Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2) River Bend South Part of Lots 49 and 50, Concession B Geo. Township of Westminster, now City of London Middlesex County, Ontario Submitted to Sifton Properties Ltd. 195 Dufferin Avenue, Suite 410, London, ON N6A 1K7 Tel: (519) 434-1000 Fax: (519) 434-1009 and Ontario Ministry of Culture Prepared by ARCHAEOLOGIX INC. 14 Oxford Street West, London, ON N6H 1P9 Tel: (519) 642-7836 Fax: (519) 642-7733 Archaeological License Number P001 CIF # P001-434-2008 Corporate Project Number 2008-036 June 2008 ii Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents Personnel Acknowledgments Project Summary iii iii iv 1.0 PURPOSE 1 2.0 STUDY METHODS 3 2.1 2.2 3 3 3.0 RESULTS 5 3.1 5 5 5 6 8 3.2 4.0 Stage 1 Background Research Stage 2 Field Assessment Methods Stage 1 Background Research 3.1.1 Natural Environment 3.1.2. Pre-Contact Aboriginal Archaeological Resources and Potential 3.1.3 Potential for Historic Archaeological Sites Stage 2 Field Assessment Results RECOMMENDATIONS 29 References Cited 30 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. iii Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ Personnel Project Coordinator Jim Wilson, M.A. Report Production Tracie Carmichael, B.A., B.Ed. Jeffrey Muir, B.A. Field Directors Arthur Figura, M.A. Field/Office Assistants Courtney Adams, B.A. Brad Anderson, B.A. Cassandra Duckworth-Robb Jessica Figura Chris Gervais Kevin Gohm Amanda Hardman Alex Hernould Cara Hernould Bear John Kurt Kostuk Courtney Merner, B.A. Aaron Robb Sean Thomson Scott van Raay, B.A. Acknowledgments The completion of this report was facilitated by the assistance of the following individuals: • Maureen Zunti, Planner, Sifton Properties Limited, London. • Rob Von Bitter, Archaeological Data Coordinator, Archaeology Unit, Heritage Branch, Ontario Ministry of Culture, Toronto. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. iv Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ Project Summary An archaeological assessment (Stages 1 & 2) was conducted for a 61.1 hectare property located on part of Lots 49 and 50, Concession B, Geographic Township of Westminster, now City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario. This assessment was undertaken in order to meet the requirements of a standard condition of development approval. The study area consists primarily of ploughed agricultural fields with lesser areas of overgrown woodlot, orchard and manicured lawn. An area of previous disturbance associated with a house and out buildings is also located within the study limits. The Stage 2 assessment of the ploughed fields were conducted by the standard pedestrian survey method at an interval of five metres and the Stage 2 assessment of the wooded areas, the orchard and the manicured lawn was conducted by the standard shovel test pit method, also at an interval of five metres. All areas that were not disturbed were subject to the Stage 2 archaeological field assessment. The Stage 2 archaeological assessment resulted in the identification of eleven archaeological sites, including eight pre-contact Aboriginal sites (Locations 1, 2 and 4 to 9) and three 19th century Euro-Canadian sites (Locations 3, 10 and 11). Due to the small amount of material recovered from six of the pre-contact Aboriginal sites, their significance and information potential was judged to be low and no further archaeological work is recommended for Locations 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Due to the probable significance and information potential of the remaining two pre-contact Aboriginal sites, AfHi-346 and AfHi-348 (Locations 1 and 5) it is recommended that they be subject to additional Stage 3 assessment in advance of any development activities. Due to the fact that two of the Euro-Canadian locations AfHi-347 and AfHi-350 (Locations 3 and 11) produced artifacts primarily dating to the early to mid part of the 19th century further Stage 3 assessment is recommended for both sites. The third Euro-Canadian site, AfHi-349 (Location 10) consists of primarily late 19th century artifacts, however due to the inclusion of early 19th century artifacts at this location, a precautionary Stage 3 assessment is recommended. The Stage 1-2 archaeological assessment was conducted in order to fulfill a standard condition of development approval, as imposed by the province of Ontario. The Ontario Ministry of Culture is asked to review the findings presented in this report and issue a standard letter of concurrence with the results presented. As additional Stage 3 archaeological fieldwork is recommended, a letter of clearance for the subject property is not requested at this time. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2) River Bend South Part of Lots 49 and 50, Concession B Geo. Township of Westminster, now City of London Middlesex County, Ontario 1.0 PURPOSE An archaeological assessment (Stages 1 & 2) was conducted for a 61.1 hectare property located on part of Lots 49 and 50, Concession B, Geographic Township of Westminster, now City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario. This assessment was undertaken in order to meet the requirements of a standard condition of development approval. The Stage 2 field assessment was conducted on May 2nd, 16th, 21st and 23rd, 2008 under archaeological consulting licence P001, issued to Jim Wilson by the Ministry of Culture. The Stage 2 archaeological assessment resulted in the identification of eleven archaeological sites, including eight pre-contact Aboriginal sites (Locations 1, 2 and 4 to 9) and three 19th century Euro-Canadian sites (Locations 3, 10 and 11). Due to the small amount of material recovered from six of the pre-contact Aboriginal sites, their significance and information potential was judged to be low and no further archaeological work is recommended for Locations 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Due to the probable significance and information potential of the remaining two pre-contact Aboriginal sites, AfHi-346 and AfHi-348 (Locations 1 and 5) it is recommended that they be subject to additional Stage 3 assessment in advance of any development activities. Due to the fact that two of the Euro-Canadian locations AfHi-347 and AfHi-350 (Locations 3 and 11) produced artifacts primarily dating to the early to mid part of the 19th century further Stage 3 assessment is recommended for both sites. The third Euro-Canadian site, AfHi-349 (Location 10) consists of primarily late 19th century artifacts, however due to the inclusion of several early 19th century artifacts at this location a precautionary Stage 3 assessment is recommended. The Stage 1-2 archaeological assessment was conducted in order to fulfill a standard condition of development approval, as imposed by the province of Ontario. The Ontario Ministry of Culture is asked to review the findings presented in this report and issue a standard letter of concurrence with the results presented. As additional Stage 3 archaeological fieldwork is recommended, a letter of clearance for the subject property is not requested at this time. 2 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ Figure 1. Location of Study Area _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 3 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2.0 STUDY METHODS 2.1 Stage 1 Background Research In compliance with the provincial regulations set out in the “Archaeological Assessment Technical Guidelines” (MCzCR 1993), the Stage 1 Archaeological Overview/ Background Study included; • a review of the land use history, including pertinent historic maps; and • an examination of the National Site Registration Database to determine the presence of known archaeological sites in an around the project area. In addition to the visual evaluation of the subject property, background research was conducted at the Ministry of Culture Office in Toronto, the University of Western Ontario Map Library, and the corporate library of Archaeologix Inc. 2.2 Stage 2 Field Assessment Methods The study area consists primarily of ploughed agricultural fields with lesser areas of overgrown woodlot, orchard and manicured lawn. An area of previous disturbance associated with a house and out buildings is also located within the study limits. The Stage 2 assessment of the ploughed fields were conducted by the standard pedestrian survey method at an interval of five metres and the Stage 2 assessment of the wooded areas, the orchard and the manicured lawn was conducted by the standard shovel test pit method, also at an interval of five metres. In the event that an artifact was encountered during the pedestrian survey, survey intervals were intensified to one metre within a twenty metre radius of the find. Each test pit was approximately 30 centimetres in diameter, and was back filled. In the event an artifact was encountered in a test pit, additional test pits were dug in close proximity. The areas immediately around the house and out buildings that were previously disturbed due to landscaping activities were not assessed. All areas that were not disturbed were subject to the Stage 2 archaeological field assessment. The agricultural fields at the time of the assessment were well weathered and visibility was 100%. Figure 3 illustrates the methods and results of the Stage 2 archaeological assessment. The weather during the assessment ranged from being cloudy and cool to sunny and warm. At no time were there conditions detrimental to the recovery of archaeological remains. Permission to enter the property and remove artifacts was given by Maureen Zunti of Sifton Properties Limited, London. All recovered artifacts will be housed at the corporate head office of Archaeologix until their transfer to the Ministry of Culture collections facility located at 900 Highbury Avenue, London. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 4 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ Figure 2. A Portion of the Historic Map of the Township of Westminster _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 5 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3.0 RESULTS 3.1 Background Research 3.1.1 The Natural Environment The study area is situated within the physiographic region known as “London Annex of the Caradoc Sand Plain” (Chapman and Putnam 1984:146). Immediately surrounding the City and extending several miles eastward there is a basin lying between 850 and 900 feet a.s.l. Into this basin the earliest glacial spillways discharged muddy water, laying down beds of silt and fine sand. Later, when standing water had retired westward to lower levels, gravelly alluvium was spread over the lower parts of the basin. (Chapman and Putnam 1984:146) The area is drained to the west towards Kilworth by a small, unnamed tributary of the Thames River (Figure 1). 3.1.2 Pre-Contact Aboriginal Archaeological Resources and Potential Previous archaeological assessments and research surveys have demonstrated that this portion of the province of Ontario was intensively utilized by pre-contact Aboriginal peoples. There are 30 registered sites within a one kilometre radius of the subject property, ranging from Early Archaic precontact Aboriginal to nineteenth century EuroCanadian (Table 2). The most notable site is a Glen Meyer village, the Dunn Site (AfHi50), just east of the study area (Pearce 1995:87-88). Table 1 provides a cultural chronology for the area, taken from Ellis and Ferris (1990). Given the proximity of the stream and the large number of nearby registered sites, the potential for pre-contact Aboriginal archaeological resources was judged to be high. Table 1. Cultural Chronology for London Area Period Early Paleo-Indian Late Paleo-Indian Early Archaic Middle Archaic Late Archaic Terminal Archaic Early Woodland Middle Woodland Late Woodland Contact Aboriginal Historic Characteristics Fluted Projectiles Hi-Lo Projectiles Kirk and Bifurcate Base Points Brewerton-like points Lamoka (narrow points) Broadpoints Small Points Hind Points Meadowood Points Dentate/Pseudo-Scallop Pottery Princess Point Early Ontario Iroquoian Middle Ontario Iroquoian Late Ontario Iroquoian Various Algonkian Groups Euro-Canadian Time 9000 - 8400 B.C. 8400 - 8000B.C. 8000 - 6000 B.C. 6000 - 2500 B.C. 2000 - 1800 B.C. 1800 - 1500 B.C. 1500 - 1100B.C. 1100 - 950 B.C. 950 - 400 B.C. 400 B.C. - A.D.500 A.D. 550 - 900 A.D. 900 - 1300 A.D. 1300 - 1400 A.D. 1400 - 1650 A.D. 1700 - 1875 A.D. 1796 - present Comments spruce parkland/caribou hunters smaller but more numerous sites slow population growth environment similar to present increasing site size large chipped lithic tools introduction of bow hunting emergence of true cemeteries introduction of pottery increased sedentism introduction of corn emergence of agricultural villages long longhouses (100m +) tribal warfare and displacement early written records and treaties European settlement _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 6 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ Table 2. Registered Archaeological Sites within One Kilometre of the Study Area Borden # AfHi-50 AfHi-51 AfHi-57 AfHi-60 AfHi-61 AfHi-62 AfHi-63 AfHi-64 AfHi-75 AfHi-76 AfHi-77 AfHi-120 AfHi-123 AfHi-124 AfHi-125 AfHi-126 AfHi-127 AfHi-189 AfHi-190 AfHi-192 AfHi-193 AfHi-194 AfHi-195 AfHi-196 AfHi-216 AfHi-230 AfHi-261 AfHi-265 AfHi-324 AfHi-325 3.1.3 Site Name Dunn Miriam Warbler's Woods Burial Two Forts Timber Drive Warbler Woods North SoSad River Bend 1 River Bend 2 River Bend 4 River Bend 5 River Bend 6 River Bend 7 River Bend 8 River Bend 23 Kilbourne Cemetery Kilbourne Cassady The Kains Road Site William Rufus Site Type village village; homestead burial findspot campsite; homestead findspot findspot findspot findspot findspot findspot special purpose station findspot findspot findspot findspot findspot findspot findspot findspot findspot findspot findspot findspot; homestead findspot cemetery homestead campsite; homestead camp homestead Cultural Affiliation Glen Meyer Glen Meyer; Euro-Canadian Glen Meyer Glen Meyer pre-contact Aboriginal pre-contact Aboriginal pre-contact Aboriginal pre-contact Aboriginal Glen Meyer Western Basin; Glen Meyer pre-contact Aboriginal Uren Iroquoian pre-contact Aboriginal pre-contact Aboriginal pre-contact Aboriginal Iroquoian pre-contact Aboriginal Early Archaic pre-contact Aboriginal pre-contact Aboriginal pre-contact Aboriginal pre-contact Aboriginal pre-contact Aboriginal; Euro-Canadian pre-contact Aboriginal Euro-Canadian Euro-Canadian Early Iroquoian; Euro-Canadian Middle Woodland Euro-Canadian Potential for Historic Archaeological Sites The historic map of the Township of Westminster in the 1878 H.R. Page & Co.’s Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Middlesex lists the owners of the relevant portions of Lot 49, Concession B, as M. Orman and W. Armstrong and lists the owners of the relevant portions of Lot 50 as W. Armstrong and C. Smith (Figure 2). Two historic houses are indicated within the limits of the study area, one is located in the same approximate location as Location 10 in C. Smith’s portion of Lot 50 and one in the same approximate location as Location 11 in W. Armstrong’s portion of Lot 49. Due to the major roadway along the north end of the subject area, and the proximity of the historic communities of Byron and London, the potential for historic material was judged to be high. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 7 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ Figure 3. Stage 2 Survey Methods & Results _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 8 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3.2 Stage 2 Field Assessment Results The Stage 2 archaeological assessment was conducted using the methods described in Section 2.2. Figure 3 illustrates the areas assessed, the techniques employed and the locations of the sites. Complete artifact catalogues for each location are provided as Appendix A. The Stage 2 archaeological assessment resulted in the identification of eleven archaeological sites, including nine pre-contact Aboriginal sites (Locations 1, 2 and 4 to 9) and three 19th century Euro-Canadian sites (Locations 3, 10 and 11), each of which is described in greater detail below. 3.2.1 Location 1 (AfHi-346) Location 1 (AfHi-346) consists of 10 positive test pits found in a 15 by 15 metre cluster found at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 70763/56819. The cluster is located on a large sandy ridge running along a north-south axis and appears to be part of a large settlement, possibly a village. The artifacts recovered are listed in Appendix 1. Figure 4. Stage 2 Artifacts Recovered from Location 1 (AfHi-346) 1: Neck Sherd 2: Neck Sherd Actual Size Nineteen artifacts were recovered in total. The total includes 10 chipped lithic artifacts (52.63% of the Stage 2 artifact collection) and nine ceramic artifacts (47.37% of the Stage 2 artifact collection). The archaeologists recovered a random flake core and nine pieces of chipping detritus. All chipped lithic artifacts were manufactured on Onondaga chert. Onondaga chert is a high quality raw material that outcrops along the north shore of Lake Erie east of the embouchure of the Grand River. This material can also be recovered from secondary, glacial deposits across much of southwestern Ontario, east of Chatham. The core measures 32.4 mm long, 22.4 mm wide, and 21.6 mm thick. The chipping detritus consists of three secondary flakes, three retouch flakes, and three flake fragments. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 9 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ The recovered ceramics were all quite small, ranging in size from roughly 1 mm in diameter to 3 mm in diameter. Six of the sherds were classified as fragmentary. All of them are well made sherds averaging around 6 mm in thickness with granitic temper inclusions. Four exhibit surface treatment, probably of various matting or cordage impressions although it is difficult to assess given their small size. One sherd was a cord wrapped paddle impressed body sherd that was 7.2 mm thick with granitic temper inclusions. Finally, two neck sherds (Figure 4) with some decoration visible along the upper edge were recovered. One has incised decoration where lines were scratched on the surface (Figure 4:2) while the other might have had the line pushed into the clay (Figure 4:1). Both were 8.4 mm thick and had granitic temper inclusions. Although the pottery sherds do not offer a lot of decoration to make an analysis, the decorative techniques are similar to those found on Early Ontario Iroquoian Glen Meyer vessels. This makes sense given the nearby Glen Meyer sites such as Dunn (AfHi-50) and Miriam (AfHi-51). Due to the fact that Location 1 (AfHi-346) is a spatially discrete area producing pre-contact Aboriginal cultural material datable to the Early Ontario Iroquoian Glen Meyer period, it is recommended that this site should be subject to a Stage 3 archaeological assessment. The Stage 3 assessment should include the mapping of any surface finds and the hand excavation of a series of one metre square test units. 3.2.2 Location 2 Location 2 is three lithic artifacts found at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 71054/56255. All three artifacts were manufactured from Onondaga chert. One Onondaga secondary flake (catalogue number 1) has been intentionally retouched along one edge while two other edges exhibit expedient utilization. The other two lithic artifacts are secondary flake chipping detritus, one manufactured from Onondaga chert and one manufactured from Kettle Point chert (catalogue number 2). These lithic artifacts were found in three positive test pits found in a 3 by 3 m area. As detailed in Section 2.2, an additional 20 test pits were dug around the finds but no further artifacts were found. Given the low information potential of Location 2 and that the artifacts are non-diagnostic, the cultural heritage value of this site is judged to be low and no further archaeological assessment is recommended. 3.2.3 Location 3 (AfHi-347) Location 3 consists of a large 60 by 60 metre surface scatter of early to late 19th century Euro-Canadian artifacts found at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 70367/56904 (Figure 3). In total a representative sample of 361 Euro-Canadian artifacts were collected from the surface including 319 ceramic, 32 kitchen or food related, six structural, one barn tack, one miscellaneous glass, one miscellaneous metal and one personal artifact. Each artifact class is discussed in greater detail below. Table 3 provides a summary of the Stage 2 artifacts collected from Location 3 and Appendix A provides a complete catalogue listing of all the Stage 2 recoveries. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 10 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ Table 3: Stage 2 Artifact Summary for Location 3, AfHi-347 Artifact Ceramic Artifacts: whiteware ironstone utilitarian pearlware Frequency % 165 72 36 31 Total Ceramic Artifacts 319 45.7 19.9 10.0 8.6 2.8 0.8 0.6 88.4 Non-Ceramic Artifacts: kitchen/food related structural barn tack misc. glass misc. metal personal Total Non-Ceramic Artifacts 32 6 1 1 1 1 42 8.9 1.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 11.6 Total Stage 2 Artifacts 361 100 creamware porcelain yelloware 10 3 2 Ceramic Artifacts In total 319 fragments of ceramic cups, plates or pots were collected during the Stage 2 assessment at Location 3. Included in this total are 165 pieces of whiteware, 72 pieces of ironstone, 36 utilitarian ceramic pieces, 31 pieces of pearlware, ten pieces of creamware, three pieces of porcelain and two pieces of yelloware. Table 4 provides a breakdown of the ceramic assemblage by ware type, while Table 5 provides a more detailed breakdown of the ceramic assemblage by decorative style. Table 4: Summary of Ceramic Collection According to Ware Type, AfHi-347 Artifact whiteware ironstone utilitarian pearlware creamware porcelain yelloware Total Frequency 165 72 36 31 10 3 2 319 % 51.7 22.6 11.3 9.7 3.1 0.9 0.6 100 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 11 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ White Earthenware Whiteware was the most common type of ceramic recovered from AfHi-347 with 165 pieces, comprising 51.7% of the ceramic assemblage. Whiteware is a variety of earthenware with a near colorless glaze that replaced earlier near white ceramics such as pearlware and creamware by the early 1830’s. Early whiteware tends to have a porous paste, with more vitrified, harder, ceramics becoming increasingly common later in the 19th century. 45 Of the whiteware pieces recovered from Location 3 were catalogued as plain or undecorated. The most common type of decorated whiteware recovered is transfer printed with 75 pieces. Transfer printed whiteware became popular quite early in the 19th century and involved the transfer of an intricate pattern from a sheet of treated paper to the underglaze surface of the clay. Before 1830, almost all transfer printed wares were blue. After 1830, colours such as light blue, black, brown, green, purple and red became more common. Transfer printed whiteware ceramics were less densely decorated than the earlier pearlware types, with more of the white background showing through the designs. From this location 67 of the pieces are blue, five are brown and three are black (Figure 5:5). The second most common type of decorated whiteware recovered from Location 3 is flow transfer printed with seventeen pieces. This style of decoration, in which the pigment is allowed to flow into the glaze, became popular in the 1840’s and 50’s, with a later revival in the 1890’s. Fifteen of the flow transfer printed pieces are blue and two are black. Twelve pieces of sponged whiteware were recovered from Location 3. Sponged whiteware ceramics were a form of inexpensive tableware in which a sponge was used to apply an underglaze pigment. All-over sponging became popular by the 1840’s and remained common until the 1870’s. All nine of the recovered pieces are blue. Seven pieces of edged whiteware were also recovered from this Location during the Stage 2 assessment. Edged whiteware plates became common as early as 1790 and overlapped with the manufacture of edged pearlware ceramics. Both blue and green edged wares were popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries with green edged wares declining in popularity post 1830. Due to the fragmentary nature of most of the edged pieces it is difficult to clearly identify decorative techniques that were used such as moulded designs and scalloped rims therefore each piece was only classified according to the decorative elements that could be clearly identified. Three of the edged pieces are blue with straight rims and a moulded chicken foot design, one is blue with a scalloped rim and impressed curved lines, one is blue with a scalloped rim and a fancy moulded design, one is blue with impressed curved lines and one is blue with a straight rim, impressed curved lines and no moulding (Figure 5:3). Miller (1987) outlines the production range for edged whiteware according to rim decoration as follows; scalloped rim with impressed curved lines, 1780-1820, scalloped rim with impressed straight lines, 17951840, scalloped rim with impressed bud, 1800-1850, embossed raised patterns, 1820_____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 12 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ 1845, unscalloped and impressed rim, 1825-1891, unscalloped and unmoulded rim, 18501897. Five pieces of stamped whiteware were recovered from Location 3. Stamping involved the transfer of paint to the bisque surface through the use of a stamp most frequently made of sponge. This decorative technique usually dates to the second half of the 19th century. Three of the stamped pieces are decorated with a blue design and two with a red. The remaining type of whiteware recovered form Location 3 during the Stage 2 survey was hand painted with four pieces. The hand painted whiteware from this location is exclusively polychrome, floral pattern tea ware. Painted wares of this type were popular from as early as 1830 through to the 1870’s. The prominent colours from this collection are blue, pink, green and black (Figure 5:4). Ironstone The second most common type of ceramic recovered from Location 3 is ironstone with 72 pieces. Ironstone or graniteware is a variety of refined white earthenware introduced in the 1840’s that became extremely popular in Upper Canada by the 1860’s (Kenyon 1985). It is usually much thicker than other whiteware, and often decorated with raised moulded designs of wheat or fruit. 