(2.5)
10000
(3.1)
8000
(2.6)
4000
0
AL-13-01
4000
3000
Fe3O4
2000
AL-13-07
5.1–5.2
Na3[(Fe,Mg)4Fe]Si8O22
(OH)2
Arfvedsonite
3.44-3.45
Na(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe)5
(Si8O22)(OH)2
Richterite
Perovskite
5.50–5.54
CaTiO3
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
4.0-4.3
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Wash water pipe
n.a.
n.a.
Once the selected time interval (15-minutes in this case) is reached, the table and water are turned off.
The division of sediment into concentrate, middlings and tailings is visually discernable by shape and
colour of the material stream (Figure 3). Tailings, middlings and concentrate are separated and washed
into separate containers.
Concentrate
Middlings
Tailings
n.a.
n.a. = not applicable
ORI
90
6258000
British
Columbia
ORI
Aley Carbonatite
Ospika Diatreme
AL-13-04
AL-13-05
AL-13-06
AL-13-07
USA
400
CmOK
AL-13-02
AL-13-09
Osk
AL-13-08
ORI
6254000
eek
r
C
Al
CmOK
6256000
455000
CmOK
Tailings
40
Middlings
Concentrate
30
10000
15000
20000
LREE in Concentrate (ppm)
1200
1000
AL-13-10
AL-13-16
800
AL-13-07
600
AL-13-18
AL-13-01
400
celestine
18
-1
AL
3-1
AL
3-
16
10
-1
3-
3-
07
AL
451000
-1
6252000
River
449000
3-1
Normal Fault
AL
453000
AL-13-18
AL-13-18B
01
Thrust Fault
Elevation Contour
Figure 1. Location and geology of the Aley carbonatite, British Columbia. Stream sediment sample
locations are denoted by red circles. Modified after Pride (1983), Mäder (1986), Massey et al. (2005),
McLeish (2013) and Mackay and Simandl (2014b).
Figure 4. Proportion (Wt.%) of concentrates, middlings, and tailings after Mozley processing (stream
sediments from the Aley carbonatite drainage area).
AL
-1
318
AL
-1
316
AL
-1
301
AL
-1
310
Nb content (ppm)
Ta content (ppm)
AL
-1
318
AL
-1
316
AL
-1
310
AL
-1
307
5000
200
300
Ta in Concentrate (ppm)
(1.8)
500
1000
1500
Sr in Concentrate (ppm)
2000
100
AL-13-10
AL-13-16
AL-13-01
80
AL-13-18
60
40
bastnaesite
monazite
synchesite
allanite
AL-13-07
0
1000
40
30
AL-13-01
20
AL-13-18
10
100
200
300
Y in Concentrate (ppm)
Figure 7. Dry sieved (125–250μm size fraction) stream sediment samples varying from 380940g were mixed into a slurry with water and gradually washed into the sample feeder
(Figure 7). Material moves with the direction of shaking across the table surface and
diagonally down the table slope. The table was set with an 8° incline, 3° slope, 10mm stroke,
and table speed of 250 rpm for all samples from Aley. Water flow was kept constant for all
samples at 18 L/min based on optimization using synthetic standards.
