That is good news.
That is not my message.
What is your name?
This is our invitation.
My friend would like to read it.
They cannot be able to read YOUR
good news.
Whose good news is this?
(This is whose good news?)
Please give me YOUR invitation.
My sister would like to give you her
invitation.
EXERCISE 23.1
Using the method shown in the above grammar table, analyse the simple
sentences in the previous practice and break them into doer, action done,
receiver of the action (if any), and object acted upon (if any).
Doer
Action
Receiver
Object acted upon.
SUBJECT
VERB
DIRECT OBJECT
INDIRECT OBJECT
*
*
*
*
*
* Matching form.
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ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 23.1
Doer
Action
Receiver
Object acted upon.
SUBJECT
VERB
DIRECT OBJECT
INDIRECT OBJECT
Nè
Nè
Nïde mîngzi
Zhì
Wóde pêngyou
Tåmen
Zhì
Qïng
Wóde jiëmìi
shð
bö shð
shð
shð
xiçng dù
bö nêng dö
shð
gëi
xíwèng gëi
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
hço xiåoxi.
wóde xðnxí.
shênme?
wómende qïngtië.
tå.
nïmende hço xiåoxi.
shêi de hço xiåoxi?
wó
nïmende qïngtië.
nï
tåde qïngtië.
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STUDY 24
bç — a device for relocating an Indirect Object to achieve emphasis
VOCABULARY 24.1
yîxiè
bç
a bit, a little while, once, just
an indicator device placed in front of
an Indirect Object when it has been
relocated for emphasis before the verb
that acts on it.
GRAMMAR 24.1
Although this section is important in explaining a device that is frequently
used by natural Chinese speakers, you can get by without using it yourself
until you are more experienced in Mandarin.
Word Order — Basically,
Basically, for General Use
Word order in Mandarin is basically the same as in English.
Word Order — Why Alter It?
The overall purpose of a change in word order is to emphasize or clarify a
part of a sentence, when normal word order does not achieve this.
Word Order — Caution!
Changing the word order may clarify one part but may also obscure
another, so some words may need adding to overcome this problem.
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Word Order — Examples
In some cases it is not crucial in what order the blocks of words are
arranged, but sometimes “regular” word order needs to be followed to
avoid confusion. Let's illustrate this point.
In English we can say, “They give him this invitation.” You don't say,
“They give this invitation him”. If the word “to” is added, however, we
can say, “They give this invitation to him.” Again, we don't usually say,
“They give to him this invitation.”
Somewhat similarly, Mandarin has a regular word order, but it allows other
word orders, if another word is added to indicate what has been moved
from its normal order. Examples of words to add are “bç” (discussed
below in this Study) and “bìi” (presented in the next Study).
Mandarin Uses “bç” to Relocate the Object of the Verb in Front of the Verb
The regular order in Mandarin places the object acted upon (“Indirect
Object” in the “Accusative Case”) after that action word (“verb”).
Tåmen gëi tå zhìge qïngtië.
They give him this invitation.
These words can be used in a different order, putting the Indirect Object
before the verb, but only by inserting the indicator device “bç” in front of
the relocated Indirect Object.
Tåmen bç zhìge qïngtië gëi tå.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
They give him this invitation.
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PRACTICE 24.1
Try converting these sentences to the regular order and removing “bç”.
Bç tå gëi wó.
Give me it.
Qïng bç zhìge xðnxí dö [yîxiè]. *
Please [just] read this information.
Wó xiçng bç zhìge qïngtië gëi nï.
I'd like to give you this invitation.
* NOTE: “dö” feels a bit bald with nothing after it, so “yîxiè” is added.
PRACTICE 24.2
How did you get on with the previous practice? The following are the
answers to it. Now try to work the opposite way and re-order these
sentences with the help of “bç”, so that the object acted upon by the verb is
positioned before that verb.
Gëi wó tåde qïngtië.
Give me it this qïngtië.
Qïng dö zhìge xðnxí. *
Please read this information.
Wó xiçng gëi nï zhìge qïngtië. †
I'd like to give you this invitation.
* NOTE: Don't forget to add “yîxiè”, as necessary.
† NOTE: In the compound “xiçng gëi” the object can be repositioned
between “xiçng” and “gëi” with the insertion of “bç”. This because the
Indirect Object relates to the action, “give”, not the auxilliary thought of
“liking to do so”.
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PRACTICE 24.3
Rearrange the words of these sentences into an easier order and remove
“bç”.
Wó xiçng bç zhìge xðnxí gëi nï.
Tå xiçng bç nïde qïngtië dö yîxiè.
Bç tå gëi wó!
Bç tåmende xðnxí qïng dö yîxiè!
Wó bç pøtñnghuè bö huð shuñ.
PRACTICE 24.4
The following sentences are the inverse of the previous practice.
Rearrange the word order, so that the indirect object of the verb is in front
of its verb: but remember to add “bç”.
Wó xiçng gëi nï zhìge xðnxí.
Tå xiçng dö nïde qïngtië.
Gëi wó tå!
Qïng dö tåmende xðnxí!
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STUDY 25
bìi — by, indicating the doer in a Passive Sentence
VOCABULARY 25.1
bìi
by, indicating the doer in a Passive
Sentence
Mandarin Uses “bìi” as “by” in a Passive Sentence
Tåde dðxiñng dö wómende xðnxí.
His brother reads our information.
Wómende xðnxí bìi tåde dðxiñng dö. Our information is read by his brother.
Shèngdð gëi wómen xíwèng.
Xíwèng bìi Shèngdð gëi wómen.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
God gives us hope.
Hope is given us by God.
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STUDY 26
God; Jehovah; këyï — permission; bùkë — prohibition
VOCABULARY 26.1
Shèngdð
Yéhêhuæ
God
Jehovah
këyï
bùkë
[to] be allowed to; can; may; [to] be permitted
[to] not be allowed; must not; [to] be prohibited
GRAMMAR 26.1
Shèngdð de pêngyou
Shèngdð de mîngzi shð Yéhêhuæ.
Wómen këyï shð Shèngdð de
pêngyou.
Bùkë dö wóde xðnxí.
Bùkë shuñ tå.
God’s friend
God’s name is Jehovah.
We can be God’s friend.
You must not read my message.
You must not say it.
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PRACTICE 26.1
Translate to and fro the following sentences.
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
Wó xíwèng shð Shèngdð de pêngyou.
Nï këyï shð Shèngdð de pêngyou.
Tå shð shêi?
Nï zhídao bö zhídao Tå de mîngzi?
I'd like to be God's friend.
You may be God's friend.
Who is He?
Do you know (or not know) His
name?
Wó bö zhídao Tå de mîngzi.
I don't know His name.
Wómen nêng rìnshi Tå de mîngzi. We can know (be acquainted with)
His name.
Shêi shð Shèngdð?
Who is God?
Shèngdð jièo Yéhêhuæ (mîngzi).
God is called (by the name of)
Jehovah.
Yéhêhuæ shð Shèngdð de mîngzi ma? Jehovah is God's name, is it?
Nï xiçng dö Shípiån 83:18 ma?
You'd like to read Psalm 83:18, eh?
Tå shuñ, “Nï de mîng shð Yéhêhuæ.” It says, “Your name is Jehovah.”
Shípian 91:14 shuñ shênme?
Psalm 91:14 says what?
“Tå rìnshi wó de mîng.”
“He knows my name.”
DIALOGUE 26.1
Act out the sentences in the previous practice as a dialogue.
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STUDY 27
Measure words — more detail; (yí + gé) = yîge — “a, an”
VOCABULARY 15.1 : Measure Words
yîge ‡
yí
-gé †
a, an (“a” can be for a thing or a person)
one
a ‘measure word’ used generally
‡ Pronounce ‘ge’ hard as in English ‘get’, (never soft as in ‘gel’).
† A ‘measure word’ (“MW”) is used for focusing on a thing, person or
action. In English we say things like a sheet of paper; a piece of string; a
loaf of bread; a cup or a glass of water; a volume of a particular book; a
wave of optimism. That's better than a paper, a water, a bread, an
optimism.
You could say, “a bit” or “a piece” for many things but not all. Likewise,
the “MW” ‘ge’ is acceptable for general use for most things. See the Index
or List of Contents for others.
{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor. Instructor comments to
students about the use of various ‘measure words’.}
Are there any similarities in English to Measure Words? Perhaps think of
manage-r, manage-ress, sheep-flock, cattle-herd. Refer also to Study 45
about “bën” for ‘a volume of’.
PRACTICE 27.1
yîge pêngyou
Nï shð tåde yîge pêngyou ma?
Wó shð tåde yîge pêngyou!
Tåmen bö shð hço pêngyou.
a friend
You are a friend of his, eh? Are you a
friend of his?
I am a friend of his!
They aren't good friends.
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ACTIVITY 27.1
{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor. Randomly point at students
and have each respond.}
Make statements or questions using these elements as appropriate.
wó
nï
tå
wómen
nïmen
tåmen
shð
yîge pêngyou
+
bö shð
+
xíwèng shð
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+ ma?
pêngyou
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STUDY 28
de is required after more than one Hanzi character, as in hën hço de rên
GRAMMAR 28.1
If the description (the “adjective”) is written with more than one Hènzð
character, then “de” is added after with it.
Hence “hço” …, but “hën hço de” ….
For further examples of the uses of “de”, see Study 42.
hço rên
hën hço de rên
Zhì shð hço xiåoxi.
Nè shð hën hço de xiåoxi.
nice person; good man
very nice person
This is good news.
That is very good news.
{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor. Randomly point at students
and quiz them on how words are used in translation.}
Comment on how words are used in the following translations into
Mandarin or into English.
PRACTICE 28.1
Wó
Nège rên
shð
shð
Tåmen de pêngyou bö shð
Zhìxié dðxiñng rìnshi
Yóu yðxié rên
Nï
rìnshi
shuñ
nïde pêngyou.
yðge hço pêngyou.
I am your friend.
That person is a good
friend.
hço rên.
Their friends are not
good people.
tå de pêngyou.
These brothers know
his/her friends.
nï
Some people know you.
hën hço de xiåoxi. You say very good news.
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PRACTICE 28.2
{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor or Student’s partner. Touch
articles in the room (such as a pencil). Individual students upon demand
simultaneously point at self and say “wóde …” (such as “wóde pencil”); or
look at someone else and say “nïde …”; or just point away at someone else
and say “tåde …”.}
{With discretion, a game could be played, eliminating anyone who does the
wrong combination of gesture and words!}
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STUDY 29
yóu, mêiyóu — having; the Bible’s promised blessings
VOCABULARY 29.1
yóu
mêiyóu; mêi yóu
zæzhð
shõ
Shìngjíng
hêpîng
gåoxðng
xðngfö
èi
yóngshéng
[to] have; there is; there are
[to] not have; without; there is no
leaflet, thin magazine, document
book
Holy Scriptures; Bible
peace
happiness
blessing; happiness
love
everlasting life
GRAMMAR 29.1
NOTE: To say “a book” or “a magazine” correctly, see Study 45.
Yóu yîge qïngtië ma?
Yóumêiyóu yîge qïngtië?
Wó mêi yóu nïde zæzhð.
Wó yóu nïde shõ.
Mêiyóu zæzhð.
Yóu xíwèng.
Mêiyóu xíwèng.
Is there an invitation?
Is there [or is there not] an invitation.
I don't have your magazine.
I have your book.
There is no magazine.
There is hope.
There is no hope.
PRACTICE 29.1
Nï yóu zhìge qïngtië ma?
Nïmen yóu Shèngdð de hço xiåoxi.
Tåmen mêi yóu nïde shõ.
Tå shuñ tå mêi yóu pêngyou.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
Do you have this invitation?
YOU have God's good news.
They don't have your book.
She says she hasn't friends.
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PRACTICE 29.2
Tåmen mêi yóu xíwèng.
Wó xíwèng nï huð yóu yîge qïngtië.
Shìngjíng shð Shèngdð de.
Shìngjíng shð Yéhêhuæ de shõ.
They don't have hope.
I hope you can have an invitation.
The Holy Scriptures are God's.
The Bible is Jehovah's book.
INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION 29.1
Shìngjíng
Shìngjíng shuñ
Shèngdð
Shèngdð èi
hêpîng
hêpîng de rên
shuñ
says
Shìngjíng
The Bible
èi
loves
Shèngdð
God
hêpîng de
(of peace)
rên
people
INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION 29.2
Shìngjíng
Shìngjíng shuñ
Shèngdð
Shèngdð xiçng
Shèngdð xiçng gëi
Shèngdð xiçng gëi wómen
Shèngdð xiçng gëi wómen yóngshéng
Shèngdð xiçng gëi wómen yóngshéng de xðngfö
Shìngjíng shuñ Shèngdð xiçng
The Bible
says
God
wómen yóngshéng xðngfö
de
wants to give
us everlasting blessings
life's
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
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ACTIVITY 29.1
Discuss your hope.
EXERCISE 29.1 (Answers are given below)
Translate into English:Èi Shèngdð de rên[men] èi nï.
Mêiyóu xíwèng de rên mêi yóu
gåoxðng.
Wómen nêng gèosu Yéhêhuæ
wómen èi Tå.
Dö Shìngjíng de rên huð mîngbai
Shèngdð shð shêi.
Qïng gëi wó nïde zæzhð, hço ma?
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 29.1
Èi Shèngdð de rên[men] èi nï.
Mêiyóu xíwèng de rên mêi yóu
gåoxðng.
Wómen nêng gèosu Yéhêhuæ
wómen èi Tå.
Dö Shìngjíng de rên huð mîngbai
Shèngdð shð shêi.
Qïng gëi wó nïde zæzhð, hço ma?
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
People who love God love you.
A person without hope does not
have happiness.
We can tell Jehovah we love Him.
People who read the Bible can
understand who God is.
Please give me your magazine,
O.K.?
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EXERCISE 29.2 (Answers are given below)
Translate into Chinese Mandarin:Do you want to understand God’s
book?
You can get to see God’s blessings.
{People who love God} study His
book.
I [am] very happy to tell you the
Bible’s blessings.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 29.2 (Answers are given below)
Do you want to understand God’s
book?
You can get to see God’s blessings.
{People who love God} read His
book.
I [am] very happy to tell you the
Bible’s blessings.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
Nï xíwèng mîngbai Shèngdð de shõ
ma?
Nï huð kènjièn Shèngdð de xðngfö.