59 Pieces of plain ironstone and thirteen pieces of moulded ironstone were recovered from this location. Three of the moulded pieces are decorated with a wheat design. Starting in the 1860’s the “wheat” design, also referred to as “Ceres” was the most popular ironstone pattern produced (Kenyon 1985). Utilitarian Ceramic Wares In addition to the tableware, 36 pieces of utilitarian ceramics were recovered from Location 3, comprising 11.3% of the ceramic assemblage. This collection consists of twenty pieces of red earthenware, eleven pieces of yellow earthenware and five pieces of stoneware. Red and yellow earthenware vessels were manufactured throughout the late 18th and 19th centuries and were the most common utilitarian ware in the first half of the 19th century, eventually being replaced by more durable stoneware vessels. Stoneware vessels were also produced throughout the 19th century. Pearlware Pearlware, sometimes referred to as “China glazed”, is a variety of earthenware that was popular from 1780 to 1840. Pearlware is often difficult to recognize because of its similar appearance to later whiteware ceramics, however because of the addition of cobalt, the glaze has a light blue to blue-green tint. When placed on a white earthenware bisque, this glaze gave the impression of a “whiter” ware than the earlier yellow tinted creamware. 23 Pieces of plain pearlware and eight pieces of decorated pearlware were recovered during the Stage 2 assessment at Location 3. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 13 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ The most common type of decorated pearlware recovered is painted with six pieces. The earliest painted designs were done using only one colour, blue with their appearance beginning in the late 18th century and declining in popularity around 1830. The painting for blue painted pearlware was applied directly onto the plain fired bisquit and then glazed, this type of technique sealed the colour and protected the wares from daily damage (Lockett 1996:3). Because of this technique of application blue painted pearlware often looks as crisp today as when the wares were first manufactured which explains their enduring popularity (Lockett 1996:3). Polychrome painted pearlware started to become popular around the turn of the century. “Early Palette” colours, such as muted shades of blue, yellow, orange, brown and green were manufactured from as early as 1795 to 1815 (Noel Hume 1969:129). More brilliant colours such as red, pink, bright yellow and bright green were not used until as late as 1840 and referred to as the “Late Palette” colours (Noel Hume 1969:129). From this assemblage three of the pieces are decorated using only blue and three with early palette colours: brown, orange, green and blue (Figure 5:2). The remaining two pieces of decorated pearlware that were recovered from Location 3 are transfer printed. Transfer printing was developed as early as 1780, but did not become common in Upper Canada until around 1810 (Kenyon 1985:46). The early transfer printed pearlwares were most frequently decorated in blue, with other colours, such as black, green, red and purple becoming popular after 1820. Early transfer printed pearlwares were frequently densely decorated, with very little white background apparent. Both of the transfer printed pearlware pieces are decorated using blue (Figure 5:1). Creamware Creamware, often referred to as “Queen’s Ware” was first produced in the 1750’s, and later perfected by Josiah Wedgwood in the 1760’s. This type of tableware became very common in Upper Canada by 1770 and continued in popularity until about 1820 when it started to be replaced by later pearlware and whiteware types. Creamware is a refined, thin bodied earthenware with a clear lead-glaze that appears creamy yellow to yellowish-green in colour. Creamware was most often manufactured plain or decorated with moulded designs, however transfer printed, hand painted and banded examples of creamware do exist. Ten pieces of plain creamware were recovered from Location 3. Porcelain Porcelain is a type of earthenware fired at such a high temperature that the clay has begun to vitrify; consequently the ceramic is translucent when held up to a light. Because of its high cost, porcelain is extremely rare on 19th century sites in Ontario, however by the turn of the century it becomes relatively common, as production techniques were developed in Europe which greatly reduced costs. Three pieces of porcelain, including two plain sherds and one transfer printed were recovered during the Stage 2 assessment at this location. The transfer printed piece is green and appears to be from the 20th century. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 14 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ Yelloware The remaining two ceramic pieces recovered from Location 3 are yelloware. Yelloware ceramics were first manufactured in the 1840’s, and continue to be manufactured in limited quantities today. Both of the yelloware pieces from this location are banded, decorated with blue and white bands and a black mocha design (Figure 5:6). Figure 5. Stage 2 Artifacts Recovered from Location 3 (AfHi-347) 1: Transfer Printed Pearlware 3: Edged Whiteware 6: Banded Yelloware 2: Hand Painted Pearlware 4: Hand Painted Whiteware 5: Transfer Printed Whiteware 7: Fluted White Clay Pipe Bowl Actual Size _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 15 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ Table 5: Summary of Ceramic Collection According to Decorative Style, AfHi-347 Artifact whiteware, transfer printed ironstone, plain whiteware, plain pearlware, plain earthenware, red whiteware, flow transfer printed ironstone, moulded whiteware, sponged earthenware, yellow creamware, plain whiteware, edged pearlware, painted stoneware whiteware, stamped whiteware, painted pearlware, transfer printed porcelain, plain yelloware, banded porcelain, transfer printed Total Frequency 75 59 45 23 20 17 13 12 11 10 7 6 5 5 4 2 2 2 1 319 % 23.5 18.5 14.1 7.2 6.3 5.3 4.1 3.8 3.4 3.1 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 100 Kitchen/Food Artifacts 32 artifacts were gathered during the Stage 2 assessment at Location 3 that were classified as part of the kitchen or food related assemblage. This collection consists of twenty shards of bottle glass and twelve faunal fragments. The colours of bottle glass represented in this collection includes nine dark olive or “black glass”, nine aqua, one clear and one brown. The colour of bottle glass alone is very limited with regards to providing dates of manufacture for glass bottles (Lindsey, 2008). The nine pieces of black glass however, likely date to the first half of the nineteenth century. The addition of iron when making glass was common practice up until 1860 and produced dark olive or dark amber glass that became known as “black glass” (Kendrick 1971). Three of the faunal remain pieces are butchered. Structural Artifacts Six artifacts that were recovered from Location 3 were categorized as part of the structural collection. This assemblage includes five shards of window glass and one cut nail. Cut nails were machine cut and have a flat head. They were invented as early as 1790, but did not become common in Ontario until 1830. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 16 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ Barn Tack One sleigh bell was recovered from Location 3 during the Stage 2 assessment. Misc. Glass Artifacts One piece of white glass or “milk” glass was recovered from Location 3. Milk glass was most commonly used for cosmetic containers, toiletry bottles or cream jars. The opaque white glass was very commonly used for such products dating from about 1870 through to the 20th century (Lindsey, 2008). Misc. Metal Artifacts One piece of miscellaneous metal hardware was recovered during the Stage 2 assessment. This piece appears to be part of a metal hook, possibly a coat hook. Personal Artifacts The remaining artifact recovered from Location 3, a white clay pipe bowl fragment was classified as a personal item. White clay pipes were very popular throughout the 19th century, with a decline in use by 1880 when they were replaced by briar pipes and cigarettes (Adams et al. 1994:93). This pipe bowl fragment is decorated with a fluted design (Figure 5:7). Summary Due to the overwhelming predominance of whiteware over later types of ceramics and the presence of early creamware and pearlware ceramics it is recommended that Location 3 (AfHi-347) should be subject to a Stage 3 archaeological investigation to further evaluate its significance and information potential. The Stage 3 examination should include the controlled mapping of the surface finds as well as the hand excavation of a series of one-meter test units to sample the nature and density of the cultural deposits. Archival research should also be conducted on the 19th century land registry data for this lot. 3.2.4 Location 4 Location 4 is a single isolated piece of Onondaga chipping detritus located at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 70283/56871. This artifact was not retained for analysis. As detailed in Section 2.2, survey intervals were intensified to one metre within a twenty metre radius of the find but no further artifacts were found. Given this is the only find at Location 4 and is a non-diagnostic artifact, the cultural heritage value of this site is judged to be low and no further archaeological assessment is recommended. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 17 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3.2.5 Location 5 (AfHi-348 ) Location 5 (AfHi-348) is a scatter of chipping detritus found at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 70567/56404. These artifacts were not retained for analysis but left in the field to facilitate relocating the site. Nine Onondaga chert flakes were found within an area of 20 by 15 metres. Due to the fact that Location 5 (AfHi-348) is a spatially discrete area producing pre-contact Aboriginal cultural material, it is recommended that this site should be subject to a precautionary Stage 3 archaeological investigation to further evaluate its significance and information potential. The Stage 3 assessment should include the mapping of any surface finds and the hand excavation of a series of one metre square test units. 3.2.6 Location 6 (AfHi-351) Table 6: AfHi-351 Projectile Point Characteristics Cat. # 1 Artifact projectile point Length Width 49.4* 24.8 Thickness 6.6 Shoulder Inter-Notch Width Width 25.0 13.2 Basal Width 13.4* all measurements in millimetres *incomplete measurement Location 6 is a single isolated notched projectile Figure 6. Stage 2 point made of Kettle Point chert (Figure 6) that has been Artifact Recovered from Location 6 (AfHi-351) reworked and subsequently damaged. Its GPS coordinates are 17T MH 70645/56313. As detailed in Section 2.2, survey intervals were intensified to one metre within a twenty metre radius of the find but no further artifacts were found. The overall shape of the projectile point is hard to determine; one barb has been reworked and the stem base is damaged and it appears to flare outward. While measurement were taken (see Table 6), the basal shape, length and width are impossible to extrapolate or measure accurately now. Given the damage it is impossible to assign the point to a type or even a 1: Projectile Point general time period. Actual Size While a diagnostic artifact, it was found in isolation and therefore the cultural heritage value of this site is judged to be low. No further archaeological assessment is recommended. 3.2.7 Location 7 Location 7 is a single isolated piece of Onondaga chipping detritus located at GPS co-ordinate 17T MH 71054/56111. As detailed in Section 2.2, an additional 20 test pits were dug around the finds but no further artifacts were found. Given this is the only find _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 18 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ at Location 7 and is a non-diagnostic artifact, the cultural heritage value of this site is judged to be low and no further archaeological assessment is recommended. 3.2.8 Location 8 Location 8 is a single isolated piece of Kettle Point chipping detritus located at GPS co-ordinate 17T MH 70870/56427. This artifact was not retained for analysis. As detailed in Section 2.2, survey intervals were intensified to one metre within a twenty metre radius of the find but no further artifacts were found. Given this is the only find at Location 8 and is a non-diagnostic artifact, the cultural heritage value of this site is judged to be low and no further archaeological assessment is recommended. 3.2.9 Location 9 Location 9 is a single isolated piece of Onondaga chipping detritus found in a positive test pit located at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 70637/56676. As detailed in Section 2.2, additional test pits were dug in close proximity but no further artifacts were found. Given this is the only find at Location 9 and is a non-diagnostic artifact, the cultural heritage value of this site is judged to be low and no further archaeological assessment is recommended. 3.2.10 Location 10 (AfHi-349) Table 7: Stage 2 Artifact Summary for Location 10, AfHi-349 Artifact Ceramic Artifacts: whiteware ironstone Total Ceramic Artifacts Frequency % 4 3 7 7.3 5.5 12.7 Non-Ceramic Artifacts: kitchen/food related structural misc. metal recent material barn tack personal Total Non-Ceramic Artifacts 23 18 3 2 1 1 48 41.8 32.7 5.5 3.6 1.8 1.8 87.3 Total Stage 2 Artifacts 55 100 Location 10 consists of a 40 by 40 metre surface scatter of mid to late 19th century Euro-Canadian artifacts found at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 70637/56776 (Figure 3). In total a representative sample of 55 Euro-Canadian artifacts were collected from the surface including seven ceramic, 23 kitchen or food related, eighteen structural, three _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 19 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ miscellaneous metal, two recent, one barn tack and one personal artifact. Each artifact class is discussed in greater detail below. Table 7 provides a summary of the Stage 2 artifacts collected from Location 10 and Appendix A provides a complete catalogue listing of all the Stage 2 recoveries. Ceramic Artifacts In total seven fragments of ceramic cups, plates or pots were collected during the Stage 2 assessment at Location 10. Included in this total are four pieces of whiteware and three pieces of ironstone. Table 8 provides a breakdown of the ceramic assemblage by ware type, while Table 9 provides a more detailed breakdown of the ceramic assemblage by decorative style. Table 8: Summary of Ceramic Collection According to Ware Type, AfHi-349 Artifact whiteware ironstone Total Frequency 4 3 7 % 57.1 42.9 100 White Earthenware Whiteware was the most common type of ceramic recovered from AfHi-349 with four pieces. Whiteware is a variety of earthenware with a near colorless glaze that replaced earlier near white ceramics such as pearlware and creamware by the early 1830’s. Early whiteware tends to have a porous paste, with more vitrified, harder, ceramics becoming increasingly common later in the 19th century. Two of the whiteware pieces recovered from Location 10 were catalogued as plain or undecorated (Figure 7:2). The remaining two pieces of decorated whiteware recovered are both flow transfer printed. This style of decoration, in which the pigment is allowed to flow into the glaze, became popular in the 1840’s and 50’s, with a later revival in the 1890’s. Both of the flow transfer printed pieces from this location are blue (Figure 7:1). Ironstone The second most common type of ceramic recovered from Location 10 is ironstone with three pieces. Ironstone or graniteware is a variety of refined white earthenware introduced in the 1840’s that became extremely popular in Upper Canada by the 1860’s (Kenyon 1985). It is usually much thicker than other whiteware, and often decorated with raised moulded designs of wheat or fruit. All three of the ironstone pieces recovered from this location are plain or undecorated (Figure 