y = 0.4304x - 71.438
R² = 0.8077
AL-13-16
AL-13-18
AL-13-01
600
Concentrate
AL-13-10
400
AL-13-07
200
barite
500
1000
1500
Ba in Concentrate (ppm)
2000
y = 0.3915x + 9.1282
R² = 0.9866
350
AL-13-10
AL-13-16
300
AL-13-01
AL-13-18
250
200
Middlings
150
100
100
AL-13-07
monazite
12000
AL-13-18
10000
AL-13-01
8000
6000
AL-13-07
4000
0
apatite
monazite
200
400
600
800
Th in Concentrate (ppm)
1000
1200
y = 0.3516x + 11.443
R² = 0.959
1000
800
AL-13-16
AL-13-10
600
AL-13-18
400
200
AL-13-07
AL-13-01
Tailings
Middlings
40
Concentrate
20
zircon
0
500
1000 1500 2000 2500
Zr in Concentrate (ppm)
3000
318
-1
AL
AL
AL
-1
-1
3-
16
310
07
AL-13-01
AL-13-18
2000
AL-13-07
1000
bastnaesite
monazite
synchesite
allanite
5000
10000
15000
20000
LREE in Concentrate (ppm)
Figure 6. Comparison of Nb, Ta, LREE (Σ La, Ce, Pr, Nd), Y, Sr, Ba, U, Th, P, and Zr content
(determined by pXRF) of the 125-250μm fraction2 from before and after Mozley C800 separator
processing. High coefficients of determination (R ) for most pathfinder elements indicate that
processing consistently concentrated corresponding carbonatite indicator minerals (shown in
boxes). Error bars (2σ) are based on repeated portable X-ray fluorescence analyses of
standards as described in Luck and Simandl (2014).
100
200
300
400
Ta in Concentrate (ppm)
y = 0.2019x + 20.786
R² = 0.9381
500
600
AL-13-10
AL-13-16
AL-13-01
80
Mozley C800 (Mackay et al. 2015a)
Approx. 1.2m x 1m x 1m; pick-up truck
transportable; designed to be moved (field
or laboratory based)
Wilfley #13 (Mackay et al. 2015b)
Approx. 2.0m x 0.75m x 1.25m; commonly a
stationary set up (laboratory based;
475mm x 1016mm table size*)
Level of training and operator
attentiveness needed to operate
High
Moderate
Use of synthetic standards for
optimizing operating conditions
Recommended
Recommended
Recommended sample size (based
on manufacturer's specifications)
50-100g
N/A; but 8.6-65.0 kg in 0.25-1mm size fraction
of till samples have been used (example from
McClenaghan 2011)
Sample size successfully tested (125- 75g (90-100g sample may be preferred for 380-940g
250 μm fraction)
low indicator mineral counts)
Grain size (based on manufacturer's 100 μm - 2 mm (v-profile tray)
specifications)
<100 μm (flat tray)
<2 mm
Cleaning
Long cleanup (20 min)
Short cleanup (5 min)
Risk of contamination
Low; minimal material traps
Approximate water usage (based on 1.6 L/min (15 min/sample)
optimized parameters)
24L/sample
High; several potential material traps
18 L/min (approx. 5min/sample; dependant on
sample size) 90L/sample
Processing time per sample
5 min; samples < 1000g
AL-13-18
60
bastnaesite
monazite
synchesite
allanite
40
AL-13-07
20
1000
AL-13-10
900
AL-13-16
800
0
1200
y = 0.153x + 623.83
R² = 0.0089
AL-13-01
700
AL-13-18
AL-13-07
600
celestine
100
200
300
Y in Concentrate (ppm)
400
500
15 min; samples < 100g
N/A = not available
*Smaller and larger table sizes available on the market
1000
AL-13-16
800
AL-13-01
600
800
850
900
950
1000
Sr in Concentrate (ppm)
1050
AL-13-18
AL-13-10
 The Mozley C800 is more suitable for small initial sample weight (75 - 100 g) while the
Wilfley #13 is more suitable for larger sample weights (> 380 g)
200
AL-13-07
50
barite
40
AL-13-16
AL-13-18
AL-13-01
20
10
monazite
50
100
150
U in Concentrate (ppm)
AL-13-01
250
200
150
References:
100
monazite
AL-13-07
0
800
AL-13-18
AL-13-01
8000
AL-13-07
4000
apatite
monazite
500
1000
Th in Concentrate (ppm)
y = 0.1658x + 87.989
R² = 0.9668
1500
AL-13-10
AL-13-16
600
500
AL-13-01
AL-13-18
400
300
200
100
zircon
AL-13-07
0
5000
10000 15000 20000
P in Concentrate (ppm)
25000
30000
Acknowledgements:
This project received funding and support from Targeted Geoscience Initiative 4 (2010-2015), a Natural Resources Canada program carried out under the auspices
of the Geological Survey of Canada. The specialty metal portion of the TGI-4 is carried out in collaboration with the British Columbia Geological Survey. Bureau
Veritas Commodities Canada Ltd., Inspectorate Metallurgical Division and Upstream Minerals Sector are thanked for their generous support of this project.
