CNC MODULE
This action based training was developed within
The Leonardo Da Vinci Transfer of Innovation Project - MOVET II
“MODULES FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOR COMPETENCES IN EUROPE”
(PROJECT NUMBER DE/10/LLP-LdV/TOI/147341)
CNC Module is designated for students who want to develop the skills, knowledge and
competences necessary for operating the CNC machine.
Student can develop the CNC-program using DIN/ISO programming, and simulate its
functionality. Student can set up the machines and the tools, and produce single parts using
CNC lathe and milling machines, test and optimize production.
Module consists of 3 weeks, two school weeks, and one week at the company. Students
work in groups as well as individually and at the end are tested theoretically and practically.
OVERVIEW OF THE MODULE
CNC MODULE
Overview of the module
Location in competence matrix
Learning outcomes
Taxonomy table
1
2
4
7
11
TIMETABLE FOR MODULE
School week
Company week
Detailed plan for students
12
12
14
16
LEARNING MATERIAL FOR CNC MODULE STUDENTS
0.
Cover of CNC module
1.
CNC Machine
1.1. Basic terminology
1.1. Block structure of CNC machine
1.2. CNC machine modes
1.3. Test of a program and simulation
1.4. The coordinate system of a machine
1.5. Zero points
1.6. Compensations of tools
19
19
20
20
21
22
23
24
26
29
2. CNC Lathe Programming
2.1. CNC lathe coordinate system
2.2. Structure of the program
2.3. Basic commands – turning
2.4. Description of functions
2.5. Programming of a rotary part
2.6. Programming of cycles
2.7. Exercises for programming
32
32
33
34
38
42
43
49
3. CNC Mill Programming
3.1. CNC mill coordinate system
3.2. Basic commands – milling
3.3. Description of functions
3.4. Programming of a linear part
3.5. Programming of cycles
3.6. Exercises for programming
3.7. Transfer of program to a CNC machine
52
52
53
56
58
59
63
65
2
4. Appendices
4.1. Appendices – charts
4.2. Sheets – 01 drawing
4.3. Sheets – 02 coordinate sheet
4.4. Sheets – 03 tooling sheet
4.5. Sheets – 04 programming sheet - lathe turning
4.6. Sheets – 05 programming sheet – milling
68
68
80
81
82
83
84
Glossary
Tests
Pen-and-pencil test
Pen-and-pencil test – solutions
Practical Task - Lathe
Practical Task – Mill
Certificate
Imprint
85
103
103
106
109
110
111
112
3
Competence matrix
for mechanics in the industry – MOVET II
Competence
Area
1
Maintaining
tools, equipment
and technical
systems
He/ She can perform
the basic scheduled
maintenance on
tools and
equipment. (e.g.
checking the quality
of used cooling
liquids, checking the
oil-level in the
milling machine,
checking the cutting
edges of tools…).
2
Installing and
dismantling
of assemblies,
machinery
and systems
He/ She can apply
written instructions
to install and
dismantle
individual
components (e.g.
single parts to an
assembly by using
machine elements
like screw joints or
pin connections).
3
Installing
and bringing into
service
of control
technology
He/ She can
use written
instructions
to install and
adjust
pneumatic or
hydraulic or
electrical
components
according to
safety rules.
He/ She can master the
maintenance
procedures for technical
systems using service
documents and
maintenance plans.
He/ She performs the
correct mounting
method for machine
elements (e.g. shafts,
axles, bearings and
shaft seals).
He/ She can install/
dismantle complex
assembly groups and
machinery, which could
include different
technologies.
He/ She positions and
fixes the components by
performing detachable
and permanent joining
processes (e.g. mount
bearings to gearboxes,
weld frames…).
He/ She
can use
written
instructions
to install EPneumatic
or EHydraulic
or electrical
component
s according
4
He/She can
apply an EPneumatic or
E-Hydraulic
solution for
simple tasks.
He/ She understands the
function of technical
systems, can perform
trouble shooting with
locating defects and
analysing cause for
damage. He/ She plans,
performs and documents
necessary maintenance
work.
He/ She understands the
function of complex
machines or systems.
He/ She can build up a
system (consisting of e.g.
gear drives, chain drives,
belt drives, pneumatic or
hydraulic components…).
He/ She can adjust the
associated parameters and
analyse/evaluate the
overall function of the
system.
He/She can
apply an EPneumatic or
E-Hydraulic
solution for
complex
tasks.
He/She can
install and
configure
programs for
hardware and
software
components
as well as set
up simple
PLC.
4
Technical
communication
Preparing and
using technical
information
5
Producing single
parts
and assemblies
6
Working
according to QM
principals/
standards
(documenting
measuring
supervising work)
to safety
rules.
He/ She can
He/ She can
He/ She correctly He/ She develops
read and
correctly apply apply advanced
technical
manually draft
basic CAD
CAD-functions for constructions
simple sketches functions for
the construction
according to the
or technical
the
of components
needs of the
drawings of
construction
and assembly
customer. He/ She
single
of technical
groups. (Including can check the
components. He components.
screw joints, pin
functions of
knows the ISO
connections…).
complex assembly
standards for
groups via CAD.
drafts, surface
symbols and
dimensioning.
He/ She
He/ she can
He/ She can
He/ She
He/ She can
can
correctly
develop the
can
produce
produce
apply
necessary CNCproduce
parts on
simple
conventional program using
parts on
CNC
compone machines for DIN/ISO
CNC
machines
nts by
the
programming,
machines
using
performin production
simulate the
using
CAD/CAM
g manual of
functionality.
CAD/CAM
technology
productio components. He/ She can set
technology in complex
n
He knows
up the machines
up to 3
settings
methods, the
and the tools.
axes.
with more
(e.g.
parameters
He/ She can
than 3 (4)
filing,
for
produce single
axes.
sawing,
calculating
parts using CNC
bending… cutting
machines (e.g.
).
speed, feed
lathe and milling
rate…
machines), test
and optimize
production.
He/ She is
He/ She can
He/ She can
He/ She can
familiar with develop criteria develop inspection control product
methods of
for functional
plans based on QM and process
testing.
tests.
regulations (also in quality.
He/ She can
He/ She can
respect of mass
He/ She can carry
select the
pre-pare
and serial
out inspection on
necessary
inspection plans production).
machine and
test
and
He/ She is familiar
process capability
equipment
documentation. with tools/methods on demand.
and check it
He/ She can
to support
He/ She can plan
(e.g.
valuate
continuous
the process as well
micrometer). inspection
improvement
as document and
He/ She can
results and
process in order to evaluate process
5
7
Planning,
carrying out and
optimising
technical
systems
work accordto inspection
plans.
He/ She can
apply
inspection
equipment
correctly.
He/ She can
plan
production
processes for
typical single
parts.
He/ She can
perform and
optimize
these
processes.
identify the
cause of quality
problems.
optimize
production
process.
He/ She can
plan production
and mounting
processes for
typical
assemblies.
He/ She can
per-form and
optimize these
processes.
He/ She can provide independent
technical solutions for the construction
e.g. of production lines.
He/ She can assure the functionality of
the overall system by using existing and
modified standard components.
He/ She can check failure-free working
systems and production processes
concerning their potential for
optimization.
He/ She can work out suggestions for
optimization respecting technical
development.
He/ She can evaluate and estimate the
economic advantage.
He/she can carry out the proposal.
6
data.
He/ She can make
suggestions for
optimizing the
quality of process.
SPŠS SNV
CONTENT / LEARNING
OUTCOMES
CNC MODULE
This table can be used
a) to locate the learning outcomes in the contents of the CNC-Module
b) and also the allocation within the Taxonomy Table
Example:
a) In Chapter 1.7 Compensations of tools the verbs list and illustrate are used to
describe the learning outcomes.
b) The verbs indicate complexity 1 and 2 in the cognitive process dimensions, the types
of knowledge are F which stands for factual knowledge and Ca which stands for
causal knowledge.
Contents
Taxonomy
Table
Learning Outcomes
1. CNC machine
1.1 Basic terminology



1.2 Block structure of a CNC
machine


1.3 CNC machine modes


student is able to define CNC
machines
student is able to recognize
the pros and cons of CNC
machines in comparison to
classic machines
student is able to recognize
the information included in
the program
student is able to sketch and
describe a block structure of
a CNC lathe
student is able to identify the
functions of individual parts of
a machine
student is able to list the
operating modes of CNC
machines
student is able to choose
a suitable operating mode
7
1F
2F, 2Ca
2F
3F
2F, 2Ca
2F, 2Ca
1F
2F, 2Ca
3Ca


1.4 Test of a program and
simulation


1.5 The coordinate system of a
machine

1.6 Zero points

1.7 Compensations of tools


student is able to show his/her
choice of a mode on a
particular CNC machine
student is able to recognize
the function of testing
(simulating) programs
student is able to test
a demonstration program in
simulator on a PC
student is able to find
a suitable demo program on
the Internet
student is able to sketch
a coordinate system with
individual axes and moves
student is able to sketch zero
and other characteristic points
on a CNC lathe
student is able to list the types
of the compensations of tools
student is able to illustrate the
compensations of tools for
lathe-turning and milling
3Ca
2Ca
4P
3Ca
3P
3P
1F, 1Ca
2P, 3P, 4P
2. CNC lathe programming
2.1 CNC lathe coordinate system


2.2 Structure of a program


2.3 Basic commands - turning


student is able to sketch the
CNC lathe coordinate system
and mark the axes
student is able to recognize
the difference between
absolute and incremental
programming
student is able to distinguish
geometrical, technological and
auxiliary information in
a demonstration program
student is able to recognize
the structure of the program
student is able to demonstrate
basic commands at task
solving
student is able to check the
8
3F
2Ca
2Ca, 4Ca
1Ca, 2Ca
3P
5P
2.4 Description of functions

