WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
Priyadarshini et al.
World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
SJIF Impact Factor 2.786
Volume 4, Issue 04, 1351-1360.
Research Article
ISSN 2278 – 4357
A STUDY ON DERMATOGLYPHICS IN RELATION TO
HYPERTRICHOSIS OF BENGALURU POPULATION
Priyadarshini.P.A1*, Vaibhav.V2, Sandeep.N3, Vinay.S4
1
Asst.Professor, Department of Genetics, Vijaya College, R.V. Road, Basavanagudi,
Bengaluru-560 004.
2,3,4
(UG students), Department of Genetics, Vijaya college, R.V. Road, Basavanagudi,
Bengaluru-560 004.
Article Received on
30 Jan 2015,
Revised on 23 Feb 2015,
Accepted on 19 March 2015
ABSTRACT
The plantar and palmar surfaces of human hands and feet are covered
with the epidermis of skin, consisting of ridges and configurations
which are inherited and are permanent. A sample of 50 men (25
Hypertrichosis and 25 non-hypertrichosis ), in the age group between
*Correspondence for
Author
Priyadarshini.P.A
35-60 years were subjected to dermatoglyphics study in order to
compare different parameters like ATD angle, position of loop, TFRC,
Asst.Professor, Department
and various types of ridge pattern. From the study, it was found that
of Genetics, Vijaya
there was an increased number of a-b ridge count, TFRC count with
College, R.V. Road,
increased simple
Basavanagudi, Bengaluru560 004.
arches pattern (>5) in the subjects with
hypertrichosis when compared to those without hypertrichosis.
However, there were no other significant differences noticed for other
parameters taken in hypertrichosis versus control.
KEYWORDS: Plantar, Palmar, Hypertrichosis, Dermatoglyphics.
ABBREVIATIONS
1. ATD - „A‟ as tri-radius found below the index finger, „T‟ as axial tri-radius above the
wrist crease, „D‟ as tri-radius present below the little finger.
2. TFRC - Total Finger Ridge Count.
3. a-b – ridge count (Nos.)
4. b-c – ridge count (Nos.)
5. c-d – ridge count (Nos.)
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INTRODUCTION
Dermatoglyphics is the study of the ridge patterns present on palms and soles (Pour-Jafari,
2003). Fingerprints vary and are genetically influenced, but the fingerprint of an individual
remains unchanged over a life time. Thus, it has become one of the most useful tools for law
enforcement officials to solve criminal cases (Hai-Guo Zhang et al, 2010). It has an important
significance in forensic science, anthropology, ethnology, genetics and medicine (Cummins,
1943; Schaumann, 1976; Reed, 2006).
The development of ridge patterns are formed during the 13th week of the gestation period
and remain unchanged thereafter throughout the life of an individual, regardless of the
dimensions relating to the growth of the body (Pramila Padmini, 2011).
Hypertrichosis is one of the significant characteristics of hair growth on the ear pinna of men.
This trait is controlled by the gene present on the „Y‟ chromosome of males. The present
study was undertaken to determine whether the „Y‟ chromosome has any role in the
expression of specific dermatoglyphic features.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted on 50 males (25 hypertrichosis males and 25 non hypertrichosis
males) between the age group of 35-60 years, in Bengaluru district, Karnataka state. The
hands and feet were washed with soap and water and dried by using ether to remove excess
moisture. Talcum powder was applied to the palm and sole regions and was photographed.
These photographs were later magnified in a computer to clearly observe the ridge patterns to
get complete imprints of the palm, which included the palmar surface of all five digits in one
attempt and the plantar surface of the foot for different parameters. The readings were
tabulated and the statistical analysis was done using IBM-SPSS software, version-22.0.
