Background to the Trojan War
i>clicker quiz W.B. Yeats states three results of a par>cular rape as the “the broken wall, the burning roof and tower, and Agamemnon dead.” Whose rape is it? A.  The Rape of Helen B.  The Rape of Ganymede C.  The Rape of Leda D.  The Rape of Europa i>clicker quiz W.B. Yeats states three results of a par>cular rape as the “the broken wall, the burning roof and tower, and Agamemnon dead.” Whose rape is it? A.  The Rape of Helen B.  The Rape of Ganymede C.  The Rape of Leda D.  The Rape of Europa This is a mastery image.
Da Sesto’s “Leda and the
Swan”.
i>clicker quiz Leda bore two daughters as a result of her union with Zeus. Which pair is the the right set of Leda’s daughters? A.  Helen and Hermione B.  Helen and Clytemnestra C.  Helen and Iphigenia D.  Clytemnestra and Electra E.  None of these is right i>clicker quiz Leda bore two daughters as a result of her union with Zeus. Which pair is the the right set of Leda’s daughters? A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Helen and Hermione Helen and Clytemnestra Helen and Iphigenia Clytemnestra and Electra None of these is right Helen and Clytemnestra are the daughters of Zeus and Leda. They married sons of Atreus, Menelaus and Agamemnon, respec>vely. i>clicker quiz Agamemnon married Clytemnestra and they had a child. Which of the following is the child Agamemnon had to sacrifice so that the fleet might sail from Aulis? A.  Iphigenia B.  Hermione C.  Electra D.  Helen E.  Diana i>clicker quiz Agamemnon married Clytemnestra. Which of the following is the child Agamenon was commanded to sacrifice so that the fleet might sail from Aulis? A.  Iphigenia B.  Hermione C.  Electra D.  Helen E.  Diana Iphigenia’s sacrifice at Aulis is one of the beginning-­‐points of the Trojan War. i>clicker quiz The Judgment of Paris is an event precipitated immediately by which immediately prior mythological event? A.  The Rape of Helen B.  The Rape of Ganymede C.  The Marriage of Peleus and The>s D.  The Sailing of the Argo i>clicker quiz The Judgment of Paris is an event precipitated immediately by which prior mythological event? A.  The Rape of Helen B.  The Rape of Ganymede C.  The Marriage of Peleus and The>s D.  The Sailing of the Argo At the Marriage of Peleus and The>s, Eris (Discord) offered a golden apple labeled “for the fairest”. Universality of the Iliad (cf. ML p. 507) •  Western Literature’s first classic: Aeneas asks in Aeneid 1.459 “What place, or what region of the world is not full of our toils? •  Goethe’s Faust admired Helen and conjured her up; Christopher Marlowe has his Dr. Faustus ask “Is this the face that launched a thousand ships?” •  Shakespeare’s Hamlet conjures up in his own way the Death of Priam as an exemplum his mother might heed. •  Jonathon Shay, Achilles in Vietnam: combat trauma and the undoing of character (Scribner: New York and Toronto, 1995). •  “’I died in Vietnam’ is a common ueerance of our pa>ents. Most viewed themselves as already dead at some point in their combat service, ofen afer a close friend was killed. Homer shows Achilles as ‘already dead’ before his death....” Shay p. 51. A sudden blow: the great wings bea>ng s>ll William Butler Yeats, “Leda and the Swan” 1924 Above the staggering girl, her thighs caressed By the dark webs, her nape caught in his bill, He holds her helpless breast upon his breast. Mythological How can those terrified vague fingers push The Rape of Leda results in the The feathered glory from her loosening thighs? concep>on of Helen and Clytemnestra And how can body, laid in that white rush, Yeats here foresees But feel the strange heart bea>ng where it lies? the breach of Troy’s walls the sack of Troy A shudder in the loins engenders there Agamemnon’s unhappy return The broken wall, the burning roof and tower And Agamemnon dead. Being so caught up, So mastered by the brute blood of the air, Did she put on his knowledge with his power Before the indifferent beak could let her drop? OGCMA0633Leda_Yeats