{Rìnshi Shangdð de rên} dö Tåde
shõ.
Wó hën gåoxðng gèosu nï Shìngjíng
de xðngfö.
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STUDY 30
qù, læi, xuê, xuêxî — go, come, study
VOCABULARY 30.1
qù
læi
xuê; xuêxî
xïhuan
[to] go
[to] come
[to] study, learn
[to] like, prefer, (doing something)
GRAMMAR 30.1
Wó xíwèng læi xuêxî nïmende shõ.
I wish I could come to study YOUR
book.
This person likes to study.
Zhìge rên xïhuan xuêxî.
ROUTINE 30.1
Make up sentences using an optional word or phrase from some or all of
these columns.
Wó
bö
nêng
Wó
Nï
[nêng]
Tå
Wómen
[bö]
Tåmen
[xiçng]
Zhìge rên
Wóde dðxiñng
[xïhuan]
læi
xuêxî
qù
dö
Hènzð
Shìngjíng
Shèngdð [shuñ] de shõ
læi
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
xuêxî
pøtñnghuè
Hènzð
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STUDY 31
Places, buildings, meetings
VOCABULARY 31.1 (Places)
dðfang
jiå
fængzi
jùhuð
dèhuð
place
home; the place where you live
house
meeting
assembly, convention
GRAMMAR 31.1
Nïde jiëmìi bù nêng læi wóde jiå.
Tå bökë qù wómende dèhuð.
Wó hën xíwèng kènjièn nïde fængzi.
Zhìge dðfang shð shênme?
Your sister cannot come to my
home.
He/she is not permitted to go to our
assembly.
I would very much like to get to see
your house.
What is this place?
ROUTINE 31.1
Zhìge rên
Wó
Tåde jiëmìi
Nïmen
Zhìge rên
Wóde pêngyou
Wóde dðxiñng
Tåmen
bù nêng
qù
nïde jiå
qù
nïde jiå
nêng
bù nêng
tåmende jùhuð
këyï
læi
wómende dèhuð
bökë
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STUDY 32
huð — future actions; subsequent times
VOCABULARY 32.1 (Future Actions and Tense Identifiers)
huð
mîngtiån
hoùtiån
xiènzèi
jíntiån
nèshî; dångshî
yïhoù
will (future action)
tomorrow
the day after tomorrow
now
today
then; at that point in time
afterwards (not about a past action)
GRAMMAR 32.1
The word conveying “will” (“huð”) can be omitted, if a word like
“mîngtiån” (tomorrow) makes it obvious that the action will take place in
the future.
Wó huð xuêxî nïde qïngtië. Xiìxie.
Tåmen [huð] mîngtiån læi wóde jiå.
Yïhoù wómen huð qù jùhuð.
I will study your invitation. Thanks.
They will come tomorrow to my
home. Afterward we will go to the
meeting.
PRACTICE 32.1
wó
wó
nï
tå
wómen
nïmen
tåmen
zhìge rên
jíntiån
[mîngtiån]
bö
huð
[jíntiån]
læi
qù
læi
[bö]
[huð]
[xiènzèi]
xuêxî tå
[nèshî]
dö tå
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ACTIVITY 32.1
{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor. Students work in pairs.}
Exchanging questions and answers using the following elements.
nï
tå
huð læi?
jíntiån
wó
wó
tå
tå
xuêxî?
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bö
jíntiån bù
mîngtiån
huð læi.
huð læi.
xuêxî.
[huð] xuêxî.
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STUDY 33
Past actions and times
VOCABULARY 33.1
… le º *
mêi … ¹
-guo ²
zuòtiån
yïjíng
hôulæi
did … , have done …, is completed, has happened,
has changed (past action) (See dictionary under
“have”)
did not … ; have not done …; was not …-ing
have [ever]; have [never]
yesterday
already
later, afterwards (refering to a past activity)
GRAMMAR 33.1
º • The word “le” is called a “particle”. It can't be used with the past of
just any verb (‘doing word’). Compare in English how we don't say
“did can” or “did be”. We need to feel the context.
• Apply “le” in the case of an activity, accomplishment or
achievement — a process that can be completed (made ‘perfect’).
• Don't apply “le” in relation to a state or a process that in Chinese
must be continuous or habitual, like “be acquainted with” or “know”.
¹ • “Mêi” negates “le” but can be used a little more freely than “le”.
² • “-guo” is added to a verb to make clear completion of a past action.
Compare “have gone” and “did go”, “went”, or “used to go”.
*
A complication is with a verb like “xuêxî”. This is actually a
compound word formed from two characters. These are “xuê”,
meaning “learn, study”, and “xî”. The element “xî” serves to qualify
“xuê”. So, you can say “Tå xuê le”, but not “Tå xuêxî le”.
Shêi qù le ?
Zuòtiån wó mêi qù jiå.
Wó qùguo nïde jùhuð.
Wó mêi[yóu] dö zhìge xðnxí.
Who went ?
Yesterday I did not go home.
I have been to your meetings.
I have not read this message.
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PRACTICE 33.1
Wó xuêxî pøtñnghuè.
Wó xuê le pøtñnghuè.
Wó mêi xuê[xî] pøtñnghuè.
I study Mandarin.
I did study (I studied) Mandarin.
I did not study Mandarin.
PRACTICE 33.2
Nï qù le jiå ma?
Nï qùguo wómende jùhuð ma?
Wó mêi[yóu] qùguo nîmende
jùhuð.
Nïmen mêiyóu kènjiènguo zhìge
xðnxí ma?
Wó mêi xíwèng zhì[ge].
Did you go home?
Have you been to our meetings?
I have not gone to your meetings.
Did YOU not see this message?
I have not hoped for this.
PRACTICE 33.3
Wó læi le jiå.
Hôulæi wó qù le dèhuð.
Tå xuê le.
Nïmen rìnshi tåmen.
Wó mêi læi.
Nï mêi qù.
Tå mêi xuê.
Nïmen bö rìnshi wómen
I came home.
Afterwards I went [to the] meeting.
He studied.
YOU know them. (YOU knew them.)
I did not come.
You did not go.
He did not study.
YOU do not know us. (… did not …)
PRACTICE 33.4
Convert these sentences to positive, by inserting “le” and removing “mêi”.
Wómen mêi xuê Hènzð.
Tåmen mêi qù wómende jùhuð.
Nï mêi læi wóde jiå ma?
Tå mêi shuñ pøtñnghuè.
Nïde dðxiñng mêi gèosu wómen
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013
Wómen xuêle Hènzð.
Tåmen qùle wómende jùhuð.
Nï læile wóde jiå ma?
Tå shuñ le pøtñnghuè.
Nïde dðxiñng gèosule wómen nïmende
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nïmende hço xiåoxi.
PRACTICE 33.5
hço xiåoxi.
Convert these sentences to negative by inserting “mêi” and removing “le”.
Wó xuê le pøtñnghuè.
Nège rên qùle wómende jiå.
Nï læi le wóde jiå ma?
Tå shuñ le pøtñnghuè.
Wó jiëmìi gèosule wó hço xiåoxi.
Wó mêi xuê pøtñnghuè.
Nège rên mêi qù wómende jiå.
Nï mêi læi wóde jiå ma?
Tå mêi shuñ pøtñnghuè.
Wó jiëmìi mêi gèosu wó hço xiåoxi.
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STUDY 34
34
cònglæi, cònglæi bù, cònglæi mêi — ever, never
VOCABULARY 34.1
cònglæi
cònglæi bù; cònglæi mêi
yóngyuçn bù
bù zèi
ever, always
never
never (in the future)
no more; not any more; no longer; not
again
GRAMMAR 34.1
• “Cònglæi” is normally used with “bù” or “mêi” to say “never”.
• “Cònglæi bù” is used to negate a habitual process. So, Jesus said,
“Wó cònglæi bö rênshi nïmen.”:“I never knew you.” (Matthew 7:23)
• “Cònglæi mêi” can be used with verbs where “mêi” conveys “not”,
and “cònglæi” is added to convey “ever”. This makes “never did”.
Wó mêi qù jiå.
I did not go home.
Wó cònglæi bö rìnshi tåmen
I never knew them; I didn't know them.
Wó cònglæi bö qù nïde jùhuð.
Wó cònglæi mêi[yóu] qùguo nïde
jùhuð.
Wó cònglæi mêi[yóu] kènguo
zhìge xðnxí.
I never go to your meetings..
I never did go to your meetings..
Tåmen yóngyuçn bö qù jùhuð.
Tåmen bù zèi qù jùhuð.
They never go meetings.
They do not go to meetings any more.
I have never read this message.
(I never did look at this message.)
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PRACTICE 34.1
Wó xuêxî pøtñnghuè.
Wó xuê le pøtñnghuè
Wó mêi xuê pøtñnghuè
I study Mandarin.
I did study (I studied) Mandarin.
I did not study Mandarin.
PRACTICE 34.2
Nï qùguo wómende jùhuð ma?
Have you [ever] been to our meetings?
Wó cònglæi mêi[yóu] qùguo
I have never gone to your meetings.
nîmende jùhuð.
Nïmen cònglæi mêiyóu kènjiènguo Did YOU never see this message?
zhìge xðnxí ma?
Wó cònglæi bù xíwèng zhì[ge]. I never hoped for this.
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EXERCISE 34.1 (Answers are given below)
Translate these sentences into English.
Wómen cònglæi mêi xuê Hènzð.
Tåmen cònglæi mêi qù wómende
jùhuð.
Nï cònglæi mêi læi wóde jiå ma?
Tå cònglæi mêi shuñ pøtñnghuè.
Wóde dðxiñng cònglæi mêi gèosu wó
nïmende hço xiåoxi.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 34.1
Wómen cònglæi mêi xuê Hènzð.
Tåmen cònglæi mêi qù wómende
jùhuð.
Nï cònglæi mêi læi wóde jiå ma?
Tå cònglæi mêi shuñ pøtñnghuè.
Wóde dðxiñng cònglæi mêi gèosu wó
nïmende hço xiåoxi.
We never studied Hanzi.
They never went to our meeting.
Have you never come to our home?
He/she never spoke Mandarin.
My brother never told me your good
news.
PRACTICE 34.3
Convert these sentences to positive, by using “le” and not “cònglæi mêi”.
Wómen cònglæi mêi xuê Hènzð.
Tåmen cònglæi mêi qù wómende
jùhuð.
Nï cònglæi mêi læi wóde jiå ma?
Tå cònglæi mêi shuñ pøtñnghuè.
Wóde dðxiñng cònglæi mêi gèosu wó
nïmende hço xiåoxi.
Wómen xuêle Hènzð.
Tåmen qùle wómende jùhuð.
Nï læile wóde jiå ma?
Tå shuñle pøtñnghuè.
Wóde dðxiñng gèosule wó nïmende
hço xiåoxi.
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STUDY 35
Yes and No
VOCABULARY 35.1
bù!
shðde! duð!
shðde!
bù!
bùxø …!; jðnzhï …!
No! (responding to positive words)
[Correct] No! (responding to negative words)
Yes! [Correct!]
No! = but yes! (faulting negative words)
No …; … is not permitted!
GRAMMAR 35.1
nï mîngbai ma? …
… bù [mîngbai], wó bù mîngbai!
nï bù mîngbai, duð ma? …
… duð, wó bù mîngbai!
… shðde, wó bö zèi mîngbai!
… bù, wó mîngbai!
Do you understand? …
… No, I don't understand!
You don't understand, do you? …
… [Correct] No, I don't understand!
… [Correct] No, I don't understand any
more!
… [Incorrect] Not so, I do understand!
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STUDY 36
Connectives — and, but, or
VOCABULARY 36.1 (Connectives)
… hê …
… êrqië …
… dènshð …; … këshð …
bù … êr …
… nèshî …; … dångshî …
… huô[zhë] … huô[zhë] …
… hæishð …
… bùræn …
and (links nouns or pronouns)
and (joins phrases, adjectives,
adverbs)
but
not … but …; and not …; but not …
[and] then
(either) … or …
… or (alternatively) …
… or (otherwise; if not) …
GRAMMAR 36.1
Wó hê nï shð hço pêngyou.
I and you are good friends.
Wó hço dènshð nège rên bù hço.
I'm fine, but that man is not well.
Tå huð læi nèshî wómen huð xuêxî. He will come [and] then we'll study.
Wó huô jíntiån huô mîngtiån læi.
I'll come either today or tomorrow.
Tå jîntian hæishð mîngtiån huð læi ma? Will he come today or tomorrow?
Wómen qù tåde fængzi bùræn tå bù We go to his house or else he does not
xuêxî!
study!
PRACTICE 36.1
Tå læi êrqië tå xuêxî Shìngjíng.
Tå læi le dènshð wó mêi zhídao.
Tå huð læi wóde jiå nèshî wómen huð
qù jùhuð.
Huôzhë wó huôzhë nï huð qù dèhuð.
He comes and he studies the Bible.
He came, but I did not know.
She will come to my home, then we'll
go to the meeting.
Either I or you will go to the
assembly.
Wó xuêxî, bùræn wó bö zhídao dæfù. I study, or I don’t know the answers.
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STUDY 37
More Connectives — therefore, because, whether
VOCABULARY 37.1 (More Connectives)
yíncï …; suóyï …
yuænyín
yínwìi …
[omit ]
shðfóu
[mêi] yóu …
therefore …; so, …
[this is the] reason
as …; since …; because [of] …
… that …
whether
have [not] …; there is [not] …; there are [not] …
GRAMMAR 37.1
Wó bù hço yíncï wo bö huð læi.
I'm not well therefore I'll not come.
Yínwìi tå dö Shìngjíng le suóyï tå As he studied the Bible, [so] he knew
rìnshi Shèngdð.
(knows) God.
Wó bù zhídao shðfóu tå huð læi.
I don't know whether he will come.
Tå bù zhídao nï huð læi tåde jiå
He doesn't know [whether] you will come
hæishð wómen huð qù nïde fængzi. to his home or [whether] we'll go to your
house.
Yuænyín wó huð qù nïde jùhuð.
For this reason I will go to your meeting.
Jíntiån yóu dèhuð …
Today there is an assembly …
… dènshð mêi yóu qïngtië.
… but there are no invitations.
PRACTICE 37.2
Wó xuê Shìngjíng le, …
… yíncï wó zhídao dæfù.
Tå mêi gëi wó tåde qïngtië yuænyín
wó jíntiån bö huð gëi nï nè[ge].