OBSERVATIONS
The qualitative parameters observed were: The types of pattern on each finger- Ulnar loop,
Radial loop, Double loop, Simple arch, Tented arch and Simple word. The quantitative
parameters observed were: The ridge counts of individual fingers of both right and left hands
and their respective sole and toes of the feet; total finger ridge count (TFRC); inter digital
ridge counts of both the hands and feet (a-b, b-c and c-d). The data thus obtained were
computed for comparative study.
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RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In the present study, from table-1, the mean ridge count for a-b in right palmar region was
found to be higher (45.44) in hypertrichosis than compared to non-hypertrichosis (41.32).
Similarly, in left palmar region, the mean value was found to be higher (47.32) in
hypertrichosis than compared to non-hypertrichosis (41.04) (Table-1), whereas ATD, DAT
and TDA angles, b-c and c-d parameters didn‟t show differences in the mean values between
hypertrichosis and non-hypertrichosis. For the “Position of loop”, the loop opening towards
fingers in both hands of hypertrichosis is less (2.76) than non-hypertrichosis (2.88) whereas,
for the loop opening away from the fingers in both hands also show variations in result, more
in hypertrichosis (0.20) and less in non-hypertrichosis (0.16) (Table-1).
The mean ridge count for a-b in plantar region of right and left surface in hypertrichosis was
found to be more (31.80 in the right plantar and 34.12 in the left plantar) when compared to
those of non-hypertrichosis (26.08 in the right plantar and 30.28 in the left plantar) (Table-2).
The c-d mean ridge count in plantar region of right and left surface of the feet in
hypertrichosis was found to be more (40.36 in right and 42.96 in left feet) when compared to
non-hypertrichosis (35.32 in right and 40.72 in left feet), b-c in plantar region right and left,
show similar variation in hypertrichosis (40.92 in right and 40.20 in left feet) when compared
to non-hypertrichosis (35.80, right and 35.20, left feet) (Table-2) but for the parameter “Loop
opening towards toes” (in both legs), the mean value in hypertrichosis is slightly more (2.44)
compared to non-hypertrichosis (2.12), and similarly for “loop opening away from the toes”
(in both legs), the mean value in hypertrichosis was less (0.80) compared to nonhypertrichosis (1.28) (Table-2).
The TFRC mean value of all right hand fingers was found to be high in hypertrichosis and
low in non-hypertrichosis whereas, TFRC mean value of all left hand fingers were found with
higher values in hypertrichosis and low in non-hypertrichosis (Table-3).
The TFRC mean value of both left and right toes of the feet in hypertrichosis shows higher
value when compared to those of non-hypertrichosis (Table-4).
The simple arch pattern count both in fingers and toes was found to be more in hypertrichosis
(0.32, finger and 2.24, toes) which was found less in non-hyperthrichosis (0.08, finger and
2.04, toes). Similarly, the double loop pattern in fingers and toes showed much variation in
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hypertrichosis (0.68, fingers and 1.76, toes) and higher in those of non-hypertrichosis (1.04,
fingers and 1.88, toes) (Table-5).
Fig-1: Patterns found on palmar region and fingers of the hand
Fig-2: Patterns found on plantar region and toes of the foot
LEGENDS
1. LOOP
2. DOUBLE LOOP
3. WHORL
4. LOOP
5. SIMPLE ARCH
6. CLOSED LOOP
7. WHORL
8. LOOP OPENING TOWARDS TOES
9. LOOP OPENING AWAY FROM THE TOES
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF DERMATOGLYPHICS PATTERNS
LOOP
ARCH
DOUBLE LOOP
Whorl
Loop Opening Towards Toes With The Tri-Radius Marked With Blue Ink
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Whorl and A loop Opening Away from Finger Toes
Closed Loop
Word At Plantar Region
Tented arch
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Simple Arch
Double Loop
Loops opening towards fingers
Loop Opening Away From Finger
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Tri-Radius Angles
TABLE-1: Distribution of various ridge patterns in palmar region of hypertrichosis and
non-hypertrichosis groups
Parameters
RIGHT
PALMAR
REGION
LEFT
PALMAR
REGION
POSTION
OF LOOP
ATD ANGLE (in degrees)
DAT ANGLE (in degrees)
TDA ANGLE (in degrees)
a-b (Nos.)
b-c (Nos.)
c-d (Nos.)