2.5 Programming of a rotary part


2.6 Programming of cycles

2.7 Exercises for programming



written NC program and in
case of need to rewrite it
student is able to explain the
functions G90, G91, G00, G01,
G02, G03, M06, M03, M30
student is able to apply basic
commands for programming
of a simple rotary part
student is able to test
and revise NC program
student is able to explain the
commands of cycles and
illustrate them on simple
examples
student is able to apply the
commands of cycles at
programming of more
complicated rotary part
student is able to design
his/her own rotary part
student is able to make a part
on a CNC machine
5P
2Ca
3P
4P
5P
2P
2P
3P
5P
6P
3. CNC mill programming
3.1 CNC mill coordinate system


3.2 Basic commands - milling


3.3 Description of functions

3.4 Programming of a linear part


3.5 Programming of cycles

student is able to explain the
CNC mill coordinate system
student is able to sketch
individual axes
student is able to relate new
commands to already learned
commands
student is able to illustrate
basic commands at task
solving
student is able to explain basic
functions for milling
student is able to apply basic
commands at programming of
a simple linear part
student is able to test and
revise NC program
student is able to explain
9
2Ca
3Ca
4Ca
2Ca, 3Ca, 4Ca
2Ca, 5Ca
3P
4P
5P
2P, 5P

3.6 Exercises for programming


3.7 Transfer of a program to
a CNC machine



commands of cycles and
illustrate them on simple
examples
student is able to relate the
solution of tasks from turning
to the solution of tasks from
milling
student is able to apply
commands of cycles at
programming of a more
complicated linear part
student is able to design
his/her own part
student is able to revise NC
program into a form suitable
for a particular CNC machine
student is able to test NC
program on a CNC machine
student is able to make a part
on a CNC machine
10
2P, 3P, 4P
1P, 5P
3P
5P
5P
4P
6P
Taxonomy Table for the CNC Module
Knowledge
Cognitive Process
Remember
[1]
Understand
[2]
Apply
[3]
Factual
knowledge
[F]
1.7
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.1
Causal
knowledge
[Ca]
1.7
2.2
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.4
2.6
Procedural
knowledge
[P]
11
Analyze
[4]
Evaluate
[5]
1.3
1.4
3.1
2.2
3.2
3.3
1.2
1.5
1.6
3.6
1.4
1.7
2.3
2.5
3.4
3.5
3.6
Create
[6]
2.7
3.7
SPŠS SNV
SCHOOL WEEKS
CNC MODULE
School weeks CW 40, 41 in Spišská Nová Ves
Schedule for normal school days:
08.25-13.00 regular lesson
three 10 minutes breaks, one 20 minutes break: 5 lessons (5x45 min)
13.00-14.00 lunch break
14.00-16.30 study time
later in the afternoon - company visit/tour/museum/disco/shopping
CW40
03.-07.10.11
Monday
08.25-13.00
organisation
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
school tour
getting
started
Lessons
Henček, Hudranová
Workplace
safety and
health
14.00-16.30
Study
Afternoon activities
Weekend 1
12
Friday
CW41
10.-14.10.11
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
08.25-13.00
Lessons
Henček, Hudranová
14.00-16.30
Study
Study
study
Project
monitoring
Afternoon activities
Weekend 2
13
Thursday
Friday
Lessons
Lessons
Henček,
Hudranová
Henček,
Hudranová
test
test results
SPŠS SNV
COMPANY WEEK
EMBRACO
CNC MODULE
Company week CW 42 in Spišská Nová Ves
Skills, knowledge and competence demonstration in a company environment:
Students work in teamwork in mixed nation teams (App 2 days)
Later they work in single work (App 1 day)
Presentation of the work and discussion
Monday
Organisation
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Test
PreparaSingle
presenta- tion for
Work
tion
Friday
Teamwork
Friday SPŠS
Certificates
Farewell
Schedule for company days: 7.5 hours/day
07.00: short meeting, then work
09.00- 09.15: morning break
12.00 – 12.45: lunch break
15.30: end – leisure time
Monday 17.10.11:
Team work: mixed nation teams
Welcome of participants, organisational instructions
Instruction of CNC machines system including safety rules
Tour, participants are introduced about the production program and technology
Division into particular workrooms, introduction about the work content in a particular
workroom
Tuesday 18.10.11
Team work: mixed nation teams
Working with particular CNC machine (lathe, mill)
Production of rotational and flat components, grinding of cutting tools
14
Operation of machine tool, setting-up the parameters, work with program library
Wednesday 19.10.11
Team work: mixed nation teams / single work
Working with CNC machines
Changing of the tools, arranging of CNC machine tools
Control of cutting tools
Control and measuring of produced components
System of control and management of quality
Thursday 20.10.11
Skills demonstration
Practical examination
Expert discussion of the work within the team, the company expert and the teacher
Evaluation of the students work by the company expert and the teacher
Thursday afternoon 20.10.11
Preparation for Friday: presentations, photos, etc.
Evaluation of the CNC Module
Friday morning 21.10.11 SPŠS
Certificates
Farewell and see you soon in Copenhagen, München, Pori and Weiden
15
SPŠS SNV
DETAILED PLAN
FOR STUDENTS
CNC MODULE
Average school day: SPŠS, Spišská Nová Ves
when
08.25 – 09.10
09.10 – 09.20
09.20 – 10.05
10.05 - 10.25
10.25 - 11.10
11.10 – 11.20
11.20 – 12.05
12.05 – 13.00
13.00 – 14.00
14.00 - 16.30
or longer
what
1st lesson
10 minutes break
2nd lesson
20 minutes morning break
3rd lesson
10 minutes break
4th lesson
lunch break
5th lesson
studying, company visit, sights, sport or other activities
where
Room CNC
Room CNC
Room CNC
Room CNC
school canteen
Room CNC
School
when
what
where
Su. 02.10.11
Students arrive in Spišská Nová Ves
Mo. 03.10.11
08.30 meet and greet
Introducing the school tour
08.25 lessons: Mr. Henček, Ms. Hudranová
14.00 study
08.25 lessons: Mr. Henček, Ms. Hudranová
hotel ParkHotel
Centrum
Room CNC
Tu. 04.10.11
We. 05.10.11
Th. 06.10.11
Fr. 07.10.11
08.25 lessons: Mr. Henček, Ms. Hudranová
14.00 study
08.25 lessons: Mr. Henček, Ms. Hudranová
Room CNC
Room CNC
Room CNC
Room CNC
Sa. 08.10.11
Su. 09.10.11
Mo. 10.10.11
08.25 lessons: Mr. Henček, Ms. Hudranová
Room CNC
Tu. 11.10.11
08.25 lessons: Mr. Henček, Ms. Hudranová
Room CNC
Weekend 1
16
We. 12.10.11
Th. 13.10.11
Fr. 14.10.11
14.00 study, project monitoring
08.25 lessons: Mr. Henček, Ms. Hudranová
14.00 study
08.25 lessons: Mr. Henček, Ms. Hudranová, test
Afternoon and evening – 30th anniversary of School
Foundation Party
08.25 lessons: Mr. Henček, Ms. Hudranová, test results
Sa. 15.10.11
Room CNC
Room CNC
Theatre Reduta
Room CNC
Weekend 2
Su. 16.10.11
For afternoons and weekends we offer from these sorts of activities:
Sport – basketball/ volleyball/ floorball/ football/ bowling/ swimming – you can play or just
watch
Culture and sights – theatre, cinema, museums, art galleries, disco club in our town
The High Tatras/ Slovak Paradise/ Pieniny – trips to the nature and forests
The Spiš Castle + a historical town of Levoča sights / Kežmarok wooden church/ Červený
kláštor – monastery museum
Aquacity /swimming and leisure park/ in near city of Poprad + MAX shopping centre with 3D
cinema
We will organize trips according to your interests and current weather since everything is
only about 30km far from Spišská Nová Ves (SNV)
Average company day: EMBRACO, Spišská Nová Ves
Company
when
07.00
09.00 - 09.15
12.00-12.45
15.30
what
meeting, then work
morning break
lunch break
leisure time starts
where
EMBRACO
EMBRACO
EMBRACO
Company EMBRACO, Spišská Nová Ves
Mo. 17.10.11
Welcome of participants, organisational instructions
Instruction of CNC machines system including safety rules
Team work:
mixed nation
teams
Tour, participants are introduced about the production
program and technology
Division into particular workrooms, introduction about the
17
EMBRACO
work content in a particular workroom
Tu. 18.10.11
Working with particular CNC machines (lathe, mill)
Team work:
mixed nation
teams
Production of rotational and flat components, grinding of
cutting tools
We. 19.10.11
Working with CNC machines
Team work:
mixed nation
work
Changing of the tools, arranging of CNC machine tools
Single work
EMBRACO
Operation of machine tool, setting-up the parameters, work
with program library
EMBRACO
Control of cutting tools
Control and measuring of produced components
System of control and management of quality
Th. 20.10.11
Presentation, test
Skills
Practical examination
demonstration
Expert discussion of the work within the team, the company
expert and the teacher
EMBRACO
Evaluation of the students work by the company expert and
the teacher
14.00
Presentation, photos, etc.
Prepare for
Friday
Evaluation of the CNC module
Fr. 21.10.11
Certificates: given by company and school
9.00
Speeches, Presentations: students, SPŠS, EMBRACO...
Celebration
with partners
Farewell and see you soon in Copenhagen, München, Pori
and Weiden
Lunch together
18
EMBRACO
SPŠS
SPŠS
This action based training was developed within
The Leonardo Da Vinci - Transfer of Innovation Project
MOVET II
MODULES FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING
FOR COMPETENCES IN EUROPE
(PROJECT NUMBER DE/10/LLP-LdV/TOI/147341)
Module CNC
The aim of the training is to enable the students to develop skills, knowledge and
competences for operating the CNC machine according to competence area 5.3 in the
“Competence matrix for mechanics in the industry” within the MOVET II model.
Description of 5.3: He/ She can develop the necessary CNC program using DIN/ISO
programming, simulate the functionality. He/ She can set up the machines and the tools. He/