I studied the Bible, …
… therefore I know the answer.
He didn't give me his invitation. For
this reason I won't give you that
today.
Yínwìi nï læi le, suóyï wómen jíntiån Since you have come, [therefore] we'll
huð xuêxî nïde Shìngjíng.
study your Bible today.
Wó zhídao nï bù hën hço.
I know [that] you are not very well.
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PRACTICE 37.3
Nï zhídao ma Shìngjíng shðfóu shuñ Do you know if the Bible says that?
tå?
Yóu yîge fængzi, dènshð mêi yóu jiå! There is a house, but there is no
home!
Nï jíntian huð xuêxî wóde xðnxí hæishð Today will you study my message or
Shèngdðde xðnxí ma?
God’s message?
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STUDY 38
wìishênme? yínwìi — reasoning why? because
VOCABULARY 38.1 (Reasoning Why)
wìishênme
wìishênme?
wìi
wìi(le)
yínwìi
why; for what
why? for what?
for
for the purpose of/that; so (that)
because
GRAMMAR 38.1
Nï wìishênme qù jùhuð?
Why do you go to meetings?
Wó xíwèng gèosu nï wìishênme wó I'd like to tell you why I come to
læi nïmende jùhuð.
your meeting(s).
Tå mêi læi yínwìi tå mêiyóu qïngtië. He didn't come because he hasn't
(an) invitation.
Tå xíwèng shuñ pøtñnghuè. Yíncï He wants to speak Mandarin.
tå qùle nïde jiå.
Therefore, he went to your home.
Zhìge qïngtië shð wìi nï.
This invitation is for you.
PRACTICE 38.1
Nïmen wìishênme læi le?
Wóde dðxiñng huð gëi nï yîge
qïngtië.
Wìishênme?
Wìile nï nêng læi wómende jùhuð.
Wó mêi læi yínwìi mêiyóu qïngtië.
Wìishênme mêiyóu jùhuð?
Why did you come?
My brother will give you an
invitation.
Why?
So you can come to our meeting.
I didn't come, as there was no
invitation.
Why is there no meeting?
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STUDY 39
yèoshi, jiçrö, röguó — Conditional Sentences — if…, then…
VOCABULARY 39.1 (Conditional Sentences)
yèoshi … , (jiù) …
If (in the case that) …, (then) … [see ‘whether’]
jiçrö [or yèoshð] …, … If (supposing that) …, …
röguó …, (nèmuó) … If (on the condition) that …, (then) …
GRAMMAR 39.1 (Yèoshð)
See further examples in Study 47.
Yèoshð nï bù hën hço, wó (jiù)† If you are not very well, (then) I will not
bö huð qù nïde jiå.
go to your home.
Yèoshð mîngtiån nèxié xðnxí [huð] If tomorrow those messages [‘will’] come,
læi, wómen (jiù) huð xuêxî tåmen. (then) we will study them.
† Note word order with jiù after the noun wó.
GRAMMAR 39.2 (Jiçrö)
Jiçrö Shìngjíng shuñ nège xiåoxi, If (supposing) your book is not there, will
nï [huð] zhídao tå ma?
you know it?
Jiçrö tåmen bù mîngbai nïde
If they do not understand your invitation,
qïngtië, tåmen huð læi ma?
will they come?
GRAMMAR 39.3 (Röguó)
Röguó nï xíwèng xöexî, [nèmuó] If you wish to study, [then] I will come to
wó huð læi nïde fængzi.
your house.
Röguó tåmen læi, [nèmuó]
If they come, [then] we study the Bible.
wómen xuêxî Shìngjíng.
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STUDY 40
[zèi] zhìr / zhìlï; nèr / nèlï — [located] here, there
VOCABULARY 40.1 (Here, There)
[zèi] zhìr; [zèi] zhìlï
[zèi] nèr; [zèi] nèlï
[located; be located] here
[located; be located] there
GRAMMAR 40.1
Omit “zèi” from these phrases if they occur at the beginning of a sentence.
Zhìr mêiyóu qïngtïe.
Mêiyóu qïngtïe zèi zhìr.
Tå bù hço yíncï tå bö huð læi zhìr.
Nïde shõ zèi zhìlï.
Nèr yóu èi Shèngdð de rên.
Wóde fængzi zèi nèr.
Wó huð kènjièn nïde shõ zèi nèlï.
Here there is no message.
Here is no message is located here.
He’s not well, so he'll not come
here.
Your book is [in] here.
There there are people who love
God.
My house is located there.
I can see your book is [in] here.
PRACTICE 40.1
Yèoshð nï bù hën hço , wó (jiù)†
bö huð qù nèr.
Yèoshð mîngtiån nèxié shõ [huð]
læi, wómen (jiù) huð xuêxî tåmen.
Jiçrö wóde dðxiñng zèi nèr, nï
huðböhuð zhídao tå shð shêi?
Jiçrö tå zèi nèr, tå huð læi ma?
Röguó nï xíwèng xöexî, [nèmuó]
wó huð læi nèr.
Röguó tåmen læi zhìlï, [nèmuó]
wómen xuêxî Shìngjíng.
If you are not very well, (then) I will not
go there.
If tomorrow those books [‘will’] come, we
will study them.
If (supposing) my brother is there, will you
know [ or not know] who he is?
If he is there, will he come?
If you wish to study, [then] I will come
there.
If they come here, [then] we study this
book.
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STUDY 41
[zèi] zhër? / zhëlï; nçr? / nçlï — [located] where?
VOCABULARY 41.1
[zèi] zhër? / zhëlï
[zèi] nçr? / nçlï
[located] where?
[located] where?
GRAMMAR 41.1
Nïde jiè zèi zhër?
Tåde shõ zèi nèr.
Nï qù nçr?
Nï qù nçr xuêxî?
Wómen xuêxî zèi jùhuð.
* Zhìr yóu xíwèng.
Qïng læi zhìr.
Where is your home?
His book is [located] there.
Where are you going?
Where do you go to study?
We study at meetings.
Here there is hope.
Please come here.
* NOTE: “zèi” was omitted at the beginning of the sentence.
PRACTICE 41.1
zèi
[zèi] zhìr / zhìlï
[zèi] zhër? / zhëlï
[zèi] nèr / nèlï
[zèi] nçr? / nçlï
[to be] located at
[located] here
[located] where?
[located] there
[located] where?
PRACTICE 41.2
Wóde jiå zèi zhìr.
Wómen këyï qù zhër?
Wómen këyï qù nçr?
Nïmende xuìxî zèi zhër?
My home is [located] here.
Where can we go?
Where can we go?
Where is YOUR study?
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PRACTICE 41.3
Tå huð wìishênme zèi nèr.
Tå huðböhuð zèi nèr?
* Nèr huð yóu dðxiñng jiëmìi.
Wómende jiå zèi nèr.
Nïmen këyï qù zhìr ma?
Tåmen këyï qù nçr xuêxî?
Why will he be there?
Will he be there or won't he?
There there will be brothers and sisters.
Our home is [located] there.
Can YOU go there?
Where can they go to study?
* NOTE: “zèi” was omitted at the beginning of the sentence.
PRACTICE 41.4
Nïmende shõ zèi zhër?
Tåmen huð zèi zhìr.
Shèngdð zèi nçr?
Tå bö zhídao wóde jiå zèi nçr?
Qïng qù nèr.
Qïngtië shuñ qù nèr xuêxî.
* Nèr wóde jiå.
Where are YOUR books?
They will be here.
Where is God?
Does he not know where my home is?
Please go there.
The invitation says go there to study.
There is my home.
* NOTE: “zèi” was omitted at the beginning of the sentence.
ROUTINE 41.1
Wó
Tåmen
Nïde pêngyou
Zhìxie dðxiñng
Nèxie rên
Dan Dðxiñng
Jan Jiëmìi
Wó
[bù]
xïhuan
xíwèng
qù
nèr
xuêxi
xïhuan
qù zhìr
xuêxî
nïmende shõ
Shìngjíng
[bù]
nïmende shõ
nêng
læi
nèr
dö
zhìge xiåoxi
zhídao
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PRACTICE 41.5
Nïde jiå zèi nçr?
Wóde dðxiñng qù le nçr?
Nïde jiëmêi huð læi zhìr ma?
Tåmende shõ zèi zhër?
Wóde Shìngjíng wìishênme bö zèi zhìr?
Tåmen zèi nçr xuêxî pøtñnghuè?
Bö zèi zhìr!
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 110
Where is your home?
Did my brother go there?
Will your sister come here?
Where are YOUR books?
Why is my Bible not here?
Where do they study Mandarin?
It isn't here! / They aren't here!
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STUDY 42
… de — that which …; huè — words; zhôngyèo — important
VOCABULARY 42.1
… de
huè
zhôngyèo
that which …; that of … description
words; that which is said
important
GRAMMAR 42.1
Shèngdð de huè zhôngyèo de.
Nï mîngbai Shèngdð shõo de huè!
Nïmen yóu de shõ hën hço.
Wó pøtñnghuè shuñ de bù hço.
Nï pøtñnghuè shuñ de hën hço!
Shìngjíng shð Yéhêhuæ de huè.
God’s Word [is] important.
You see clearly what God said!
The book you have is very good.
I don't speak Mandarin well.
[The way in which] I speak Mandarin
[is] not good.
You speak Mandarin very well!
[The way] you speak Mandarin [is]
very good!
The Holy Scriptures (Bible) are
Jehovah's word.
ROUTINE 42.1
Nïmen
[bù] mîngbai
Nï
Tåmen
dóng
Tåde jiëmìi [bù]
Nïde pêngyou
mîngbai
Nïmen
wóde
wómende
xðnxí
[ma?]
hço xiåoxi
Shèngdð shuñ de
[ma?]
huè
wó gèosu nïmen de
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INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION 42.1
Work rapidly through incremental construction of these phrases.
nï shuñ
nï shuñ de
nï shuñ pøtñnghuè de
Tå shuñ de huè
you say; you speak
as you say; of you speaking
the way of you speaking Mandarin
the word {that He said}
tå gëi de
tå gëi wómen de
Shèngdð gëi wómen de
Shèngdð gëi wómen de xðnxí
as he gives; of him giving
as he gives us; that he gives us
as God gives us; that God gives us
the information that God gives us
nï xíwèng
nï xíwèng de
nï xíwèng yóu de
nï xïwèng yóu de xiåoxi
nï xïwèng wó shuñ de
nï xïwèng wó shuñ de xiåoxi
you wish, would like, hope
as you wish; that you'd like
that you'd wish to have
news that you'd wish to have
that you'd wish me to say
news that you'd wish me to say
nïmen nêng
nïmen nêng de
nïmen nêng mîngbai
nïmen nêng mîngbai de huè
YOU can
that YOU can
YOU can understand; can see clearly
words that YOU can understand
PRACTICE 42.1
Wó bù dóng nïde huè.
Tå xiçng mîngbai Shèngdð de huè
Wó mîngbai Yéhêhuæ shuñ de huè.
Nï dóng tå shuñ de huè ma?
Tåmen mîngbai zhìge xðnxí.
I don't understand what you say.
He wants to understand God's word.
I understand the word Jehovah says.
You ‘see’ what he says, do you?
They understand this information.
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PRACTICE 42.2
Nè shð Shìngjíng. Nï mîngbai ma?
Nï dóng zhìge xðnxí ma?
Dóngbùdóng?
Wó xiçng mîngbai tå de huè.
Nï dóng wóde huè ma?
That is the Bible. Do you understand?
Do you understand this information?
Understand [or not]?
I want to see clearly what He said.
You understand my words, do you?
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STUDY 43
zuô — [to] do, make; sit; ride; xõyèo — [to] need [to]
VOCABULARY 43.1
zuô
zuô
xõyèo
gñngzuô
shðdang
[to] make; treat as; [to] do, act as
[to] sit, ride
[to] need [to]
[to] work; work; works; activity
proper, suitable
GRAMMAR 43.1
Tåmen zuô shênme?
Nïmen zèi jùhuð zuô shênme?
Wó huð gèosu nï wó zuô shênme.
Wó xõyèo qù nçr?
Qïng zèi zuô.
Nï zuô shênme gñngzuô?
Tå bö shuô shðdang de huè.
What are they doing?
What do YOU do at the meeting?
I'll tell you what I do.
Where do I need to go?
Please sit again.
What work do you do?
He is not saying proper words.
PRACTICE 43.1
Nïmen huð zuô shênme?
Nïde pêngyou xõyèo qù wóde jiå.
Wómen zèi jiå zuô xuêxî.
Tåmen bö zuô zhì[ge] zèi nèr.
Wó xíwèng zuô Shèngdð shuñ de
huè.
Nïmen xõyèo zuô shênme?
Nï mêi xuê Shìngjíng ma?
What will YOU do?
Your friend needs to go to my home.
We do the study at home.
They don't do this there.
I wish to do what God says.
What do YOU need to do?
Haven't you studied the Bible?
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STUDY 44
yèng — manner; fångfç — way; fångshð — method; lù — means, road
VOCABULARY 44.1
yèng
zënyèng ?
zhìyèng
zhëyèng
nèyèng
nçyèng
fångfç
fångshð
lù
manner
how; in what manner ?
in this manner; in this way; like this
in what manner?
in that manner; in that way; like that
in what manner?
way, manner
method, style
road, way, means, route
GRAMMAR 44.1
Nï huð zënyèng zuô tå?
Wómen xõyèo zënyèng zuô?
Tåmen nêng nèyèng zuô tå.
Nï nêng zhìyèng læi wóde jiå.
Wó [huð] nêng zënyèng zhídao tå
shuò de huè? *
Wó zhídao nï [†] fængzi de lù.
How will you do it?
How do we need to act?
They can do it that way.
You can come to my home like this.
How will I be able to know what he
says? (How can I… or How will I…)
I know the road of your house.
* Choose “huð” or “nêng” but not two auxilliary verbs together.
† You would normally state only the last “de” in an implied series.
PRACTICE 44.1
Nïde jiëmêi xõyèo nèyang qù.
Your sister needs to go like that.
Wómen zèi jùhuð zhìyèng xuêxî. We study like this at the meetings.
Shìngjíng wìishênme shuñ wómen Why does the Bible say we mustn't do
bùkë nçyèng zuô?
like that?
Tå xíwèng wó bö zuô nèyèng.
He wishes us not to do like that.
