Adalaj Stepwell
1
Adalaj Stepwell
Adalaj Stepwell
Adalaj Step well – A Hindu Water Building
Location within India
General information
Architectural style
Hindu and Islamic architecture
Town or city
Ahmedabad
Country
India
Coordinates
23.17°N 72.58°E
Construction started
1499
Completed
15th century
[1]
Technical details
Size
Five storied Deep well
Design and construction
Architect
Local
Adalaj Stepwell (Gujarati:
, Hindi: अडालज बावड़ी or Hindi: अडालज बावली, Marathi: अडालज बारव) is a unique Hindu
'water building' in the village of Adalaj, close to Ahmedabad town in Gandhinagar district in the Indian state of
Gujarat. The stepwell was built in 1499 by Muslim king Mohammed Begda for Queen Rani Roopba, wife of Veer
Singh, the Vaghela chieftain. The step well or 'Vav', as it is called in Gujarati, is intricately carved and is five stories
in depth. Such step wells were once integral to the semi arid regions of Gujarat as they provided basic water needs
for drinking, washing and bathing. These wells were also venues for colorful festivals and sacred rituals.
Adalaj Stepwell
Stepwells, also called stepped ponds, built between the 5th and 19th centuries, are common in the west of India; over
120 such wells are reported in the semi-arid region of Gujarat alone, of which the well at Adalaj is most popular.
Stepwells are also found in more arid regions of the subcontinent, extending into Pakistan, to collect rain water
during seasonal monsoons. While many such structures are utilitarian in construction, they sometimes include
significant architectural embellishments, as in the Adlaj stepwell, which attracts a large number of tourists. In the
past, these stepwells were frequented by travelers and caravans as stopovers along trade routes.
Etymology
While in Gujarati and Marwari language, the stepwell is called a vav, (leading down to the level of water), in other
Hindi-speaking regions of North India it is known as a baoli (also spelt, ‘bawdi’, ‘bawri’ and ‘bavadi’).
History
A research scholar, who studied the history and architecture of the stepwells in Gujarat under a Fulbright Fellowship,
has termed these wells as “High Hindu Stepwells” because of the recorded literature of the Brahmins of the period
from fifth to ninth centuries, during the “High Hindu period”. While the Brahmins were the architects, the builders
were artisans of Sompara sect of low–caste Hindus. A wide unbridgable gulf of religious distinction existed between
the two groups, with the former getting all the credit.
Before the history of Adalaj Stepwell is stated, it would be informative to mention that the first rock-cut step wells in
India are dated from 200 AD to 400 AD. Subsequently, the wells at Dhank (550-625) and construction of stepped
ponds at Bhinmal (850-950) took place.[2]
The city of Mohenjo-daro has wells, which may be the predecessor of the step well; as many as 700 wells have been
discovered in just one section of the city leading scholars to believe that 'cylindrical brick lined wells' were invented
by the people of the Indus Valley Civilization.[3] Between third and second millineum BC, at the 'Great Bath', at the
site of Mohenjodaro of the Harappan civilization, filling of water was achieved from a large well located in one of
the rooms in front of the open courtyard of the building–complex.
While early stepwells were made of stone, later step wells were made of mortar, stucco, rubble and laminar stones.
The well cylinder was the basic form used to deepen the wells. It is also inferred that the Stepwells in Gujarat have
survived so long in view of the builder’s knowledge of the soil conditions and the earthquake proneness of the
region.[4]
The well size recommended, based on considerations of stability, was of four to thirteen hasta (‘hasta’ a Sanskrit
word, which means “forearm” of size varying from 12–24 inches (300–610 mm)), A size of eight hasta was
considered ideal and a 13 hasta well was considered dangerous. However, the well thickness from top to bottom
remained generally uniform.[5] By the 11th century, the step well planning and design acquired architectural
excellence and the Hindu Stepwells were standardized.[6]
The history of the Adalaj step-well built in 1498 is established by an inscription in Sanskrit found on a marble slab
positioned in a recess on the first floor, from the eastern entry to the well. Its construction was started by Rana Veer
Singh of the Vaghela dynasty of Dandai Desh. But he was killed in a war, wherefater the Muslim king Mahmud
Begada of a neighbouring state built it in Indo-Islamic architectural style, in 1499.
The cultural and architectural depiction in the deep wells at various levels are a tribute to the history of step wells,
built initially by Hindus and subsequently ornamented and blended with Islamic architecture during the Muslim rule.
2
Adalaj Stepwell
Legend
As per legend the 15th century, Rana Veer Singh of the Vaghela dynasty, a Hindu ruler, reigned over this territory,
then known as Dandai Desh. His kingdom was attacked by Mohammed Begda, the Muslim ruler of a neighboring
kingdom. The Rana king was killed and his territory occupied by the invader. Rana Veer Singh’s widow, a beautiful
lady known by the name Rani Roopba, though in deep grief at the death of her husband, agreed to a marriage
proposal made by Mahmud Begada on the condition that he would first complete the building of the stepwell. The
Muslim king who was deeply enamoured of the queen’s beauty agreed to the proposal and built the well in record
time. Once the well was completed, Begda reminded the queen of her promise to marry him. instead the queen who
had achieved her objective of completing the stepwell started by her husband, decided to end her life, as mark of
devotion to her husband. She circumambulated the stepwell with prayers and jumped into the well, ending the saga
of building the well in tragedy. These events are depicted on the walls of the well. Begda however allowed the well
to remain without any defacing.
One version which is narrated in the 200 years old scriptures of Lord Swaminarayan sect suggests that before she
died, Rani Roopba religious saints to take bath into this stepwell so that the water of the stepwell gets the touch of
purity of these saints, and she would get deliverance.
Another is linked to the tombs found near the well. The tombs of six masons who built the well are seen near the
Vav. Begda asked the Masons if they could build another similar well. But when they agreed Begda put them to
death instead. Begda was so impressed by the architectural excellence of the stepwell that he did not want a replica
to be built.