Logistical and helicopter support by Taseko Mines Limited and the scholarship from Geoscience BC to the first author are also greatly appreciated.
AL-13-18
700
10000
6000
300
200
AL-13-10
AL-13-16
12000
AL-13-16
0
y = 0.5103x - 1115.3
R² = 0.7174
14000
4000
 Risk of contamination is lower and clean-up is easier with the Mozley C800 table
AL-13-10
350
50
AL-13-07
1000
2000
3000
Ba in Concentrate (ppm)
y = 0.2601x + 20.232
R² = 0.9532
400
AL-13-10
30
0
450
y = 0.226x + 2.0727
R² = 0.9541
stream sediments
 Both tables produce concentrates with a predictable relationship to raw samples
400
1100
Conclusions
 Both Mozley C800 and Wilfley #13 effectively concentrate carbonatite indicator minerals in
y = 0.2084x + 269.16
R² = 0.9259
0
0
Figure 9. Proportion (Wt.%) of concentrates, middlings, and tailings after Wilfley table
processing (stream sediments from the Aley carbonatite drainage area).
AL-13-07
100
25000
0
0
Nb
Ta
LREE
Y
Zr
P
Th
U
Ba
Sr
Fe
Wilfley #13
0.96
0.85
0.96
0.94
0.97
0.93
0.95
0.95
0.71
0.01
0.97
0
2000
3500
pyrochlore
columbite-Fe
fersmite
40
0
AL-13-10
16000
0
5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
P in Concentrate (ppm)
3-
3000
0
60
AL-13-18
60
120
4000
60
80
1200
AL-13-01
80
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Nb in Concentrate (ppm)
AL-13-16
0
150
AL-13-16
5000
y = 0.1563x + 1108.2
R² = 0.9577
750
Figure 8. Close-up of the Wilfley table. Heavy minerals (black) are separated from middlings
and tailings as material moves from the top-right to bottom-left. Denser material
(concentrate) is carried farthest left along the table ridges while the least dense material is
washed off the bottom of the table. Launder trays are positioned to collect the concentrate,
middlings, and tailings. Suspended particles are allowed to settle and excess water is
decanted from concentrates, middlings, and tailings.
AL-13-16
100
0
5000
Tailings
AL-13-10
120
20
500
50
AL-13-10
pyrochlore
columbite-Fe
fersmite
1000
0
0
50
100
U in Concentrate (ppm)
-1
2000
400
y = 0.4764x + 143.36
R² = 0.9864
0
monazite
AL-13-18
3000
0
800
2500
AL-13-10
AL-13-01
1100
400
y = 0.3509x - 0.0842
R² = 0.9638
AL
-1
AL
4000
y = 0.194x + 20.212
R² = 0.8482
140
AL-13-16
0
450
50
y = 0.1829x + 274.16 AL-13-10
R² = 0.9649
5000
Mozley C800
0.96
0.96
0.94
0.97
0.96
0.99
0.96
0.99
0.91
0.87
0.97
Seperator
Dimensions (portability)
160
400
y = 0.3459x + 8.1099
R² = 0.9705
Nb
Ta
LREE
Y
Zr
P
Th
U
Ba
Sr
Fe
Min
3.9
2.3
1.8
2.1
2.4
1.8
2.7
2.5
1.0
1.0
1.7
Wilfley #13
Mean Max
4.8
5.6
3.6
4.9
3.9
5.1
3.4
4.2
4.4
5.6
2.2
2.4
3.4
3.9
3.8
4.5
2.4
3.7
1.2
1.4
3.5
4.6
Table 4: Comparison of Mozley C800 Laboratory Mineral Separator and Wilfley Shaking Table #13
performance and applicability to Aley-style carbonatite-hosted Nb-deposits
0
0
0
0
(2.3)
Concentrate
6000
25000
0
AL
Lithological Contact
447000
5000
y = 0.6258x + 50.75
R² = 0.8699
2000
10
200
Mozley C800
Min
Mean Max
2.8
3.3
3.7
2.1
2.4
2.9
1.7
2.5
3.1
2.1
2.5
2.8
2.2
2.7
3.3
2.0
2.4
2.6
2.2
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.8
3.3
0.9
1.5
1.8
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
2.3
2.7
Table 3: Comparison of coefficients of
2
determination (R ) for elemental abundances in
mineral concentrates and raw samples
Raw
(3.5)
AL-13-07
1200
14000
50
10000
0
16000
60
100
20
0
Stream Sediment Samples
AL-13-16
1000
AL-13-07
20
AL-13-10
Osk
AL-13-01
AL-13-18
AL-13-07
70
ORI
Vancouver
km
2000
0
Kamloops
0
AL-13-01
1400
P in Raw Samples (ppm)
Osk
Proportion (Wt.%)
Prince George
Cambrian and Ordovician
Cambiran-Ordovician Kechika Formation.
