THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE FOOD SECURITY AND COOPERATIVES REGIONAL RICE CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE INVENTORY OF RICE TECHNOLOGIES PREPARED BY: EXTENSION SERVICES SECTION August 2011 Introduction This inventory includes rice technologies and good agricultural practices of rice along the value chain documented from various sites in the country. The sites include research stations of Kilombero Agricultural Training and Research Institute (KATRIN) and Dakawa , Mkindo Farmers Training Centre, Agricultural Training Institutes of Kilimanjaro Agricultural Training Centre (KATC) and Igurusi . Inventory of technologies was also carried out in farmers’ fields in irrigation schemes of Mkindo, Dakawa, Hembeti (Mvomero district, Morogororo region), Mbarali, (Mbarali district, Mbeya region) and Mwamapuli (igunga district, Tabora region). Other schemes include Lower Moshi (Moshi district, Kilimanjaro region) , Mombo (Korogwe district, Tanga region) and Ruvu (Bagamoyo district, Coast region). The inventory team also visited rain fed rice systems at Bumva village, Segese ward, Kahama district. Other documention sites included Igunga Rice Mills, DAD Rice Mills (Agrocom Kahama Ltd) and Bertha Masele Kinungu also of Kahama. The inventory was done using a guideline provided by ASARECA that required the following for each technology or good practice: i.
Clear elaboration / description of the technology or practice ii.
Problem it aims to address in response to commodity challenges iii.
Have a proven record that it has been tested, adapted and utilized by beneficiaries iv.
Areas it has been promoted (ecological factors) v.
Generators, promoters and users of the technology vi.
Essential factors for successful promotion and adoption vii.
Challenges (if any) for further dissemination /up or out scaling viii.
Recommendations for addressing listed challenges ix.
Lessons learnt on best ways to get the technologies to the largest number of people x.
Gender issues (if any) considered in the development and dissemination of the technology and xi.
Any additional information considered important about the technology and its promotion 1
1. Title of the technology or innovation 1. RICE SEED – Variety TXD 306 (Tanzania Cross Dakawa 306) or SARO 5 2. Description of SARO 5 The variety is a cross of Korean Subrimati and Super, a local variety that was released in 2001. It is best described by the following facts and characteristics ⇒ Grows in lowland rainfed and irrigated ecosystems ⇒ High tillering ability with a range of 30 to 50 tillers which gives a high yielding potential to produce 8 ‐ 10 tan/ha at research station and 4 ‐ 6.5 tan/ha at farmer’s field. Local varieties produce 10 ‐15 tillers that give 1.8 ton/ ha; ⇒ Early maturity, it takes 120 days to mature compared to local varieties that take up to 180 days; ⇒ Is a semi aromatic a characteristics that has lead to its acceptance by consumers than other high yielding imported varieties ⇒ It is possible to have a good second crop which is not possible for local varieties that tend to be affected by lower temperatures during flowering resulting in high %ge of unfilled grains (testimony of farmers of Hembeti and Mkindo irrigation schemes); Justification /appropriateness of the technology in solving identified problem SARO 5 was developed to increase rice productivity while partially maintaining local rice aroma and cooking quality, desirable characteristics preferred by most rice consumers in the country. Areas promoted SARO 5 has been is highly promoted and adopted in irrigation schemes of Mkindo, Dakawa and Hembeti (Mvomero District Council), Mwamapuli (Igunga District Council), Lower Moshi (Moshi District Council), Mbarali and Uturo (Mbarali District Council) and Mahiga (Kwimba District Council) to mention a few. Ecological and climatic conditions Temperatures (28o C to 35o C), Relative Humidity (‐‐‐), Rainfall (‐‐‐mm), Soils (clayey) It grows in temperature ranging from 28o C to 35o rainfall of average 800 ‐ 1,000 mm a parameter that has made it most suitable for irrigation where there is a constant supply of moisture. 3. Contact details of the generators and promoters of SARO 5 (i)
Generators of SARO 5 Name and contact address of the organisation: Agricultural Research Institute ‐ KATRIN (Generators) Email address: katrin@iwayafrica.com Telephone: +255 232625078 Fax: +255 232625361 Mobile: +255 784 419422 Country: Tanzania Name and contact address of key scientist: Nkori Kibanda PO Box: Private Bag, Ifakara Email address: nkibanda2000@yahoo.com Telephone: +255 232625078 Fax: +255 232625361 Mobile: +255 784 419422 Country: Tanzania Name and contact address of key partners: Agro‐ Scientific Research Centre Dakawa P.O Box: 1892, Morogoro Email address: chollima@iwayafrica.com
Telephone: +255 232628687 Fax: Mobile: +255 755 457800 Country: Tanzania (ii)
Promoters of SARO 5
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(ii)
Promoters of SARO 5 ⇒ Researchers / research institutes like KATRIN, Ukiriguru, Dakawa ⇒ Farmers in irrigation schemes mentioned in 2 ⇒ Seed multipliers that include Agricultural Seed Agency (ASA), Farmer groups ⇒ Local Government Authorities through extension staff ⇒ Training Institutions that include Kilimanjaro Agricultural Training Centre (KATC) Moshi, Ukuriguru (Mwanza), Ilonga (Kilosa), Igurusi (Mbeya) and Mkindo (Mvomero) 4. Users of SARO 5 ⇒ Farmers/ Progressive farmers ⇒ Processors ⇒ Consumers ⇒ Seed multipliers ‐ ASA, Farmer Groups ⇒ Training Institutions like KATC, Mkindo, Ilonga, Ukiriguru and Igurusi 4.
⇒ Researchers / research institutes like KATRIN, Ukiriguru, Dakawa. 5.