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ROUTINE 44.1
Wómen
Tå
Nïmen
Wómen
Wó
Nï
Tåmen
[bù]
xïhuan
nêng
huð
[xõ]yèo
xïhuan
xiçng
[bù]
bù kë
zhìyèng
zënyèng
zhìyèng
nèyèng
hën hço de
zuô
dö
zuô
xuêxî
shuñ
PRACTICE 44.2
Wó [huð] nêng zënyèng zhídao tå
shuò de huè? *
Nïde dðxiñng xõyèo zhìyang læi.
Shìngjíng gèosu wómen bùkë
nèyèng zuô.
Nï zèi nèr zënyèng zuô?
Wómen mêi zuò zhìyèng.
Nèyèng zuô de rên bù hço.
Qïng wìi wó zuô zhìyèng de shõ.
How will I be able to know what he says?
(How can I… or How will I…)
Your brother needs to come this way.
The Bible tells us we mustn't do like that.
How do you act there?
We didn't do like this.
People who do like that are not good.
Please make this kind of book for me.
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STUDY 45
Measure Words (MW) : “bën”, and “fìn”. See also Study 28+
VOCABULARY 45.1 (More ‘Measure Words’)
bën
yðbën … (= yí + bën)
zhìbën …
nèbën …
(MW) for editions; bound volumes
a … ; an … ; (e.g. a volume of …)
this [bound volume of] …
that [bound volume of] …
fìn
yîfìn … (= yí + fìn)
zhìfìn …
nèfìn …
(MW) for leaflets, newspapers
a … ; an … ; (e.g. a leaflet of …)
this [leaflet of] …
that [leaflet of] …
liçng…
a pair of; (two)
GRAMMAR 45.1
The Measure Words (MW) to which you have been introduced so far are:
…ge
…bën
…fìn
…xié
(used generally)
(thick books)
(leaflets, newspapers)
(plurals)
yî (before …ã, …) a, an; (one)
yð… (before …à,
…á, …â)
liçng…
yîge pêngyou = a friend
yðbën shõ = a book
yîfìn zæzhð = a leaflet, thin magazine, or
thin document
yðxié rên = some people
yîge pêngyou = a friend
yîfìn zæzhð = a leaflet
yðbën shõ = a book
a pair of; (two) liçngge dðxiñng = a couple of brothers
liçngbën shõ = a couple of books
liçngfìn zæzhð = a pair of leaflets, thin
magazines, or thin documents
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GRAMMAR 45.2
NOTE : “Yóu” is inserted at the start of a sentence before “yðxié”.
yðbën shõ
zhìfìn zæzhð
zhìxié zæzhð
liçngfìn zæzhð
Qïng dö zhìbën shõ, hço ma?
Qïng næ nèbën shõ.
Yóu yðxié rên bù xíwèng nèyèng zuô.
Zhìxié jiëmìi shuñ de hço.
Nèxié pêngyou mêi læi zhìr.
a book
this magazine
these magazines
a couple of magazines
Please read this book, O.K.?
Please take that book.
Some people don't wish to do so.
These sisters speak well.
Those friends did not come here.
PRACTICE 45.1
Wó
gëi le
nï
Nï
gëi
wó
Wómen huð gëi tåmen
wóde jiå.
tåmende shõ.
yðbën shõ.
I gave you my home.
You give me their book.
We will give them a book.
PRACTICE 45.2
Qïng, nï næ wóde shõ.
Wó gëi le nï wóde shõ.
Nï mêi gëi wó nïde shõ.
Wó bö huð næ nèbën shõ.
Nïde jiå hën hço de.
Please, you take my book.
I gave you my book.
You did not give me your book.
I will not take that book.
Your home is very good.
PRACTICE 45.3
Nï yóu zhìbën shõ ma?
Nï yóu zhìyèng yðbën shõ ma?
Zhì shð yðbën Shìngjíng.
Wó dö le yðbën shõ.
Wómen mêi næ nèxié shõ.
Have you this book?
Have you a book like this?
This is a Bible.
I read a book. (Past tense)
We didn't take those books.
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PRACTICE 45.4
Zhìxié shõ hën hço de.
Nï yóu hën hço de shõ.
Yóu yðxié shõ bù hço de. †
Nï wìishênme xuêxî zhìbën shõ?
Zhìxié dðxiñng mêi qù nïde jiå.
These books are very good.
You have a very nice book.
Some books are not good.
Why do you study this book?
These brothers haven't gone to your
home.
Nïmen huð nêng zèi nèr xuêxî yðbën YOU will be able to study there a very
hën hço de shö.
good book.
Wó bö huð nêng zèi zhìr xuêxî nèbën I won't be able to study here that
pøtñnghuè de shõ. *
Mandarin book.
† NOTE : “Yóu” is inserted at the start of a sentence before “yðxié”.
* NOTE: Choose “huð” or “nêng” but not two auxilliary verbs together.
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STUDY 46
guånyö —about; bångzhù — help; yông— use
VOCABULARY 46.1
guånyö
bångzhù; bång
yông
[zèi] yông
about
[to] help
[to] use
[by] using; with; [by] making use of
GRAMMAR 46.1
Tå gèosu wómen guånyö Shèngdð.
Yéhêhuæ xiçng bångzhù wómen.
Wó huð bångzhù nï mîngbai tå.
Nï wìishênme yông zhìbën shõ?
Yông Shìngjíng nï nêng mîngbai.
Nï nêng mîngbai zèi Shìngjíng yông.
It tells us about God.
Jehovah wants to help us.
I'll help you to understand it.
Why do you use this book?
Using the Bible you can understand.
You can understand using the Bible.
PRACTICE 46.1
Wómen xiçng bångzhù nï mîngbai
Shêngjíng.
Zhìge xðnxí shð shênme.
Zhìbën shõ gèosu wómen guånyö
Shèngdð de huè.
Shèngdð xiçng bångzhù nïmen
mîngbai Tå shuñ de huè.
Wómen bångzhù nï zèi Shìngjíng
yông.
Qïng læi wómen pøtñnghuè yông de
jùhuð.
Shìngjíng gèosu wómen Yéhêhuæ
xiçng wómen huð zënyèng zuô.
We want to help you understand the
Bible.
What is this information?
This book tells us about God's word.
God wants to help us understand the
word he has spoken.
We help you with the use of the Bible.
Please come to our meeting that uses
Mandarin.
The Bible tells us how Jehovah wants
us to act.
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STUDY 47
yèoshi …, … jiù …— If …, then … …: further examples
VOCABULARY 47.1
yèoshi …,
…,
yèo[shi] …,
… jiù …
… jiù …
If …,
[If] …,
If …,
then … …
then … …
[then] … …
GRAMMAR 47.1
See earlier examples of Conditional Sentences in Study 39.
Yèoshð nï bù hën hço, wó jiù † bö If you are not very well, (then) I will not
huð qù nèr.
go there.
Nï xiwèng qù nèr, wómen jiù † You want to go there, so we will do that
huð nèyèng zuô.
way.
Yèoshð nèxié shõ [huð] læi,
If those books [‘will’] come, we (then) will
wómen (jiù) huð xuêxî tåmen.
study them.
Rên jiù zhídao wó shð Yéhêhuæ. Then the people will know I am Jehovah.
† NOTE: word order with “jiù” after the noun wó.
PRACTICE 47.1
Yèoshi nï xiçng qù wómende jùhuð,
wó jiù huð læi bångzhù nï qù nèr.
Yèoshi tåmen bù hço, wómen jiù huð
qù tåmende jiå.
[Yèoshi] nï xiçng yóu zhìbën shõ, wó
jiù nêng gëi nï zhì.
Yèo nï xuêxî Shèngdð de huè nï huð
nêng mîngbai Tå.
Yèoshi nï zuô Yéhêhuæ Shèngdð shuñ
de huè, nï jiù këyï yóu yóngshéng.
Yèo nèyèng zuô, nï bö qù nèr.
If you want to go to our meeting, then
I will come to help you go there.
If they are not well, then we will go to
their home.
[If] you want to have this book, then I
can give this to you.
If you study God's word, you will be
able to understand Him.
If you do what Jehovah God says, then
you can have everlasting life.
Doing like that, you don't go there.
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STUDY 48
suó —what, that which; suóyóu —whatever there is; dñu—all
VOCABULARY 48.1
suó
suóyóu
dñu
what, that which, whatever
whatever there is/are; all
whatever you have; possession
all
GRAMMAR 48.1
{Nï suó shuñ de} hën hço.
{What you say} is very good.
{Tå suó xiçng de}, Tå huð zuô.
{Whatever he wants to}, He will do.
Qïng dö {Shìngjíng suó shuñ de}. Please read {what the Bible says}.
{Nï suó dö de} zënyèng bångzhù nï? How does {what you read} help you?
{Suóyóu bù hço de huè} dñu bù nêng {Whatever bad saying there is}, they
bångzhù wómen.
all are unable to help us.
{Tå suóyou de huè} dñu shð wìi
Whatever word of His there is, all of
wómen hço de.
them are good for us.
PRACTICE 48.1
{Zhìge rên søo shuñ de} gèosu
wómen zënyèng qù tåde jiå.
Shìngjíng shuñ wómen xõyèo zuô
{Shèngdð suó xiçng de}.
Wómen xíwèng zuô {Shìngjíng suó
shuñ de}.
Qïng yông {nï suó yóu de
Shìngjíng}.
{What this person said} tells us how to
go to his home.
The Holy Scriptures say we need to do
{whatever God wants}.
We wish we could do {what the Bible
says}.
Please use {whatever Bible you have}.
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STUDY
STUDY 49
Review of Interrogatives— who? what? when? where? why?
VOCABULARY 49.1 (Interrogatives, Questions)
shênme …?
shêi …?
wìishênme …?
shênme shîhou … ?
nçlï …? nçr …?
what …?
who …?
why …? (what … for?)
when …? (what time …?)
where …?
GRAMMAR 49.1
Zhìge jùhuð shð shênme?
Nè(ge dñngxi) shð shênme?
Nè(ge rên) shð shêi?
Shêi qù nèr?
Tåmen wìishênme bù læi?
Nï shênme shîhou xuêxî?
Nïde fængzi zèi nçlï?
What is this meeting?
What's that (thing)?
Who's that (person)?
Who goes there?
Why aren't they coming?
When do you study?
Where is your house?
PRACTICE 49.1
Tåmen zhìr xuêxî shênme?
Nï zhídao shênme?
Nïmen shð shêi?
Shêi zuòtiån læi le?
Nï wìishênme bù zhídao nège huè?
What do you study there?
What do you know?
Who are YOU?
Who came yesterday?
Why don't you understand that word?
PRACTICE 49.2
Tå wìishênme næ wóde shõ le?
Tåmen shênme shîhou huð qù jùhuð?
Wómende shõ zèi nçlï?
Dèhuð de fængzi zèi nçr?
Nï wìishênme bö huð læi zhìr?
Why did he take my book?
When will they go to the meeting?
Where is our book?
Where is the house of meeting?
Why will you not come here?
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STUDY 50
More interrogatives— how? how much? whose? which?
VOCABULARY 50.1 (More Interrogatives, Questions)
zënyèng?
zënme …?
duñ [shén] …?
duñshço …?
shêi de? shuî de?
nç [yî]ge? *
nçxié?
how …? (in what manner …?
how …? (in what manner …?
how [far, much] …? (what extent)
how much … ? how many …?
whose?
which? (singular)
which? (plural)
* Change the measure word ‘ge’, if necessary.
GRAMMAR 50.1
Nïde pêngyou jíntiån duñ hço?
Nïmen yóu duñshço rên?
Zhìge fængzi shð shêi de?
Nïmen xuêxî nçbën shõ?
Nïmen xuêxî nçxié shõ?
How well is your friend today?
How many of you are there?
This house is whose?
Which book do YOU study?
Which books do YOU study?
PRACTICE 50.1
Nï zënme huð læi zhìr?
Tåmen xuêxî duñ shén le?
Duñshço fængzi shð nïmende?
Nï yóu duñshço pêngyou?
Shêi de shõ zèi zhìr?
Nège rên shð shêi de pêngyou?
Tå qù le shêi de fængzi?
Wómen huð xuêxî nçbën shõ?
How will you come here?
How [far] did you study?
How many houses are YOURS?
You have how many friends?
Whose book is here?
That person is whose friend?
He went to whose house?
We will study which book?
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PRACTICE 50.2
Tåmen zënme qù nèr le?
Nçge rên gëi nï zhìbën shõ le?
[zèi] Zhìlï duñshço shõ?
Tå shð shêi de mèma?
Shêi de bèba gëi nï nè le?
How did they go there?
Which person gave you this book?
Here are how many books?
She is whose mother?
Whose father gave you that?
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STUDY 51
Try [to]
VOCABULARY 51.1
lðtö
shðtö
[to] try, endeavour
[to] attempt, try
GRAMMAR 51.1
Tåmen lðtö le qù nèr.
Wó lðtö zuô Shèngdð suó shuñ de.
They tried to go there.
I am endeavouring to do what God
says.
Wómen shðtö bångzhù nï.
We are trying to help you.
Nï mêi shðtö zuô nè.
You didn't attempt to do that.
Qïng shðtö dö zhìfìn zæzhð, hço ma? Please try to read this magazine, O.K.?
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STUDY 52
52
Let; cause to; suffer problem conditions
VOCABULARY 52.1
rèng
lðng
shï
shôu
shôukø
[to] let; make have to
[to] lead to feel …
[to] cause; make; enable; employ
[to] experience, undergo
[to] suffer [hardship]
næntî
kø
qîngkuèng
difficulties, problems
hardship
conditions; situation
GRAMMAR 52.1
Rèng wómen dö zhìbën shõ.
Rèng wómen dö {Tå suó shuñ de}.
Tå rèng wómen dö tåde shõ.
Nï lðng wó gåoxðng.
Wó yïjíng shï tåmen rìnshi nï de
mîng.
Nï nêng shï Shèngdð gåoxðng.
Zhìge xiåoxi lðng wó gåoxðng.
Let's read this book.
Let's read {what He says}.
He lets us read his book.
You make me feel happy.
I already made them know [well] your
name.
You can make God happy.
This news makes me feel happy.
PRACTICE 52.1
Wómen shôu søo bù hço de.
Wómen wìishênme shôu næntî?
Shèngdð bö rèng wómen shôu zhìxié
qîngkuèng ma?