CmOK argillaceous limestone, calcareous siltstone, and
dolostone.
3000
bastnaesite
monazite
synchesite
allanite
1600
80
Alberta
Ordovician and Silurian
Osk
Osk
CmOK
Aley Carbonatite
Complex
Aley Carbonatite
Lower to Middle Ordovician Skoki Formation.
Dolomite carbonate rocks.
AL-13-16
0
U in Raw Samples (ppm)
Northwest
Territories
Alaska
Pacific
Ocean
AL-13-10
AL-13-16
100
Ordovician
5000
60
Ospika Diatreme
ORI
0
120
6000
4000
pyrochlore
columbite-Fe
fersmite
AL-13-07
30000
7000
Water flow
REE-Bearing Carbonatite Dykes
Lower to Upper Ordovician-Silurian Road River
Group. Cherty dolostone, shale, argillaceous
limestone, and rare quartzite and quartz pebble
conglomerate
25000
y = 0.3078x + 630.71
R² = 0.9378
8000
AL-13-01
40
140
0
Figure 3. View of the surface of the Mozley C800 laboratory mineral separator table after a completed
run. Sample material is separated into concentrate, middlings and tailings based on pattern and colour
of the material stream.
AL-13-18
60
0
Yukon
Massive Carbonatite Related Fenitization
10000 15000 20000
Nb in Concentrate (ppm)
200
The Aley carbonatite is located 290 km north of Prince George, British Columbia (Figure 1), and
outcrops over a 3 x 3.5 km area (Mäder, 1986; McLeish, 2013). It was selected as a case study
location because it is the most important Nb-deposit in the Canadian Cordillera with a measured plus
indicated resource of 286 million tonnes at 0.37% Nb2O5, with a cut-off grade of 0.20% Nb2O5 (Jones
et al. 2014). It is hosted by greenschist facies metasediments. The main body of the Aley carbonatite
is dolomitic with volumetrically minor calcite carbonatite, surrounded by fenitised country rock (Mäder,
1986; McLeish 2013).
Aley Carbonatite and Intrusive Rocks
5000
0
Aley Carbonatite
(4.5)
0
9000
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
3.09
NaFeSi2O6
Aegerine
n.a.
n.a.
0
80
20
Th in Raw Samples (ppm)
Magnetite
n.a.
pyrochlore
columbite-Fe
fersmite
AL-13-18
1000
n.a.
15000
Ta in Raw Samples (ppm)
5000
AL-13-16
Sr in Raw Samples (ppm)
3.9–4.0
n.a.
AL-13-10
100
U in Raw Samples (ppm)
SrSO4
Celestine
n.a.
20000
Y in Raw Samples (ppm)
AL-13-16
AL-13-10
P in Concentrate (ppm)
4.48
Concentrate
Figure 10. Comparison of Nb, Ta, and LREE
(Σ La, Ce, Nd, Pr) concentrations in Wilfley
table concentrates and raw samples from Aley.