Cesare Da Sesto, “Leda and the Swan,” ca. 1506, Wilton House CollecFon Mastery Image Zeus disguises himself as a swan to seduce the wife of Tyndareus, Leda. Sparta, where Tyndareus rules as king, is in the background. In a confla>on of >me, the sinuous seducer and the gamboling offspring are simultaneously present. The offspring of this union are the Dioscuri (Castor and Polydeuces) Clytemnestra Helen Some sources state that Helen and Polydeuces were Zeus’, and that Castor and Clytemnestra were Tyndareus’ offspring. Here they all seem to be the children of the swan. Leda’s facial beauty is ofen aeributed to Leonardo’s own hand, though Da Sesto may have learned the skill from his teacher. hep://www.imagiva.com/cesare-­‐da-­‐sesto/leda-­‐and-­‐the-­‐swan.jpg the Marriage of Peleus and The>s Peleus •  an Argonaut •  had to wrestle with The>s before she would consent to marry him TheFs •  a Nereid •  famously des>ned to bear a son who would be greater than his father, thus threatening to both Zeus and Poseidon The marriage took place on Mount Pelion, and all the gods — except Eris, “Discord” — were invited. Eris arrived in spite and offered the Apple of Discord, labeled “for the fairest”. The>s and Peleus had marital difficul>es in raising their famous son, Achilles. Peter Paul Rubens, “The Judgment of Paris,” 1632-­‐35, NaFonal Gallery London inv. No. 194 Mastery Image (The image at right seems color-­‐
enhanced. See the NatGal website for more true color.) Mythological: Paris offers the Apple of Discord to Aphrodite, even as Athena and Hera offer their most persuasive arguments for his reward in the divine beauty contest. Athena has removed her weapons of defense; Hera’s peacock is menacing the sleeping dog; Eros handles Aphrodite’s discarded clothing; and Hermes looks on in rapt aeen>on (note petasus and caduceus). Note the brewing storm-­‐cloud: the Trojan War is in the offing. Rubens acted aggressively as a diplomat between Spain and England in the 1630’s, urging both sides to consider the nega>ve effects of trivial war. hep://www.na>onalgallery.org.uk/pain>ngs/peter-­‐paul-­‐rubens-­‐the-­‐judgement-­‐of-­‐paris/350015 Lucas Cranach the Elder, “The Judgment of Paris,” 1528, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City The Apple of Discord is turned here into a glass orb. The goddesses’ iconographic aeributes are hard to iden>fy in this pain>ng, and one might compare them rather to the Graces in their configura>on. (The Graces are usually nearly iden>cal to one another; these goddesses are individual.) Eros seems to aim at the lady in the fancy hat, whose feigned modesty might set her out as Aphrodite. She seems to indicate her affilia>on with the hovering divinity. Hermes’ amre seems remarkably non-­‐classical, even if all elements are present: traveling hat and staff. Paris is an armored knight. Troy is in a recognizable German landscape, the Elbsandsteingebirge on the Elbe River. Cranach has ofen taken heat for seeming more interested in pain>ng female nudes in a sort of pin-­‐up mentality. A subject with three female divini>es might really appeal to such an ar>st. The message of this pain>ng, though, may have arcane reference to alchemy. (H. Nickel) hep://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-­‐of-­‐art/28.221 Paris is distracted from his mixed flock by the three goddesses: -­‐-­‐Athena is looking in>mida>ngly mar>al with her aegis, helmet, spear, and shield beside her. Is that an owl over her head? -­‐-­‐Hera is simng on a royal throne with her queenly robes and scepter. -­‐-­‐Aphrodite is looking winsome. -­‐-­‐Psyche and Cupid look on triumphantly from the top lef and right corners, respec>vely, an>cipa>ng Aphrodite’s victory. -­‐-­‐Paris, who appears in eastern, Phrygian dress, is consul>ng with Hermes who holds a caduecus and bears wings on his feet (no petasus). ML p 476 provide cap>on and context. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Judgement_Paris_Antioch_Louvre_Ma3443.jpg
OGCMA0821ANCIENTParisJudgment_Antioch
The Judgment of Paris, central field from a 2nd-­‐