Structure
Built in sand stone in Solanki architectural style, the Adlaj stepwell is
five stories deep. It is octagonal (8-sided polygon) in plan at the top,
built on intricately carved large number of pillars. Each floor is
spacious enough to provide for people to congregate. It was dug deep
to access ground water at that level, accounting for seasonal
fluctuations in water level due to rainfall over the year. The air and
light vents in the roofs at various floors and at the landing level are in
the form of large openings. From the first story level, three staircases
Outside view
lead to the bottom water level of the well, which is considered a unique
feature. Built along a North-South axis, entrance is from the South, the
three staircases are from the South, West and East directions leading to
the landing, which is on the northern side of the well. Four small rooms
with oriel windows decorated with minutely carved brackets are
provided at the landing level, at the four corners. The structural system
is typically Indian style with traditional trabeat with horizontal beams
and lintels. At the bottom of the well is a square stepped floor in the
shape of a funnel extending to the lowest plane. This is chiseled into a
circular well. Above the square floor, columns, beams, wall and arched
openings spiral around; a feature that continues to the top. The top part
looking up the well
of the well, however, is a vertical space open to the sky. The four
corners of the square are strengthened with stone beams, set at 45
degrees angle. The motifs of flowers and graphics of Islamic architecture blend very well with the symbols of Hindu
and Jain gods carved at various levels of the well. The dominant carvings on the upper floors are of elephants (3
3
Adalaj Stepwell
4
inches (76 mm) in size, each of different design). The Islamic architectural style could be attributed to the Muslim
king Begda who built it. The walls are carved with women performing daily chores such as churning of buttermilk,
adorning themselves, scenes of performance of dancers and musicians, and the King overlooking all these activities.
An interesting depiction carved from a single block of stone is of the
Ami Khumbor (symbolic pot of the water of life) and the Kalp Vriksha
(a tree of life). Also seen is a fresco of navagraha or nine planets.
These depictions are said to attract villagers for worship during
marriage and other ritualistic ceremonies.
The temperature inside the well is said to be about five degrees lower
than the outside hot summer temperatures. This encouraged the women
who came to fetch water to spend more time in the cool climes here.
They stayed to worship the gods and goddesses and gossip.
Intricate carving in the well structure
A tribute paid to the rich underground structures, which are intricately decorated with sculptures, is that they are said
to resemble palaces.
Visitor information
The Adalaj step-well is a popular tourist attraction of the Ahmedabad city and is situated 18 kilometres (11 mi) north
of the city. It is 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Gandhinagar, the capital city of Gujarat.
Ahmedabad is well connected by road, rail and air links with the rest of the country. The international airport at
Ahmedabad, known as the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Airport, has flights operating to several countries. Kalupur is the
railway station closest to the stepwell.
Gallery
stairs at Rudabai stepwell, Adalaj
Adalaj Stepwell
Borders carved on the step well
walls.
5
Corridor view
at Adalaj ni
vav.
Adalaj stepwell
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Adalaj_Stepwell& params=23. 17_N_72. 58_E_type:landmark_region:IN-GJ
Livingston p.xxiii and p.211
Livingston p. 19
Livingston p.51-52
Livingston p.52-53
Livingston p.54-55
Bibliography
• Livingston, Morna (2002). Steps to water: the ancient stepwells of India, p211, Princeton Architecture Press,
ISBN 1-56898-324-7, ISBN 978-1-56898-324-0.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adalaj Stepwell.
• Photo gallery (http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/india/ahmedabad/adalaj.php)
• A Pictorial narration (http://www.architecturecaribbean.com/adalaj_step_well.php)
• Adalaj Stepwell and around (http://www.trodly.com/destination/4509/adalaj-stepwell)
Article Sources and Contributors
6
Article Sources and Contributors
Adalaj Stepwell Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=623000738 Contributors: Anna Frodesiak, Arkarjun1, Ashok modhvadia, Aymatth2, Bob1960evens, Casliber, Chithiraiyan,
Dustkateb, Ekabhishek, Fraggle81, Hmains, Jkadavoor, Lampman, Mba7108, Mogism, Notnarayan, Nvvchar, Percommode, Pratik.sarode, Quetzalcoatl2011, R'n'B, RA0808, Riley Huntley,
Rjwilmsi, Sanjai27112009, Saraswatinarayan, Shankiscool, Shyamsunder, Stepheng3, Vegaswikian, Wabernat, Welsh, Zundark, 19 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Adalaj step well.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Adalaj_step_well.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Notnarayan
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AshwiniKalantri, BishkekRocks, Common Good, Jfd34, JuTa, M0tty, NordNordWest, Rehman, Uwe Dedering, Zyxw
File:Magnify-clip.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Magnify-clip.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Erasoft24
File:Adalaj ni Vav (5082790145).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Adalaj_ni_Vav_(5082790145).jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors:
Koshy Koshy from Faridabad, Haryana, India
File:Schacht Adalaj Stepwell.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Schacht_Adalaj_Stepwell.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Eric Pöhlsen
(de:EricPoehlsen)
File:Details of stone carving at Adalaj Stepwell IV, Adalaj, Gujarat.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Details_of_stone_carving_at_Adalaj_Stepwell_IV,_Adalaj,_Gujarat.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors:
Raveesh Vyas
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Vyas
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अडालज Adalaj Stepwell I.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:
Contributors: Raveesh Vyas
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File:Rudabai Stepwell.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rudabai_Stepwell.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
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File:Designer borders carved on the side walls of the step well..jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Designer_borders_carved_on_the_side_walls_of_the_step_well..jpg
License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Shankiscool
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Gir Forest National Park
1
Gir Forest National Park
Gir Forest National Park
Gir National Park
IUCN category II (national park)
Location Map
Location
Junagadh District, Gir Somnath District and Amreli District Gujarat, India
Nearest city
Veraval
Coordinates
21°08′08″N 70°47′48″E
Area
1,412 km²
Established
1965
Visitors
60,148 (in 2004)
[1]
Coordinates: 21°08′08″N 70°47′48″E [1]
Governing body Forest Department of Gujarat [2]
The Gir Forest National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary (also known as Sasan-Gir, and गिर वन) is a forest and
wildlife sanctuary in Gujarat, India. Established in 1965, with a total area of 1412 km² (about 258 km² for the fully
protected area (the national park) and 1153 km² for the Sanctuary), the park is located 43 km in the north-east from
Somnath, 65 km to the south-east of Junagadh and 60 km to south west of Amreli.