5. Critical and essential factors for successful promotion and adoption of SARO) The essential factors for promotion of SARO 5 include: ⇒ Seeds availability through seed multipliers such as ASA, Private Seed Companies and Farmer Groups / strong farmers organisations; ⇒ Accessibility ‐ Easy access by users that can be facilitated by efficient seed distribution system and affordable prices; ⇒ Profitability ‐ Good market for technology product (good quality rice – SARO 5 currently commanding market in area of production) ; ƒ Seeds availability through seed multipliers such as ASA, Private Seed
⇒ Availability of credit support through farmers SACCOs Companies and Farmer Groups/ strong farmers organisations;
⇒ Availability of extension services (public and private). Challenges encountered in respect to further dissemination, innovation,
⇒ 6.It can be planted 2 to 3 times before buying new seeds adoption and up/out scaling of SARO 5
6. Challenges (if any) encountered in respect to further disseminate the technology/innovation, adoption and up/out scaling The challenges for dissemination/ scaling up of the technology are: ⇒ Low capacity of Research centres (KATRIN & DAKAWA) to produce enough breeder and pre‐basic. seeds for multiplication ⇒ The variety is susptible to Rice Yellow Mottle Virus (RYMV) ⇒ Inadequate capacity of seed production/multiplication; ⇒ High price of seed Tshs.1500‐2000/=/Kg, this may tempt farmers to go back to their local varieties that are sold at Tshs. 500/=Kg; ⇒ High level of input requirement to support optimum yield which cannot be easy for new farmers to adopt the technology; 3
7. Recommendation for addressing the challenges listed in number 6 above.
For the technology to be scaled up there is a need ⇒ Research centres (KATRIN & DAKAWA) to produce enough breeder and pre‐basic seeds that could be multiplied by seed company and farmers groups ⇒ Conduct research trials on improving the variety tolerance to RYMV ⇒ To support emergence of strong farmer organizations capable of producing and distributing seeds in farming areas that can be sold at a reduced costs (minimized transportation and distribution costs) ⇒ To establish demonstration plots in new areas to popularize the seeds among farmers for wide adoption 8. Lessons learnt on best ways that has facilitated SARO 5 to reach largest number of people SARO 5 has been widely disseminated to many people through awareness creation activities that include: ⇒ Participatory extension using Famer Field School (FFS) and Farmer to Farmer Extension; ⇒ Demonstration plots and seed fairs ⇒ Farmers’ training ⇒ Farmers study tours and exchange visits ⇒ Dissemination through print and electronic media 9. Gender issues /concerns (if any) were considered in the development and dissemination of SARO 5 ⇒ Dissemination of SARO 5 using FFS groups has been ensuring participation of both men and women as the groups are required them have 40% females; FFS with more women or exclusive for women have been observed to perform better
10. Additional information considered important about the technology/innovation and its promotion in the region. SARO 5 like any other lowland rice cultivars, best performance has been observed if accompanied by the following technologies / practices: a. Seed preparation to obtain heavy / well filled seeds b. Raising seedlings in a nursery c. Land preparation that include bunding, puddling and levelling after plowing and harrowing d. Fertilizer application e. Straight row seedling transplanting or direct seeding f. Pest management (weeds, diseases and insects) g. Water management/efficient use of water h. Harvesting and post‐harvest i. Enforcement of bylaws in irrigation schemes and strict use of crop calendar
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1. Title of the technology or innovation / practice 2. RICE SEED PREPARATION ‐ SEPARATION OF UNFILLED GRAINS FROM FILLED GRAINS USING SALT WATER 2. Description of the technology or innovation / practice This is a practice used in effective separation of unfilled grains from filled grains using salt water. The practice is best described by the following steps: ⇒ Put winnowed seeds in clean water, stir well and remove all floating seeds ⇒ Add 2 kgs. of salt (gradual addition of small quantities is recommended) in 10 litres of water and mix thoroughly ⇒ Immerse a fresh egg in the formed brine solution, the right concentration determined by floating of the egg ⇒ Remove the egg and put the seeds that remained after removing the floating seeds and stir ⇒ Remove all floating seeds, wash all seeds that sink with clean water five times, these seeds have the right quality Justification /appropriateness of the technology in solving identified problem ⇒ To obtain well filled (heavy) grains that ensures high germination percentage and produce seedlings with high growth vigour Right concentration of brine (salt) solution shown by a floating egg depicting right density that is ideal for final separation of unfilled and light grains through floating 5
3. Contact details of the generators and promoters of the technology/innovation. The technology has been widely promoted by : ⇒ Training Institutes that include KATC (Moshi) , Igurusi (Mbeya), Ilonga (Kilosa) and Ukiriguru (Mwanza) ⇒ Farmers and extension staff in irrigation schemes who have attended training on improved rice production at above Institutions 4. Users of the technology/innovation Users of the technology ⇒ The users of technology are entire farmers of rice /paddy in irrigation schemes especially those who have attained training of rice production further disseminated through Farmers Field Schools ‐ FFS and from training institutes of KATC and MATI Igurusi. 5. Critical and essential factors for successful promotion and adoption of the technology/innovation Critical and essential factors for promotion and adoption of the technology are: ⇒ Awareness creation on benefits of the technology that include: 6. o Training as one of important topics covered in improved rice training sessions o Up‐scaling of the technology by trained farmers and extension staff to other farmers through FFS and Farmer to Farmer o Preparation and distribution of print materials such as leaflets on the technology ⇒ Easy availability and affordability of materials (water, salt and egg) for performing seed separation ⇒ Availability of extension services
6. Challenges (if any) encountered in respect to further disseminate the technology/innovation, adoption and up/out scaling ⇒ Many farmers still trust winnowing, a conventional method of separating filled and unfilled seeds as a good practice and find this technology too demanding. 7. Recommendation for addressing the challenges listed in number 6 above ⇒ Continued farmers’ sensitization on the benefits of the technology through leaflets / brochures 8. Lessons learnt about the best ways used to get the technology or innovations to the largest number of people The best ways used to get the technology to the large number of people are; ⇒ Promotion of the technology through training of key farmers and extension staff who further disseminate the technology through FFS and Farmer to Farmer approach ⇒ Promotion of the technology through extension services ⇒ Promotion of the technology through leaflets 6
9. Gender issues /concerns (if any) considered in the development and dissemination of the technology or innovation In all trainings, participants are selected with gender mix consideration of at least 40% women 10. Any additional information that you might consider important about the technology/innovation and its promotion in the region. NONE
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1. Title of the technology or innovation 3. RAISING SEEDLINGS IN WET NURSERY BED 2. Description of the technology or innovation ⇒ Wet nursery beds are prepared in puddled soils, ⇒ They must be well leveled with water inlets and drainage outlets ⇒ The nursery width should not exceed 1.5m (easy to carry out operations without stepping inside) and a convenient length e.g 15 m ⇒ Evenly distribute 10g/ m2 of pre‐ soaked seeds / incubated seeds and mover them with mud using hands ⇒ Other management practices ( fertilizer, water management, weed control, irrigation done as required) ⇒ Seedlings are ready for transplanting at 21 days A farmer leveling a wet nursery bed Justification /appropriateness of the technology in solving identified problem ⇒ The technology is aimed at producing healthy and vigorous seedlings with good tillering ability hence maximazation of yield. Areas promoted ⇒ This technology is used in many irrigation schemes of Tanzania mainland Ecological requirements ⇒ Suitable for areas with reliable water sources especially irrigation schemes 8
Well prepared seed beds ready for sowing seeds 3. Contact details of the generators and promoters of the technology/innovation.