She can produce single parts using CNC machines (e.g. lathe and milling machines), test and
optimize production.
(Competence level description 5.3 according to MOVET II model.)
19
1. CNC MACHINE
1.1 Basic terminology
Computer numerical control machines (CNC) are machines whose operations are
directed by the machine control system, using command instructions in a specifically created
program. The instructions for required operations are written in the program in the form of
alphanumeric symbols. The program itself is set by the sequence of separated groups of
symbols, which are called blocks or lines. The program is given for the direction of the force
components of a machine and it ensures the process of making parts.
The term CNC means: Computer Numerical Control – the machines numerically
directed by a computer.
The machines are “flexible”, they can be adapted to another (similar) production and
they work in an automatic cycle. CNC machines are useful in all manufacturing fields
(tooling, forming, assembling, and measuring).
The information in the program can be divided into:
Geometrical – Describe the directions of the tools, which are set by the size of a
tooling part and the approaches and departures of a tool to a work piece.
Technological – Set the technology of tooling from the aspect of cutting conditions
(cutting speed, spindle speeds, feeding, and depth of cut).
Auxiliary – Commands for a machine for auxiliary functions (e.g. switch of a coolant
pump, direction of spindle rotation, opening and closing of a cover).
Fig. 1 – Information of a CNC program
20
1.2 Block structure of a CNC machine
Computer
Memory
Control circuit
Interpolator
Comparator
Control circuits
Adjusting
circuit of a
spindle
vretena
Adjusting
circuit of a
stock bin
Adjusting
circuit X
Measuring
Spindle
Stock bin of tools
Adjusting
circuit Z
z
x
Measuring
Fig. 2 – Block structure of a CNC lathe
Computer – it is usually a part of a machine. It contains an operational system and application
software, which is used for making an NC program. The program can be made in another computer
and later transferred to the control system of a machine.
Control circuits – in these circuits the logical signals are converted to high-tension electrical signals,
which directly control the individual parts of a machine (a spindle, a stock bin of tools, feeding, infeed).
Interpolator – serves for calculation of the direction of tools, which is given by the geometry of a
part. It defines the compensation of tools and ensures geometrical precision of a product.
Comparator – ensures a feedback. The real coordinates of a slide rest are compared with the figures
in the program.
Adjusting circuits – define the correct position of a spindle, a stock bin and a slide rest.
21
1.3 CNC machine modes
CNC machines usually have several operating modes, which can be set on the control
panel of a machine.
MANUAL Mode – serves for changing of a tool into another position, changing of a tool,
shifting of a tool towards a work piece, etc.
AUTO Mode – serves for a fluent process of tooling. After processing a line of NC
program, the machine continues fluently with the next line up to the end of the program.
B-B Mode (Block by Block) – a machine carries out one line (block) of a program and it
waits for the command of an operator to continue in the process. This mode is used at
coordination and checking of a program.
SETTING UP – the operation of a machine can set the shifts of a tool in a range from 0 to
120% of a figure in an NC program via a potentiometer. It is used at assessment of the zero
point of a work piece, at tooling of the first part and at incorrectly set cutting conditions in
the automatic mode.
TOOL MEMORY Mode (memory of tools) – this facilitates setting, saving and using the
data for cutting tools, including the compensations of tools. This mode is not used with CNC
machines with only one tool, where the change of the tools is done manually.
TEACH IN Mode (“teaching“) – the manual operation (via the keyboard) performs
individual operations. These operations are saved automatically into the memory, from
which they can be activated at anytime. It is used very rarely.
EDIT Mode – a whole NC program can be written and
recorded into the control system in this mode. However,
it is more often used for the correction of finished
programs, because a machine is not producing anything
during the editing. DIAGNOSTIC Mode – serves for
detection of errors and also enables remote service.
22
1.4 Test of a program and simulation
Under the term the test of CNC program we understand testing of a written program,
where the movements are not simulated (Štulpa, 2006, p. 9). The test warns of geometrical
differences, program steps that cannot be transformed, and possibly of the disruption of
work space.
The simulation of tooling serves for checking of a created program via the movement of
a tool at tooling. It draws the trajectory of a tool during tooling of a part. It monitors possible
collisions (e.g. of a tool with a clamp) and so reduces the possibility of the collision of a
machine.
Some programs simulate clamping of a work piece and calculate the cutting conditions.
It is necessary to check the shape of a cut, the performance of a machine, the tightening of
force and the cutting conditions at practical production.
Fig. 4 – 3D simulation in the EdgeCAM program
Fig. 5 – 2D simulation in the Mikronex program
23
1.5 The coordinate system of a machine
CNC machines use the Cartesian coordinate system. A tool moves in it according to the
commands from the control system. Where necessary we can move and turn the coordinate
system.
A programmer uses the Cartesian coordinate
system most often at programming. With its help
he/she describes the geometry of a work piece and
the trajectory of a tool.
The axis Z is always collinear with the axis of
rotation:
lathe – a spindle with a work piece
Fig. 6 – Coordinate system of a CNC
mill – a spindle with a tool
mill
Apart from the basic axes, the complementary axes are also used in CNC programs. The
overview of the possibilities is shown in the following chart:
Coordinate system of CNC machines
Types – axes
Marking
Used for
Basic axes
X
Y
Z
Geometry of a tool movement.
Rotatory axes
A
B
C
When the construction of a machine enables to
carry out additional rotatory movements.
Complementary
I
J
K
axes
The parameters of interpolation which represent
e.g. the setting of the arc radius centre on a work
piece in coordinates. The ascent of a thread in
individual axes.
Secondary and
U
V
W Additional movements in axes, e.g. the thickness of
tertiary
complementary
axes
a splinter.
P
Q
R
For programming of the additional manipulators of
a machine.
24
Z
C+
Y
W+
V+
B+
A+
0
U+
X
Fig. 7 – Coordinate system
When a machine has more spindles (e.g. an automatic machine with more spindles), the
axes are indexed (Z1, Z2 etc.). It is similar to when a machine uses more slide rests.
Classic CNC machines:
mill machine uses 3 axes X, Y, Z – it mills in 3 axes
lathe machine uses 2 axes, X and Z – it turns in 2 axes (diameter and length)
25
1.6 Zero points
Every coordinate system has its beginning – the zero point. We distinguish several zero
points on CNC machines and these points have their names and graphic symbols. There are
also other important points on CNC machines (Fig. 8)
Fig. 8 – Coordinate system of a lathe with characteristic points
M – Zero point of a machine: It is given by a machine maker. It is a starting point for all
the next coordinate systems. The zero point of a CNC lathe is situated in the rotating axis on
the headstock.
W – Zero point of a work piece: It is adjusted by a programmer with the help of function
G via shifting of the coordinate system – with functions G54 to G59 from the zero point of a
machine. It is indicated via the function of the tool position in comparison to a new zero
point (G92). The positioning of the zero point of a work piece is adjusted by a programmer.
R – Reference point of a machine: It is given by a machine maker and secured by end
stops. The distance between the zero point of a machine M and the reference
point R is
accurately measured in the coordinate system of a machine and inserted into the memory as
a machine constant.
26
After switching on a machine, a tool is brought into the reference point (via a button)
and so it “knows” its position in the coordinate system. It is used mainly in incremental
programming. Where absolute programming is used, modern machines do not use this
point.
P – Tool point (lathe): It is necessary for adjusting the compensations of a tool. It is a
point whose movement is programmed.
Fig. 9 - Tool point
F – Reference point of a slide rest or a spindle: The point of a change of a tool. Length
compensations of a tool refer to this point.
E – Point of tool setting: The point on a tool holder which is identified with point F at
clamping.
A – Stop point: The point on which a part abuts in a clamp.
C – Starting point of a program: The initial point of a program. Its position is defined by
a programmer as its distance from a part, so the change of tools can pass without any
problems.
Before making the part itself it is necessary to estimate the zero point of a work piece.
27
1.6.1 Estimation of the zero point of a work piece – mill machine
mill
mill
workpiece
workpiece
table
table
Fig. 10 – Estimation of the zero point at milling
A work piece is touched with a mill from one side and then from another side. After that
the mill is shifted by a half of its diameter in the direction of every axis, and zeros the