It is the sole home of the Asiatic Lions (Panthera leo persica) and is considered to be one of the most important
protected areas in Asia due to its supported species. The ecosystem of Gir, with its diverse flora and fauna, is
protected as a result of the efforts of the government forest department, wildlife activists and NGOs. The forest area
of Gir and its lions were declared as "protected" in the early 1900s by the Nawab of the princely state of Junagadh.
This initiative assisted in the conservation of the lions whose population had plummeted to only 15 through slaughter
for trophy hunting.
The April 2010 census recorded the lion-count in Gir at 411, an increase of 52 compared to 2005. The lion breeding
programme covering the park and surrounding area has bred about 180 lions in captivity since its inception.
Gir Forest National Park
2
Geography
Gir National Park and Gir Wildlife Sanctuary.
Water reserves
A panorama of the reservoir
The seven major perennial rivers of the Gir region are Hiran, Shetrunji,
Datardi, Shingoda, Machhundri, Godavari and Raval. The four
reservoirs of the area are at four dams, one each on Hiran, Machhundri,
Raval and Shingoda rivers, including the biggest reservoir in the area,
the Kamleshwar Dam, dubbed 'the lifeline of Gir'.
During peak summer, surface water for wild animals is available at about 300 water points. When drought hits the
area following a poor rainfall, surface water is not available at a majority of these points, and water scarcity becomes
a serious problem (mainly in the eastern part of the sanctuary). Ensuring the availability of water during peak
summer is one of the major tasks of the Forest Department staff .
Flora
More than 400 plant species were recorded in the survey of Gir forest by Samtapau & Raizada in 1955. The Botany
department of M.S. University of Baroda has revised the count to 507 during their survey. According to the 1964
forest type classification by Champion & Sheth, the Gir forest falls under "5A/C-1a— very dry teak forest"
classification. Teak occurs mixed with dry deciduous species. The degradation stages (DS) sub-types are thus
derived as:
1. 5/DS1-Dry deciduous scrub forest and
2. 5/DS1-Dry savannah forests (Locally known as "vidis"). It is the largest dry deciduous forest in western India.
Teak bearing areas are mainly in the eastern portion of the forest, which constitutes nearly half of the total area.
The forest is an important biological research area with considerable scientific, educational, aesthetic and
recreational values. It provides nearly 5 million kilograms of green grass by annual harvesting, which is valued
approximately at Rs. 500 million (US$10 million). The forest provides nearly 123,000 metric tons worth of fuel
wood annually.
Gir Forest National Park
3
Wildlife
The count of 2,375 distinct fauna species of Gir includes about 38
species of mammals, around 300 species of birds, 37 species of reptiles
and more than 2,000 species of insects.
The carnivores group mainly comprises Asiatic lions, Indian Leopards,
Sloth bears, Indian Cobras, Jungle cats, Striped Hyenas, Golden
Jackals, Indian Mongoose, Indian Palm Civets, and Ratels. Desert cats
and Rusty-spotted cats occur but are rarely seen.
The main herbivores of Gir are Chital, Nilgai (or Bluebull), Sambar,
Four-horned Antelope, Chinkara and Wild boar. Blackbucks from the
surrounding area are sometimes seen in the sanctuary.
Nilgai at Gir Forest.
Among the smaller mammals, Porcupine and Hare are common but the
Pangolin is rare. The reptiles are represented by the Marsh crocodile
hir Tortoise and the Monitor Lizard in the water areas of the sanctuary.
Snakes are found in the bushes and forest. Pythons are sighted at times
along the stream banks. Gir has been used by the Gujarat State Forest
Department which adopted the Indian Crocodile Conservation Project
in 1977 and released close to 1000 Marsh crocodile reared in Gir
rearing centre into the Kamaleshwar lake and other reservoirs and
small water bodies in and around Gir.
Chital
The plentiful avifauna population has more than 300 species of birds,
most of which are resident. The scavenger group of birds has 6 recorded species of Vultures. Some of the typical
species of Gir include Crested Serpent Eagle, endangered Bonelli's Eagle, Crested Hawk-eagle, Brown Fish Owl,
Indian Eagle-Owl, Rock Bush-Quail, Pygmy Woodpecker, Black-headed Oriole, Crested Treeswift and Indian Pitta.
The Indian Grey Hornbill was not found from the last census of 2001.
Asiatic Lion habitat, distribution and population
The Asiatic Lion's habitat is dry scrub land and open deciduous forest.
These lions were once found across northern Africa, south west Asia
and northern Greece. Now there are only around 411 left in the wild
and all of them are in or around the Gir Forest National Park. The first
modern day count of lions was done by Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth,
the Principal of Rajkumar College, Rajkot sometime between 1948 to
1963, probably early in his tenure as the Principal during that period.
Even though the Gir Forest is well protected, there are instances of
Male Asiatic Lion in Sasan Gir
Asiatic Lions being poached. They have also been poisoned for
attacking livestock. Some of the other threats include floods, fires and
the possibility of epidemics and natural calamities. Gir nonetheless remains the most promising long term preserve
for them.
Gir Forest National Park
4
The lion breeding programme and lion-counting
Year Count Male:Female:Cub
1968
177
-
1974
180
-
1979
261
76:100:85
1984
252
88:100:64
1990
249
82:100:67
1995
265
94:100:71
2000
327
-
2005
359
-
2010
411
97:162:152
The Lion Breeding Programme creates and maintains breeding centres. It also carries out studies of the behaviour of
the Asiatic lions and also practices artificial insemination. One such centre has been established in the Sakkarbaug
Zoo at the district headquarters of Junagadh, which has successfully bred about 180 lions. 126 pure Asiatic lions
have been given to zoos in India and abroad.