The technology has been widely promoted by : ⇒ Training Institutes that include KATC (Moshi) , Igurusi (Mbeya), Ilonga (Kilosa) and Ukiriguru (Mwanza) ⇒ Farmers and extension staff in irrigation schemes who have attended training on improved rice production at above Institutions 4. Users of the technology/innovation ⇒ The user of technology are farmers in rice /paddy irrigation schemes especially those attended training on rice production further disseminated through Farmers Field Schools ‐ FFS and from training institutes of KATC and MATI Igurusi. 5. Critical and essential factors for successful promotion and adoption of the technology/innovation Critical and essential factors for promotion and adoption of the technology are: ⇒ Awareness creation on benefits of the technology that include: o Training as one of important topics covered in improved rice training sessions o Up‐scaling of the technology by trained farmers and extension staff to other farmers through FFS and Farmer to Farmer o Preparation and distribution of print materials such as leaflets on the technology ⇒ Availability of extension services 6. Challenges (if any) encountered in respect to further disseminate the technology/innovation, adoption and up/out scaling ⇒ The technology is only applicable where if there is a reliable source of water (ample water supply). ⇒ Levelling is highly required to ensure even water supply to the emerging seedling ⇒ Control of water levels in the bed is required ⇒ Many farmers opt for direct seed sowing instead hence don’t make nursery beds 9
7. Recommendation for addressing the challenges listed in number 6 above. ⇒ Dry seed beds to be prepared in areas with less water supply ⇒ Continued awareness creation on benefits of the technology ⇒ Proper levelling is required to ensure even water supply to the emerging seedling ‐Control of water levels in the bed is required 8. Lessons learnt on best ways to get the technology or innovations to the largest number of people The best ways to get the technology to many people;‐ ⇒ Conducting training to key farmers in the irrigation schemes whom will lead other farmers ⇒ Extension services using Farmer Field Schools, where farmers learn by doing 9. Gender issues /concerns (if any) considered in the development and dissemination of the technology or innovation In all trainings, participants are selected with gender mix consideration of at least 40% women 10. Additional information considered important about the technology/innovation and its promotion in the region. NONE
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1. Title of the technology or innovation / practice 4. BUNDING
2. Description of bunding Bunding is defined as a practice in paddy farming where ridge like earth structures called bunds or levees are raised / constructed around a plot and well compacted to form a sunken bed called rice basin Traditionally bunds are made using hand hoes with exception of few places where Draft Animal Power and modern agricultural machines like tractors and Power‐tillers are used. The practice has proved to be useful for both irrigated and rain fed (water harvesting) paddy farming. The bunds have to be regularly maintained and free from weeds Justification /appropriateness of the technology in solving identified problem (Problem technology intends to address) ⇒ Assist in water management /control during entire crop growth ⇒ Prevents losses of fertilizer, water and topsoil ⇒ Facilitates water harvesting in rainfed systems In summary, If bunds are well managed, they are very useful in impounding / holding water (water harvesting and management), prevention of losses on top soil and fertilizer hence lead to improved rice yield and quality. Areas promoted ⇒ The practice has been practiced traditionally by farmers in the Lake Zone regions in lowland rainfed rice cultivation and up‐scaled to many other lowland rainfed areas and irrigation schemes. Ecological requirements ⇒ Bunds made in fields with clayey soils are stable and have high water holding capacity because of their low water permeability rates as compared to sandy textured soils. 3. Contact details of the generators and promoters of the technology/innovation.