ATD ANGLE (in degrees)
DAT ANGLE (in degrees)
TDA ANGLE (in degrees)
a-b (Nos.)
b-c (Nos.)
c-d (Nos.)
LOOP OPENING
TOWARDS FINGERS(of
both the hands)
LOOP OPENING AWAY
FROM FINGERS(of both
the hands)
Hypertrichosis
Mean
Std deviation
40.96
±5.458
57.56
±7.360
81.24
±6.534
45.44
±9.125
29.44
±8.247
39.76
±6.346
42.00
±6.117
58.60
±8.062
79.60
±7.895
47.32
±9.290
31.56
±9.019
39.28
±8.653
Non-hypertrichosis
Mean
Std deviation
40.56
±3.852
58.32
±11.704
81.52
±9.858
41.32
±6.473
27.40
±6.494
38.04
±7.311
41.96
±4.439
58.76
±13.670
79.28
±14.501
41.04
±9.249
29.32
±6.108
35.32
±7.909
2.76
±0.970
2.88
0.20
±0.408
0.16
±1.236
±0.374
TABLE-2: Distribution of various ridge patterns in plantar region of hypertrichosis
and non-hypertrichosis group
RIGHT
PLANTAR
REGION
LEFT
PLANTAR
REGION
POSITION
Parameters
a-b (Nos.)
b-c (Nos.)
c-d (Nos.)
a-b (Nos.)
b-c (Nos.)
c-d (Nos.)
LOOP OPENING
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Hypertrichosis
Mean
Std deviation
31.80
±12.332
40.92
±7.011
40.36
±9.233
34.12
±8.418
40.20
±6.665
42.96
±8.002
2.44
±1.261
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Non-hypertrichosis
Mean
Std deviation
26.08
±12.383
35.08
±11.011
35.32
±8.615
30.28
±8.039
35.20
±9.708
40.72
±9.667
2.12
±1.563
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AND
TYPES OF
PATTERN
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TOWARDS TOES
(of both the legs)
LOOP OPENING
AWAY FROM
TOES
(of both the legs)
0.80
±0.913
1.28
±1.429
TABLE-3: Comparision of TFRC pattern in fingers of hypertrichosis and nonhypertrichosis
Parameters
RIGHT
HAND
FINGERS
LEFT
HAND
FINGERS
TFRC- INDEX (Nos.)
TFRC- MIDDLE (Nos.)
TFRC- RING (Nos.)
TFRC- LITTLE (Nos.)
TFRC- THUMB (Nos.)
TFRC- INDEX (Nos.)
TFRC- MIDDLE (Nos.)
TFRC- RING (Nos.)
TFRC- LITTLE (Nos.)
TFRC- THUMB (Nos.)
Hypertrichosis
Mean
Std deviation
34.36
±4.339
36.60
±3.028
35.28
±3.691
34.56
±5.284
48.40
±11.072
33.40
±4.992
34.12
±4.157
36.28
±4.326
35.28
±4.128
49.28
±7.254
Non-hypertrichosis
Mean
Std deviation
34.00
±5.530
33.56
±4.727
34.20
±4.444
32.48
±3.896
47.68
±5.815
33.20
±4.509
33.44
±4.891
34.40
±3.663
33.36
±5.211
47.44
±7.240
TABLE-4: Comparision of TFRC pattern in toes of hypertrichosis and nonhypertrichosis
Parameters
RIGHT
LEG
TOES
LEFT
LEG
TOES
TFRC- INDEX (Nos.)
TFRC- MIDDLE (Nos.)
TFRC- RING (Nos.)