Shèngdð wìishênme rèng wómen
shôu zhìxié næntî.
Tå bù shï wómen zuô zhìyèng de.
We suffer what is bad.
Why do we suffer problems?
Does God not let us undergo these
conditions?
Why does God let us undergo these
problems?
He doesn’t make us act like this.
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PRACTICE 52.2
Rèng wó læi bångzhù nï.
Shèngdð shï wómen zhídao {tå suó
xiçng de}.
Tå bù xiçng wómen shôukø.
Shèngdð rèng wómen mîngbai
wìishênme yóu zhìxié qîngkuèng.
Tå shï wómen de jiå hën hço de le.
Shêi shï zhìge jíå bù hço de?
Shèngdð wìishênme rèng wómen
shôukø?
Yíncï wómen zhídao wómende
gñngzuô shð bù shðdang de.
Tå bù shï wómen zuô zhìyèng de.
Shèngdð xiçng wómen shôu {hêpîng
de qîngkuèng}.
Zhìge xiåoxi shð {lðng wó gåoxðng
de}.
Let me come and help you.
God makes us know {what the wants}.
He does not want us to suffer hardship.
God lets us know why there are these
conditions.
He made our home very good.
Who makes this home bad?
Why does God let us undergo these
problems?
So we know our works are not proper.
He doesn’t make us act like this.
God wants us to experience {conditions
of peace}.
This news is {one that makes me feel
happy}.
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STUDY 53
53
Direction: to, from
VOCABULARY 53.1 (Direction)
hê …; tòng …; gén …
dèo …
còng …
còng … chõ
to … (speaking ‘with’ a hearer)
to … (a place); up to …; as far as …
from … (from such place, e.g. China)
from …; out from …; out of …
GRAMMAR 53.1
nï
gén
wó
wó
tå
shuñ gén nï mèma
huð
nï
gëi
tå
huð
nïmen
gëi
tåmen qù dèo Löndõn
nï
còng Zhñngguò
wómen læi còng Bëijíng
tå
còng tå de
fængzi
chõ
wó
còng zhìbën
shõ
shuñhuè You spoke to (with) me.
le.
le.
I spoke with your mother.
wóde
She will give [to] you my
shõ.
book.
nèbën
He will give YOU that book
shõ.
They went to London.
læi ma? You came (come) from
China, mm?
le
We came from Beijing.
læi le. He came [out] from his
house.
xuêxî tå. I learned it from this.
PRACTICE 53.1
Qïng còng zhìr dèo nèr dö.
Nï còng nçr læi le?
Wó gén tåde fù qín shuñhuè le.
Please read from here to there.
From where did you come?
I spoke with his father.
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STUDY 54
Direction: through, by way of, in the name of, behalf
VOCABULARY 54.1 (Route)
chuångguô …
tñngguô …
fìng … de mîng
lùguô
through: from one side to the other
through: by way of, via …
through …; in the name of …
pass by way of
GRAMMAR 54.1
wó
wó
tå
shuñ
tñngguô zhìbën xuê[xî]
shõ
fìng
wó
bèba
de
mîng.
lùguô nège fængzi
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 130
le.
I learned by way of this
book.
I speak in the name of my
father.
le.
It came through that
house.
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 55
Purpose, for, due to
VOCABULARY 55.2 (Purpose)
gëi …; wìi …
wìi …; wìile …
hçojièo
yòuyö …
êr …
tð …
dèi …
for [giving to] … [a beneficiary]
for the purpose of …; in order that
due to …
on the grounds of …; because of …
(linking the cause of an action with the
action itself); and so …
for …; on behalf of …
for …; on behalf of …
GRAMMAR 55.2
Nèbën shõ shð gëi zhìge rên.
Zhì wìi[le] mîngtiån de jùhuð shð.
Hçojièo tåmen zhídao nï de mîng.
Wómen læile yòuyö nïde næntî.
Wó læi tð wó bèba.
Tå læile êr kènjièn wómen.
Tå yínwìi mèma bù hço êr mêi læi
That book is for this person.
This is for the purpose of tomorrow’s
meeting.
In order that they know your name.
We came due to your problem.
I come on behalf of my father
He came and so got to see us.
He did not come because his mother is
not well.
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STUDY 56
Position: [located] in, at, on
VOCABULARY 56.1 (Position)
(zèi) … lï
(zèi) … lïmian
(zèi) … shang [mian]
(zèi) … [mian]
… mian
(is) in …
(is) inside …
(is) on … , upon …
(is) at …
in the location (described by ‘zæi …’)
GRAMMAR 56.1
Note that ‘zèi’ is normally omitted at the start of a sentence. *
Tå
*
Tå
Wó
zèi
shõ
lï
[zèi]
fængzi lïmian …
zèi
shõ
shang [mian]
zèi tåde fængzi
[mian]
It [is] (positioned) in the book.
Inside the house …
It [is] (located) on the book.
I [am] (positioned) at his house.
PRACTICE 56.1
Use words you have learned and make more sentences with these grammar
detail.
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STUDY 57
Position: up, down, inside, outside, ahead, behind, beside, near
VOCABULARY 57.1
(zèi) … shang; zèi shèngmian
(zèi) … xiè [mian]
(zèi) … lï[mian]
(zèi) … wèi[bian], (zèi) wèimian
(zèi) … qiæn[mian]
(zèi) … hôu[mian];
(zèi) … hôu[bian]
(zèi) … pæng[biån]
(zèi) … [fù]yðn
(is) up, over ; located upon, on top of
(is) down; under …; below …
(is) in[side] …
(is) out[side] …
(is) [located] ahead; in front of …
(is) [located] behind …
(is) by [the side of] …; beside …
(is) near[by]
GRAMMAR 57.1
Nïde shõ zèi
Fængzi zèi
nè
nège lù
shang [mian] Your book [is] up there
shèng mian
The house [is] up on that
road
Tåde shõ zèi
zhìr
xiè
[mian] Her house [is] under here
Tåde huè zèi nïde shõ lïmian
His word [is] in your
book
Wómen zèi fængzi
wèibian huð læi We will come [and be]
outside your house
Tå
zèi nège fængzi
lï
le
He [was] in that house
Wó
zèi nïde fængzi hoùmian
I [am] behind your house
Tå
zèi nïmen pængbiån qù le He went * beside YOU
Tåmen
nèr
lï
They [are] in there
* [continuing in the position beside; alongside]
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EXERCISE 57.1 (Answers given below)
Translate these sentences from Chinese Mandarin into English.
Wó zèi nïde mèma pængbiån zuô xiè
le ìr dö tåde shõ.
Nïde shõ zèi wóde zæzhð hôumian.
Wómen de jùhuð zèi nège fængzi
lïmian.
Shêi zæi nïde fèngzi qiænmian zuô
xiè le?
Qïng zèi wó fùyðn zuô, hço ma?
Yésõ Jídõ zèi tåde Fù qín xiè.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 57.1
Wó zèi nïde mèma pængbiån zuô xiè
le ìr dö tåde shõ.
Nïde shõ zèi wóde zæzhð hôumian.
Wómen de jùhuð zèi nège fængzi
lïmian.
Shêi zæi nïde fèngzi qiænmian zuô
xiè le?
Qïng zèi wó fùyðn zuô, hço ma?
Yésõ Jídõ zèi tåde Fù qín xiè.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 134
I sat down beside your mother and
read her book.
Your book is behind my magazine.
Our meeting is inside that house.
Who is sitting in front of your
house?
Please sit near me, O.K.?
Jesus Christ is below his Father.
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
EXERCISE 57.2 (Answers given below)
Translate these sentences from English into Chinese Mandarin
There is a person on top of your
house.
We will be in front of their home.
Your father is beside your mother.
Your house is near our meeting!
Please look under your book, O.K.?
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 57.2
There is a person on top of your
house.
We will be in front of their home.
Your father is beside your mother.
Your house is near our meeting!
Please look under your book, O.K.?
Yóu yîge rên zèi nïde fèngzi
shèngmian.
Wómen huð zèi tåmende jiå wèibian.
Nïde fù qín zèi nïde møqín
pængbiån.
Nïde fèngzi zèi wómende jùhuð
fùyðn.
Qïng zèi nïde shõ xièmian kèn, hço
ma?
ACTIVITY 57.1
Students converse in groups of two or three, exchanging informative
statements.
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STUDY 58
Circumstances: before, with, during, after
VOCABULARY 58.1 (Circumstance)
(zèi) yông …
hê … (yðqï); gén … yðqï; tòng …
mêiyóu …; [mêiyóu]
(zèi) … yïqiæn
(zèi) … qíjiån
(zèi) … yïhôu
còng … yïlæi; còng … qï; … yïhôu
with (by means of, by the use of) …
with (in the company of) …
without …; [do not have; didn't]
before …
during …
after …
since …; from … on
PRACTICE 58.1
Wó xuêxî nè zèi yông zhìbën shõ.
Wó zèi jùhuð yïqian læi le
Wómen xuêxî zhìlï dèo nï læi le
Tå xuêxî zèi fængzi lïmian le
Tå læi le mêiyóu tåde shõ
Wómen bù nêng xuêxî yínwìi
wómen mêiyóu nèbën shõ
Wómen zèi jùhuð yïhôu qù fængzi
I study it by means of this book.
I came before the meeting.
We studied here until you came.
He studies inside the house.
He came without his book.
We cannot study because we are without
(don't have) that book.
We go to the house after the meeting.
PRACTICE 58.2
Wó còng nège jùhuð yïlæi zhídao
Tå hê wó læi zhìlï le
Tåmen zèi jùhuð qíjiån mêi læi
Wó zhídao tå còng wó kèn zhìge
xiåoxi yïlæi
Tåmen shuñhuæ guånyö dèhuð ma?
Wó huð qù nèr gén nï yðqï
I [have] know[n] since that meeting.
He came here with me. (He and I …)
They didn't come during the meeting
I [have] know[n] it since I saw this
message
Did they speak about the convention?
I'll go there along with you.
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 59
Auxilliary verbs - desire [to]: like, enjoy, wish, hope, want
VOCABULARY 59.1 (Auxilliary Verbs — Desire)
xiçng …
xïhuan …; xï'èi …
xíwèng …
këwèng …
[to] want to …; would like to …
[to] like [to] …, have an interest in …;
[to] enjoy …
[to] wish to …, have a desire to …
[to] hope to …; would like to …
[to] wish to …
PRACTICE 59.1
Wó xïhuan xuêxî pøtñnghuè.
Wó xíwèng qù dèhuð
Tå xiçng xuêxî zhìbën shõ.
Tå këwèng shð nïde pêngyou.
Tåmen xiçng mîngtiån læi.
Nï xïhuan yóu zhìbën shõ ma?
I like (am interested) to study Mandarin
I'd like (hope) to go to the meeting.
He wants to study this book.
He wishes to be your friend.
They want to come tomorrow.
Are you interested to have this book?
PRACTICE 59.2
Wó këwèng qù wóde fængzi.
Nège rên xíwèng shð nèr.
Wómen xiçng qù nèr.
Tåmen këwèng læi zhìr.
Nï xiçng dö zhìge xiåoxi ma?
Wó këwèng shuñ pøtñnghuè.
I wish to go to my house.
That person hopes to be there.
We want to go there.
They wish to come here.
Would you like to read this message?
I wish to speak Mandarin.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 137
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 60
Auxilliary verbs – complusion: need to, must, should, ought to
VOCABULARY 60.1 (Auxilliary Verbs — Compulsion)
xõyèo …
yîdðng
bðxõ …; yîdðng dëi …; bùdêbù
yîdðng yèo …
xiçng yèo …
yínggåi …
[to] need to …, have to …;
it is necessary that …
definitely, surely, indeed, really
[to] have an obligation to …; must
[to] to have a necessity to …; must
[to] want to order … (meals, products)
should …; ought to …
PRACTICE 60.1
wó xõyèo xuêxî pøtñnghuè
wó bðxõ qù dèhuð
tå yîdðng yèo xuêxî zhìbën shõ
tå yínggåi shð nïde pêngyou
nïmen xõyèo mîngtiån læi
tå yîdðng dëi shuñhuè zhì
nï yínggåi gëi tå tåde shõ
nï bðxõ læi jíntiån
tå bùdêbù qù nèr
xõyèo nïde fængzi huð zèi nèr
wómen yîdðng yèo qù jùhuð
wó xiçng yèo nège dñngxi
I need to study Mandarin
I must go to the convention.
He must study this book.
He ought to be your friend.
YOU need to come tomorrow.
He's obligated to say this.
You ought to give him his book.
You have to come today.
He has no option but to go there.
It is necessary that your house [will] be
there.
We must go to the meeting.
I would like to order that thing.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 138
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 61
Auxilliary Verbs – ability: may, can, try to, let, allow
VOCABULARY 61.1 (Auxilliary Verbs — Ability)
kënêng …; yëxø …
këyï …
nêng …
nêng …; dèo …
huð …; nêng …
jðnlð …; lðtö …
shð …; shðtö …
shðyông …
rèng …
gëi …
may …, [to] have a chance or opportunity to …
may …, [to] have permission to …
can …
[to] have a possibility or ability to …
can …, [to] know how to …
[to] try (endeavour) to …
[to] try (attempt) to …
[to] try out in use…
[to] let; [to] allow …
[to] let … be done
PRACTICE 61.1
wó këyï xuêxî pøtñnghuè
wó kënêng qù dèhuð
tå nêng xuêxî zhìbën shõ
tå jðnlð shð tåmende pêngyou
tåmen dèo mîngtiån læi
nï rèng tå næ wóde shõ ma?
I'm permitted to study Mandarin.
I have a chance to go to the meeting.
He can to study this book.
He tries to be their friend.
They could to come tomorrow.
You let him take my book?
PRACTICE 61.2
wómen shð qù dèhuð le
tå shðyông xuêxî còng wóde shõ
wómen rèng tå qù nèr
tåmende pêngyou dèo læi ma?
nï huð shuñ pøtñnghuè ma?
wó lðtö shuñ shðdang de pøtñnghuæ
gëi wó kèn nè!
We tried to go to the meeting.
He is trying to study using our book.
We let him to go there.
Their friend could come, is it so?
Can you speak Mandarin?
I try to speak Mandarin properly.
Let me see that!