Promoters ⇒ Small scale farmers ⇒ Training and research institutions like ARI Uyole, MATI Mlingano, KATC, Mkindo, Ilonga, Ukiriguru and Igurusi to mention a few ⇒ Directorate of Mechanization through Oxenization Centres located in rice farming areas ⇒ Local Government Authorities through extension officers 11
4. Users of the technology/innovation ⇒ Small scale farmers ⇒ Training and research institutions like ARI Uyole, MATI Mlingano, KATC, Mkindo, Ilonga, Ukiriguru and Igurusi to mention a few, Oxenization centres and Local Government Authorities (For training purposes) 5. Critical and essential factors for successful promotion and adoption of the technology/innovation ⇒ Availability of labour and time saving technologies for bunding like Draft Animal Power (DAP), Power Tillers or tractors ⇒ Promotion on the use of DAP through oxenization centres and extension services. ⇒ Bunds construction having evolved from indigenous knowledge, its promotion has been mainly sustained by pass over from one generation to another (farmer to farmer) ⇒ Draft Animal Power in bunds construction being an indigenous technology, its use has been passed over from one generation to another (farmer to farmer) 6. Challenges encountered in respect to further dissemination of bunding ⇒ Bunds construction is tedious and labour demanding as it is mostly done using hand hoes ⇒ Many farmer construct very narrow bunds that are difficult to walk on ⇒ Low investment in DAP research for refinement / improvement of technologies innovated by farmers despite its importance ⇒ Low performance of DAP In livestock farming communities where the technology is used in bunds construction due farmers’ inadequate knowledge animal management aspects like: o management of animal diseases like CBPP, foot and mouth etc o poor selection of animals, poor training, poor feed management with no supplementation during dry seasons ⇒ Inadequate investment capital in labour saving technologies at individual farmer level ⇒ Many farmers are not aware with the benefits associated to this practice, hence hesitate to adopt the technology / practice 7. Recommendation for addressing the challenges listed in number 6 above
⇒ Private sector participation – establishment of hire services centres especially for power tillers that can provide improved technologies for bunding to farmers 7. Recommendation for addressing the challenges listed in number ⇒ Introduction or promotion of improved technologies in bunds construction that reduce drudgery are vital, these technologies may include DAP, tractors and power tillers with ridgers through extension services or training ⇒ Inner bunds should be wide enough to allow easy walk on while outer or boundary bunds should be wide enough to allow machinery access ⇒ Active participation of research in DAP a more affordable technology in many rice farming activities is highly recommended ⇒ Formation of strong farmer organization for communal acquisition of improved technologies for bunds construction and linking them with financial institutions 12
8. Lessons learnt on best ways to get the technology or innovations to the largest number of people ⇒ Skills and knowledge can be passed over from one generation to another or one farming community to another or from farmer to farmer ⇒ Training, study tours, farmer exchange visits ⇒ Participatory extension services (FFS) 8. Gender issues/concerns considered in the development and dissemination of bunding technology / practice NONE
9. Additional important information about the technology and its promotion in the
region
Bunds have to be regularly maintained and kept free from weeds Bunding illustration
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1. Title of the technology or innovation 5. PUDDLING
2. Description of the technology or innovation being proposed ⇒ Soaking of harrowed plots with water and using equipment / tools to compact and break the remaining soil lumps to form a thick soil paste before seedling transplanting ⇒ Thorough breaking and mixing of soil in flooded field, manually or by machinery, to create ideal conditions for paddy seedbed ⇒ Eases transplanting work ⇒ Better nutrient and moisture supply (reduces nutrient loss and water percolation losses hence higher yields) ⇒ Power tiller has proved to be a very handy machine in puddling when attached with rotary tiller or rotavator ⇒ Ox‐drawn puddlers are also available and are popularly used in livestock keeping communities Problems it aimed to solve (advantages of puddling)
⇒ Provides good soil condition for better crop establishment ⇒ Improves nutrient and water uptake by the plant ⇒ Enhances water conservation ⇒ Improves even distribution of nutrients, ⇒ Contributes to leveling of the plot ⇒ Reduces weed intensity Requiremets: Best in areas with ample water supply thus highly promoted in irrigation schemes 14
3. Contact details of the generators and promoters of the technology/innovation. Promoters of the technology include: ⇒ Small scale farmers in irrigation schemes ⇒ Training and research institutions like ARI Uyole, MATI Mlingano, KATC, Mkindo, Ilonga, Ukiriguru and Igurusi to mention a few ⇒ Directorate of Crop Development (Extension Services Section) by training LGA staff who further disseminate the practice ⇒ Directorate of Mechanization through training LGA extension officers on practical use of DAP and Power Tillers in puddling ⇒ Local Government Authorities through extension officers (upscaling) 4. Users of the technology/innovation ⇒ Farmers especially in irrigation schemes that include Mbarali, Lower Moshi, Mwamapuli, Mkindo, Mombo Irrigation schemes to mention a few.
⇒ Training institutions Igurusi, Mkindo, Ilonga, Ukiriguru and KATC for training and promotion purposes 5. Critical and essential factors for successful promotion and adoption of the puddling technology/innovation ⇒ Availability of affordable efficient (labour and time saving) technologies for puddling technologies such as Power Tillers or DAP to farming communities ⇒ Strong Farmers Organizations capable of accessing credits for communal acquisition of improved puddling technologies (power tillers) ⇒ Availability of extension services and training of power tiller operators for efficient performance ⇒ Availability of puddling equipment hire services at affordable costs and adequate after sales services 6. Challenges (if any) encountered in respect to further disseminate the technology/innovation, adoption and up/out scaling ⇒ The practice requires ample water supply, high energy consuming and a difficult operatipn ⇒ The benefits of the practice are not known by many farmers ⇒ Limited farmers’ use of power tillers for puddling due to: o Farmers limited capacity to mobilize capital and access to credit for purchase of efficient puddling equipment o Inadequate after sales services o Limited number of skilled operators o Puddling technology / equipment like power‐tiller and its puddlers is new to majority of smallholder farmers o Many famers’ plots are small in size making operations by machinery difficult ⇒ Low performance of DAP when used in puddling due farmers’ inadequate knowledge on animal management aspects as explained in bunding section 15