century AD floor mosaic in the Atrium House, AnFoch Homer’s Iliad tells only part of the Trojan War Apollodorus’ Library narrates, encyclopedically, the Trojan War — from “Paris carried off Helen in accordance with the will of Zeus” through “Afer they killed the Trojans and burned the city...” — in 58 paragraphs. Homer’s narra>ve covers the material covered by paragraphs 36 through 43 of those: “Achilles became angry ....” thru “... Priam ransomed Hector’s body and buried it.” Classical playwrights and others reverently resisted the tempta>on to tread Homeric turf; but he lef lots to discuss Cf. the contest for the arms of Achilles, the sacrifice of Iphigenia, the death of Achilles, the Trojan Horse, etc. etc. etc. Homer:
in medias res Caetani Homer, this copy at the Louvre By the way: Have you no>ced this bust in “O Brother, Where Art Thou?” The standard depic>on of Homer was copied many >mes in an>quity, and many copies survive. This is a common theme in Greek art, but if there was a literary source behind it, we’ve lost it. Achilles and Ajax are taking a break from the fight. The inscrip>on tells us that Achilles (on the lef) is bea>ng Ajax 4-­‐3 at whatever game they are playing. http://sites.google.com/site/theartoftragedysite/res
OGCMA0001ANCIENTAchilles_Exekias
Exekias, Achilles and Ajax Playing a Board Game, ca. 535 B.C. Some haikus of the Trojan War •
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Samantha Ellsworth Arms and men; shoulders on thighs, heads off kingly necks. Leather through tendons. Eliza Ciccom Discordant gold apple Ten years of war on Troy's shore Who will make it home? •
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Rebecca Allen Pelides killed hope. Andromache wails in grief O Astyanax! Liz Lasley Apples, favors cause War death destruc>on confused Not sure what's the point Hector and Andromache, Iliad 6, the first passage in Greek literature that makes Macfarlane cry Astyanax gives Hector and Andromache something to worry about at their last farewell. Iliad 6. 475ff. “In the same breath, shining Hector reached down / for his son — but the boy recoiled, / cringing against his nurse’s full breast, / screaming out at the sight of his own father, / terrified by the flashing bronze, the horsehair crest, / the great ridge of the helmet nodding, bristling terror — / so it struck his eyes. And his loving father laughed , / his mother laughed as well, and glorious Hector, / quickly liLing the helmet from his head, set it down on the ground, fiery in the sunlight, and raising his son he kissed him, tossed him in his arms...” Fagles trans. De Chirico’s “Hector and Andromache” (1917) does not make Macfarlane cry... In case you cared. hep://bubuina.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/giorgio-­‐de-­‐chirico-­‐hector-­‐and-­‐andr
Priam and Achilles, Iliad 24: the humanizaFon of Achilles Achilles relents and allows Priam to recover Patroclus’ body. Priam: “Revere the gods, Achilles! Pity me in my own right, remember your own father! I deserve more pity. I have endured what no one on earth has ever done before — I put to my lips the hands of the man who killed my son.” Those words s>rred within Achilles a deep desire to grieve for his own father.” Fagles trans. hep://www.utexas.edu/courses/larrymyth/images/trojanwar/XD-­‐Priam-­‐Achilles.jpg Iliou Persis, Sack of Troy Athenian red-­‐figure amphora The decora>on around the neck of this amphora shows the Greeks ransacking the house of Priam during the sack of Troy. The Greek term is Iliou Persis. Above, Neoptolemus slays Priam, his son Polites gashed and dead across his lap. Neoptolemus is the son of Achilles, and his name means “new warrrior”. Below, Cassandra clutches the Palladium, as Ajax steps over the corpse of a fallen Trojan and grasps her by the nape of the neck. Vergil, Aeneid 2: the best surviving version of the sack of Troy Aeneid 2 contains the narra>ve of Aeneas’ escape from burning Troy. Read Aeneid 2 for the death of Laocoon the Trojan Horse the death of Priam Aeneas’ escape from Troy Cunning irony in the fact that Aeneas narrates the