coordinates X and Y. We similarly estimate the Z coordinate. We touch the work piece with
the mill in its upper part and zero the Z coordinate.
28
1.7 Compensations of tools
At CNC programming we have to reckon with compensations of tools. The
compensations can be:
1. Length
2. Radius
Length compensations
At lathe turning it is the setting of the exact distance between the pike of a tool and the
point of tool change: LCx, LCz. Length compensations are written into the table of tools
(e.g.T1D1). The tool in the first position has its compensation written in the table as D1.
The second method is to write the compensations directly in a program at tool
changing.
E.g.: M06 X1.5 Z-2.3 T1
M06 is a function of tool change;
X1.5 is a compensation in the X axis;
Z-2.3 is a compensation in the Z axis;
T1 means that a tool is in position 1.
Measuring of compensation is realized by means of an external measuring machine, or
one directly built into the machine.
In the figure (Fig. 11.) length compensations of tools (lathe tools) are quoted in
reference to the tool change point (E). There are two tools in the right part of the figure for
comparison. It is clear that there must be length (compensation) differences between
different tools T1 and T2.
Length compensations are solved similarly at milling.
29
T1
LCx
LCx1
LCx2
T2
LCz
LCz1
LCz2
Fig. 11 – Length compensations of tools at lathe turning
Radius compensations
The demands on the quality of a produced part also require the use of radius
compensations. Radius compensations can be detected for all tools. The function G40 G41
and G42 are mainly used at programming. When the control system does not know the
functions, we must count the equidistant manually and so correct the trajectory of a tool.
30
Fig. 12 – Compensations of tools at milling
31
2. CNC LATHE PROGRAMMING
2.1 CNC lathe coordinate system
The X coordinate – lies in the direction of the transversal movement, the Z coordinate – lies
in the direction of the longitudinal movement.
+X
M
+
Z
Fig. 13 – Start of the coordinate system at point M
In absolute programming the starting point of the coordinate system lies at the zero point of
a machine – point “M“ (Fig. 13) and in the case of a program shifting the zero point of a work
piece – point “W” (Fig. 14).
+X
W
+Z
Fig. 14 – Start of the coordinate system at point W
In incremental programming the starting point of the coordinate system lies on the cutting
edge of a tool and during tooling it is changed according to the motion of a tool.
32
2.2 Structure of the program
The program is written in the editor of an appropriate simulation program. It can look like
this:
N10
N20
N30
N40
N50
N60
N70
N80
N90
N100
N110
N120
N130
N140
...
G92
M06
M03
G00
G01
G00
G64
G00
G00
G01
G00
G01
G00
M06
X120.000
Z-80.000
T1.000
S1000.000
X82.000
X-1.000
X80.000
X60.000
X58.000
X58.000
X60.000
X65.000
X80.000
X120.000
X3.630
Z0.000
Z0.000
Z2.000
Z-20.000
Z2.000
Z0.000
Z-2.000
Z-20.000
Z-30.000
Z-80.000
Z-0.524
F100.000
U1.000
F100.000
F100.000
F100.000
T2.000
Column N refers to the number of a line. Numbering in 10 lines is useful because we can
insert further 9 lines before e.g. line N40. It is used when a particular function has been
forgotten. The lines in the program are called lines or blocks.
Functions are entered into the second column. The functions1 start with the letters G or
M.
The content of the third, fourth, fifth and sixth columns depend on the function which is
used. The sign of the X coordinate is for the axis in the horizontal direction, the sign of the Z
coordinate is for the vertical direction.
Entering of individual functions and cycles must be in an ordered sequence, absolute
and accurate. No data about a coordinate or a feed should be missing. Every function
represents the movement of a tool or the setting of technological parameters.
The functions, which we enter, are written in such an order as we were producing a part
on a normal lathe on the basis of the production method.
1
The list of functions for lathe-turning is in appendix A.
33
2.3 Basic commands – lathe-turning
We will explain individual commands on particular examples. We will write the
programs in the editor of the simulation program Mikroprog-S.
Mikroprog-S is used for the simulation of lathe-turning. The demo version of the
program can be downloaded at: http://www.mikronex.cz/page9.html. After the installation
(instal.exe) and initiation (panel.exe), the start-up screen will appear – Fig. 15.
Fig. 15 - Startup screen Mikroprog-S
We can enter the editor (where we write programs) by a click on the key button
Archive of NC programs and a click on the F10 key – Create file.
Qualification:
The student is able to work with a computer on a basic level and has experience
with creation of technological processes.
Aim:
to introduce the environment of the Mikroprog-S program, to show its
possibilities and tools,
to acquaint the students with the basic commands
New terms and knowledge:
commands: G00, G01, G02, G03, M06, M03, M30, G90, G91
34
Task 1
Write the CNC program to make the part according to Fig.16.
Fig. 16 - Pivot
Solution:
The part can be programmed in two ways:
1. Absolutely
2. Incrementally
In absolute programming we select the zero point of the work piece, which is not
changed during programming. In incremental programming the zero point is where the tip
of the tool is – it is changed during tooling.
Before programming it is advisable to write down the coordinates of characteristic points
1 to 4 (Fig. 16):
1[90,100] – selection of the starting point (selected by a programmer)
2[60, 92] – 2 mm in front of the right face of the work piece
3[60, 50]
4[85, 50]
35
CNC program:
1. Absolute programming
N10
G90
;absolute programming
N20
M06
T1
;tool selection
N30
M03
S2500
;revolutions selection
N40
G00
X60
Z92
N50
G01
X60
Z50
F250
N60
G01
X85
Z50
F250
N70
G00
X90
Z100
N80
M30
;rapid positioning
;linear interpolation
;program end
2. Incremental programming
N10
G91
;incremental programming
N20
M06
T1
N30
M03
S2500
N40
G00
X-15
Z-8
N50
G01
X0
Z-42
N60
G01
X12.5 Z0
N70
G00
X5
N80
M30
;from point 1 to 2
F250
;from point 2 to 3
F250
;from point 3 to 4
Z50
;from point 4 to 1
After writing the program in the editor we check our solution in the simulator. We get
to the simulation by a click on the key F9 (Simulation). We start the simulation by a click on
the key Enter (Fig. 17).
Fig. 17 - Simulating window
The simulating window is simple and clear, so a common user of computer equipment
does not have a problem to orientate in it.
36
Task 2
Write the CNC program (absolutely) to make the part according to Fig. 18.
Fig. 18 - Pivot with curvature
Solution:
We write down the coordinates of characteristic points:
1 [100, 100]
2 [70, 92]
3 [70, 35]
4 [80, 30]
CNC program – absolute programming:
N10
G90
N20
M06
T1
N30
M03
S2500
N40
G00
X70
Z92
N50
G01
X70
Z35
F250
N60
G02
X80
Z30
R5
N70
G00
X100
Z100
N80
M30
F250
37
; clockwise arc
2.4 Description of functions
In the previous two examples we used these basic functions:
G90, G91, G00, G01, G02, G03, M06, M03, M30.
Now we will describe them in more detail.
FUNCTION G 90 Absolute programming
It changes the control system to the absolute entry of the coordinates. After switchingon the control system, the G90 function is automatically set, so we do not need to program
it.
FUNCTION G91 Incremental programming
It changes the control system to the incremental entry of the coordinates. In using the
incremental coordinates the control system remembers the absolute coordinates against the
initial point of the coordinates selected by the G92 function, or by resetting to manual
control. Because of this, it is possible to realize the change between
the incremental
and absolute entry without the loss of the coordinates. It is possible
to arbitrarily repeat
the change G90 and G91.
FUNCTION G00 Rapid positioning
It is used for the linear positioning of a tool in maximum possible speed (rapid
positioning). It realizes the positioning to the program point by programmed trajectory in all
axes at the same time (the program is written absolutely or incrementally).
N10
G00 X.. Z..
X, Z: the coordinates of the target point
FUNCTION G01 Linear interpolation
It is used for the positioning of a tool in the entered feed rate F in all axes, in which the
change is programmed, at the same time. The size of the feed can also be entered with the
M99 function (predefined feed). In this case it is written like F0.
38
N10
G00 X.. Z..
F...
X, Z: the coordinates of the target point.
F: feed
FUNCTION G02 Clockwise circular interpolation (CW)
Function G02 positions the tool synchronically in two axes in rate F in the clockwise arc
with the radius R.
An example of circular programming from point 1 to point 2 (absolute programming):
G02
X60 Z-50 R5
F100
Fig. 19 – Clockwise arc
FUNCTION G03 Counter-clockwise circular interpolation (CCW)
Function G02 positions the tool synchronically in two axes in rate F in the counterclockwise arc with the radius R.
The example of circular programming from point 1 to point 2 (absolute programming):
G03
X50 Z-5
R5
F100
39
Fig. 20 – Counter-clockwise arc
FUNCTION M06 Tool change
This function is used for changing a tool. The change is realized in the actual position of
the tool. Because of this, it is necessary to remove the tool from
and from the rotating spindle before it is changed. It prevents
the machined part
the collisions of tools at
the rotation of the turret head.
FUNCTION M03 Spindle start to the right - CW
It starts the rotation of the spindle in revolutions set in address S. When the spindle has