7. Recommendation for addressing the challenges listed in number 6 above ⇒ Continued promotion of energy saving / efficient puddling technologies ⇒ Training to increase farmers’ awareness on puddling and puddling equipment ⇒ Improving access to micro and rural credit facilities to make credit accessible and affordable to farmers to purchase agricultural machinery ⇒ Provide adequate after sales services and adequate extension services ⇒ Private sector participation ‐ Availing of credits for groups’ acquisition of the technology, establishing hire services and provision of after sales services ⇒ Training on management of draft animals essential for improved performance 8. Lessons learnt on best ways to get the technology or innovations to the largest number of people Through training,demonstration, exhibitions, and study tours 9. Gender issues /concerns (if any) considered in the development and dissemination of the technology or innovation NONE 10. Additional information that you might consider important about the technology/innovation and its promotion in the region. ⇒ Best performance is by puddlers or rotorvators powered by tractors or power tillers with cage wheels. ⇒ In ‐ efficient when done using traditional tools like hand hoe which does not stir the soil sufficiently due to inadequate availability and expensiveness of modern equipment (power tillers with attachment rotavator, puddlers) Therefore, private sector should be encouraged in establishing and promoting hiring services of puddling equipment in local areas. 16
Puddling using power tiller 1. Title of the technology or innovation 6. LEVELING
2. Description of the technology or innovation being proposed ⇒ The process of moving soil from raised to lower parts of the rice field while making sure that the top soil is evenly distributed. This can be accomplished manually using hand‐hoes, spade, pulled‐levellers,or mechanically using powered levelers or ox‐pulled rectangular shaped log of wood. Problems levelling aims to address
⇒ Improves crop establishment hence contributes to better crop stand ⇒ Results into uniform crop stand and maturity ⇒ Facilitates uniform water and nutrients distribution in rice basins ⇒ Uniform water distribution / depth in rice fields reduces / suppresses weed growth of weeds 3. Contact details of the generators and promoters of the technology/innovation. Promoters of leveling ⇒ Small scale farmers in irrigation schemes ⇒ Training and research institutions like ARI Uyole, MATI Mlingano, KATC, Mkindo, Ilonga, Ukiriguru and Igurusi to mention a few ⇒ Directorate of Crop Development (Extension Services Section) by training LGA staff who further disseminate the practice ⇒ Directorate of Mechanization through training LGA extension officers on practical use of DAP and Power Tillers in leveling ⇒ Local Government Authorities through extension officers (upscaling) 4. Users of the technology/innovation ⇒ Farmers especially in paddy growing areas; these include irrigation schemes in Mbarali district, Lower Moshi Irrigation scheme just to mention a few. ⇒ MAFC through D ‐ MECH, DCD, DT – MATI Mlingano, Igurusi and KATC for training and promotion purposes ⇒ TAMISEMI through LGAs for upscalling 17
5. Critical and essential factors for successful promotion and adoption of the technology/innovation ⇒ Availability of affordable efficient (labour and time saving) technologies for leveling technologies such as Power Tillers or DAP to farming communities ⇒ Strong Farmers Organizations capable of accessing credits for communal acquisition of improved levelling technologies (power tillers) ⇒ Availability of extension services and training of power tiller operators for efficient performance ⇒ Availability of puddling equipment hire services at affordable costs and adequate after sales services 6. Challenges (if any) encountered in respect to further disseminate the technology/innovation, adoption and up/out scaling ⇒ The benefits of the practice are not known to many farmers ⇒ Limited farmers’ use of power tillers for leveling due to: o Farmers limited capacity to mobilize capital and access to credit for purchase of efficient levelling equipment o Inadequate after sales services o Limited number of skilled operators o Leveling technology / equipment like power‐tiller and its levellers is new to majority of smallholder farmers o Many famers’ plots are small in size making operations by machinery difficult ⇒ Low performance of DAP when used in puddling due farmers’ inadequate knowledge on animal management aspects as explained in bunding and puddling sections 7. Recommendation for addressing the challenges listed in number 6 above ⇒ Continued promotion of energy saving / efficient leveling technologies and advise farmers to adopt new leveling technologies ⇒ Training to increase farmers’ awareness on leveling and levelling equipment ⇒ Improving access to micro and rural credit facilities to make credit accessible and affordable to farmers to purchase agricultural machinery, farmers should be encouraged to form groups for communal acquisition of the machinery ⇒ Provide adequate after sales services and adequate extension services ⇒ Private sector participation ‐ Availing of credits for groups’ acquisition of the technology, establishing hire services and provision of after sales services 18
8. Lessons learnt about the best ways to get technologies or innovations used by the largest number of people Through demonstration, exhibitions, shows and political will on the technology
9. Gender issues /concerns (if any) were considered in the development and dissemination of the technology or innovation NONE
10. Any additional information that you might consider important about the technology/innovation and its promotion in the region. Although field levelling using draft animals is common ⇒ The technology is time and labour demanding / intensive hence unsuitable for large scale farmers, for large scale farming, it’s advised to use modern
agricultural machines, implements and attachments
⇒ The draft animals (DA) are small in size hence two or more pairs are needed for the practice (levelling) which is difficult to manage. Training on DA selection and management is important 19
1.
Title of the technology or innovation 7. FERTILIZERS
2.