whole to Dido. At right, Bernini’s Aeneas: the du>ful Aeneas carries Anchises on his shoulder, his own son Ascanius at his heel. Note the ancestral gods born in effigy on Anchises’ shoulder. This is all Vergil all the way. The second passage... Aen. 2.526 ff. Vergil, Aeneid 2.199-­‐233 tells the alarming death of Laocoon, the Trojan priest of Neptune who is overwhelmed with his sons by twin snakes that arrive from Tenedos. Laocoon, shortly before (line 49) had warned the Trojans to be on their guard. He looked at the Trojan Horse and warned famously: “Quidquid id est, >meo Danaos et dona feren>s!” (Whatever this is, I fear the Greeks even when they bring gifs.) The marble sculpture group now in the Va>can Museums was discovered in situ within Nero’s Golden House on 14 January 1506. It may be the same piece described anciently by Pliny the Elder (Hist. nat. 36.37) as the work of Rhodian sculptors Hagesandros, Athanodoros, and Polydoros. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Vatican-Le_Laocoon.jpg
OGCMA0623ANCIENTLaocoon_Vatican
Laocoon group, VaFcan Museums Giovanni'Domenico'Tiepolo,'
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ML p. 514 Aeneas is evacua>ng his family from falling Troy. His father Anchises is carrying the Penates as Aeneas carries him, while Creusa follows a liele way off. She needs to s>ck with the group… Liele Ascanius, perhaps hearing how “the vaulted halls ring with women’s wails; the din strikes the golden stars (Aen. 2.487)”, covers his ears. Aeneas’ shield and spear lie abandoned in the foreground; this is not his fight anymore. Details from Barocci’s contemporary Rome — Bramante’s Tempieeo and the ancient Marcus Aurelius Column — are used as backdrops on what is supposed to be burning Troy. http://www.lib-art.com/imgpainting/8/2/4528-aeneas-flight-from-troy.jpg
Vergil, Aeneid 2: the best surviving version of the sack of Troy Aeneid 2 contains the narra>ve of Aeneas’ escape from burning Troy. Read Aeneid 2 for the death of Laocoon the Trojan Horse the death of Priam Aeneas’ escape from Troy Cunning irony in the fact that Aeneas narrates the whole to Dido. At right, Bernini’s Aeneas: the du>ful Aeneas carries Anchises on his shoulder, his own son Ascanius at his heel. Note the ancestral gods born in effigy on Anchises’ shoulder. This is all Vergil all the way. The second passage... Aen. 2.526 ff. Chapter 19: The Trojan Saga and the Iliad NOTE: The following slides are deriva>ves from ML materials. They are too lengthy for our use. The Children of Leda Leda and Zeus (as a swan) Castor and Clytemnestra (mortal egg); Helen and Polydeuces (immortal egg) The Dioscuri (“sons of Zeus”) Castor, tamer of horses and mortal Polydeuces (Roman Pollux), skilled in boxing and immortal Quarrel with Idas and Lynceus Rape of the Leucippides (“daughters of Leucippus”) Death of Castor Shared immortality of Castor and Polydeuces Patrons of sailors (St. Elmo’s fire) Helen Menelaüs, king of Sparta and Helen⇒Hermione Paris (Alexander), son of Priam and Hecuba, the king and queen of Troy The seduc>on of Helen and the start of the Trojan War Variant: Stesichorus’ Palinode: the real Helen and the phantom Helen The Judgment of Paris Wedding of Peleus and The>s Eris, goddess of discord, and the golden apple (“for the most beau>ful”) Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite vie for honor Paris chosen by Zeus to seele dispute Hecuba’s dream: Paris as firebrand Exposure as an infant Hermes leads goddesses to Paris for his judgment. Aphrodite wins with offer of Helen Lucian (Dialogue of the Gods 20) The Trojan Saga Troy and its Leaders Laomedon King of Troy Apollo and Poseidon commissioned to build walls of Troy Plague and sea monster sent as punishment Exposure of Hesione Heracles and the first Greek expedi>on to Troy Priam (Podarces) becomes king of Troy Priam and Hecuba 50 sons and 12 (or 50) daughters Hecuba as tragic figure Paris (Alexander) Paris and Oenone, a nymph with power to heal Paris grows to maturity and is received back into Priam’s house Favorite of Aphrodite