already been started, it changes the revolutions into newly entered ones.
FUNCTION M04 Spindle start to the left - CCW
It is similar to M03 but it rotates the spindle to the left. It is not possible to reverse the
revolutions. It is necessary to stop the rotation (by function M05) before rotation to the
opposite direction.
FUNCTION M30 End of program
This function ends the run of the program, returns the control system into the initial
mode for starting and stops the rotation of the spindle.
40
Note:
Some preparatory and auxiliary functions have so-called “download priority”, which
means that immediately after switching-on the machine the functions are automatically
written into appropriate registers in the control system. Priority instructions are: G00
(rapid positioning), G90 (absolute programming), G40 (cutter compensation cancel), M05
(spindle STOP) and M09 (coolant STOP).
In programming of technological and auxiliary functions (letters F, S, T, G and M) the
principle of so-called “heredity of instructions” is applied, which means that the control
system remembers the once coded letter until its informative content is changed (rewritten)
into the letter with the same address but different meaning or it is changed by clearing the
instruction. All instructions which have this attribute are called modal (inherited)
instructions. Actually, modal instructions are all the instructions for controlling technological
functions of a machine (letters F, S and T) and most of the instructions for controlling the
auxiliary functions of a machine and the control system of this machine (functions G and M).
41
2.5 Programming of a rotary part
Task: The part drawn in the illustration below should be produced on the CNC machine in a
bigger amount from plastic material (duralumin). The semi-product is a round log 60 x 100.
It is necessary to define the zero point of the work piece, method of tooling, tools, clamping
and technological data. Write the NC program on the CNC simulator, test it and correct it.
N
G
(M)
X
Z
F
S, T
(L, H,...)
42
NOTE
2.6 Programming of cycles
The cycles make programmer’s work easier because he/she does not have to program
all motions of a tool in a detail, but he/she enters into the program the initial point of the
cycle, the end of the cycle, the thickness of removed splinter, and where necessary, other
parameters.
We will present the work with cycles in Tasks:
Qualification:
student is able to work with a computer on a basic level, has experience with
creation of technological processes and knows the basic commands (from
Chapter 2.3)
Aim:
to acquaint the students with the programming of cycles - roughing, recessing,
drilling and threading;
New terms and knowledge:
commands: G64, G61, G66, G68, G33, G81, G83
G64 – Roughing cycle - longitudinal
G61 – Roughing of a cone
G66 – Recessing cycle
G68 – Roughing cycle - facing
G33 – Thread cutting
G81 – Drilling cycle
G83 – Peck drilling cycle (full retraction from pecks)
43
2.6.1 Task 3
Write the CNC program to make the part according to Fig. 21. Use the cycles.
Fig. 21 Pivot with cone end
Characteristic points:
1 [60, 120]
2 [50, 102]
3 [40, 60]
4 [40, 100]
5 [0, 80]
Solution:
CNC program – absolute programming:
N10
G90
N20
M06
T1
N30
M03
S2500
N40
G00
X50
Z102
N50
G64
X40
Z60
N60
G00
X40
Z100
N70
G61
X0
Z80
N80
G00
X60
Z120
N90
M30
U2
F200
;rectangular cycle
U2
F200
;roughing of a cone
44
2.6.2 Task 4
Write the CNC program to make the part according to Fig. 22. Use the cycles.
Fig. 22 Rotary part with a recess
Characteristic points:
1 [60, 120]
2 [50, 102]
3 [40, 60]
4 [40, 100]
5 [0, 80]
Solution:
CNC program – absolute programming
N10
G90
N20
M06
T1
N30
M03
S2500
N40
G00
X50
Z100
N50
G61
X0
Z80
N60
G00
X60
Z120
N70
M06
T8
N80
G00
X51
Z40
N90
G66
X40
Z60
N100
M30
U2
F200
;tool change
W1
F200
45
;recessing cycle
Description of cycles and their functions:
G64 – Roughing cycle - longitudinal
Function G64 is used for progressive removal of a bigger piece of material, which is set
in addresses X and Z, in individual splinters with the thickness U by the given feed F. After
the removal of the last splinter, the tool smooths the tooled cylindrical surface and returns
to the initial position. If the amount of material that we want to remove is not a whole
multiple of the depth U, the last splinter, which is removed, is smaller so that only the given
amount of material is removed.
Fig. 23 Roughing cycle - longitudinal
Before entering function G64 we have to move the tool to the axis X, Z [58;2]. When the zero
point of the work piece is in the right face, we write the function like this:
G64
X50
Z-40
U1
F100
G68 – Roughing cycle - facing
The function is used for progressive removal of a bigger piece of material in the face of
a part, Fig. 24, set in addresses X and Z, in individual splinters with the thickness W by the
feed F. After the removal of the last splinter, the tool smooths the face of the part and
returns to the initial position. The size of the material we want to remove does not have to
be a whole multiple of the depth W.
The zero point is in the face of a semi-product (Fig. 24). The initial point, into which we
remove the tool by function G00, is X = 36; Z = -2.
46
Fig. 24 Roughing cycle transversal
G68
X-1
Z-10
W2
F100
When we select the zero point in the right face of the part (not the semi-product):
G68
X-1
Z0
W2
F100
Coordinate X=-1 is selected in order not to leave any splinters in the axis of
the
part. After the end of the cycle, the tool returns into the initial point.
G81 – Drilling cycle
It is used for drilling to a depth which is set in address Z and by feed F. Backward
motion of the tool in axis Z is realized by rapid feed into the initial point. The coordinates of
the tool are entered from the point of the tool – the bezel.
Fig. 25 Drilling cycle
47
G81
Z-41
F50
G83 – Peck drilling cycle (Fig. 25)
Function G83 is used for drilling of deeper holes when it is necessary to repeatedly
interrupt the drilling and to take out the drill in order to remove the splinters. The full depth
of drilling is set in address Z, the depth of one drilling in address W. Backward motion of the
tool is again realized by rapid feed.
G83
Z-41
W10
F50
G78 – Threading cycle
A thread is cut in splinters with depth U. The sizes of the thread are set in addresses X
and Z, in address K is the ascending of the thread. After the removal of the last splinter, the
tool returns into the initial position, Fig. 26.
Fig. 26 Threading cycle
The part illustrated in Fig. 26 has thread M20x1 in length of 20mm. The small diameter
of the thread is d3 = 18,773mm, the total thickness of removed material from Ø20,00 will be
20,00 – 18,773 = H = 1,227mm, the thread will be cut in three splinters of thickness (H/3) U =
0,204mm.
We write the program like this:
G00
X20.000
Z2.000
G78
X18.773
Z-22.000
U0.204 K1.000
48
2.7 Exercises for programming
Exercise 1:
The part in the figure should be produced on the CNC lathe from duralumin, a semi-product
of 65x95 mm. The production should be prepared in simulator Mikroprog-S using absolute
programming.
Fig. 27 Rotary part – exercise 1
1. Select the zero point of the work piece
2. Choose appropriate tools (tooling sheet)
3. Write down the coordinates of characteristic points (coordinate sheet)
4. Write NC program (programming sheet)
5. Test the program with the help of the simulation program
6. Transfer the program into the CNC lathe
7. Produce the part
8. Check individual dimensions with the help of appropriate measuring instruments
49
N
G
(M)
X
Z
F
S, T
(L, H,...)
50
NOTE
Exercise 2:
The part in the figure should be produced on the CNC lathe from plastic material, a semiproduct of 65x95 mm. The production should be prepared in simulator Mikroprog-S using
absolute programming.
Fig. 28 Rotary part – exercise 2
1. Select the zero point of the work piece
2. Choose appropriate tools (tooling sheet)
3. Write down the coordinates of characteristic points (coordinate sheet)
4. Write the NC program (programming sheet)
5. Test the program with the help of the simulation program
6. Transfer the program into the CNC lathe
7. Produce the part
8. Check individual dimensions with the help of appropriate measuring instruments
Note:
You can find other exercises for the programming of parts in appendix C.
51
3. CNC mill programming
3.1 CNC mill coordinate system
3-axes CNC milling machines are the most wide-spread and the most used CNC
machines for milling operations such as milling, drilling, threading and so on. Only the basic
axes X, Y and Z of these machines are functional. They are used in classic manufacturing of
component parts with surfaces that are more simply produced.
+Z
+Y
W
+X
Fig. 29 Coordinate system of a 3-axes milling machine
+Z
+Y
+X
Fig. 30 Emco Concept 250 milling machine
Fig. 31 Right hand rule - helps in determination of
individual axes
52
3.2 Basic commands - milling
Qualification:
student has experience with lathe programming – 2-axes programming (see
Chapter 2)
Aim:
to acquaint the students with the environment of Mikroprog F and with the
basic commands of mill programming.
Basic commands:
commands: G00, G01, G02, G03, M06, M03, M04, M30, G90, G91
G00 – Rapid positioning (X, Y, Z)
G01 – Linear interpolation (X, Y, Z. F)
G02 – Clockwise circular interpolation (CW) (X,Y,Z,R,F)
G03 – Counter-clockwise circular interpolation (CCW) (X,Y,Z,R,F)
M06 – Tool change (T)
M03 – Spindle start to the right (forward CW) (S)
M04 – Spindle start to the left (reverse CCW) (S)
M30 – Program end
G90 – Absolute programming
G91 – Incremental programming