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 139
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 62
Use of Verbs: help, live, return, visit, stay, meet, do
VOCABULARY 62.1 (Combining of Verbs)
zhén; [zhénxiång; zhénshî]; [zhénlï]
bång; bångzhù
zhù
huî
fçngwìn
liù xiæ; liùxia; dåi
jiènmièn
zuô
true; [the truth]; [a truth, truths]
[to] help, assist
[to] live, reside
[to] return, go back
[to] visit, call on
[to] stay, remain
[to] meet
[to] do, make (something)
PRACTICE 62.1
Zhìbën shõ shuñ zhén de dñngxi.
Nï huð bång wó ma?
Tåmen zhù zhìr.
Tå huî fængzi le.
Wómen qù nège rên fçngwìn le.
Tåmen dåi nèr.
Wómen jiènmièn zhìr.
Nï huð zuô zhì ma?
This book says true things.
Can you help me?
They live here.
He returned to the house.
We went to visit that person.
They stay there.
We meet here.
Can you do this?
PRACTICE 62.2 (Combining of Verbs)
Wó xïhuan zuô nè.
Wó xíwèng zhù zèi zhìr.
Tå xiçng huî fængzi.
Wó këwèng qù fçngwìn tå.
Yèoshi tåmen jíntiån nêng læi hço
le.
Tåmen xõyèo mîngtiån læi.
Wómen xõyèo qù bång tå.
Nï nêng tòng wó jiænmiæn ma?
I like to do that.
I'd like to live here.
He wants to return to his house.
I wish to go and visit him.
I wish they could come today. = If they
could come today it would be good.
They'll have to come tomorrow.
We must go and help him.
Can you meet with me?
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 140
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 63
Use of Verbs: see, hear, read, write
VOCABULARY 63.1 (Combining of Verbs)
jièn; (kènjian)
tíng
tíngjian
[to] see; ([to] see a sight)
[to] listen to
[to] hear
kèn
dö …; nièn …
xië [xðn]
[to] read, look at and comprehend; [to] look at
[to] read … aloud
[to] write [a letter]
PRACTICE 63.1 (Combining of Verbs)
Nï kènjian wóde fængzi ma?
Wó kèn bö jièn yîge fængzi.
Mîngtiån jièn!
Wó fùqín bù xiçng tíng nïde huè.
Tåmen tíngjian yóu rên zèi nïde
fængzi lïmian.
Wó tíng bù jièn nï suó shuñ de.
Wó xiçng dö nèbën shõ.
Qïng nièn zhìge xðnxî.
Qïng gëi wó xië xðn, hço ma?
Can you see my house?
I cannot see a house.
See you tomorrow!
My father does not want to listen to
your word.
They heard [there is] a person inside
your house.
I can’t hear what you’re saying.
I want to read that book.
Please read this message [aloud].
Please write [to] me a letter, O.K.?
PRACTICE 63.2 (Combining of Verbs)
wó xïhuan dö shõ
tå xiçng tíng zhìgì hço xiåoxi.
tåmen xõyèo mîngtiån nièn
wómende xiåoxi
wómen xõyèo qù kèn nège fængzi
nï nêng kènjian shênme?
wó lðtö xië Hènzð.
I like to read books.
She wants to hear this good news.
They'll have to read out our message
tomorrow.
We must go and look at that house.
What can you see?
I try to write Hanzi.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 141
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 64
Use of Verbs: love, understand, have, obtain, receive
VOCABULARY 64.1 (Use of Verbs)
èi
èihèo
mîngbai; lïjië; dóng
yóu
dêdèo; shñudèo
[to] love (someone)
[to] love (something)
[to] understand
[to] have, possess
[to] obtain, receive, get
PRACTICE 64.1 (Use of Verbs)
Nï èi tå ma?
Tå èihèo dö tåde shõ
Nï mîngbai pøtñnghuè ma?
Nï yóu yîge fængzi ma?
Mîngtiån yóu yîge dèhuð.
Wó èihèo nèbën shõ.
Tå èihèo nièn tåde shõ.
Nï huð dêdèo Shèndð de xðngfö
Do you love her?
He loves to read his book.
Can you understand Mandarin?
Do you have a house?
Tomorrow there is an assembly.
I love that book.
He loves to read his book [aloud].
You can obtain God’s blessings.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 142
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 65
de and its various uses; ”; Relatives and Correlatives
GRAMMAR 65.1 (List of Uses of “de”; Relatives and Correlatives)
… de
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
‘of …’
of possessor ‘…’
of quality described as ‘…’
the thing of the quality described as ‘…’
of manner described as ‘…’
of action described as ‘…’
Possibility of an action
of relative/correlative description ‘…’
GRAMMAR 65.2 (Use of “de” : ‘Of’)
fængzi de lù
dèhuð de fængzi
way of the house
house of the meeting; meeting house
GRAMMAR 65.3 (Use of “de” : Possession)
wóde shõ
my book
wóde
mine
wóde shõ shð zhìr
My book is here.
nè shð wóde
That is mine.
wó * mèma
my mother
nï * bèba de shõ
your father's book; the book of your father
* NOTE: Omit “de” for closely related persons
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 143
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
GRAMMAR 65.4 (Use of “de” : Quality — Adjectives Describing Nouns)
Use “de” if the quality described is written in more than one character
hën hço de pêngyou
very good friend(s)
bù hço de rên
not a good person; bad person(s)
Omit “de” if the quality is described using only one written character
hço pêngyou
good friend(s)
GRAMMAR 65.5 (Use of “de” : Person or Thing of the Quality Described)
hço de shð wóde
The good one is mine
GRAMMAR 65.6 (Use of “de” : Manner — Adjectives to Form Adverbs)
shðdang
shðdang de
tå shðdang de shuñ
proper, suitable
properly, suitably
He speaks properly
GRAMMAR 65.7 (Use of “de” : Action — Forming an Adverbial Phrase)
nï shuñ de hën hço
tå shuñ de bù hço.
wó shð zuòtiån læi de
How you speak is very good.
You speak very well.
How he speaks is not good.
He speaks badly.
I came yesterday ! (Emphasis)
GRAMMAR 65.8 (Use of “de” : Possible Result of an Action)
zuô de dèo
wómen shuñ de xuêxî
wómen shuñ bù xuêxî *
can manage to; is capable of doing
We [would] learn to speak
We would not learn to speak
* For a negative possibility, ‘bù’ replaces ‘de’.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 144
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
GRAMMAR 65.9 (Use of “de”: Relative and Correlative Pronouns)
…… de
zhì shð (shuñhuè hço de ) pêngyou
(hço fængzi de ) rên
‘person or thing of this description’
The use of “de” transforms the words
“… …” into a noun or a ‘noun phrase’.
This is a friend (who speaks well).
This is a friend ([of this description:]
“he speaks well”).
The above example has expressed the
relative pronoun “who”. Also, “de” is
used to express the relative forms of
what, who, where, why, when, how,
whose, and which.
person (of / with a nice house)
GRAMMAR 65.10
zhì shð (tå * gëi wó
de)
This is (what he gave me).
This is (the thing that he
gave me).
That person is a friend
(who is good).
This is ([the thing of this
description:] “he gave
it”).
nège rên shð (hço de)
That person is a friend
pêngyou
([of this description:]
“good”.)
nèxié (bù xuêxî de) rên Those are persons (who
Those are persons ([of
don't study).
this description:] “they
don't study”).
* “suó” can be
‘whatever’— wó suó shuñ whatever I said
inserted for
de
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 145
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
GRAMMAR 65.10 (Continued)
zhì shð (wó bù xuêxî
nèbën shõ de) yuænyín
This is the reason (why I This is the reason ([of
don't study that book). this description:] “I don't
study that book”).
mîntiån shð (wómen qù Tomorrow is (when we Tomorrow is ([the time
dèhuð nèshî de) *
go to the meeting).
of this description:] “we
go to the meeting then).
zhì shð (tåmen xuêxî de) This the house (where we This is the house ([of this
fængzi
study).
description:] “we
study”).
zhì shð (wómen qù
This is how we go to our This is the way ([of this
wómende dèhuð de) lù meeting.
description:] “we go to
our meeting”).
nè shð (wó xuêxî tåde shõ That is the person whose That is the person ([of
de) rên
book I study.
this description:] “I study
his book”).
zhì shð (nï gëi de) shõ
This is the book which This is the book ([of this
you gave.
description:] “you
gave”).
wó qù (zað nïde fængzi lï I'm going to the meeting I'm going to the meeting
de) dèhuð
which is in your house. ([of this description:] “in
your house”).
* “nèshî” can be omitted
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 146
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 66
Measure Words (MW)
VOCABULARY 66.1
yðjièn
huè
wênzhång
zhuñzi
idea, opinion
painting or drawing
article written; editorial; essay
table
VOCABULARY 66.2 (Measure Words)
yð… (before …à a, an; (one)
…á …â)
yî (before …ã …)
liçng…
a pair of;(two)
yðbën shõ = a book
…ge
…bën
…fìn
yîge pêngyou = a friend
yðbën shõ = a book
liçngfìn zæzhð = a pair of leaflets, thin
magazines, or documents
yîcð = once; liçngcð = twice
liçng zhóng rên = two kinds of people
…cð
…zhóng
(used generally)
(thick books)
(leaflets, newspapers)
(-ce; times)
(kinds of)
…bièn
(full cycles)
…diçn
…duèn
…fö
…lìi
…piån
…tiæo
…zhång
…zuô
yîge pêngyou = a friend
liçngbën shõ = a couple of books
nèbën shõ wó kènle liçngbièn =
I read that book twice [completely].
(ideas)
liçngdiçn yðjièn = two opinions
(sections, parts) zhìduèn lù = this section of road
(pictures)
yðfö huè = a painting or a drawing
(types of)
zhìlìi dñngxi = this type of thing
(write-up)
nèpiån wênzhång = that article
(item of news) zhìtiæo xiåoxi (/ xðnxí) = this message
(flat, squarish) yîzhång zhuñzi = a table
(buildings)
yîzuô fængzi = a house
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 147
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
PRACTICE 66.1
tå læile zhìr liçngcð
næ zhìfên zæzhð
nièn nè hço de
yîzhóng rên shð hço bù hço
She came here twice.
Take this magazine.
Read that [aloud] well.
Two kinds of person are good and bad.
PRACTICE 66.1
zhì shð yîge hço rên
nï zhídao yîge yuænyín ma?
wó mêi kèn nèbën shõ
gëi wó mèma zhìbën zæzhð
wómen gëile liçng fìn zæzhð
tå qù nèr liçngcð
wó rìnshi yîzhóng pêngyou
This is a nice person.
Do you know a reason?
I did not read that [volume of the] book.
Give my mother that (thick) magazine
We gave a pair of (thin) magazines.
He went there on a couple of occasions.
I know one kind of friend.
PRACTICE 66.2
tå dåi zèi dèhuð qíjiån liçngbièn le
wómen yóu yîdiçn yðjièn guånyö
zhénxiång
zèi nèduèn jùhuð wómen huð xuêxî
zhìfìn zæzhð
nèlìi fèngzi huð shð hën hço wêi
wóde jùhuð
qïng kèn jíntiån nèfìn zæzhð de
zhìpiån wên zhång
wó kènjian tå le zèi nèzhång zhuñzi
shang
wó xíwèng zuñ yízuô hço fængzi
She stayed during [all] the assembly
twice.
We have one idea about the truth.
In that section of the meeting we will
study this magazine.
That house will be very good for our
meeting.
Please read today this article in that
magazine.
I saw it on that table
I would like to make a nice house.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 148
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 67
bï — Comparative; zuð — Superlative; gender
VOCABULARY 67.1
bï
zuð
than (in comparison with)
most, the most (indicating the superlative)
nænný- ; nýxðng de
nænhæir
nýhæir
male (relating to humans)
female (relating to humans)
boy
girl
GRAMMAR 67.1
nè shð hço de shõ
zhìbën shõ shð hço (de)
zhìbën shõ shð hën hço de
nèbën shõ shð bù hço de
zhìbën shõ bï nèbën shõ hço
zhì bï nè hço
wómende bï tåmende hço
That is a good book.
This book is good.
This book is very good.
That book is not good.
This book is better than that book. (= this
book compared to that book is good)
This is better than that.
Ours is better than theirs.
GRAMMAR 67.2
zhìbën shõ shð zuð hço de
zhìbën shõ shð zuð hço de
zhì shð zuð hço de shõ
This book is best.
This book is the best.
This is the best book.
GRAMMAR 67.3
zhìge nænrên shð tåde nænpêngyou
wó shð nège nýhæirde bèba
zhìge nýrên rênshi nège nænhæir
nège nænrên bï nèxié rên hço
This man is her boyfriend.
I am that girl's father
This woman knows that boy.
That man is better than those people.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 149
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 68
Numbers
VOCABULARY 68.1 (Numbers)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
lîng
yí
ìr
sån
sð
wù
liù
qí
bå
jiø
shî
12
20
21
100
102
112
1000
10,000
1,000,000
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 150
shî'ìr
ìrshð
ìrshð'yí
bçi
yíbçilîngìr
yíbçishî'ìr
yðqiån
wèn
yíbçiwèn
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 69
Days, months, and dates
VOCABULARY 68.1 (Days, Months, and Dates)
rð
xíngqíyí
xíngqí'ìr
xíngqísån
xíngqísð
xíngqíwø
xíngqíliù
xíngqírð
day
Monday (Day 1)
Tuesday (Day 2…)
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
shèngwø
xièwø
zçoxié shîhou
wçnxié shîhou
before noon
afternoon
early in the day
late in the day
yuì
yíyuì
ìryuì
sånyuì
sðyuì
wøyuì
liùyuì
qíyuì
båyuì
jiøyuì
shîyuì
shîyíyuì
shî'ìryuì
month
January (Month 1)
February (Month 2…)
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 151
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
niæn
qùniæn
jínniæn
mîngniæn
year
the year gone; last year
this year
coming year; next year
shðjð
Gñngyuænqiæn
Gñngyuæn
century
Before our Common Era (BCE)
Common Era (CE)
jï?
hèo
rð
jíntiån jï hèo?
shèngge
xiège
how many; what number?
day (in a date – when spoken about)
day (in a date – when written about)
What is the date today?
last, previous
next, following
PRACTICE 69.1
Jíntiån jï hèo?
Jíntiån ìrlîngshîsån niæn liùyuì
ìrshîliù rð xíngqísån (2013 niæn 6
yuì 26 rð xíngqísån).
Xíngqírð yóu wómende jùhuð.