Concentration factors (Wilfley concentrates /raw
samples) are shown in parentheses.
(5.1)
Ba in Raw Samples (ppm)
6000
120
18
BaSO4
Barite
(4.5)
Th in Raw Samples (ppm)
7000
y = 0.3369x + 12.341
R² = 0.9584
3-
0.5–5.5
25000
Zr in Raw Samples (ppm)
8000
140
Electric motor
LREE in Raw Samples (ppm)
9000
-1
n.a.
Raw
0
301
y = 0.3408x - 279.87
R² = 0.9636
Nb in Raw Samples (ppm)
160
AL
n.a.
(4.0)
(3.5)
300
(3.9)
6000
16
3.16–3.22
(3.3)
100
5000
Launder trays
3-
Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl)
400
Table 2: Comparison of concentration factors
for Mozley and Wilfley shaker tables
0
-1
Apatite
Incline
2000
10
47.8
Direction of shaking
Slope
Raw
(1.7)
Gear box
3-
n.a.
Water source
Concentrate
6000
10000
LREE in Raw Samples (ppm)
n.a.
Concentrate
AL
-1
301
12000
Sample ID
Sr in Raw Samples (ppm)
3.90–4.15
Raw
15000
10000
LREE (Σ La, Ce, Nd, Pr) content (ppm)
14000
Sample feeder
Figure 5. Comparison of Nb, Ta and LREE (Σ
La, Ce, Nd, Pr) content of raw samples and
corresponding Mozley concentrates.
Concentration factors (Mozley concentrates
/raw samples) are shown in parentheses.
(2.8)
(5.4)
(4.6)
0
AL
c)
Ore Systems
(4.9)
500
20000
Sample ID
16000
0
Ca(Ce,La)(CO3)2F
(5.6)
25000
0
Sample ID
73.6–78.1
Synchysite
50
2000
-1
0.1–4.4
n.a.
(3.7)
(2.1)
AL
n.a.
4000
Raw
100
07
4.95–5.00
59.2
n.a.
Raw
Concentrate
3-
Ce(CO3)F
Bastnaesite
n.a.
6000
150
TG
Comparison
600
30000
Mineral concentrators such as the The Mine & Smelter Supply Co Wilfley shaking table #13
used in this study are a common tool in mining and exploration activities. Wilfley shaking
tables separate silt and sand sized material by mineral density. Simple to calibrate and
maintain, it processes a continous feed of material. Informaiton regarding the Wilfley
concentrator presented here is derived from Mackay et al. (2015a).
-1
4.6–4.7
4.8
n.a.
Concentrate
8000
(2.3)
AL
ZrSiO4
Zircon
n.a.
10000
200
01
4.8–5.5
0–16.9
35000
(4.7)
(2.3)
4
Conclusions
250
3-
(Ce,La,Nd,Th)PO4
Monazite
66.0–70.1
n.a.
(2.5)
For further details please contact:
George.Simandl@gov.bc.ca
Wilfley Shaking Table #13
(2.9)
-1
4.69–4.79
(3.6)
(3.3)
12000
Zr in Raw Samples (ppm)
Fersmite
0–31.2
Natural Resources
Canada
Ressources naturelles
Canada
3
Mackay, D.A.R., Simandl, G.J., Ma, W., Grcic, B., Redfearn, M., Luck, P., and Li, C. 2015.
Assessment of Mozley and Wilfley shaking tables for concentrating carbonatite indicator
minerals, Aley carbonatite, British Columbia, Canada. British Columbia Ministry of Energy and
Mines, British Columbia Geological Survey, Geofile 2015-06.
AL
(Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,
Ti)2(O,OH,F)6
46.8–81.2
2.6-6.0
2
BCGS Geofile 2015-06
Proportion (wt.%)
5.3–7.3
0–4.3
14000
Y in Raw Samples (ppm)
(Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)2O6
Columbite-(Fe)
34.2–86.8
TREO
3
(2.8)
Ba in Raw Samples (ppm)
4.2–6.4
Ta 2O5
300
Ta in Raw Samples (ppm)
Figure 2. The operating procedure is
simple once optimal conditions for
sample processing are identified. Dry
sieved (125–250 μm size fraction)
samples weighing ~75 g are poured
from a beaker onto the table and
wetted at the wash water pipe (copper
tube). A spray bottle is used to
remove all material from the beaker.