The census of lions takes place every five years. Previously indirect methods like using pugmarks of the lion were
adopted for the count. However, during the census of April 2005 (which originally was scheduled for 2006, but was
advanced following the reports and controversy over vanishing tigers in India), "Block-Direct-Total Count" method
was employed with the help of around 1,000 forest officials, experts and volunteers. It means that only those lions
were counted that were "spotted" visually. Use of "live bait" (a prey that is alive and used as a bait) for the exercise,
though thought to be a traditional practice, was not used this time. The reason believed to be behind this is the
Gujarat High Court ruling of 2000 against such a use of animals.
Gir Interpretation Zone, Devalia
Gir National Park and Sanctuary does not have a designated area for tourists. However, to reduce the tourism hazard
to the wildlife and to promote nature education, an Interpretation Zone has been created at Devalia within the
sanctuary. Within its chained fences, it covers all habitat types and wildlife of Gir with its feeding-cum-living cages
for the carnivores and a double-gate entry system.
References
[1] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Gir_Forest_National_Park&
params=21_08_08_N_70_47_48_E_region:IN-GJ_type:landmark_source:dewiki
[2] http:/ / gujaratforest. gov. in/ index. htm
• (http://gujaratforest.gov.in/wildlife/gir1.htm); Official website: Forests & Environment Department; State
Government of Gujarat, India
Gir Forest National Park
5
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gir Forest National Park.
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Gir - The last abode of the Asiatic Lion (http://www.meethil.com/photos/asiatic-lions-of-gir/)
Gir - The last home of Asiatic Lion (http://www.iit.edu/~bhatmeh1)
Sasan Gir National Park (http://members.rediff.com/sumit_sen/gir.htm)
Gir Forest in Gujarat (http://www.chennaionline.com/toursntravel/wildlifenbirdsanctuaries/gir.asp)
Deccan Herald: Gir registers highest ever lion count (http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr292005/
national1546132005428.asp)
"Call of the lion" - May 11, 2003 (http://www.mid-day.com/smd/go/2003/may/52449.htm)
Lions are leaving their lair in Gir (http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may82005/
spotlight11717200557.asp)
Finding more space for the Asiatic lion, The Hindu - Opinion (http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/25/stories/
2005072503301100.htm)
Frontline: A kingdom too small (http://www.flonnet.com/fl2210/stories/20050520000106500.htm)
Zoo Authority of India - Info on Asiatic Lion and its Genetics (http://www.cza.nic.in/research1.htmlCentral)
"Translocating Asiatic Lions, India" - from Re-introduction Specialist Group of IUCN's Species Survival
Commission (http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/sgs/rsg/rsgcdrom/PDFs/RNews18.pdf)
National Geographic: Asia's Last Lions (http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0106/feature3/)
Gir Forest National Park travel guide from Wikivoyage
Panthera leo (lion) from "Animal Diversity Web" (http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/
information/Panthera_leo.html)
"Translocating Asiatic Lions, India" - August 1999 from: Re-introduction Newsletter of the Re-introduction
Specialist Group of IUCN's Species Survival Commission (http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/sgs/rsg/
rsgcdrom/PDFs/RNews18.pdf)
Asiatic l on Population and Habitat Viability Assessment. (http://www.cbsg.org/reports/reports/exec_sum/
asiatic_lion_phva.pdf)
Asiatic Lion Information Center (http://www.asiatic-lion.org/)
Asiatic Lion Protection Society (ALPS), Gujarat, India (http://www.asiaticlion.org/)
"Gir National Park & Wildlife Sanctuary", HOME TO "ASIATIC LIONS", Forest Department, Govt. of the State
of Gujarat, INDIA (http://www.gujaratforest.gov.in/wildlife/gir1.htm)
Forests & Environment Department of the State Govt. of Gujarat, INDIA (http://gujenvfor.gswan.gov.in/)
PRINCIPAL THREATS: Asiatic Lion (Panthera Leo Persica) - Specie page: CAT Specialist Group, IUCN - The
World Conservation Union (http://lynx.uio.no/lynx/catsgportal/cat-website/catfolk/asaleo07.htm)
"Vanishing Herds Foundation (VHF), India" comes to the rescue of Asiatic Lion (http://www.vanishingherds.
org/)
Samrakshan's The Kuno Initiative, Madhya Pradesh (MP) Regional Office, India. (http://www.samrakshan.org/
livelihood.htm)
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
Gir Forest National Park Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=622487500 Contributors: Abp47, Adam.J.W.C., Alexan es, Alexius08, Altaileopard, Amartyabag, Anchitk,
Arpingstone, Arthena, Atulsnischal, Australopithecus2, BD2412, BPM247, Barticus88, Bellatrix Kerrigan, Bgag, Bluemin, Bobblewik, Braincricket, Chanakal, Chauhan Rohit, Chuunen Baka,
Closedmouth, CopperSquare, Croquant, Darwinek, Davewild, David D., Deepraj, Dinosaur puppy, Droll, E. Ripley, ESkog, Ecomantra, Editinf, Elekhh, Epicgenius, Euchiasmus, Fraggle81,
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File:Map_Guj_Nat_Parks_Sanctuary.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Map_Guj_Nat_Parks_Sanctuary.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5
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Materialscientist
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6
Rani ki vav
1
Rani ki vav
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Rani-ki-vav (the Queen's
Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat
Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List
Rani-ki-Vav
Type
Cultural
Criteria
(i)(iv)
Reference
922
UNESCO region
[3]
[2]
Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription
2014 (38th Session)
Location in Patan, Gujarat, India
[1]
Rani ki vav
2
Rani ki vav is an intricately constructed stepwell situated in the town of Patan in
Gujarat, India. It was included in the list of UNESCO's World Heritage Site on
22 June 2014.[4]
History
Rani ki vav, or Ran-ki vav (Queen’s step well) was constructed during the rule
of the Solanki dynasty.
It is generally assumed that it was built in the memory of Bhimdev I (AD 1022 to
1063), the son of Mularaja, the founder of the Solanki dynasty of Anahilwada
Patan about 1050 AD by his widowed queen Udayamati and probably completed
by Udayamati and Karandev I after his death. A reference to the Udayamati
building the monument is in Prabandha Chintamani composed by Jain monk
Merunga Suri in 1304 AD.