Description of the technology or innovation being proposed ⇒ A combination of phosphate and nitrogen fertilers are essential for optimum rice growth. Amounts of up to 40 kgs P2O5 and 80 kgs N per hectare is required to deliver high SARO 5 yields as shown in relevant (SARO 5) ⇒ Phosphate fertilizers are basally applied (before field crop establishment) while split application of nitrogen fertilizers (top dressing) in two equal splits at 14 days and 35 days when the field water level is 3‐5 cm. ⇒ In livestock keeping communities, farm yard manure is used though in small quantities that do not meet plant nutrient needs Problems it aims to address ⇒ Supply of nutrients that are essential for: o
Basally applied fertilizers facilitate early plants establishment (good root development) o
Top dressed fertilizers promotes high tillering (increases number of productive tillers), increases number of spikelets, influences grain filling (large grain size) hence high quality and high yield 3. Contact details of the generators and promoters of the technology/innovation. Promoters of the technology: ⇒ Farmers, extension staff and Ministry of Agriculture staff during training and technical backstopping visits 4. Users of the technology/innovation ⇒ Both Large and small scale farmers (industrial fertilizers) ⇒ Small scale farmers (farm yard manure) 5. Critical and essential factors for successful promotion and adoption of the technology/innovation ⇒ Availability and affordability ⇒ Availability of credit facilities and subsidy for small scale farmer particularly for industrial fertilizers ⇒ Farmers’ clear understanding of benefits of fertilizers in relation to rice yields ⇒ Transportation facilities for ferrying farm yard manure to fields (bulkiness) – Availability of ox‐carts 6. Challenges encountered in respect to further disseminate the ⇒ Availability of extension services 20
10. Challenges (if any) encountered in respect to further disseminate the technology/innovation, adoption and up/out scaling ⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
High costs of fertilizer Lack of credit facilities to some farmers High labour requirements for transportation and distribution of farm yard manure Inadequate supply of farm yard manure 7. Recommendation for addressing the challenges listed in number 6
⇒ Formation of farmer’s microfinance groups for accessing credit facilities ⇒ Provide transportation hire services for farmers without ferrying facilities ⇒ Supplement farm yard manure with industrial fertilizer 8. Lessons learnt about the best ways to get bunding practice / technology to the largest number of people
Dissemination of the technology through study tours, farmer field schools, media, extension personnel etc 9. Gender issues/concerns considered in the development and dissemination of bunding technology / practice None
10. Any additional information that you might consider important about the technology/innovation and its promotion in the region. ⇒ Nitrogen fertilizers containing NITRATES should never be used in water flooded conditions as have high nitrogen losses in such conditions ⇒ Avoid contact of nitrogen fertilizer with wet leaves (to avoid leaf scorching) 21
1. Title of the technology or innovation 8. STRAIGHT ROW TRANSPLANTING 2. Description of the technology or innovation being proposed ⇒ Planting in straight lines mainly using transplanting strings at a spacing of 20 cm X 20 cm ⇒ Transplanting if done with proper spacing, it will result in optimum plant population/density and yield increase. ⇒ Easing other farm management activities like weeding, fertilizer application and harvesting ⇒ Widely practiced in irrigation schemes and few places under rain fed ecosystem Problems it aims to address ⇒ Ensures high rice yields through o Easy to attain optimum plant density that is directly related to yield o High plant vigour resulting from transplanting selected healthy seedlings o Seedlings transplanted in weed free environment have faster growth and able to compete for nutrients and moisture against weeds at their emergence o Straight row transplanting facilitates other crop management practices like weeding , fertilizers application and harvesting o Transplanted rice plants produce high number of tillers an indicator with direct relationship with yield 3. Contact details of the generators and promoters of the technology/innovation. Promoters of the string straight row transplanting: ⇒ Farmers, extension staff and Ministry of Agriculture staff during training and technical backstopping visits 22
Framers transplanting rice seedlings using transplanting string during training 4. Users of the technology/innovation ⇒ Small Scale Farmers widely in Mbarali, Mkindo, Mwamapuli, Lower Moshi, Mombo irrigation schemes to mention a few 5. Critical and essential factors for successful promotion and adoption of the technology/innovation ⇒ Possible in areas with ample labour S
⇒ The technology (transplanting string) is popular because: o Materials (nylon string) is locally / easily available and durable o User friendly and affordable o Light and easy to carry when folded 6. Challenges (if any) encountered in respect to further disseminate the technology/innovation, adoption and up/out scaling ⇒ Spacing within rows (hill spacing) is estimated ⇒ The practice is not efficient in labour scarce areas or large scale farms
7. Recommendations for addressing the challenges listed in number 6 above. ⇒ Transplanting strings should be knotted at right spacing for correct inter – row spacing ⇒ Promote and advice farmers to use trans‐planters in places with labour scarcity and large scale farms, use of this technology has started in some irrigation schemes however its use is challenged by a high requirements for transplanting trays where the seeds are germinated 8. Lessons learnt about the best ways to get technologies or innovations used by the largest number of people Promote and train farmers through farmer groups, FFS, study tours and demonstrations 9. Gender issues /concerns (if any) were considered in the development and dissemination of the technology or innovation Women farmers are early to adopt compared to male
10. Any additional information that you might consider important about the technology/innovation and its promotion in the region. ⇒ Adoption of transplanting technology using mechanical transplanters will spare women and children from difficult back bending transplanting as they mainly used in this task, however, they will lose revenue they get when they are currently paid for transplanting operations 23
1. Title of the technology or innovation 9. WEED CONTROL – CULTURAL METHODS
2. Description of the technology or innovation being proposed ⇒ Weeding should be done early enough to avoid loss of yield preferably 2 weeks after transplanting then 3 weeks after the first weeding ⇒ Cultural weed control methods are commonly applied in rice farming in irrigation schemes in the country. These cultural weed control measures include: o Good land preparation to give rice plants initial weed free environment o Mechanial weeding using push weeds between rows and hand pulling between hills o Appropriate water levels in rice fields that suppress growth of weeds Problems weeding practice aims to address: ⇒ Effective weed control eliminates competition for nutrients and moisture between rice plants and weeds thus increase efficiency of their uptake hence increased yields ⇒ Weeding eliminates host plants to pests and diseases thus promote growth of healthy that give high yields 3. Contact details of the generators and promoters of the technology/innovation. 4. Contact details of the generators and promoters of the technology/innovation. ⇒ Small scale farmers in most irrigation schemes and at training institutions for demonstration purposes ⇒ Extension staff ⇒ Ministry of Agriculture during training and technical backstopping visits 4.