Vanity and sensuality Paris will ul>mately kill Achilles Hector, Andromache, and Astyanax Hector, brother of Paris Greatest of Troy’s defenders Andromache, Hector’s wife Astyanax, infant son of Hector and Andromache Helenus, Deïphobus, and Troïlus Helenus, prophet who knew the course of the war’s end Caught by Odysseus; survives war Marries Andromache Deïphobus, husband of Helen afer death of Paris Troïlus, killed by Achilles; story of Troïlus and Cressida a later development The Trojan Saga Cassandra and Polyxena Cassandra, daughter of Priam Prophetess, though never believed Killed by Clytemnestra Polyxena, final virgin sacrifice before the tomb of Achilles Aeneas Son of Anchises and Aphrodite Prophecy about Aeneas and his descendants: future rulers of Troy Significant in Roman legends Antenor Brother of Hecuba Counsels return of Helen Spared by Greeks With wife, Theano, he founds Patavium (Padua) in Italy Glaucus and Sarpedon Leaders of Lycian con>ngent Glaucus, hereditary guest-­‐friend of Diomedes Killed by Ajax (son of Telamon) Sarpedon, son of Zeus and Laodamia Zeus’ Struggle with Sarpedon’s Fate (moira ) Sarpedon, second to Hector in nobility on Trojan side Expounds the demands of heroic arete (“excellence”) Rhesus Leader of Thracians Night raid of Odysseus and Diomedes The Trojan Saga The Achaean Leaders Independent commanders of their con>ngents Agamemnon King of Mycenae “Lord of Men” Leader of expedi>on against Troy Greatest in pres>ge Menelaüs King of Sparta Brother of Agamemnon Husband of Helen Diomedes King of Argos and a great warrior Favored of Athena Wounds Ares and Aphrodite Associated with Odysseus The Palladium (statue of Pallas), talisman for Troy Nestor King of Pylos Oldest and wisest “His speech flowed more sweetly than honey.” Survives war Ajax the Greater of Salamis Son of Telamon Bulwark of the Achaeans Foil and rival of Odysseus Straigh{orward, brusque The Trojan Saga Ajax the Less (or Lesser) Prince of Locrians, son of Oïleus Viola>on of Cassandra and his punishment Idomeneus Leader of Cretans, son of Deucalion Voluntary ally Odysseus Aeempt to avoid war by feigning madness Crafy, cunning, of persuasive speech Achilles and His Son Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus) Prince of the Myrmidons in Phthia Greatest of Greek warriors Swif-­‐footed, handsome Son of Peleus and The>s Peleus Prince of Phthia, father of Achilles, son of Aeacus (king of Aegina), and brother of Telamon Death of Phocus, exile of Peleus to Phthia, and his purifica>on by Eury>on Par>cipa>on in the Calydonian boar hunt Accidental death of Eury>on Purifica>on by Acastus, son of Pelias and king of Iolcus Acastus’ wife, Astydamia, falls in love with Peleus Acastus aeempts to kill Peleus but fails Son of Peleus and The>s des>ned to be greater than the father⇒Achilles The Trojan Saga The>s Unwilling wife of Peleus A Nereid (“child of Nereus”) Aeempts to escape from Peleus Wedding of Peleus and The>s She leaves Peleus not long afer the birth of Achilles The>s aeempts to make Achilles immortal Achilles’ heel Educated by the centaur Chiron Achilles’ fate: early death with glory, or long life without glory Disguised as girl and sent to Scyros Achilles’ disguise unmasked by Odysseus Achilles and Deïdamia, daughter of Lycomedes, King of Scyros⇒Neoptolemus (Pyrhhus) Phoenix and Patroclus Phoenix Banished by his father Welcomed by Peleus Companion and tutor to Achilles Patroclus Also received by Peleus Closest companion of Achilles Later tradi>on would see them as lovers The Trojan Saga The gathering of the expedi>on at Aulis Aulis, on the coast of Boeo>a, opposite Euboea Roughly 1,200 ships The sacrifice of Iphigenia The anger of Artemis and the prophet Calchas Calchas’ prophecy about the length of the war The Arrival at Troy Philoctetes Son of Poeas Island of Chryse and Philoctetes’ wound Abandonment of Philoctetes on Lemnos Bow of Heracles and the fate of Troy Philoctetes kills Paris Achilles heals Telephus Mysian Hero, son of Heracles “He that wounded shall heal.” Protesilaüs and Laodamia Protesilaüs