Còng xíngqíwø dèo xíngqírð yóu
yîge dèhuð.
Mîngniæn qíyuì wó bö huð zèi nèr.
Tå xië zað Gñngyuænqiæn wø shðjð
le.
Shångge yuì tå læi le zhìr.
Tå xiçng zhìge xíngqí qù nïde jiå.
Tå huð xiège xíngqírð qù zðjï de
fængzi.
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 152
What is the date today?
Today is Wednesday, June 26th,
2013.
On Sunday there is our meeting.
From Friday to Sunday there will be
a convention.
Next year in July I will not be there.
He wrote in the fifth century B.C.E.
(Before Our Common Era).
Last month he came here.
He wants to go to your home this
week.
He will go next Sunday to his own
house.
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 70
FREQUENTLY USED WORDS — Chinese Mandarin to English
VOCABULARY 70.1 (Chinese Mandarin to English)
èi
bçoguð
biåomîng
Bù!
bùwænmëi
chêngwêi
chòngbèi
chõshéng
cuôwù
cuôwù de zñngjièo
dçogèo
dð
dðshang
dñngxi
duð!
duñshço
ì[rên]
fåshéng
föcòng
fùhuò
gñngzuô
guòwæng
jiåtîng
jiìchö
jiêshù
jiêguó
jiêjðng
love
value
show – [to ~]
Not correct! (Yes! to -ve; No! to
+ve)
imperfect
become – [to ~]
worship – [to ~]
birth
error, mistake
false religion
pray – [to ~]
earth
on earth
thing
Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)
how many; how much
wicked [person]
event, happening
obey – [to ~]
resurrection
work – [to ~]
king
family
end – [to ~]
end; be ended; bring to an end –
[to ~]
result
clean; cleanliness – [to ~]
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 153
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
jðzçi
kø
kuçile
kønæn
lìyuæn
lðzi
næntî
qiånbêi
qîngkuèng
qînjðn
rênlìi
rìnwêi
rðzi
ròngyð
shénghuò
shéngmðng
shênme shîhou
Shð!
Shðde!
shîhou
shðjië
shöjiè
sï[wæng]
tíng
tíngcòng
tíngjian
tóngzhð
tóngzhðzhë
wængguò
wænmëi
xín
xðn
xðnxín
xðnyçng
report; record
difficulty; pain; suffering
happiness, joy; happy, joyful
bitter hardships
paradise
example
difficulties; problems
humble
conditions, situation
approach, draw near to – [to ~]
humankind
think – [to ~]
day
easy
way of life; be living
life
what time, when
Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)
Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)
time
world
ransom
death
listen to – [to ~]
listen; obey – [to ~]
hear – [to ~]
rule – [to ~]
ruler
kingdom
perfect
new
believe – [to ~]
faith
belief; religion
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 154
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
yínggåi
yíngxø
yîngdê
yïjíng
yð[rên]
yðsi
yuænyín
yuì
yuìnè
zènmëi
zhìngmíng
zhìngquì de zñngjièo
zhðhuð
zhñng xðn de
zhôngyèo
zñngjièo
should, ought
promise
please – [to ~]
already
righteous [person]
meaning
reason
month
approval
praise – [to ~]
proof
true religion
wisdom
faithful
important
religion
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 155
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 71
71
FREQUENTLY USED WORDS — English to Chinese Mandarin
VOCABULARY 71.1 (English to Chinese Mandarin)
approach, draw near to – [to ~]
approval
become – [to ~]
belief; religion
believe – [to ~]
birth
bitter hardships
clean; cleanliness – [to ~]
conditions, situation
Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)
Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)
Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)
day
death
difficulties; problems
difficulty; pain; suffering
earth
easy
end – [to ~]
end; be ended; bring to an end –
[to ~]
error, mistake
event, happening
example
faith
faithful
false religion
family
happiness, joy; happy, joyful
qînjðn
yuìnè
chêngwêi
xðnyçng
xðn
chõshéng
kønæn
jiêjðng
qîngkuèng
duð!
Shð!
Shðde!
rðzi
sï[wæng]
næntî
kø
dð
ròngyð
jiìchö
jiêshù
cuôwù
fåshéng
lðzi
xðnxín
zhñng xðn de
cuôwù de zñngjièo
jiåtîng
kuçile
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 156
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
hear – [to ~]
how many; how much
humankind
humble
imperfect
important
king
kingdom
life
listen to – [to ~]
listen; obey – [to ~]
love
meaning
month
new
Not correct! (Yes! to -ve; No! to
+ve)
obey – [to ~]
on earth
paradise
perfect
please – [to ~]
praise – [to ~]
pray – [to ~]
promise
proof
ransom
reason
religion
report; record
result
resurrection
righteous [person]
rule – [to ~]
tíngjian
duñshço
rênlìi
qiånbêi
bùwænmëi
zhôngyèo
guòwæng
wængguò
shéngmðng
tíng
tíngcòng
èi
yðsi
yuì
xín
Bù!
föcòng
dðshang
lìyuæn
wænmëi
yîngdê
zènmëi
dçogèo
yíngxø
zhìngmíng
shöjiè
yuænyín
zñngjièo
jðzçi
jiêguó
fùhuò
yð[rên]
tóngzhð
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 157
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
ruler
should, ought
show – [to ~]
thing
think – [to ~]
time
true religion
value
way of life; be living
what time, when
wicked [person]
wisdom
work – [to ~]
world
worship – [to ~]
tóngzhðzhë
yínggåi
biåomîng
dñngxi
rìnwêi
shîhou
zhìngquì de zñngjièo
bçoguð
shénghuò
shênme shîhou
ì[rên]
zhðhuð
gñngzuô
shðjië
chòngbèi
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 158
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
STUDY 72
Review of Words Learned
VOCABULARY 72.1 (Review of Words Learned)
This is a review of all the vocabularies covered in Part 1: Studies 1-29.
[See Study 1 for guidance on Mandarin pronuciation and Pinyin script.
Check especially tones and tonal marks in Pronunciation 1.4.]
a, an
[to] be able; can
about
address
[email] address
again
all
[to] be allowed
[to] be not allowed; must not
already
always, ever
answer, comment
answer, reply, response
[to] approach
approval
[to] ask [a question]
assembly, convention
[to] attempt, try
[to] be (am, is, are)
[to] be able; can
[to] be acquainted with
[to] be not allowed; must not
[to] be present
because
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 159
yîge, etc. MW (Part 2 shows more
‘measure words’.) Use yð before …à,
…á, or …â, otherwise use yî
nêng; huð
guånyö
dðzhï
[yímìir] dðzhï
zèi
dñu (see whatever)
këyï
bùkë
yïjíng
cònglæi (usually with bù or mêi)
huîdæ
dæfù
qînjðn
yuìnè
wên [wìntî]
dèhuð
shïtö
shð
nêng; huð
rìnshi
bùkë
zèi
yínwìi
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
[to] become
[to] begin, start
belief; religion
[to] believe
Bible, Holy Scriptures
birth
bitter hardships
blessìd happiness
[a] book
brother
Brother X
[to] be called; call
[to] be called by the name X
can; [to] be able
[to] cause; make; enable; use
chapter
[to] clean; cleanliness
[to] come
[to] comment; remark
conditions; situation
convention, assembly
Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)
day
death
did …
did …
didn't …; wasn't …-ing
[to] die
difficulty; bitter hardship
difficulty; problems
[to] make, treat as; do, serve as
[to] draw near to
each
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 160
chêngwêi
kåishï
xðnyçng
xðn
Shìngjíng
chõshéng
kønèn
xðngfö
[yðbën] shõ
dðxiñng; xiñngdð
X Dðxiñng
jièo
jièo X mîngzi
nêng, huð
shï
zhång
jiêjðng
læi
pînglùn
qîngkuèng
dèhuð
Duð! Shð! Shðde!
rðzi
sï[wæng]
…le (le is just after the verb)
…guo (guo shows action was
completed)
mêi …
sï
kø; kønèn
kùnnæn; næntî
zuô
qînjðn
mëi
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
earth
on earth
easy
email [address]
[to] enable; cause; make; use
[to] end, bring to a finish
[to] end, come to a finish
[to] endeavour, try
[in, using] English
error, mistake
event, happening
everlasting life
example
excellent
exist
[to] experience, suffer
faith
faithful
false religion
family
[to] feel …
[to] make feel
[to] find out, learn, inquire
fine, well, good
the first …
[to] go on foot
for
for the purpose that; so that
for what; why
friend
from, starting at
[to] give
[to] go
God
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 161
dð
[zèi] dðshang
ròngyð
yímìir [dðzhï]
shï
jiìchö
zhåodèo
lðtö
[yông] Yîngwên
cuôwù
fåshéng
yóngshéng
lðzi
féi chæng hço
zèi
shôu
xðnxín
zhñng xðn de
cuôwù de zñngjièo
jiåtîng
gçndèo …
lðng
liçojië
hço
dð yð …
zóulù
wìi; wìile
wìi; wìile
wìishênme
pêngyou
còng
gëi
qù
Shèngdð
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
god
good, well, fine
Hanzi
happening, event
happiness; happy
blessìd happiness
bitter hardships
[to] have; there is/are
[to] have not; there is/are not
have done …; …is completed
he, she, it
Hello!
[to] help; assistance
hence
her …
here
his
home (where you live)
how, in what way/manner
How are you?
how many
how much
however
humanity
humble
I
if …, then …
if …, [then] …
[if] …, then …
if …, then …
immediately
imperfect
important
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 162
shên
hço
Hènzð
fåshéng
kuçile; gåoxðng
xðngfö
kønæn
yóu
mêiyóu
… … le (le is at the end of the
sentence)
tå
Nï hço!
bångzhù; bång
yíncï
tåde …
[zèi] zhìr; zhìlï
tåde
jiå
zënyèng; zënmeyèng
Nï hço ma?
duñshço
duñshço
këshð
rênlìi
qiånbêi, wìnhê, qiånhê
wó
yèoshi …, … jiù …
yèoshi …, … [jiù] …
[yèoshi] …, … jiù …
röguó …, nèmuó … …
mçshèng
bùwænmëi
zhôngyèo; zhôngshð
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
impossible
Incorrect! (No! to +ve; Yes! to -ve)
indeed, surely
[to] be interested in …
invisible
invitation
is it so?
it, he, she
its
Jehovah
joy; joyful
king
kingdom
[to] know (information)
[to] know (a person)
[a bit] later
[to] learn, find out
[to] let; make have to
life
life, way of living
life everlasting
[to] give … a lift by car
would like, wish hope
like what?
like this
like that
[to] listen; obey
[to] look, watch, read (silently)
love
…-ly
[to] make, treat as; do, serve as
[to] make; cause; enable; use
[to] make feel
Mandarin
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 163
bù kënêng
Bù!
hën
duð … gçn xðngqù; yóu xðngqù
kèn bö jièn de
[…fìn] qïngtië
ma?
tå
tåde
Yéhêhuæ
kuçile
guòwæng
wængguò
zhídao
rìnshi
[guô] yíhuïr
liçojië
rèng
shéngmðng
shénghuò
yóngshéng
rèng … dåché
xíwèng
zënyèng? zënmeyèng
zhìyèng
nèyèng
tíngcòng
kèn
èi
… de
zuô
shï
lðng
pøtñnghuè
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
mankind
manner, how
meaning
meeting
message
mistake
mm, is it so?
Monday
month
morning
must; [to] have to
[to] be not allowed; must not
my
name
never did …
never have
new
news
good news
the next …
nice to see you
[telephone] number
No! ( to +ve); Incorrect!
No! (to -ve); Correct!
not
[to] obey
[to] obey, listen
of …
OK!
one
ought, should
our
pain
paradise
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 164
rênlìi
yèng
yðsi
jùhuð
xiåoxi; xðnxí
cuôwù
ma?
Xíngqíyí
yuì
zçoshèng
bðxõ
bùkë
wóde
mîngzi; mîng
cònglæi mêi …
cònglæi bù …
xín
xiåoxi
hço xiåoxi
xiè yîge …
hën gåoxðng jièndèo nï
[diènhuè] hèomç
Bù!
Duð! Shð! Shðde!
bù (Note: bö shð)
föcòng
tíngcòng
…de
Hçode!
yí
yínggåi
wómende
kø
lìyuæn
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
paragraph
peace
perfect
person, people
Pinyin
Please!
[to] please
it is possible that
quite possibly
[to] praise
[to] pray
the previous …
problems; difficulty
proof
promise
prophecy
question
ransom
read
read … aloud
reason
the reason why; therefore; so
record, report
regarding, on the part of, about
religion, belief
religion
[to] remark, comment
report; record
reply, response
result
resurrection
[to] ride; ride
righteous [person]
[to] rule
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 165
duèn
hêpîng
wænmëi
rên
Pínyín
qïng!
yîngdê
kënêng
hën kënêng de
zènmëi
dçogèo
shang yîge …
kùnnæn; næntî
zhìngmíng
yíngxø
yùyæn
wìntî
shöjiè
kèn; dö
dö …; nièn …
yuænyín
suóyï
jðzçi
duð
xðnyçng
zñngjièo
pînglùn
jðzçi
dæfù
jiêguó
fùhuò
zuô
yð[rên]
tóngzhð
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
ruler
…s
…s
…'s, …s'
sad
scripture, verse
Holy Scriptures
[to] see, catch sight of
[to] get to see, meet
[to] make, treat as; do, serve as
several, some
she, he, it
should, ought
[to] show
[to] sing [a song]
sister
Sister X
[to] sit, ride
[to] sit down
situation; conditions
so, therefore
someone
song
[to] speak, say
[to] stand up
[to] start, begin
study; [to] study
[to] suffer, experience
suffering
[to] take
talk, sermon
telephone [number]
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 166
tóngzhðzhë
…men (persons)
…xié (changes this to these; a to
some, etc)
…de
nænguô
jiì
Shìngjíng
kènjièn
jièndèo
zuô
yðxié (Yóu yðxié … at start of
sentence)
tå
yínggåi
biåomîng
chèng [gé]
jiëmìi, zïmìi
X Jiëmìi
zuô
zuô xiè
qîngkuèng
yíncï; suóyï
móurên
gé
shuñ
zhèn qïlæi
kåishï
xuêxî
shôu
kø
næ
tçolùn
diènhuè [hèomç]
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
[to] tell
Thanks!