Users of the technology/innovation ⇒ Small scale farmers in most irrigation schemes and at training institutions for demonstration purposes 5. Critical and essential factors for successful promotion and adoption of the technology/innovation ⇒ Easy availability and affordability of push weeders as they can be locally fabricated ⇒ Availability of reliable water supply if weeds are to be controlled by water 6. Challenges (if any) encountered in respect to further disseminate the technology/innovation, adoption and up/out scaling ⇒ Continued diminishing water sources in irrigation schemes prompt farmers to adopt other weed control methods ⇒ Use of push weeders is not suitable for large scale farmers where labour is scarce 24
Weeding using push weeders in straight row transplanted rice 7. Recommendation for addressing the challenges listed in number 6 above. ⇒ Integrated weed management approach in which cultural weed management practices are used in combination with chemical weed control methods. A combination of herbicides has proved to be effective in weed control as shown in the following section 25
7. Title of the technology or innovation 10. WEED CONTROL ‐ USING HERBICIDES
8. Description of the technology or innovation being proposed ⇒ Hand weeding is quite difficult and ineffective especially for some noxious weeds that are quite hard and so stubborn that they cannot be easily controlled by hand weeding. ⇒ The herbicides are therefore used since weed control by hand weeding is tedious, labor‐
intensive and less efficient in controlling weeds. With herbicides, many weeds are effectively controlled over a larger area within a comparatively short time. Moreover, herbicides can control weeds even at the age before they are able to critically exert considerable competition on crops. ⇒ Herbicides are now becoming popular used rain‐fed and irrigated rice ecosystems in Tanzania, especially in large rice fields, since hand weeding is quite inefficient as a method of controlling weeds and, in addition, the workforce for hand weeding is scarce and very expensive in these areas. Even where hand weeding is mainly used, it has been realized that it is easier to hand‐ weed in fields where herbicides have been applied since only few weeds remain for hand weeding after herbicides are applied. ⇒ The herbicides are sprayed in the field to kill weeds before ploughing (as a land preparation component), before or after sowing (as pre‐weed emergence) and after crop or weed emergence. The commonly used pre‐ploughing herbicides are those containing gylphosate active ingredients (e.g. Roundup) that kill almost all weeds, particularly grasses. ⇒ These are used particularly to kill couch grass and wild rice in the field and on bunds and farm roads. The other commonly used herbicides (e.g. 2,4‐D Amine) are those that kill broad‐leafed weeds and sedges in the field. 9. Contact details of the generators and promoters of the technology/innovation
Promoters of the technology ⇒ Agricultural Research Institute Dakawa (Chollima) and KATRI N ⇒ Farmers in Mwamapuli irrigation schemes and farmers around Dakawa research station as most of them directly sow rice that succumb to high weed infestation during growth 4.
Users of the technology/innovation ⇒ Agricultural Research Institute Dakawa (Chollima) and KATRI N ⇒ Farmers in Mwamapuli irrigation schemes and farmers around Dakawa research station as most of them directly sow rice that succumb to high weed infestation during growth 5. Critical and essential factors for successful promotion and adoption of the technology/innovation ⇒ Genuine herbicides need to be available and affordable to farmers in all rice growing areas. ⇒ Rice markets should be improved to increase rice productivity, therefore attract and empower farmers to spend on herbicides and other necessary inputs. ⇒ Credit facilities for farmers should be in place to improve their purchasing power and encourage them to purchase and use farm inputs ⇒ Create farmers awareness on advantages of using herbicides to control weeds 26
6. Challenges (if any) encountered in respect to further disseminate the technology/innovation, adoption and up/out scaling ⇒ More appropriate herbicides that are in the market are expensive and unaffordable to many farmers. ⇒ Many farmers have inadequate knowledge in proper use of the herbicides. ⇒ Uncertainty in finding genuine herbicides in the market (There are many fake herbicides in the market and it is not possible for farmers to identify them). ⇒ Most of the herbicide application equipment in the market are not durable, reliable and affordable to many farmers. ⇒ Environmental concerns in case of injudicious use of the herbicides
7. Recommendation for addressing the challenges listed in number 6 above. ⇒ Integrated weed management approach in which herbicides are used in combination with other cultural weed management approaches such as good land preparation, proper water management in the field and timely hand weeding must be adopted to minimize herbicide usage to safe guard the environmental and reduce costs ⇒ The herbicides with wide spectrum of weed control, together with durable and reliable equipment for their application in the field, should be subsidized by the government to make them affordable to many farmers ⇒ Farmers and farm managers should be consistently educated in the potential health hazards of injudicious use of the herbicides and on the safety precautions in using them so that they minimize health hazards and environmental pollution. ⇒ There must be an efficient and authoritative body to ensure that only genuine herbicides are allowed in the market. 8. Lessons learnt about the best ways to get technologies or innovations used by the largest number of people ⇒ The best way could be to demonstrate the merits of the herbicides and their safety use to farmers’ groups or associations. 9. Gender issues /concerns (if any) were considered in the development and dissemination of the technology or innovation ⇒ The technology if adopted will save women and children time because they are mostly associated with field tasks that need back bending 10. Additional information that you might consider important about the technology/innovation and its promotion in the region. ⇒ Effective herbicide use requires training on safety use and handling ⇒ A weed‐free period of about 30‐40 days after seedling emergence is required to avoid economic yield losses, as the rice crop is still too young to compete effectively with weeds. In the rain‐fed rice ecosystems, weeds do emerge well before the crop does, and are capable of exerting considerable competition on the crop as soon as they emerge. Therefore herbicide use is very appropriate 27
1. Title of the technology or innovation 11. WATER MANAGEMENT 2. Description of the technology or innovation being proposed Water management in rice farming is a practice of supplying water to rice fields at specified depths at different crop growth stages and field operations as follows: ⇒ Water level / depth in nursery beds should be 2‐5 cm ⇒ Keep shallow water depth (below 5cm) after transplanting, this is important for root development, then after 3rd day of transplanting water should be increased and maintained at 5cm for 10 days, then increase to 10cm until a day before weeding ⇒ Drain water to 3‐5cm, remove weeds and apply fertilizer, this water level to be maintained throughout tillering phase ⇒ Increase water depth from 5 to 10cm after weeding, aim for 15cm at reproductive stages ⇒ Drain water 2‐3 weeks before harvesting for uniform maturity and make the field passable during harvesting. Problems it aims to address ⇒ Weed control ⇒ Enhances nutrient availability and utilization by plants 3. Contact details of the generators and promoters of the technology/innovation.