7:3). _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 20 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ Table 9: Summary of Ceramic Collection According to Decorative Style, AfHi-349 Artifact ironstone, plain whiteware, flow transfer printed whiteware, plain Total Frequency 3 2 2 7 % 42.9 28.6 28.6 100 Kitchen/Food Artifacts 23 Artifacts gathered during the Stage 2 Assessment at Location 10 were classified as part of the kitchen or food related assemblage. This collection consists of sixteen shards of bottle glass and seven faunal fragments. The colours of bottle glass represented in this collection includes five aqua, four brown, four clear and three green. The colour of bottle glass alone is very limited with regards to providing dates of manufacture for glass bottles (Lindsey, 2008). One of the green bottle glass fragments is machine manufactured, dating it to the twentieth century. Three of the faunal fragments that were recovered have been burnt. Figure 7. Stage 2 Artifacts Recovered from Location 10 (AfHi-349) 1: Flow Transfer Printed Whiteware 2: Plain Whiteware 4: Horse Harness Buckle 3: Ironstone 5: Cut Nail Actual Size Structural Artifacts Eighteen artifacts that were recovered from Location 10 were categorized as part of the structural collection. This assemblage includes eight wire drawn nails, six shards of window glass and four cut nails (Figure 7:5). Cut nails were machine cut and have a _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 21 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ flat head. They were invented as early as 1790, but did not become common in Ontario until 1830. Wire drawn nails are identical to the type of nails in current use today, with a flat, round head and a wire shaft. Wire drawn nails became popular in the 1890’s. Misc. Metal Artifacts Two pieces of miscellaneous metal hardware and one piece of miscellaneous metal were recovered during the Stage 2 assessment. The metal hardware consist of one nut and one bolt. Recent Material Two pieces of recent material were found at Location 10. One of these pieces is the base of a modern tin can and the other is a seal possibly from the inside of a bottle lid. Barn Tack One horse harness buckle was recovered from Location 10 during the Stage 2 assessment (Figure 7:4). Personal Artifacts The remaining artifact recovered from Location 10, a portion of a zipper, was classified as a personal item. Summary The artifacts collected from Location 10 (AfHi-349) predominantly date to the second half of the 19th century. Despite the fact that a large number of late 19th century artifacts were recovered from this location, the inclusion of the earlier artifacts such as the whiteware ceramics and the cut nails suggests that further Stage 3 assessment of Location 10 (AfHi-349) is warranted. The Stage 3 assessment of Location 10 should be aimed towards determining if there are localized areas of earlier artifact concentrations at this site. This Stage 3 examination should include the controlled mapping of the surface finds as well as the hand excavation of a series of one metre test units to sample the nature and density of this cultural deposit. Archival research should also be conducted on the 19th century land registry data for this lot. 3.2.11 Location 11 (AfHi-350) Location 11 consists of a 35 by 40 metre surface scatter of early to late 19th century Euro-Canadian artifacts found at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 70645/56042 (Figure 3). In total a representative sample of 83 Euro-Canadian artifacts were collected from the surface including 60 ceramic, twelve structural, ten kitchen or food related and one personal. Each artifact class is discussed in greater detail below. Table 10 provides a _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 22 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ summary of the Stage 2 artifacts collected from Location 11 and Appendix A provides a complete catalogue listing of all the Stage 2 recoveries. Table 10: Stage 2 Artifact Summary for Location 11, AfHi-350 Artifact Ceramic Artifacts: whiteware utilitarian pearlware Frequency % 39 10 5 unknown ceramic type ironstone porcelain yelloware 2 2 1 1 Total Ceramic Artifacts 60 47.0 12.0 6.0 2.4 2.4 1.2 1.2 72.3 Non-Ceramic Artifacts: structural kitchen/food related personal Total Non-Ceramic Artifacts 12 10 1 23 14.5 12.0 1.2 27.7 Total Stage 2 Artifacts 83 100 Ceramic Artifacts In total 60 fragments of ceramic cups, plates or pots were collected during the Stage 2 assessment at Location 11. Included in this total are 39 pieces of whiteware, ten utilitarian ceramic pieces, five pieces of pearlware, two unknown ceramic pieces, two pieces of ironstone, one piece of porcelain and piece of yelloware. Table 11 provides a breakdown of the ceramic assemblage by ware type, while Table 12 provides a more detailed breakdown of the ceramic assemblage by decorative style. Table 11: Summary of Ceramic Collection According to Ware Type, AfHi-350 Artifact whiteware utilitarian pearlware unknown ceramic type ironstone porcelain yelloware Total Frequency 39 10 5 2 2 1 1 60 % 65.0 16.7 8.3 3.3 3.3 1.7 1.7 100 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 23 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ White Earthenware Whiteware was the most common type of ceramic recovered from AfHi-350 with 39 pieces, comprising 65% of the ceramic assemblage. Whiteware is a variety of earthenware with a near colorless glaze that replaced earlier near white ceramics such as pearlware and creamware by the early 1830’s. Early whiteware tends to have a porous paste, with more vitrified, harder, ceramics becoming increasingly common later in the 19th century. 27 Of the whiteware pieces recovered from Location 11 were catalogued as plain or undecorated. The most common type of decorated whiteware recovered was edged with six pieces. Edged whiteware plates became common as early as 1790 and overlapped with the manufacture of edged pearlware ceramics. Both blue and green edged wares were popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries with green edged wares declining in popularity post 1830. Due to the fragmentary nature of most of the edged pieces it is difficult to clearly identify decorative techniques that were used such as moulded designs and scalloped rims therefore each piece was only classified according to the decorative elements that could be clearly identified. Three of the pieces are blue with scalloped rims and impressed curved lines, two are blue with straight rims and one is a blue fragmentary piece (Figure 8:4). Miller (1987) outlines the production range for edged whiteware according to rim decoration as follows; scalloped rim with impressed curved lines, 17801820, scalloped rim with impressed straight lines, 1795-1840, scalloped rim with impressed bud, 1800-1850, embossed raised patterns, 1820-1845, unscalloped and impressed rim, 1825-1891, unscalloped and unmoulded rim, 1850-1897. The second most common type of decorated whiteware recovered from Location 11 was transfer printed with two pieces. Transfer printed whiteware became popular quite early in the 19th century and involved the transfer of an intricate pattern from a sheet of treated paper to the underglaze surface of the clay. Before 1830, almost all transfer printed wares were blue. After 1830, colours such as light blue, black, brown, green, purple and red became more common. Transfer printed whiteware ceramics were less densely decorated than the earlier pearlware types, with more of the white background showing through the designs. From this location one of the pieces is blue and one is brown (Figure 8:5). One piece of hand painted whiteware was recovered form Location 11. This piece is decorated using green and black. Painted wares of this type were popular from as early as 1830 through to the 1870’s (Figure 8:3). A banded piece of whiteware was recovered during the Stage 2 assessment at Location 11. Banded wares were decorated with horizontal bands of coloured slip applied in varying widths. Colours are predominantly muted earth tones including, black, green, brown, orange, yellow, grey, and pale blue. Banded pieces may also include inlaid and cut away slip decoration and bands of lathe turned grooves or patterns. Banding occurred both as a primary decorative element and in conjunction with other design _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 24 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ elements such as marbling, or the dendritic patterns found on mocha ware. Banded patterns can be found