Rani Ki Vav, view from the top
The stepwell was later flooded by the nearby Saraswati river and silted over until the late 1980s, when it was
excavated by the Archeological Survey of India, with the carvings found in pristine condition.
Architecture
This magnificent east facing step well measures approximately 64m long, 20m wide & 27m deep. A stepped corridor
compartmented at regular intervals with pillared multi-storeyed pavilions is a unique feature. It was one of the
largest and the most sumptuous structures of its type. It became silted up and much of it is not visible now, except
for some rows of sculptured panels in the circular part of the well. Among its ruins one pillar still stands which is the
proof not only of the elegance of its design, but also excellent example of this period. A part only of the west well is
extant from which it appears that the wall had been built of brick and faced with stone. From this wall project
vertical bracket in pairs, this supported the different galleries of the well shaft proper. This bracketing is arranged in
tiers and is richly carved. The minute and exquisite carving of this vav is one of the finest specimens of its kind.
Befitting its name, the Rani-Ki-Vav is now considered to be the queen among step wells of India.
There is also a small Gate below the last step of the step well which has a 30 kilometre tunnel built (Now it has been
blocked by stones and mud) which leads to the town of Sidhpur near Patan. It was used as an escape gateway for
king who built the step well in the times of defeat.
Ornate side walls
Most of the sculptures are in devotion to Vishnu, in the forms of
Dus-Avatars Kalki, Rama, Mahisasurmardini, Narsinh, Vaman, Varahi
and others representing their return to the world. Nagkanya, Yogini
beautiful women - Apsara showcasing 16 different styles of make-up
to look more attractive called Solah-shringar
Around 50–60 years back there used to be ayurvedic plants around this
areas which causes the water accumulated in Rani ni vav helpful for
viral disease, fever etc.
Vishnu sculpture inside Rani ki Vav
The vavs of Gujarat are not merely sites for collecting water and
socialising, but also simultaneously hold great spiritual significance. They were originally constructed quite simply,
but became more intricate over the years, perhaps to make explicit this ancient concept of the sanctity of water by
carving it out in stone deities. You may thus enter Rani Ki Vav as if it is a subterranean temple.
Rani ki vav
3
The steps begin at ground level, leading you down through the cool air through several pillared pavilions to reach the
deep well below. There are more than 800 elaborate sculptures among seven galleries. The central theme is the
Dasavataras, or ten incarnations of Vishnu, including Buddha. The avatars are accompanied by sadhus, Brahmins,
and apsaras (celestial dancers), painting their lips and adorning themselves. At water level you come to a carving of
Sheshashayi-Vishnu, in which Vishnu reclines on the thousand-hooded serpent Shesha, where it is said he rests in
the infinity between ages.
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list
http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ 922
http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ ?search=& search_by_country=& type=& media=& region=& order=region
http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ news/ 1157
• [www.demotix.com/news/5084379/rani-ki-vav-patan-city-gujarat-unesco-world-heritage-list-2014 - Rani Ki Vav
in Unesco World Heritage List 2014]
• Centre for Indian Diaspora and cultural studies (http://www.ngu.ac.in/center/dias/morepatan.htm)
• (http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_gujarat_ranikivav.asp)
• www.saiompublication.com/journals/arts & education/Vol 1,No 5(2014) Wonder Of The Indian Architecture
'Bawdi' Author-(Santosh Kumar) Online ISSN-2348-3520
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rani ki vav.
Coordinates:
23°51′32″N
72°06′06″E
(http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/
php?pagename=Rani_ki_vav&params=23.85892_N_72.10162_E_region:IN-GJ_type:landmark)
geohack.
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
Rani ki vav Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=620828985 Contributors: Azaz.sayyad, Bgag, Chemako0606, Confuciou, Dinesh akabari, Dthomsen8, Ekabhishek, Fratrep,
Fungus Guy, Girishgupta, Hmains, Hometech, Jllm06, Kunalrajagautam, Manjunath Doddamani Gajendragad, MathewTownsend, Nizil Shah, Noblepa, Parabolooidal, Patagonier, Philfaebuckie,
Roland zh, Ronakshah1990, Sabat91, Satyjitsa, Shyamsunder, Titodutta, Utcursch, Verbum Veritas, 22 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Rani ki vav 02.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rani_ki_vav_02.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Bernard
Gagnon
File:India relief location map.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_relief_location_map.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
Uwe Dedering
File:Magnify-clip.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Magnify-clip.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Erasoft24
File:Rani Ki Vav, Above View.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rani_Ki_Vav,_Above_View.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
Contributors: User:Azaz.sayyad
File:Rani ki Vav Vishnu.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rani_ki_Vav_Vishnu.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Shakti
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4
Shri Hanuman Mandir, Sarangpur
1
Shri Hanuman Mandir, Sarangpur
Shri Hanuman Mandir
Shri Hanuman Mandir, Sarangpur
Location in Gujarat
Coordinates:
22°9′23″N 71°46′19″E
[1]
Coordinates: 22°9′23″N 71°46′19″E [1]
Location
Country: India
State: Gujarat
Location: Salangpur
Architecture and culture
Primary deity: Hanuman in the form of Kastbhanjan
History
Creator: Gopalanand Swami
Shri Hanuman Mandir, Sarangpur is a Hindu temple located in Sarangpur, Gujarat and comes under the Vadtal
Gadi of the Swaminarayan Sampraday. It is dedicated to Hanuman in the form of Kastbhanjan (Crusher of sorrows).
It is the only Swaminarayan temple to have Hanuman as a central deity. In other temples, the central deity is a
human form with the shrine of Hanuman along with that of Ganpati at the entrance of the temple.
Shri Hanuman Mandir, Sarangpur
History and description
This temple is among the more prominent ones in the Swaminarayan Sampraday. The image of Hanuman was
installed by Sadguru Gopalanand Swami. According to author Raymond Williams, it is reported that when Sadguru
Gopalanand Swami installed the image of Hanuman, he touched it with a rod and the image came alive and moved.