Thank you! (polite form)
Thank you for reading.
that (pronoun)
that …
their
if …, then …
there
there is/are; [to] have
there is/are not; [to] have not
therefore; so
these; these …
they
thing
[to] think
this (pronoun)
this …
those; those …
through (in) the name of Jesus
through the name of Jesus
time
to, as far as
tomorrow
topic
[to] make, treat as; do, serve as
true religion
[to] try, attempt
[to] try, endeavour
[to] undergo, experience, suffer
[to] understand
[to] understand; see clearly
[to] use; cause; make; enable
[to] use; usage
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 167
gèosu
Xiìxie!
Xiìxie nîn!
Xiìxie nîn dö.
nè
nège …
tåmende
yèoshi …, jiù … (See if )
[zèi] nèr; nèlï
yóu
mêiyóu
yíncï; suóyï
zhìxié; zhìxié …
tåmen
dñngxi
rìnwêi
zhì; zhìi
zhìge …
nèxié; nèxié …
fêng Yésõ de mîng;
tñngguô Yésõ de mîng
shîhou
dèo
mîngtiån
huètî
zuô
zhìngquì de zñngjièo
shðtö
lðtö
shôu
dóng
mîngbai
shï
yông
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
using
value
verse, scripture
very
visible
volume of bound edition of …
[to] want to
way, manner
this way
that way
what way?
we
Welcome!
well, fine, good
what
whatever; that which
whatever there is; all you have
what time
when
where?
who
why
wicked [person]
will (future action)
wisdom
words; that which is said
[to] work
world
[to] worship
Yes! ( to +ve); Correct!
Yes! (to -ve); Incorrect!
you[r]
YOU[R]
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 168
zèi yông
bçoguð
jiì
hën
kènjièn de
[yð] bën … (e.g. shõ, book)
xiçng
yèng
zhìyèng
nèyèng
zënyèng? zënmeyèng
wómen
huånyîng!
hço
shênme
suó
suóyóu (often used with dñu - all)
shênme shîhou
shênme shîhou
[zèi] nçr; nçlï; zhër; zhëlï
shêi
wìishênme
ì[rên]
huð
zhðhuð
huè
gñngzuô
shðjië
chòngbèi
Duð! Shð! Shðde!
Bù!
nï[de]
nïmen[de]
26 June 2013
Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
APPENDIX A
Sentence Structure
GRAMMAR A1.1
A sentence is not just a string of words. It is a chain of groups of words.
Your fluency depends on respect for these discrete groups and the detail
they contribute to the overall message of the whole sentence.
Mastering the Use of Sentence Structure
• Keep it simple! Let's all not lose sight of the wood for the trees.
• To work quickly in one or more languages at a time you need to
“picture” in your mind the key ideas being communicated.
• When composing the expression of your own idea, “paint” the main
features of your thought picture. You can then add more and more
detail, but only do this if you progressed enough with the language and
if you need to do so. Don’t add irrelevant or unimportant detail.
• When registering what someone else has expressed, simplify the picture.
See its main features. Identify other details, if you can and need to.
Don’t focus on or repeat irrelevant detail that others have said.
We need to develop the skill of building up the structure of a sentence.
This applies essentially to the learning of any language.
See how a sentence is a chain of a few simple parts. Each of these may be
expanded with more detail.
As you begin to compose sentences, keep them very simple. Only add
detail as and when you need to and are able to.
Many students don’t see the wood for the trees. This is particularly
noticeable at meetings where a publication is used as the basis for a
question-and-answer discussion. Some students find it difficult to advance
beyond underlining and quoting lines from the publication instead of
speaking in their own words and from the heart the key points. Are such
comments up-building to the speaker or to the hearers?
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 169
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Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin
For example, consider the short sentence, “They give him this invitation.”
This simple sentence is already an expansion of a simpler sentence.
1) They give.
2) They give this.
3) They give him this. (= They give this to him.)
This can be expanded much further with far more detail.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
They
They
They
They
"
(eagerly)
The
(with great
brothers
urgency)
7) The bold
(at every
proclaimers opportunity)
give.
give
give
give
"
offer
would
like to
give
this.
this invitation.
him
this invitation.
the man
an invitation.
the man in the their important
street
invitation.
the person they their invitation
meet in the
for an
street
important
meeting.
GRAMMAR A1.2
Illustrations of Simple Structure
A SCULPTURE
If we can first construct a basic skeleton (such as “they give”), we can then
build up the body of the sentence on it.
A GOODS TRAIN
Using the table above, imagine a simple sentence as being like a goods
train that has an engine, a fuel tender, and maybe also a variety of trucks
attached. Each vessel has its own contents separate from the others.
Similarly a sentence must have an doer of something (“subject”) and an
action that is done (“verb”). It may also have other blocks of information
such as an object being acted upon (“the indirect object” in the “accusative
case”) or an object receiving the action (“direct object” in the “dative
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case”). Other information in the simple sentence serves to provide more
detail about the above parts.
A CHAIN
A chain is a series of elements each with its own integral structure.
GRAMMAR A1.3
Can you identify the main parts of a simple sentence?
Doer
“Subject”
Who or what is e.g. “They”
doing the action?
Action done
“Verb”
What is the
e.g. “give”
action?
Object acted upon “Indirect Object” Is there someone e.g. “this
or something
invitation”
being acted upon?
Object receiving “Direct Object” Is there someone e.g. “him”
action
or something
receiving the
action?
PRACTICE A1.1
Please find some simple sentences and identify the doer and the action
done. Strip out all the other information from it.
PRACTICE A1.2
Using the same simple sentences as in the previous practice also identify
the indirect and direct objects, if these exist.
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PRACTICE A1.3
Take the same simple sentences again and see if it is possible to simplify
them, so that you would find it a lot easier to translate their main points.
The following sentences are examples that you could simplify.
1) If I could find the time and energy, I would like to go to college in the
evenings after work (perhaps) and learn to speak Chinese fluently like a
native who's been speaking it all his life.
2) My friend's brother's wife, or is it mother-in law, was walking down the
High Street one evening last week when a child ran across the road, just
avoided getting knocked down by a car and then nearly knocked her
down in the process.
3) My friend and I have been talking to your neighbours this morning
about, “Do you think we shall ever be able to enjoy a peaceful earth?”
4) Have you ever wondered why we are here?
GRAMMAR A1.4
More Complex Sentence Structures
There are more complex sentence structures than the simple sentences
considered above. However, the following approach will help you to break
them down, simplify them, and express the main points of each discrete
section. This is not only important for composing your own sentences, but
also to facilitate fluent, understandable reading of others' texts.
A sentence is made more complex when it uses more than one active verb
(“doing word”) group. A sentence will always have a “main clause”
formed like the simple sentences described earlier. Other claused (each
with their own action word) are attached to the main clause.
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For example, see the underlined active verbs and the logic of the stacked
brackets in the following sentences.
1)
2)
*
3)
†
4)
5)
[I hope that {you will come (when it stops raining.)}]
[He said that {(you would come) and (* see me)}]
NOTE “you would” is omitted, as it is understood or inferred.
{(He comes) and (we study the publication.)} †
NOTE This sentence appears to have two main clauses.
{You will know, (if you're wrong!)}
{(If you are wrong), then you will know!}
In examples 1) and 2) the word “that” is often omitted in many languages.
This is so in English and Mandarin.
Form 3) is a useful form for beginners to copy. It is far easier to form lots
of short, simple sentences or “main clauses”, even if your language might
sound just a little unnatural. Your style can be improved after you have
established a sound foundation.
The conditional statements in examples 4) and 5) are important tools in the
reasoning process. However, we can again simplify these. Essentially, we
can strip out the “if” and “then” words, express the thought in each clause
using the methods discussed already, and then put back the “if” and “then”
words.
PRACTICE A1.4
Select sections of text and mark them with brackets around groups of
words that should be registered together for ease of reading, understanding,
summarizing in your own words (paraphrasing), or translating. This will
also help you isolate the key thoughts from such texts, if they are the basis
of a question-and-answer discussion.
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APPENDIX B
CONDUCTING A MEETING IN CHINESE MANDARIN
Welcome
Huånyîng!
subject
this subject
about this subject.
study about this subject.
We
We will
We will study
We will study about this
We will study about this subject.
huètî
zhìge huètî
guånyø zhìge huètî.
xuêxî guånyø zhìge huètî.
Wómen
Wómen huð
Wómen huð xuêxî
Wómen huð xuêxî guånyø zhìge
Wómen huð xuêxî guånyø zhìge
huètî.
verse
Bible
’s (of)
jiì
Shìngjíng
de
Bible’s verse (the scripture)
Shìngjíng de jiì
this verse (scripture)
Please
Please read
Please read this [item]
Please read this scripture
Please read the scripture, O.K.?
Qïng
Qïng dö
Qïng dö zhìge
Qïng dö zhìge jiì
Qïng dö zhìge jiì, hço ma?
Brother
Sister
Brothers and Sisters
Dðxiñng
Jiëmìi
Dðxiñng Jiëmìi
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zhìge jiì
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Thanks
Thank you
Thank you, brother
Thank you, sister
Xiìxie
Xiìxie nîn
Xiìxie nîn, Dðxiñng.
Xiìxie nîn, Jiëmìi.
would like to; wish one could
would like to; want to
xíwèng
xiçng
We
We would like to [wish we could]
We would like to learn (or study).
the answer
these questions
(of) to these questions
the answers to these questions
We would like to learn the answers
to these answers.
Wómen
Wómen xíwèng
Wómen xíwèng xuêxî.
huîdæ
zhìxié wìntî
zhìxié wìntî de
zhìxié wìntî de huîdæ
Wómen xíwèng xuêxî zhìxié wìntî
de huîdæ.
those answers.
nèxie huîdæ.
We would like to learn those
Wómen xíwèng xuêxî nèxie huîdæ.
answers.
to start
to finish, end
kåishï
jiêshù
lesson
chapter
verse
paragraph
kì
zhång
jiì
duèn
the first (number one) verse
(from) the first verse
the second (number two) verse
(as far as) the second verse
© B. J. Burford and E. J. Burford 2006-2013 175
dð yî jiì
(còng) dð yî jiì
dð ìr jiì
(dèo) dð ìr jiì
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a verse
yîge jiì
the previous verse
shang yîge jiì
the next verse
xiè yîge jiì
the first paragraph (Paragraph 1)
dð yî duèn
the previous paragraph
shang yîge duèn
this paragraph
zhìge duèn
the next paragraph
xiè yîge duèn
this paragraph’s question
zhìge duèn de wìntî
Who'd like to read …?
Please read this paragraph.
Please read the question.
Thank you for reading!
Please give YOUR
answers/comments.
Shêi xiçng dö …?
Qïng dö zhìge duèn.
Qïng dö wìntî.
Xiìxie nîn dö.
Qïng gëi nïmende huîdæ/pînglùn.
Thank you for your answer.
A good answer!
Very good! Excellent!
Correct!
Do you understand?
Xiìxie nïde huîdæ.
Hço de huîdæ!
Féi chæng hço!
Duð!
Nï mîngbai ma?
to feel
to feel happy
{to make} (someone) sad
about this [matter]
Jehovah feels happy.
How do you feel about this?
Now we must do what is the right
thing.
gçndèo
gçndèo gçoxðng
{lðng} (móurên) nænguô
guånyö zhì[ge]
Yéhêhuæ gçndèo gçoxðng.
Nï guånyö zhì zënyèng gçndèo?
Wómen xièng zuô hço de dñngxi.
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stand
[Please] stand (up)
everybody
[Please] sit (down)
[Let us] sing a song (in praise to
Jehovah).
Let us pray (to Jehovah)
[through] the name (of Jesus)
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zhèn
[Qïng] zhèn (qilai)
dèjiå
[Qïng] zuô(xia)
[Rèng wómen] chèng gé (zènmëi
Yéhêhuæ).
Rèng wómen dçogåo (Yéhêhuæ)
[fêng] (Yésõ de) mîng.
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APPENDIX C
HEBREW-ARAMAIC SCRIPTURES
Chuèngshðjð
Chõ’åijîjð
Lðwìijð
Mînshùjð
Shénmðngjð
Yuéshõyèjð
Shðshíjð
Lùdêjð
Såmø’ërjð Shèng
Såmø’ërjð Xiè
Liìwængjð Shèng
Liìwængjð Xiè
Lðdèizhð Shèng
Lðdaðzhð Xiè
Yïsílåjð
Nîxímïjð
Yïsítiéjð
Yuébòjð
Shípiån
Zhényæn
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
First Samuel
Second Samuel
First Kings
Second Kings
1st Chronicles
2nd Chronicles
Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther
Job
Psalms
Proverbs
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Chuændèoshõ
Yçgé
Yïsèiyèshõ
Yélðmïshõ
Yélðmï’åigé
Yïxíjiêshõ
Dènyïlïshõ
Hêxí’åshõ
Yué’ërshõ
Åmòsíshõ
Êbådïyèshõ
Yuénæshõ
Mîjiåshõ
Nåhòngshõ
Håbågøshõ
Xífånyçshõ
Hågåishõ
Såjiålðyèshõ
Mçlåjíshõ
Ecclesiastes
Song of Solomon
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Lamentations
Ezekiel
Daniel
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
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APPENDIX D
CHRISTIAN GREEK SCRIPTURES
Mçtèi Föyín
Mçkë Föyín
Lùjiå Föyín
Yuéhèn Föyín
Shïtö Xîngzhuèn
Luómçshõ
Gélînduñ
Qiænshõ
Gélînduñ
Hôushõ
Jiålåtèishõ
Yïfösuóshõ
Fêilðbïshõ
Géluòxíshõ
Tiésåluònîjiå
Qiænshõ
Tiésåluònîjiå
Hôushõ
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
Acts
Romans
First Corinthians
Tîmòtèi Qiænshõ
Tîmòtèi Hôushõ
Tîduñshõ
Fêilðmênshõ
Xíbòlæishõ
Yçgìshõ
Bïdê Qiænshõ
First Timothy
Second Timothy
Titus
Philemon
Hebrews
James
First Peter
Second
Corinthians
Galatians
Ephesians
Philippians
Colossians
First
Thessalonians
Second
Thessalonians
Bïdê Hôushõ
Second Peter
Yuéhèn Yíshõ
Yuéhèn Ìrshõ
Yuéhèn Sånshõ
Yòudèshõ
Qïshðlù
First John
Second John
Third John
Jude
Revelation
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