killed by Hector as the Greeks come ashore Laodamia’s grief Brief return of Protesilaüs and Laodamia’s suicide Cycnus, son of Poseidon, turned into a swan The Trojan Saga The Iliad From the quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon to the burial of Hector Chryseïs, daughter of Chryses, priest of Apollo Plague sent by Apollo Briseïs taken from Achilles as recompense Wrath of Achilles and his refusal to fight Heroic arete (“excellence”) wounded Epiphany of Athena to Achilles The>s and Zeus Truce and duel between Menalaüs and Paris The farewell of Hector and Andromache Embassy to Achilles Odysseus’ aeempt to sofen Agamemnon’s words Achilles’ response Roles of Phoenix and Ajax Trojan victory and fire at the Greek ships Patroclus enters struggle Death of Sarpedon Patroclus killed by Hector Achilles’ unquenchable grief and rage Shield of Achilles fashioned by Hephaestus Achilles’ return Death of Hector Mu>la>on of Hector’s corpse Priam’s journey to ransom the body of Hector Achilles relents Burial of Hector The Olympian Gods in Baele In>mate involvement in conflict Theomachies (“conflicts between gods”) The Universality of the Iliad War as universal human experience The Trojan Saga The Fall of Troy Sources: summaries of lost epics, tragedy, representa>ons in art, and Vergil’s Aeneid Achilles and Penthesilea, leader of the Amazons Achilles and Memnon, son of Eos (Aurora), leader of the Ethiopians Death of Achilles Wounded in the heel by Paris with the aid of Apollo Corpse recovered by Ajax Ghost of Achilles and the sacrifice of Polyxena Odysseus and Ajax Compete for the Armor of Achilles Disgrace of Ajax, his madness, and suicide Sophocles’ Ajax The Deaths of Paris and Priam Summons of Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus) and Philoctetes Philoctetes kills Paris. Neoptolemus butchers Priam Vergil’s Aeneid The Wooden Horse Epeus Homer’s Odyssey and the song of Demodocus Vergil’s Aeneid, Book 2: a detailed account of the sack of Troy Odysseus’ role Sinon Laocoön’s fear of the horse and his death, along with his two sons The Trojan Saga The Sack of Troy The wooden horse is brought inside Troy Greeks return from Tenedos Slaughter of Trojans Viola>on of Cassandra and her eventual murder Hecuba’s transforma>on; Cynossema (“dog’s tomb”) The Trojan Women of Euripides Death of Astyanax The Sack of Troy in the Aeneid Witness of Troy’s death throes, Aeneas, survives sack Anchises and Ascanius (Iulus) Creusa, Aeneas’ wife; her appearance as a ghost The Trojan Saga Appendix Meleager and the Calydonian boar hunt The embassy to Achilles and Phoenix' cau>onary tale of Meleager Afer the Calydonian boar hunt Meleager, in a quarrel, killed his uncle, brother of his mother Althaea In grief Althaea prays for the death of her son In anger Meleager withdraws from baele Cleopatra, Meleager’s wife, successfully appeals to him, but he returns to baele too late to receive the earlier offer of reward In the Book 9 of the Iliad Phoenix uses the argument of lost rewards to try and persuade Achilles to return to baele Calydonian boar hunt The François Vase Ovid’s version in the Metamorphoses Oeneus, descendant of Aeolus, king of Calydon, father of Deïanira Meleager, son of Oeneus Althaea, mother of Meleager, and the prophecy of the log Oeneus’ offense against Artemis Artemis sends a huge boar to ravage Calydon Gathering of heroes by Meleager Atalanta, daughter of Schoenus, a Boeo>an king Atalanta is first to wound the boar; Meleager delivers the killing blow Meleager favors Atalanta Death of Althaea’s brothers The burning of the log and the death of Meleager Mourning women turned into guinea fowl (meleagrides) The Trojan Saga Homer’s version Boar sent by Artemis during war between Calydonians and Curetes Meleager kills boar Curse of Althaea; Meleager withdraws from the war Meleager relents, and returns and saves Calydon Bacchylides’ fifh Epinician Ode Ghost of Meleager and Heracles The tradi>on of Atalanta Euripides’ Phoenissae: Atalanta as the mother of Parthenopaeus, one of the Seven against Thebes