This story has become a charter for the healing ritual performed at this temple. The image of Hanuman here is a stout
figure with a handlebar moustache, crushing a female demon under his foot and baring his teeth, standing among
sculpted foliage full of fruit bearing monkey attendants. In 1899, Kothari Gordhandas of Vadtal appointed Shastri
Yagnapurushdas to manage the affairs of the mandir; during his tenure, Shastri Yagnapurushdas renovated the site,
built the adjacent bungalow, and acquired more land for the complex to bring it to its current state.
Following
The image of this temple is said to be so powerful that a mere look at it by people affected by evil spirits, drives the
evil spirits out of the people affected. Saturday is the designated day for a special ritual (as Saturday is dedicated to
Hanuman) for those affected by mental illnesses and other disorders. They are brought to the temple to be touched
by the rod used by Sadguru Gopalanand Swami during the installation ceremony of the image. This rod has now
been covered in silver. The temple administration has hired a brahmin householder to act as a priest at the temple and
conduct this ritual. After this, the person affected is instructed to circumambulate the shrine and repeat this after
doing darshan a number of times. Some people take a special vow to do this a certain number of times or to chant the
Swaminarayan Mahamantra whiles doing this.
References
[1] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Shri_Hanuman_Mandir%2C_Sarangpur&
params=22_9_23_N_71_46_19_E_type:landmark_region:IN
External links
• Sarangpur Hanumanji Maha Aarti (http://gujarativideos.in/Gujarati-Devotional-Song-Folk-Bhajan/
Gujarati-Devotional-Sarangpur-Hanumanji-Aarti/)
• Official Website of the temple (http://www.salangpurhanumanji.com/)
2
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
Shri Hanuman Mandir, Sarangpur Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596610995 Contributors: Anastomoses, AroundTheGlobe, DaRainMaker, Dekiboy364, Dr.dipal,
Dsvyas, Ekabhishek, Fraggle81, Guptaommsu, Materialscientist, Melesse, Plasticspork, Plastikspork, Ramaksoud2000, Redtigerxyz, Scapler, Thaejas, World, World8115, 12 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Kashtbhanjan.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kashtbhanjan.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Wheredevelsdare (talk). Original
uploader was AroundTheGlobe at en.wikipedia
File:India Gujarat location map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_Gujarat_location_map.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
Contributors: Maximilian Dörrbecker (Chumwa)
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3
Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada
1
Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada
Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada
The temple at Gadhada
Location
Country: India
State: Gujarat
Location: Gadhada
Architecture and culture
Primary deity: Gopinathji Maharaj, HariKrishna Maharaj
History
Date built: 9 October 1828
(Current structure)
Creator: Swaminarayan
Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada (Devnagari: श्री स्वमिनरयन मन्दिर, घडडा) is a Hindu temple in Gadhada. This
temple was built by Swaminarayan himself.
About this Mandir
The land for constructing this temple in Gadhada, was donated by
the court of Dada Khachar in Gadhada. Dada Khachar and his
family were devotees of Swaminarayan. The temple was made in
the courtyard of his own residence. The temple work was planned
and executed directly under the consultation and guidance of
Swaminarayan. Swaminarayan supervised the construction and
also helped with the manual service in the construction of the
temple, by lifting stones and mortar. This shrine has two stories
and three domes. It is adorned with carvings. The temple is placed
on a high plinth is a spacious square and has an assembly hall with
large dharamshalas and kitchens for ascetics and pilgrims.
Murtis of Harikrishna and Gopinath in central shrine
Swaminarayan had installed the idols in this temple on 9 October 1828. Gopinath and Harikrishna in the middle
shrine, Dharma and Bhakti and Vasudeva on the western shrine and Revti-Baldevji, Shri Krishna and Suryanarayan
in the eastern shrine.
Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada
Lakshmi Wadi
Lakshmiwadi (place of cremation of Swaminarayan) is situated a little away from the town. At Lakshmiwadi, a
single dome temple has been constructed at the place of the funeral rituals of Swaminarayan's mortal remains. A
little ahead, there is one canopy where Swaminarayan used to sit and deliver the discourses, and just a little ahead,
there is the room of Nishkulanand Swami, where he placed the palanquin prepared by him for Swaminarayan's last
journey. A neem tree faces this place, and on its western side, there is one more canopy where Swaminarayan
celebrated 'Sharadotsava.'
Other information
Besides the idols installed by Swaminarayan himself, the temple is a place of many memories of Swaminarayan. On
the path of the worship circuit of the inner temple, there is the idol of Ghanshyam facing northward. This prasadi
temple has prasadi items of Swaminarayan displayed in a museum at the temple.
On the southern side of the temple, there is a big neem tree and the chamber of Vasudeva where Swaminarayan gave
several discourses which are recorded in the Vachanamrut scripture. The court of Dada Khachar has been preserved
in its original form. On the backside, there is the Akshar Ordi temple and Gangajalio well.
Swaminarayan and his saints used to take a bath in the Ghela River. This river flows in the south side of the temple.
There are prasadi river-beds – Narayan Dharo and Sahasra Dharo which Swaminarayan visited frequently. There are
small temples of Neelkanth and Hanuman on the bank of the river.Other holy places are naliyeri dhar for hanuman
temple[small mountain],bhakti baug and radhavav which are around 2 km from gadhada(swamina).
In May 2012, the temple's spires were plated with gold, making it the first temple in Gujarat to have golden spires.
This exercise cost the temple 210 million (US$3.5 million).
Disputed Place
This temple has recently been accused of a voter scam that occurred for the trust.
Notes
References
• Williams, Raymond (2001). Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism (http://www.amazon.com/dp/
052165422X). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65422-7.