on whiteware dating from 1830 up to the 20th century (Sussman 1997). Banded designs are most frequently found on whiteware. After 1850 annular wares became available only on the blue banded variety and its use continued into the 20th century (Sussman 1997). The banded piece from this site is decorated with brown and blue annular bands (Figure 8:6). One piece of sponged whiteware was also recovered form this location. Sponged whiteware ceramics were a form of inexpensive tableware in which a sponge was used to apply an underglaze pigment. All-over sponging became popular by the 1840’s and remained common until the 1870’s. The sponged piece form this location is blue (Figure 8:1). The remaining piece of decorated whiteware recovered from Location 11 is stamped. Stamping involved the transfer of paint to the bisque surface through the use of a stamp most frequently made of sponge. This decorative technique usually dates to the second half of the 19th century. This piece is decorated with a blue design (Figure 8:2). Utilitarian Ceramic Wares In addition to the tableware, ten utilitarian ceramic pieces were recovered from Location 11. This collection consists of eight pieces of red earthenware and two pieces of stoneware. Red and yellow earthenware vessels were manufactured throughout the late 18th and 19th centuries and were the most common utilitarian ware in the first half of the 19th century, eventually being replaced by more durable stoneware vessels. Stoneware vessels were also produced throughout the 19th century. Pearlware Pearlware, sometimes referred to as “China glazed”, is a variety of earthenware that was popular from 1780 to 1840. Pearlware is often difficult to recognize because of its similar appearance to later whiteware ceramics, however because of the addition of cobalt, the glaze has a light blue to blue-green tint. When placed on a white earthenware bisque, this glaze gave the impression of a “whiter” ware than the earlier yellow tinted creamware. Five pieces of plain pearlware were recovered during the Stage 2 assessment at Location 11 (Figure 8:7). Unknown Ceramic Type Unfortunately two of the ceramic pieces recovered from Location 11 could not be catalogued into specific ceramic-ware classifications. These pieces are so heavily damaged and fragmentary that it is impossible to accurately identify them by ceramic type. In order to avoid altering the separate ceramic totals, percentages and ultimately the temporal data for the site the damaged pieces were simply classified as miscellaneous unidentified ceramics. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 25 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ Ironstone Ironstone or graniteware is a variety of refined white earthenware introduced in the 1840’s that became extremely popular in Upper Canada by the 1860’s (Kenyon 1985). It is usually much thicker than other whiteware, and often decorated with raised moulded designs of wheat or fruit. One piece of plain ironstone and one piece of moulded ironstone were recovered from this location. The moulded piece was decorated with a wheat design. Starting in the 1860’s the “wheat” design, also referred to as “Ceres” was the most popular ironstone pattern produced (Kenyon 1985). Porcelain Porcelain is a type of earthenware fired at such a high temperature that the clay has begun to vitrify; consequently the ceramic is translucent when held up to a light. Because of its high cost, porcelain is extremely rare on 19th century sites in Ontario, however by the turn of the century it becomes relatively common, as production techniques were developed in Europe which greatly reduced costs. One piece of plain white porcelain was recovered from this location. Yelloware The remaining two ceramic piece recovered from Location 11 is yelloware. Yelloware ceramics were first manufactured in the 1840’s, and continue to be manufactured in limited quantities today. This yelloware piece is banded and decorated with a white band. Table 12: Summary of Ceramic Collection According to Decorative Style, AfHi-350 Artifact whiteware, plain earthenware, red whiteware, edged pearlware, plain whiteware, transfer printed stoneware unknown ceramic type whiteware, painted whiteware, banded yelloware, banded whiteware, sponged whiteware, stamped ironstone, moulded ironstone, plain porcelain, plain Total Frequency 27 8 6 5 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 60 % 45.0 13.3 10.0 8.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 100 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 26 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ Structural Artifacts Twelve artifacts that were recovered from Location 11 were categorized as part of the structural collection. This assemblage includes nine cut nails and three shards of window glass. Cut nails were machine cut and have a flat head. They were invented as early as 1790, but did not become common in Ontario until 1830. Kitchen/Food Artifacts Ten artifacts were gathered during the Stage 2 Assessment at Location 11 that were classified as part of the kitchen or food related assemblage. This collection consists of seven shards of bottle glass and three faunal fragments. Unfortunately due to the fragmentary nature of the bottle glass shards the collection can only be classified according to colour. All seven of the bottle glass pieces are aqua coloured. Unfortunately due to the fragmentary nature of the bottle glass shards the collection can only be classified according to colour. The colour of bottle glass alone is very limited with regards to providing dates of manufacture for glass bottles (Lindsey, 2008). Figure 8. Stage 2 Artifacts Recovered from Location 11 (AfHi-350) 1: Sponged Whiteware 5: Transfer Printed Whiteware 2: Stamped Whiteware 6: Banded Whiteware 3: Hand Painted Whiteware 7: Plain Pearlware 4: Edged Whiteware 8: White Clay Pipe Bowl Actual Size _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 27 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ Personal Artifacts The remaining artifact recovered from Location 11, a white clay pipe bowl fragment was classified as a personal item. White clay pipes were very popular throughout the 19th century, with a decline in use by 1880 when they were replaced by briar pipes and cigarettes (Adams et al. 1994:93). This pipe bowl fragment is plain (Figure 8:8). Summary Due to the overwhelming predominance of whiteware over later types of ceramics and the presence of early pearlware ceramics it is recommended that Location 11 (AfHi-350) should be subject to a Stage 3 archaeological investigation to further evaluate its significance and information potential. The Stage 3 examination should include the controlled mapping of the surface finds as well as the hand excavation of a series of onemeter test units to sample the nature and density of the cultural deposits. Archival research should also be conducted on the 19th century land registry data for this lot. Figure 9. Area of Stage 2 Pedestrian Assessment, 5m Intervals _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 28 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ Figure 10. Area of Stage 2 Test Pit Assessment, 5m Intervals Figure 11. Area of Previous Disturbance, Not Assessed _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 29 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ 4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS An archaeological assessment (Stages 1 & 2) was conducted for a 61.1 hectare property located on part of Lots 49 and 50, Concession B, Geographic Township of Westminster, now City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario. This assessment was undertaken in order to meet the requirements of a standard condition of development approval. The Stage 2 archaeological assessment resulted in the identification of eleven archaeological sites, including eight pre-contact Aboriginal sites (Locations 1, 2 and 4 to 9) and three 19th century Euro-Canadian sites (Locations 3, 10 and 11). Due to the small amount of material recovered from six of the pre-contact Aboriginal sites, their significance and information potential was judged to be low and no further archaeological work is recommended for Locations 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Due to the probable significance and information potential of the remaining two pre-contact Aboriginal sites, AfHi-346 and AfHi-348 (Locations 1 and 5) it is recommended that they be subject to additional Stage 3 assessment in advance of any development activities. Due to the fact that two of the Euro-Canadian