Water is supplied by the wash water
pipe and the irrigation pipes (two
white plastic tubes with water outlets
at regular intervals). The direction of
water flow is denoted by black arrows.
Tailings separate first, moving
longitudinally down the trough in the
direction of water flow and are
collected at the end of the table. The
v-profile tray, best suited for coarse
grain sizes (100 μm–2 mm), was used
for this study. The Mozley C800 set
up parameters were: 1.75°
longitudinal slope; 70 rpm table
speed; 6.35 cm amplitude (throw and
stroke); and 1.6 L/min water flow rate.
Irrigation pipes
Pyrochlore
(Ca,Na)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6
(O,OH,F)
Nb2O5
18000
350
0
Water
flow
Chemical Formula
(3.1)
Ta content ( ppm)
The Mozley C800 (Figure 2) is a light and compact alternative to most other shaker tables and gravity
concentrators used by metallurgists. It performs density sorting of grains using side to side (stroke) and
front to back (throw) motions. During processing, material is separated into concentrate (high density),
middlings (mixed), and tailings (low density). Information regarding the Mozley C800 concentrator
presented here is derived from Mackay et al. (2015b).
Table 1: Potential carbonatite indicator minerals. Expected ranges in pathfinder element content (Wt.
%). Modified from Mackay et al. (2015a).
Mineral
b)
20000
16000
Potential carbonatite indicator minerals
Density
3
(g/cm )
a)
Nb content ( ppm)
One of the main objectives of the Specialty Metals component of the Targeted Geoscience Initiative 4
(TGI-4) is to develop simple, inexpensive methods to explore for rare-earth element (REE) and
niobium (Nb) ± tantalum (Ta) deposits described in Mackay and Simandl (2014a) and Simandl
(2014). The main purpose of this study is to determine if Mozley and Wilfley tables can concentrate
carbonatite indicator minerals (Table 1) to a degree that additional processing is not required for
quantitative assessment using Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by Scanning electron microscopy
(QEMSCAN®). Expensive and labour intensive mineral picking is eliminated from indicator mineral
surveys.
3
AL
-1
307
University of Victoria, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Victoria, BC
2
British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines, Victoria, BC
3
Bureau Veritas Commodities Canada Ltd., Inspectorate Metallurgical Division, Richmond, BC
Mozley C800 laboratory mineral seperator
Objectives
3
1
LREE LREE
(Ʃ La. (Ʃ
Ce,
La.Nd,
Ce,Pr)
Nd,
content
Pr) content
(ppm)(ppm)
GICA L S U
V
R
1, 2
Duncan A.R. Mackay , George J. Simandl , Wendy Ma , Boja Grcic , Mike Redfearn , Pearce Luck , and Cheng Li
Nb in Raw Samples (ppm)
LO
1
University
of Victoria
Ministry of
Energy and Mines
EY
BR
IA
GE
O
Assessment of Mozley and Wilfley shaking tables for concentrating carbonatite indicator minerals,
Aley carbonatite, British Columbia, Canada
C OLU
H
S
M
I
B
IT
0
1000
2000
3000
Zr in Concentrate (ppm)
4000
5000
Figure 11. Comparison of Nb, Ta, LREE (Σ La, Ce, Pr, Nd), Y, Sr, Ba, U, Th, P, and Zr content
(determined by pXRF)
in Wilfley table concentrates and raw samples. High coefficients of
2
determination (R ) for most pathfinder elements indicate that processing consistently
concentrated corresponding indicator minerals (shown in boxes). Error bars (2σ) are based on
repeated portable X-ray fluorescence analyses of standards as described in Luck and Simandl
(2014).
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Wilfley
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