• Shri Swaminarayan Mandirs – Gadhada (http://www.swaminarayansatsang.com/temples/templesdetails.
asp?Mandirid=144)
2
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=619310937 Contributors: AlanM1, Anastomoses, AroundTheGlobe, Ekabhishek, Evano1van,
HaeB, Iridescent, Ohconfucius, Plasticspork, Swaminobhakt, Thaejas, TheFearow, Tilak Nanavati, 13 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Gadhada Swaminarayan Temple.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gadhada_Swaminarayan_Temple.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License
Contributors: Around The Globeसत ्यमेव ज यत े
File:Gopinathji Maharaj Gadhada Mandir.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gopinathji_Maharaj_Gadhada_Mandir.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License
Contributors: Wheredevelsdare (talk). Original uploader was AroundTheGlobe at en.wikipedia
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3
Sun Temple, Modhera
1
Sun Temple, Modhera
Sun Temple, Modhera
Location in Gujarat
Coordinates:
23.42°N 72.37°E
[1]
Coordinates: 23.42°N 72.37°E [1]
Name
Proper name: Sun Temple, Modhera
Location
Country: India
State: Gujarat
District: Mehsana
Location: Modhera
Architecture and culture
Primary deity: Surya
Architectural styles: Solanki
History
Date built: 1026 A.D.
(Current structure)
The Sun Temple, Modhera, at Modhera in Gujarat, is a temple dedicated to the Hindu Sun-God, Surya. It is
situated on the bank of the river Pushpavati, 25 km from Mehsana and 102 km from Ahmedabad. It was built in 1026
AD by King Bhimdev of the Solanki dynasty. In the present times, prayers are not offered in this temple. This temple
is now under the supervision of Archaeological Survey of India.
Sun Temple, Modhera
History
According to the Skanda Purana and Brahma Purana, the areas near Modhera were known during ancient days as
Dharmaranya (literally meaning the forest of righteousness). According to these Puranas, Lord Rama, after defeating
Ravana, asked sage Vasistha to show him a place of pilgrimage where he could go and purify himself from the sin of
Brahma-hatya (the sin of killing a Brahmin, because Ravana was a Brahmin by birth). Sage Vasistha showed him
Dharmaranya, which was near the modern town of Modhera. In the Dharmaranya, he settled at a village Modherak
and performed a yagna there. Thereafter he established a village and named it Sitapur. This village is about 15 km
from Becharaji Modherak village and it subsequently came to be known as Modhera.
The Sun Temple was built by Rushabh Bhimdev I of Solanki Dynasty in AD 1026. This was the time when Somnath
and the adjoining area was plundered by Mahmud Ghazni and reeled under the effects of his invasion. The Solankis,
however, regained much of their lost power and splendour. Anahilvad Patan, the Solanki capital, was restored to
glory. Royalty and traders jointly contributed to build grand temples.
Solankis were considered to be Suryavanshi, Gurjar or descendants of Sun god. The temple was so designed that the
first rays of the sun fell on the image of Surya, the Sun God, at the time equinoxes.
The temple is partially in ruins after it was also finally destroyed by the Allauddin Khilji.
However, enough has remained of the temple to convey its grandeur.
Architecture
The Sun temple is of a unique architecture. The temple comprises three separate, axially aligned and integrated
elements: Surya Kund, Sabha Mandap and Guda Mandap.
Surya Kund
This Suryakunda, also known as Ramakunda, is a large rectangular stepped tank measuring 53.6 x 36.6 meters under
the east face of sabhamandap used to store pure water. Devotees were required to perform ceremonial ablutions here
before worshiping the Sun God.
The Suryakund is a finest example of geometry. The organization of stone into composition gives shape to a dazzling
pattern of art. It is proportioned with innumerable stone steps leading devotees down to its base. 108 miniature
shrines are carved in between the steps inside the tank. Also number 108 considered to be auspicious by Hindus as
Hindu rosary has same number of beads.
Panoramic view of the Surya Kund
2
Sun Temple, Modhera
3
Reservoir deities
There are four terraces to descend to reach the bottom of the tank. Small pyramid-shaped steps are for each terrace.
God and Goddess depicted in immortalized stone unfold the sculpture wealth: Lord Vishnu, Lord Ganesh, Lord
Natraj, Sitlamata's presence a marvel created during Solanki era.
Two huge ornamental arches called Toran forms a gateway to the Sabha Mandap (assembly hall)/{aztaca}.
Sabha Mandap
This hall of religious gatherings is a magnificent pillared hall. It is
open from all sides and has 52 intricately carved pillars representing 52
weeks in a year. The carvings depict episodes from the Hindu epics of
Ramayan, Mahabharat and Krishna Lila (i.e., story of Lord Krishna).
Between the Sabha Mandapa and the sanctum sanctorum is a beautiful
hall with pillars and arches, whose facade has been renovated and
partially redone. The walls have 12 niches showing the different
aspects of the Sun God in each month.
The Sabha Mandap with ornately carved pillars
and ceiling
Sanctum sanctorum
This is called the main temple or the sanctum sanctorum. Lotuses open
with sunrise and close itself with sunset; it is considered to be the sun's
flower. The entire temple is therefore based on an inverted lotus-base
plinth. It was designed so that the rays of the rising and setting sun on
the day of Summer solstice 21st June and NOTequinox (20 March and
21 September generally) fell on the bejeweled pure gold idol of Sun
riding on his chariot driven by Saarthi Arun. Sun's chariot has seven
horses and Saarthi Arun sits on the fourth. The entire gold idol
The Guda Mandap
(including the charioteer, chariot and horses) was placed on a pit that
was 15 feet deep and filled with gold coins. It was built by the Solankis
in honour of their ancestral God. It was plundered by Mahmud Gazni. The entire gold idol was taken away by him.
Exterior
The exterior of the temple walls has 12 different postures of Adityas - Sun God along with eight Dikpals, Lord
Vishwakarma - who constructed Golden Dwarka city for Shri Krishna, Varundev - God of Water, Agnidev - God of
Fire, Ganesh - God for starting, Mata Saraswati - Goddess of Education & Wisdom. Also seen Samundramanthan.
Erotic sculptures
All important religions of India like Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism have presented erotic motifs in their art. In
the days when temple was built, sex was neither suppressed nor moralized. It was seen as an act that brought about
fertility. Hence at this temple a most profound depiction of sexual iconography is displayed, at the exterior walls of
the main temple itself.