Promoters of the technology: ⇒ Farmers in irrigation schemes ⇒ Extension officers 4. Users of the technology/innovation ⇒ Farmers in irrigation schemes 5. Critical and essential factors for successful promotion and adoption of the technology/innovation S
⇒ A well planned water delivery / irrigation schedule is important ⇒ Fields have to be provided with drainage canals for effective control of water levels by drainage ⇒ Bunding and levelling greatly contributes to water management 28
6. Challenges (if any) encountered in respect to further disseminate the technology/innovation, adoption and up/out scaling ⇒ Persistent droughts lead to a decline of water sources unable to meet seasonal water requirement ⇒ Many farmers tend to leave higher water depths (deeper than recommended) that affect rice yields by suppressing tillering when too much of it is applied at this stage 7. Recommendation for addressing the challenges listed in number 6 above. ⇒ Plan for staggered crop establishment to ensure adequate water supply at critical growth stages ⇒ Continue educating farmers on importance of controlling water levels for optimum crop growth 8. Lessons learnt about the best ways to get technologies or innovations used by the largest number of people ⇒ Continued awareness of proper water management to farmers through extension and demonstrations 9. Gender issues /concerns (if any) were considered in the development and dissemination of the technology or innovation NONE
10. Additional information considered important about the technology/innovation and its promotion in the region Farmers to be made aware of climate change effects that lead to decline in water available for irrigation. In future emphasis to be on moisture management rather than water management a situation that will make farmers to move away from conventional system of water ponding in rice fields 29
1. Title of the technology or innovation 12. TIMELY HARVESTING AND TIMELY THRESHING
2. Description of the technology or innovation being proposed i.
Timely harvesting is determined by the following indicators: ⇒ 20 = 25% grain moisture content attained 28 ‐30 days after 50% flowering or anthesis ⇒ 80 ‐85% of the grains on the panicles are straw colored Problems the practice aims to address ⇒ Maximize grain yield by reducing shattering losses, improves grain quality by reducing grain damage especially breakages when harvest done too early or too late ii.
Timely threshing ⇒ Threshing has to be done within 24 hours after harvesting Problems it aims to address ⇒ Reduce grain loss and breakage during milling Rice panicle at flowering or anthesis stage
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3. Contact details of the generators and promoters of the technology/innovation / practice. Promoters of the technology: ⇒ Farmers in irrigation schemes ⇒ Extension officers 4. Users of the technology/innovation /practice ⇒ Farmers in irrigation schemes 5. Critical and essential factors for successful promotion and adoption of the technology/innovation /practice ⇒ Farmers awareness on benefits of the practice ⇒ Availability of time and labour saving technologies for harvesting and threshing (that minimize drudgery) S
6. Challenges (if any) encountered in respect to further disseminate the technology/innovation, adoption and up/out scaling On harvesting ⇒ Inadequate farmers knowledge on best / appropriate time to harvest hence many farmers tend to delay harvesting because a maturity sign they use (of waiting leaves to dry) is too late thus subject the crop to high shattering losses and breaking on milling ⇒ Tools used for harvesting take long (time and laour demanding) On threshing ⇒ Farmers tend to heap cut rice plants for some days because grains come off the straws easily upon drying due to inefficient tools they use in threshing ⇒ Tools used for threshing take long thus extending threshing time even if harvesting is done on timer 7.
Recommendation for addressing the challenges listed in number 6 above. ⇒ Continued farmers awareness creation on benefits of timely harvesting and threshing ⇒ Introduction / promotion of rippers and threshers for fast harvesting and threshing respectively
⇒ Continued sensitization of farmers to form / join groups for communal acquisition of harvesting and threshing equipment ⇒ Private sector involvement in establishing hire service centres for harvesting and threshing equipment 31
1. Title of the technology or innovation 13. PROCESSING MACHINES (SEED CLEANING, DESTONING, DEHUSKING, POLISHING AND GRADING 2. Description of the technology or innovation being proposed These are mini rice processing plants that are fitted with various components capable of performing many operations / processes as follows: i.
Blower : removing light dirt and dust leaving seeds clean ii.
Destoner : removing stones iii.
Huller : removing rice husks iv.
Rice polisher : polishing rice grains to give it sparkling appearance v.
Grading chambers : to separate broken grains from un –broken ones Problems the practice aims to address: ⇒ Improving quality of milled rice and increase price 3. Contact details of the generators and promoters of the technology/innovation. Promoters of the technology ⇒ The technology was seen in Igunga (Tabora region) and Kahama (Shinyanga region) – these are medium to large scale millers operated by businessmen with rice markets outside the country. ⇒ Ruvu Irrigation scheme has a mini milling plant owned by Farmers Association (chama cha Wakulima wa Mpunga – CHAWAMPU)
4. Users of the technology/innovation ⇒ Farmers ⇒ Rice processors 5. Critical and essential factors for successful promotion and adoption of the technology/innovation ⇒ Availability of investment capital ⇒ Availability of large amounts of rice harvest to optimise machinery capacity ⇒ Skills and knowledge in operation and maintenance of the machinery 6. Challenges (if any) encountered in respect to further disseminate the technology/innovation, adoption and up/out scaling ⇒ High investment costs for mini processing plants ⇒ Grain breakages due to a number of improper handling of rice grains as per millers visited (delayed harvesting and threshing, continuous sun drying for many hours in hot sun make grains lose water fast and create cracks that lead to grain breakage ⇒ Millers had it that small (thin) grains are easily broken during milling 32
7. Recommendations for addressing the challenges listed in number 6 above. ⇒ Private sector to be sensitised to invest in processing ⇒ Farmers Associations to be linked to financial institutions to access capital to invest in processing plants ⇒ Farmers’ training on post‐harvest handling is important ⇒ Availability of suitable milling rice varieties to farmers is important 33