locations AfHi-347 and AfHi-350 (Locations 3 and 11) produced artifacts primarily dating to the early to mid part of the 19th century further Stage 3 assessment is recommended for both sites. The third Euro-Canadian site, AfHi-349 (Location 10) consists of primarily late 19th century artifacts, however due to the inclusion of earlier artifacts at this location a precautionary Stage 3 assessment is recommended. The Stage 1-2 archaeological assessment was conducted in order to fulfill a standard condition of development approval, as imposed by the province of Ontario. The Ontario Ministry of Culture is asked to review the findings presented in this report and issue a standard letter of concurrence with the results presented. As additional Stage 3 archaeological fieldwork is recommended, a letter of clearance for the subject property is not requested at this time. Should deeply buried archaeological material be found on the property during excavation activities, the Ministry of Culture should be notified immediately at (416) 314-7174. In the event that human remains are encountered during excavation, the proponent should immediately contact both the Ministry of Culture and the Registrar or Deputy Registrar of the Cemeteries Regulation Unit of the Ministry of Consumer and Commercial Relations, (416) 326-8392. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 30 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ References Cited Adams, Nick, Ian Kenyon, and Dena Doroszenko 1994 Field Manual for Avocational Archaeologists in Ontario. Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., Archaeological Stewardship Project. Chapman, Lyman John and Donald F. Putnam 1984 The Physiography of Southern Ontario. 3rd ed. Ontario Geological Survey Special Volume 2. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto. Ellis, Chris J. and Neal Ferris (editors) 1990 The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, Ontario Archaeological Society, Number 5. Government of Canada 1999 Topographic Map Sheet 40 I/14: St. Thomas (Edition 8). Surveys and Mapping Branch, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa. Government of Ontario 1993 Archaeological Assessment Technical Guidelines. Archaeology & Heritage Planning Unit, Cultural Programs Branch, Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Recreation. n.d. Archaeological Data Base Files. Heritage Branch, Ministry of Culture, Toronto. H.R. Page and Company 1878 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Middlesex, Ontario. 1972 reprint. Edward Phelps, Sarnia. Hume, Ivor Noel 1969 A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. New York: Knopf. Kendrick, Grace 1971 The Antique Bottle Collector. New York: Pyramid Books. Kenyon, Ian 1985 “A History of Ceramic Tableware in Ontario, 1780-1840”. Arch Notes May/June 1985. Lindsey, Bill 2008 Historic Glass Bottle Identification and Information Website. http://www.sha.org/bottle/index.htm, The Bureau of Land Management, Society for Historical Archaeology. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 31 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ Lockett, Terence A. 1996 Pearlware: Origins and Types (Part 1). http://www.netcentral.co.uk/steveb/features/pearlware.htm. Miller, George 1987 An Introduction to English Ceramics for Archaeologists. Midwestern Archaeological Research Centre. Illinois State University. Pearce, Robert J. 1995 Mapping Middleport: A Case Study in Societal Archaeology. Museum of Ontario Archaeology Research Report No. 25. Sussman, Lynne 1997 Mocha, Banded, Cat’s Eye, and Other Factory-Made Slipware. Northeast Historical Archaeology, no. 1. Boston: Boston University. 2nd edition. Studies in _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 32 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ APPENDIX A: Complete Stage 2 Catalogues _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 33 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ Location 1 (AfHi-346) Cat # Context 1 2 3 4 5 test pits test pits test pits test pits test pits Location 2 Cat # Context 1 2 test pits test pits Location 3 (AfHi-347) Cat # Context Artifact Freq. core chipping detritus fragmentary sherds neck sherds body sherds 1 9 6 2 1 19 Artifact Freq. retouched flake chipping detritus 1 2 3 Comments 1 Onondaga chert 9 Onondaga chert Comments 1 Onondaga chert; 1 edge retouched, 2 edges utilized 2 Onondaga chert Artifact Freq. 1 2 3 4 5 surface surface surface surface surface ironstone, moulded ironstone creamware pearlware whiteware 3 33 10 11 8 Comments 6 7 8 9 10 surface surface surface surface surface whiteware, stamped porcelain pearlware, transfer printed pearlware, painted whiteware, painted 2 1 1 3 1 11 12 13 14 surface surface surface surface whiteware, edged whiteware, sponged whiteware, flow transfer printed whiteware, transfer printed 2 3 6 31 red stamped design and green painted plain white blue blue blue, green 1 blue with straight rim and chicken foot design, 1 blue with scalloped rim and impressed curved lines blue blue 28 blue, 3 brown 15 16 surface surface whiteware, transfer printed pearlware, transfer printed 2 1 black with writing "JAMES ..D… MA…" blue 17 18 surface surface pearlware, painted whiteware, painted 3 3 19 20 21 22 23 surface surface surface surface surface yelloware, banded whiteware, stamped whiteware, sponged porcelain, transfer printed porcelain 2 3 9 1 1 1 blue, 2 E.P. brown, green, orange and blue pink, blue, green, black blue, white, black mocha design blue blue green - modern plain white _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 34 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 surface surface surface surface surface surface surface surface surface surface surface surface surface whiteware, edged whiteware, flow transfer printed whiteware, transfer printed ironstone, moulded ironstone pearlware whiteware stoneware earthenware, red earthenware, yellow bell white clay pipe bowl nail, cut 5 11 42 10 26 12 37 5 20 11 1 1 1 37 38 39 40 41 surface surface surface surface surface glass, bottle glass, white glass, window misc. metal hardware faunal remains 20 1 5 1 12 361 Artifact Freq. Location 6 (AfHi-348) Cat # Context 1 surface Location 7 Cat # Context 1 test pits Location 9 Cat # Context 1 surface Location 10 (AfHi-349) Cat # Context projectile point 1 1 Artifact Freq. chipping detritus 1 1 Artifact Freq. utilized flake 1 1 Artifact Freq. 1 2 3 test pits test pits test pits whiteware, flow transfer printed whiteware ironstone 2 2 3 4 test pits glass, bottle 16 2 blue with straight rim & chicken foot design, 1 scalloped rim & fancy moulding, 1 blue with impressed curved lines, 1 blue with straight rim and curved lines/no moulding 9 blue, 2 black 39 blue, 2 brown, 1 black 3 wheat design sleigh bell fluted design 9 dark olive "black glass", 9 aqua, 1 clear, 1 brown "milk" glass metal hook 1 shell, 3 butchered Comments 1 Kettle Point chert; unidentifable Comments 1 Onondaga chert Comments 1 Onondaga chert; 1 utilized edge Comments blue 5 aqua, 4 brown, 4 clear, 3 green ( 1 machine made) _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc. 35 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South City of London, Middlesex County, Ontario _____________________________________________________________________________________ 5 6 7 8 9 test pits test pits test pits test pits test pits glass, window faunal remains nail, cut nail, wire drawn zipper 6 7 4 8 1 10 11 12 13 test pits test pits test pits test pits recent material metal buckle misc. metal hardware misc. metal 2 1 2 1 55 Artifact Freq. Location 11 (AfHi-350) Cat # Context 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 test pits test pits test pits test pits test pits test pits test pits test pits test pits test pits test pits test pits test pits test pits test pits test pits test pits test pits test pits test pits whiteware, edged whiteware, painted whiteware, transfer printed whiteware, banded yelloware, banded whiteware, sponged whiteware, stamped pearlware whiteware ironstone, moulded ironstone porcelain earthenware, red stoneware unknown ceramic type white clay pipe bowl faunal remains glass, bottle glass, window nail, cut 6 1 2 1 1 1 1 5 27 1 1 1 8 2 2 1 3 7 3 9 83 3 burnt bottom of tin can, foil seal from bottle horse harness nut and bolt Comments 3 blue with scalloped rim & impressed curved lines, 2 blue with straight rims, 1 blue fragment green, black 1 brown, 1 blue brown, blue bands white band blue blue wheat design plain white 1 burnt 7 aqua _____________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeologix Inc.