Sun Temple, Modhera
4
Modhera dance festival
To create the enchantment and splendor of ancient history and rich cultural traditions, Modhera dance festival is
scheduled to be held during the third week of January every year, after the festival of Uttarayan for three days in the
backdrop of the Sun temple. Renowned Indian artist perform here and enthrall the audience. The objective is to
present classical dance forms in an atmosphere they were originally presented in. The festival is organised by the
Tourism Corporation of Gujarat.
Walking tour
With an appointment, a walking tour in the premises can be organised: "A Tribute to the creator of life, carved with
passion in stone."
Photo Gallery
A
sanctuary
on the
Surya
Kund.
Massive pillars
leading to the stepped
tank outside the
temple.
Two pillars standing
alone near the temple.
This is one of many sculptures
present at the temple.
Reliefs on Guda Mandap.
Other Sun Temples in India
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Konark in Orissa
Martand in Jammu and Kashmir
Katarmal sun temple near Almora in Uttarakhand
Dakshinaarka temple in Gaya, Bihar
Punark and Deo Barunark in Bihar
Bhramanya Dev Temple at Unao, Balaji in Madhya Pradesh
Sun Temple at Sri Surya Pahar in Assam
Suryanaar Temple at Kumbakonam in Tamil Nadu
Surya Narayana Swamy temple at Arasavalli in Andhra Pradesh
Further, the Sun Temple of Multan, which is no more, is considered to be oldest Sun temple.
Sun Temple, Modhera
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References
[1] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Sun_Temple%2C_Modhera& params=23. 42_N_72.
37_E_type:landmark_region:IN
Further reading
• Surya: The God and His Abode, Parijat, 2010, ISBN 81-903561-7-8
• Lobo, Wibke, The Sun-temple at Modhera: A monograph on architecture and iconography (Forschungen zur
allgemeinen und vergleichenden Archäologie)
• Burgess, Jas & Cousens, Henry, The Architectural Antiquities of Northern Gujrat, Bharatiya Publishing House,
Varanasi, 1975
• Brown Percy, Indian Architecture (Buddhist and Hindu Periods), D.B. Taraporewala Sons & Co. Ltd. Bombay,
1975
• Sankalia, Hasmukh. D., The Archaeology of Gujarat (Including Katiawar), Natwarlal & Co. Publishers, Bombay,
1941
• Majumdar, Ashok Kumar, Chaulukyas of Gujarat, Bharatiya Vidya Bhawan, 1956.
• an inside look at the glorious sun temple at modhera, published by TCGL, Gandhinagar, 2001.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sun Temple, Modhera.
• Modhera sun temple at Gujarat government tourism site (http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.
aspx?contentid=152&webpartid=1146)
• A Book website related to Indian architecture. Contains nice photos of the temple (http://www.indoarch.org/
place.php?placelink=R=3+S=13+P=131+M=836)
• A tourist website (http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/india-tour/india-tourism/modhera.shtml)
• Ahmedabad city website (http://www.ahmedabadcity.com/tourism/html/modhera.html)
• 21st March brings special sunrise to Modhera Sun temple (http://deshgujarat.com/2007/03/25/
21st-march-brings-special-sunrise-to-modhera-sun-templevideo/)
• Glow of the setting sun on the temple (http://www.flickr.com/photos/wildshutterbug/4335589326/)
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
Sun Temple, Modhera Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=622445214 Contributors: A.amitkumar, Aksi great, Allens, Ambar wiki, Anastomoses, Balajiviswanathan,
Bdmishrawiki, Beaumont, Bgag, BhargavKaneria, Chhora, CommonsDelinker, Dewan357, Divyaacharya16, Dogman40, El C, Euchiasmus, Faiyaz Hawawala, Fastily, Girishgupta, Grafen, Green
Giant, Jason Quinn, Jethwarp, Jkadavoor, Jllm06, Johnpacklambert, Kruworld, MKar, Malaiya, Materialscientist, Mattisse, Naniwako, Narendra.pathai, Parijat.delhi, Parmar uday, Parthvyas88,
Plasticspork, Plastikspork, Priyanath, Puffin, Pure rabari, Purvang.d, Rama's Arrow, Ravoorib, Redtigerxyz, Roland zh, Samirsanghavi, Saravask, Shyamal1980, Shyamsunder, Sir Nicholas de
Mimsy-Porpington, Sluzzelin, Suchetaav, Suman Wadhwa, Sun Creator, Tabletop, Tangopaso, Thaejas, Utcursch, Xcentaur, YukioSanjo, आशीष भटनागर, 42 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Sun Temple, Modhera - Sabha Mandap 01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sun_Temple,_Modhera_-_Sabha_Mandap_01.jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Bernard Gagnon
File:India Gujarat location map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_Gujarat_location_map.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
Contributors: Maximilian Dörrbecker (Chumwa)
File:Magnify-clip.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Magnify-clip.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Erasoft24
File:Panoramic view of Sun temple, Modhera.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Panoramic_view_of_Sun_temple,_Modhera.jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Faiyaz Hawawala
File:Modhera SunTemple.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Modhera_SunTemple.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: Original uploader
was Parmar uday at en.wikipedia
File:Sun Temple, Modhera - Guda Mandap 02.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sun_Temple,_Modhera_-_Guda_Mandap_02.jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Bernard Gagnon
Image:Sun Temple, Modhera - sanctuary 01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sun_Temple,_Modhera_-_sanctuary_01.jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Bernard Gagnon
Image:Massive_Pillors.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Massive_Pillors.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: Uday Parmar / Parmar uday
at en.wikipedia
Image:Lonely_Pillors_Modhera.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lonely_Pillors_Modhera.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: Uday
Parmar / Parmar uday at en.wikipedia
Image:Sculptures at Modhera temple entrance.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sculptures_at_Modhera_temple_entrance.jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Narendra.pathai
Image:Sun Temple, Modhera - Guda Mandap 05.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sun_Temple,_Modhera_-_Guda_Mandap_05.jpg License: GNU Free
Documentation License Contributors: Bernard Gagnon
Image:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Commons-logo.svg License: logo Contributors: Anomie
License
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