TFRC- LITTLE (Nos.)
TFRC- THUMB (Nos.)
TFRC- INDEX (Nos.)
TFRC- MIDDLE (Nos.)
TFRC- RING (Nos.)
TFRC- LITTLE (Nos.)
TFRC- THUMB (Nos.)
Hypertrichosis
Mean
Std deviation
37.56
±5.386
36.20
±5.156
36.32
±5.483
37.16
±5.375
55.96
±7.775
37.36
±5.700
35.04
±4.257
36.72
±4.288
36.44
±5.268
56.76
±7.446
Non-hypertrichosis
Mean
Std deviation
34.36
±5.122
36.08
±5.066
35.80
±4.041
34.16
±5.281
50.12
±8.748
35.96
±4.721
35.52
±5.867
36.96
±6.686
36.04
±7.705
51.16
±9.379
TABLE-5: Comparision of simple arch and double loop pattern in fingers and toes of
hypertrichosis and non-hypertrichosis
Parameters
SIMPLE ARCH*
(FINGERS)
DOUBLE LOOP*
(FINGERS)
SIMPLE ARCH*
(TOES)
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Group
HYPERTRICHOSIS
NON-HYPERTRICHOSIS
HYPERTRICHOSIS
NON-HYPERTRICHOSIS
HYPERTRICHOSIS
NON-HYPERTRICHOSIS
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Mean
0.32
0.08
0.68
1.04
2.24
2.04
Std deviation
±1.249
±0.277
±1.030
±1.428
±2.650
±2.541
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HYPERTRICHOSIS
1.76
±1.562
DOUBLE LOOP*
(TOES)
NON-HYPERTRICHOSIS
1.88
±2.541
Note - * People with hypertrichosis either have one or more double loop/s or more number of
arches (>5) when compared to those without hypertrichosis.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The present case study was undertaken to understand the extent of „Y‟ chromosome of a male
genome can influence the dermatoglyphic pattern development. Very limited work has been
cited and hence, the present study was done. In our investigation, it clearly shows there is an
increase in a-b ridge count in palmar and plantar surface of hypertrichosis than those of nonhypertrichosis, the TFRC count is slightly high including the simple arch pattern count in
fingers and toes of hypertrichosis men when compared to those of non-hypertrichosis. Hence,
it can be assumed that genes of „Y‟ chromosome have some role in the dermatoglyphic
patterns which can serve as an icon to identify individuals from a larger population to further
investigate any „Y‟ chromosome related traits.
REFERENCES
1. Cummins H, Midlo C, 1943. Finger prints, palms and soles. Philadelphia: The Blakiston
company.
2. Schaumann B, Alter M, 1976. Dermatoglyphics in medical disorders. New York
Heidelberg Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
3. Pour-Jafari H, Farhud D.D, Yazdani A, Hashemzadeh M.2003. Dermatoglyphics in
patients with Ecxema, Psoriasis and Alopecia Areata. Skin research and technology.,
2003; 9: 240-44.
4. Reed T, Viken R.J, Rinehart S.A, High heritability of fingertip arch patterns in twin-pairs.
American journal of Medical Genetics, 2006; 140A: 262-271.
5. Hai-Guo Zhang H.G, Chen Y.F, Ding M, Jin L, Case D.T, et al. 2010. Dermatoglyphics
from all Chinese ethnic groups reveal geographic patterning. PLOS ONE 5(1): e8783.
doi: 10-1371/journal-pone-0008783.
6. Pour-Jafari H, Farhud D.D, Yazdani A, Hashemzadeh M. Dermatoglyphics in patients
with Ecxema, Psoriasis and Alopecia Areata. Skin research and technology, 2003; 9: 24044.
7. Padmini et al. The study of Dermatoglyphics in diabetes of north coastal Andhra Pradesh
population. Indian journal of fundamental and applied life sciences., Apr-Jun 2011; 1(2):
75-80.
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