Marking of functions is the same as in lathe-turning (Chapter 2). There are differences in the
addresses of individual functions where, in contrast to lathe-turning, also the Z axis exists.
Note:
More detailed description of the functions is in Chapter 3.3.
The meanings of individual functions are demonstrated in the following tasks.
53
3.2.1 Task 1 – a groove
Write the CNC program to make the part in Fig. 32 on the milling machine.
of the semi-product is 100x100 mm. The depth of groove is 5 mm.
Characteristic points:
1 [10, 10]
2 [10, 90]
3 [90, 90]
4 [90, 10]
Fig. 32 Groove milling
Solution:
CNC program – absolute programming
N10 G90
;absolute programming
N20 M06
T1
;tool selection
N30
M03
S1000
N40 G00
X10
Y10
Z1
N50 G01
X10
Y10
Z-5
F100
N60 G01
X10
Y90
Z-5
F100
N70 G01
X90
Y90
Z-5
F100
N80 G01
X90
Y10
Z-5
F100
N90 G01
X10
Y10
Z-5
F100
N100
G00
X10
Y10
Z80
N110
M30
;mill speeds 1000/rpm
;rapid positioning
;linear interpolation
;program end
54
The size
3.2.2 Task 2 – arcs
Write the CNC program to make the part in Fig. 33 on the milling machine.
depth of the groove is 5 mm.
Characteristic
points:
1 [20, 20]
2 [80, 80]
Fig. 33 Milling of arcs
Solution:
CNC program – absolute programming
N10 G90
N20 M06
T1
N30 M03
S1000
N40 G00
X20
Y20
Z1
N50 G01
X20
Y20
Z-5 F100
N60
G02
X80
Y80
Z-5
R60
N70 G02
X20
Y20
Z-5
R80
F100
N80 G00
X20
Y20
Z80
N110
M30
F100
;clockwise arc
Tasks:
1. What will happen if we replace function G02 with function G03?
2. Change the program to create a circle with a diameter of 80 mm.
55
The
3.3 Description of functions
The meanings of functions G00, G01, G02, G03, M06, M03, M04, M30, G90, G91 are
similar to those in lathe-turning. The differences are in some of the functions, because in
milling we have to enter also the Z coordinate – the depth of milling.
FUNCTION G02 – CLOCKWISE CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION (CW)
With this function we can program an arbitrary circular arc with the maximum central
angle of 180°. Addresses X, Y and Z describe the target point. The size of the circular radius is
set in address R. The feed is set in address F.
When the motions are programmed at the same time in 3 axes, it is necessary at first to
program the selection of the plane, in which the circular motion will be realized!
Function G17 – Selection of the X, Y plane
Function G18 – Selection of the X, Z plane
Function G19 – Selection of the Y, Z plane
Example:
G17
G02
X...
Y...
Z...
R...
F...
W
Fig. 34 Selection of the plane
56
FUNCTION G03 – COUNTER-CLOCKWISE CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION (CCW)
FUNCTION G43 – POSITIVE COMPENSATION
Function G43 adds the size of compensation D to the lengths of the motions in
the
axes X or Y, which are programmed in the next blocks. The compensation cannot be used for
synchronic motion in the axes X and Y and it is ignored when it is programmed during the
run of the program. The size of the compensation D is entered in an arbitrary previous block
in function M06.
The function is permanently effective, that means it functions until the compensation is
cancelled or until it is substituted with different compensation.
FUNCTION G40 – COMPENSATION CANCEL
Function G40 cancels the compensations programmed in the previous blocks.
FUNCTION G44 – NEGATIVE COMPENSATION
It has a similar meaning as G43, but compensation D is subtracted from the
programmed trajectory.
FUNCTION G45 – POSITIVE HALF-COMPENSATION
Function G45 has a similar meaning as G43, but a half-size of given compensation D is
added to the programmed trajectory.
FUNCTION G46 – NEGATIVE HALF-COMPENSATION
The function has a similar meaning as G43, but a half-size of given compensation D is
subtracted from the programmed trajectory.
57
3.4 Programming of a linear part
Task: The part drawn in the figure should be made of plastic material (duralumin, wood) on
the CNC milling machine in a bigger quantity. The semi-product is a prism 80x80x30. It is
necessary to set the zero point of the work piece, tooling method, tools, clamping and
technological data. Create the NC program on the CNC simulator, test it and correct it.
N
G
(M)
X
Y
Z
F, S, T
(L, H,...)
58
NOTE
3.5 Programming of cycles
The group of functions G71 to G85 is called fixed (or canned) cycles. These cycles
shorten programming considerably. Each fixed cycle has a designed sequence of motions, so
called “sections”, which we would have to program by functions G0, G1, G2 and G3. The
common attribute of all these cycles is the return to the initial point after the end of the
cycle. All cycles can be entered in absolute as well as in incremental coordinates.
Example use of a cycle: Rectangular retraction cycle
Function: G73 (addresses: X, Y, Z, W, F)
Example entry:
N20
G73 X25 Y15
Z-6
W3
F150
Function G73 is used for progressive milling of a rectangular hole in layers.
The
dimensions of the hole are entered by addresses X, Y and Z. Address W sets the depth of
material removed in one layer. Function G73 starts at a point above an arbitrary theoretical
representation of a corner that requires removal. The tool has to be positioned at this point
by the blocks of programming. After removing the last splinter, the tool is returned to the
point, at which the cycle started, this means the theoretical corner of the removal into the
previous depth of axis Z. The direction of the first motion in the cycle is automatically
selected in the direction of the longer side to be removed by the control system. In cycle
G73 the lengths of tool motions are automatically compensated according to the tool
diameter from the compensation table. The system informs of error when the tool was not
entered into the control system, when the zero diameter is entered or when the entered
diameter is bigger than the width or the length of removal.
59
3.5.1 Circle cycle
Write a CNC program to make the part in Fig. 35 on the milling machine. Use the circle
cycle.
Characteristic
points:
1 [50, 50]
Fig. 35 Circle
Solution:
CNC program – absolute programming
N10 G90
N20 M06
T1
N30 M03
S1000
N40 G00
X50
Y50
Z1
N50 G75
D80
Z-5
W3 F250
N60 G00
X50
Y50
Z80
;circular removal
N70 M30
Task:
What will change in the program if the zero point is identical with point 1?
60
3.5.2 Drilling in a pitch circle
Write a CNC program to make the part in Fig. 36 on the milling machine. Use the drilling
cycle in programming a pitch circle.
Fig. 36 Drilling in a pitch circle
Solution:
CNC program – absolute programming
N10 G90
N20 M06
T1
N30 M03
S1000
N40 G00
X0
Y0
N50 G76
D80
L100 H6
Z1
F200
;tooling in a circle
N60 M30
;** subprogram drilling **
N100
G81
N110
M17
Z-35
F250
;subprogram end
Task:
1. Modify the CNC program in such a way that the zero point will be in the lower left
corner in the face of the work piece.
2. Write the program in incremental programming.
61
3.5.3 Network tooling field
Write a CNC program to make the part in Fig. 37 on the milling machine. Use the
subprogram for drilling.
Fig. 37 Drilling of holes - field
Solution:
CNC program – absolute programming
N10 G90
N20 M06
T1
N30 M03
S1000
N40 G00
X5
Y5
Z1
N50
G71
X95
Y95
U10
V10 L100
;network tooling cycle
N60 M30
;** subprogram drilling **
N100
G81
N110
M17
Z-35 F250
Task:
Modify the CNC program in such a way that the holes will be drilled only in the first
quarter of the square, from the zero point (to the coordinate [50, 50]).
62
3.6 Exercises for programming
3.6.1 Exercise 1
Write a CNC program to make the part in Fig. 38. Use the functions and cycles that you
have learnt.
Fig. 38 Complex part
N
G
(M)
X
Y
Z
F, S, T
(L, H,...)
63
NOTE
Note: Parameter programming – milling
We do not always have to write numerical data about the functions or coordinates, but we can
substitute it with a parameter. We define the parameters at the start of the program. The advantage
of this entry is that we do not have to write a whole program for similar parts but we just change the
parameters. In a similar way, when the shape of a part is the same, but it should be made of a
different material, we simply change the program by changing the parameters.
3.6.2 Exercise 2
Write the CNC program to make the part in Fig.39 with these parameters.
Tasks:
1.
p3
Try to change parameter p1 in exercise 2.
2.
Modify the subprograms from chapters
3.5.1, 3.5.2 and 3.5.3 with the use of
parameters.
3.
Suggest the production of your initials
made of wood, so it will be possible to change
the height and the width of the letters by
changing the parameters.
p1
Fig. 39 Cp2
shape groove
N1 p1=50
;start in the axis x
N2 p2=p1/2
;start in the axis y
N3 p3=p2*3
;height of the part
n10 G90
N20 M06
T6
N30 M03
S2000
N40 G00
Xp1
Yp2
Z1
N50 G01
Xp1
Yp2
Z-5
F200
N60 G01
Xp2
Yp2
Z-5
F200
N70 G01
Xp2
Yp3
Z-5
F200
N80 G01
Xp1
Yp3
Z-5
F200
N90 G00
Xp1
Yp3
Z-5
F200
N100
M30
64
3.7 Transfer of a program to a CNC machine
A simple program can be written directly in the editor of the control system in
a
machine. This method is not effective in the production, so a program is prepared at the PC
workplace away from a machine and it is transferred to a machine on an appropriate
medium (USB key, floppy disk, and suchlike). When a CNC machine is equipped with a
network interface (e.g., network interface card/NIC RJ-45) and it is connected to the
computer network, it is possible to send programs from one computer to the relevant
directory in the machine via the network.
Transfer of a CNC program from a PC to the CNC milling machine
EMCO PC Turn 120
1
On a computer:
Find the file with suffix .m00:
o
It is usually on disk C:
C:\WINCAM\WORK
o
o
There are 3 files with the same filename but with different suffixes:

DW1

DFT

M00
We are interested only in the file with suffix .m00
Make a copy e.g. on the Desktop (in order not to destroy the original):
“PTM” in File – Copy
“PTM” in Desktop – Paste
Open the file from Desktop (m00) in Notepad:
65
o “PTM” in file – Open in program “Notepad” (not Word!!)

In the line …. G58 X0. Z0 rewrite the Z coordinate – instead of “0” enter
the length of the semi-product. So it will look like this: G58 X0 Z80 (where
the semi-product is 80 mm long).
o Check the tools: T2 D2
o Check the revolutions and feed: M4, S1200 to 1500, F0.2 to 0.25
o Save the file: File – save
o Close Notepad
Rename the file into the form: %1, %2..., not more than %90 (reserved for subprograms).
How? F2 on the file or 2x slow click on the file
Load the file in the floppy disk: “PTM“ – send to – A: floppy
Deliver the floppy disk to the milling machine:
2
On a milling machine:
Switch on the main power switch on the wall:
V
Switch on the machine on its left side: - upwards to the mark (short line)
Switch on the computer on the front panel (open the cover under the monitor)
After starting the program it is necessary to:
Open and close the door. To open the door it is necessary to press the
button and open and close the door (the cover of the machine)
Switch on the green button “AUX“ (hold for ca 2 sec)
(auxiliary drives)
Return to the reference point: set the symbol on the big black potentiometer
and press “5“ on the numeric keyboard of the computer
Insert the floppy disc into the mechanics and minimize the program
Copy the program from the floppy disc to the directory:
66
C:\Winnc\Sie820t\Prg\....class/group
Update the minimized program
Set the mode with the black potentiometer “JOG“ (watch the left corner of the screen)
Step-by-step press : F4 F11 F7 (setting of the directory, from which the programs will
be taken)
Write on the keyboard (not on the numeric one) the directory name: e.g.: 3d1
Return to the mode “JOG“ (turn the potentiometer)
Press F6 and write the program name – e.g..: %3 and press F3 twice (not ENTER)
Press F5 twice to start simulation of the program on the milling machine (screen)
Set automatic mode (automatic) by the potentiometer
Position the cursor behind % (percentage) and write the number of the program
(without percentage), e.g.: 3 and confirm ENTER
Start the program with the button:
Interruption of the program: by means of the red button:
program to start), or Stop:
67
(Reset – returns the
4. Appendices
List of appendices:
Appendix A – List of functions – lathe-turning
Appendix B – List of functions – milling
Appendix C – Drawings of parts
Appendix D – DVD medium
68
Appendix A
LIST OF PREPARATORY FUNCTIONS – LATHE-TURNING [3]
G0
Rapid positioning
POSSIBLE LETTER
ADDRESSES
XZB
G1
Linear interpolation
XZBF
G2
Clockwise circular interpolation (CW)
XZRIKF
G3
Counter-clockwise circular interpolation (CCW)
XZRIKF
G4
Dwell period
E
G23
Conditional jump
LO
G24
Radius programming
G26
Jump into a subprogram
LH
G27
Program jump (jump within a program)
L
G28
Jump into different a program
L@
G31
Probe touch
XZ
G33
Thread cutting
XZK
G40
Cutter compensation cancel
G41
Cutter compensation to the left
G42
Cutter compensation to the right
G50
Local coordinate system (LCS) cancel
G51
Local coordinate system (LCS) setting
G61
Roughing of cone surface
XZUF
G62
Roughing of concave radius
XZUF
G63
Roughing of convex radius
XZUF
G64
Roughing cycle - longitudinal
XZUF
G66
Recessing cycle
XZWF
G68
Roughing cycle - facing
XZWF
G78
Threading cycle
XZUK
G79
Threading cycle by sidelong in-feed
XZUK
G81
Drilling cycle
ZF
G83
Peck drilling cycle (full retraction from pecks)
ZEF
G85
Reaming cycle
ZF
G90
Absolute dimension program
G91
Incremental dimension program
G92
G94
G95
G96
G98
Position register command
Feed rate per minute
Feed rate per revolution
Constant cutting speed/constant surface speed (CSS)
Return to the reference point
SIGN
NAME
69
XZ
A
H
LIST OF AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS – LATHE-TURNING
SIGN
M0
M1
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M9
M17
M20
M21
M25
M26
M29
M30
M40
M41
M99
NAME
Program stop
Conditional stop
Spindle start to the right (forward CW)
Spindle start to the left (reverse CCW)
Stop spindle
Tool change
Coolant on
Coolant off
Subprogram or cycle end
Output signal
Output signal end
Position coordinates output
P90 parameters output
Text output
Information end
Continual block connection on
Continual block connection off
Information end and return
POSSIBLE LETTER
ADDRESSES
O
S
S
T
Q
Q
@
@
FUNCTION OF LETTER ADDRESSES AND THEIR ALLOWABLE RANGE
ADDRESS
FUNCTION
B
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
W
X
Z
Angle of movement direction
Time
Feed rate
Preparatory function (G-codes/General Commands)
Number of repetitions
Interpolation parameter in X axis
Interpolation parameter in Z axis
Subprogram block address
Auxiliary function (M-codes/Miscellaneous Commands)
Block (line) number
Input line number
Parameter number
Output line number
Size of arc radius
Spindle speeds
Tool number
Auxiliary dimension in X direction
Auxiliary dimension in Z direction
Length of conversion in X axis
Length of conversion in Z axis
70
RANGE
± 90
0 – 30
0.1 – 3000
see tab.
1 – 255
± 320
± 320
0 – 9999
see tab.
0 – 9999
1–8
0 – 99
1–6
0.1 – 320
40 – 3000
1 – 255
0.1 – 160
0.1 – 320
0 – 160
0 - 320
INT
INT
INT
INT
INT
INT
INT
Appendix B
LIST OF PREPARATORY FUNCTIONS – MILLING
SIGN
G0
G1
G2
G3
G4
G17
G18
G19
G23
G26
G27
G28
G29
G31
G36
G37
G38
G39
G40
G41
G42
G50
G51
G71
G73
G74
G75
G76
G81
G83
G85
G90
G91
G92
G98
NAME
Rapid positioning
Linear interpolation
Clockwise circular interpolation (CW)
Counter-clockwise circular interpolation (CCW)
Dwell period
Selection of the X, Y plane
Selection of the X, Z plane
Selection of the Y, Z plane
Conditional jump
Jump into a subprogram
Program jump (jump within a program)
Jump into a different program
Subprogram with oscillation call
Probe touch
Centring to a cylinder
Centring to a groove
Selection of an outer angle/edge
Selection of an inner angle/edge
Cutter radius compensation cancel
Cutter radius compensation to the left
Cutter radius compensation to the right
Local coordinate system (LCS) cancel
Local coordinate system (LCS) setting
Network tooling cycle
Rectangular retraction cycle
Groove milling cycle
Circular retraction cycle
Circle tooling cycle
Drilling cycle
Peck drilling cycle (full retraction from pecks)
Reaming cycle
Absolute dimension program
Incremental dimension program
Position register command
Return to the reference point
POSSIBLE LETTER
ADDRESSES
XYZA
XYZAF
XYZRIJKF
XYZRIJKF
E
LO
LH
L
L@
XYZALHF
XYZA
DW
UVW
UVW
UVW
XYUVL
XYZWF
XYZWF
DZWF
DHLB
ZF
ZWF
ZF
XYZA
LIST OF AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS – MILLING
SIGN
M0
M1
M3
M4
NAME
Program stop
Conditional stop
Spindle start to the right (forward CW)
Spindle start to the left (reverse CCW)
71
POSSIBLE LETTER
ADDRESSES
O
S
S
M5
M6
M8
M9
M17
M20
M21
M25
M26
M27
M29
M30
M40
M41
M99
Spindle stop
Tool change
Coolant on
Coolant off
Subprogram or cycle end
Output signal
Output signal end
Position coordinates output
P90 parameters output
P90 parameters download
Text output
Information end
Continual block connection on
Continual block connection off
Information end and return
T
Q
Q
@
@
@
@
FUNCTIONS OF LETTER ADDRESSES AND THEIR ALLOWABLE RANGE
CONTENTS
FUNCTION
A
D
E
F
G
H
Slew of rotational axis
Hole diameter, pivot diameter, circle diameter
Time
Feed rate
Preparatory function (G-codes/General Commands)
Number of repetitions, number of holes, incremental
parameter
Interpolation parameter in X axis
Interpolation parameter in Y axis
Interpolation parameter in Z axis
Subprogram block address
Auxiliary function (M-codes/Miscellaneous Commands)
Block (line) number
Condition number
Parameter number
Output line number
Size of arc radius
Spindle speeds
Tool number
Auxiliary dimension in X direction
Auxiliary dimension in Y direction
Auxiliary dimension in Z direction
Length of conversion in X axis
Length of conversion in Y axis
Length of conversion in Z axis
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
72
RANGE
± 360
– 320
0 – 30
– 3000
see tab.
1 – 1000
± 600
± 320
± 400
0 – 32000
see tab.
0 – 32000
1 – 18
0 – 99
1–8
0.01 – 320
100 – 3000
1 – 60
± 600
± 320
± 400
± 600
± 320
± 400
*
*
INT
*
*
*
INT
INT
INT
INT
INT
*
*
INT
*
*
*
*
*
*
Appendix C
Fig. 1 º
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
73
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
74
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
75
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
76
Fig. 11
77
Fig. 12
78
Fig. 13
79
DRAWING
TASK NO.:
Name:
TITLE:
Date:
Coordinate sheet
TASK NO.:
TITLE:
Profile of the part with characteristic points and removed splinter marked:
POINT
Name:
X coordinate
Y coordinate
Z coordinate
Note
Date:
TOOLING SHEET
TASK NO.:
TITLE:
Control system
Machine
Size
Material
Note
Semi-product
Draft with the zero point
Clamp
1
Fig.
2
Tool No. T
Tool Ø
Tool length
Tool length
Compensation
Compensation
TOOLS
4
Tool No. T
Fig.
Tool No. T
Tool Ø
Tool Ø
Tool length
Tool length
Compensation
Compensation
5
Fig.
Tool No. T
Tool Ø
3
Fig.
Fig.
6
Tool No. T
Fig.
Tool No. T
Tool Ø
Tool Ø
Tool length
Tool length
Compensation
Compensation
orrection
Name:
Date:
Programming sheet – lathe turning
TASK NO.:
N
TITLE:
G
(M)
Name:
X
Z
F
H
NOTE
(S ,T...)
Date:
Programming sheet - milling
TASK NO.:
N
TITLE:
G
(M)
Name:
X
Y
Z
F, T, S
NOTE
(U , W..)
Date:
Glossary for CNC module
A
B
ENGLISH
SLOVAK
absolute programming
absolútne
programovanie
dosadať na
pripočítať, prirátať
prídavok
prídavný
prípustný
alfanumerický symbol
uhol
aplikačný softvér
príjazd
ľubovoľný
oblúk
stúpanie
montáž
pomocný, doplnkový
pomocný pohon
os, množ.č. axes
doplnková os
základná os
rotačná os
fazetka
veta, blok
bloková schéma
abut in
add
addition
additional
allowable
alphanumeric symbol
angle
application software
approach
arbitrary
Arc
ascending
assembling
auxiliary
auxiliary drive
axis
- auxiliary a.
- basic a.
- rotational a.
bezel
block
block structure
GERMAN
FINNISH
85
DANISH
C
boring
boring cycle
calculation
center
centring
check
chuck
circle
circuit
- adjusting c.
- control c.
circular
circular cycle
clamp
clamping
clockwise (CW)
CNC (Computer
Numerical Control)
CNC machine
compensation
compensation table
component part
concave
cone
constant
constant Surface Speed
(CSS)
contour
vŕtanie, vyvŕtanie
vŕtací cyklus
výpočet
centrovať, stred
centrovanie
skontrolovať správnosť
skľučovadlo, objímka
kruh, kružnica
obvod
polohovací obvod
kontrolný obvod
kruhový, kruhovitý
kruhový cyklus
upínač
upínanie
v smere hodinových
ručičiek
počítačom/číslicovo
riadené stroje
CNC obrábací stroj
korekcia, vyváženie
tabuľka korekcie
dielec, komponent
vydutý, konkávny
kužeľ, kužeľový
konštanta
konštantná rezná
rýchlosť
profil, obrys
86
control system
convex
coolant
coolant pump
coordinate
coordinate system
Carthesian coordinate
system
coordinate sheet
counter-clockwise (CCW)
D
curve
cutting
cutting conditions
cutting edge
cutting speed (meters
per minute m/min)
cycle
cylinder
cylindrical
data
departure
depth
diameter
direction
directory
download priority
riadiaci systém
vypuklý, konvexný
chladiaca
kvapalina/zmes
čerpadlo chladiacej
kvapaliny
súradnica
súradnicový systém
kartézsky súradnicový
systém
súradnicový list
proti smeru hodinových
ručičiek
oblúk
rezný
rezné podmienky
rezná hrana
rezná rýchlosť (metre za
minútu)
cyklus
valec
valcový, valcovitý
údaje
odjazd
hĺbka, hrúbka
priemer
dráha
priečinok, adresár
načítacia priorita
87
E
F
G
H
I
drawing
drill
drilling cycle
duralumin
editing
end stop
enter
equidistant
face
facing cut
feed
feeds/ feed rate
field
figure
file
fixed/canned cycles
forming
groove
groove cutting cycle
half-size
headstock
height
heredity
high-tension
hole
horizontal
incremental programing
index
výkres
vŕtať, vrták
vŕtací cyklus
dural
editácia
koncový doraz
zadať (do programu)
ekvidištanta
čelo
čelné rezanie
posuv
rýchlosť posuvu
pole
hodnota
súbor
pevné (fixné) cykly
tvárnenie
drážka, zárez
drážkovací cyklus
polovičná veľkosť
vreteno
výška
dedičnosť
silnoprúdový
diera
vodorovný
prírastkové
programovanie
indexovať
88
J
K
L
M
in-feed/infeed
information
auxiliary i.
geometrical i.
technological i.
inherited
input
input block
input data
input line
interpolator
jaws
key
keyboard
lathe
lathe-turning
layer
line
linear
linear part
Local Coordinate System
(LCS)
longitudinal
manipulator
measuring
measuring machine
memory
mill/milling machine
milling
prísuv
informácie
pomocné i.
geometrické i.
technologické i.
zdedený, dedený
vstup
vstupný blok
vstupné údaje
vstupná linka
interpolátor
zverák, kliešte, čeľuste
klávesa, tlačidlo
klávesnica
sústruh
sústruženie
vrstva
veta, blok
rovinný
rovinná súčiastka
lokálny súradnicový
systém
pozdĺžny
manipulátor
meranie
merací prístroj
pamäť
frézovačka
frézovanie
89
N
O
P
mode
necking tool
network
network interface
Network interface card
(NIC)
numbering
numerical data
nut
operating mode
operational system
orient
output
output block
output line
parameter
parameter programming
part
paste
peck
point
pitch circle
pivot
plane
positioning
potentiometer
preparatory functions
prevádzkový režim
zapichovací nôž
sieť
sieťové rozhranie
sieťová karta
číslovanie
číselná hodnota
matica
prevádzkový režim
operačný systém
orientovať (sa)
výstup, výstupná
hodnota
výstupný blok
výstupná linka
parameter
parametrické
programovanie
súčiastka
prilepiť
hlboká diera
špička, hrot, bod
rozostupová kružnica
čap
rovina
polohovanie
potenciometer
prípravné funkcie
90
Q
R
S
prism
probe
program
programming
programming sheet
program shifting
quill
quote
radius
range
rate
recess
recessing cycle
rectangular
reference point
retraction
revolution
rotary/rotational
rotary part
rotation
roughing cycle
rpm (revolutions per
minute)
screw
section
select
semi-product
set
hranol
sonda
program, programovať
programovanie
programový list
programové posunutie
dutý hriadeľ, duté
vreteno
kótovať
polomer
rozsah
rýchlosť
zápich, klin
zapichovací cyklus
obdĺžnikový
referenčný/vzťažný bod
odtiahnutie, vtiahnutie
otáčka
rotačný
rotačná súčiastka
otáčanie, rotácie
hrubovací cyklus
otáčky za minútu
skrutka
úsek
zvoliť (si), vybrať (si)
polovýrobok
nastaviť
91
setting up
shift
sign
simulation
slide rest
smooth
speed
speeds
spindle
spindle speeds
T
starting point
startup screen
stockbin
stop point
substitute
subtract
surface speed
swarf
switch off
switch on
tailstock
tapping
target point
technology
thickness
thread
threading
nastavenie
posuv, posunutie
znak, značka
simulácia
suport
hladiť, vyhladiť, vyrovnať
rýchlosť otáčky
rezná rýchlosť, rýchlosť
otáčok
vreteno
otáčky vretena, rýchlosť
vretena
východiskový bod
úvodná obrazovka
zásobník
dorazový bod
nahradiť
odrátať, odpočítať
rezná rýchlosť
piliny, triesky
vypnúť
zapnúť
koník
závit, závitorez, rezanie
cieľový bod
technológia
hrúbka
závit
výroba závitov
92
V
W
Z
threading cycle
tip
tool
tool pike point
tooling
tooling sheet
toolholder
trajectory
transfer
transversal
turret
turret head
vertical
whole multiple
width
workpiece
zero
zero point
závitový cyklus
špička, hrot
nástroj
bod špičky nástroja
obrábanie
nástrojový list
držiak nástroja
dráha
preniesť, premiestniť
priečny
revolverový (sústruh)
revolverová hlava
zvislý
celý násobok
šírka
obrobok
vynulovať
nulový bod
List of preparatory functions – lathe-turning (G – General functions)
SIGN
G0
G1
G2
ENGLISH
Rapid positioning
Linear interpolation
Clockwise circular
interpolation (CW)
G3
Counter-clockwise
SLOVAK
Rýchle polohovanie
Lineárna interpolácia
Kruhová interpolácia v
smere hodinových
ručičiek
Kruhová interpolácia
GERMAN
FINNISH
93
DANISH
G4
G23
G24
G26
G27
G28
G31
G33
G40
G41
G42
G50
G51
G61
G62
G63
G64
circular interpolation
(CCW)
Dwell period
Conditional jump
Radius programming
Jump into a subprogram
Program jump (jump
within a program)
Jump into a different
program
Probe touch
Thread cutting
Cutter compensation
cancel
Cutter compensation to
the left
Cutter compensation to
the right
Local coordinate system
(LCS) cancel
Local coordinate system
(LCS) setting
Roughing of cone surface
Roughing of a concave
radius
Roughing of a convex
radius
Roughing cycle –
longitudinal
proti smeru hodinových
ručičiek
Čakacia doba
Podmienený skok
Programovanie polomeru
Skok do podprogramu
Programový skok (skok v
rámci programu)
Skok do iného programu
Nájazd na sondu
Rezanie závitu
Zrušenie korekcií
Korekcie sprava
Korekcie zľava
Zrušenie lokálneho
súradnicového systému
Nastavenie lokálneho
súradnicového systému
Hrubovanie kužeľovej
plochy
Hrubovanie vydutého
rádiusu
Hrubovanie vypuklého
rádiusu
Pozdĺžny hrubovací
cyklus
94
G66
G68
G78
G79
G81
G83
G85
G90
G91
G92
G94
G95
G96
G98
Recessing cycle
Roughing cycle – facing
Threading cycle
Threading cycle by
sidelong in-feed
Drilling cycle
Peck drilling cycle (full
retraction from pecks)
Reaming cycle
Absolute dimension
program
Incremental dimension
program
Position register
command
Feed rate per minute
Feed rate per revolution
Constant cutting
speed/Constant surface
speed (CSS)
Return to the reference
point
Zapichovací cyklus
Čelný hrubovací cyklus
Závitovací cyklus
Závitovací cyklus šikmým
prísuvom
Vŕtací cyklus
Vŕtací cyklus s výplachom
Vystružovací cyklus
Absolútne rozmery
Rozmery v prírastkoch
Určenie polohy
Posuv za minútu
Posuv na otáčku
Konštantná rezná
rýchlosť
Nájazd do referencie
List of auxiliary functions – lathe-turning (M – Miscellaneous functions)
SIGN
M0
M1
ENGLISH
Program stop
Conditional stop
SLOVAK
Programový stop
Podmienený stop
GERMAN
FINNISH
95
DANISH
M3
M5
M6
M8
M9
M17
Spindle start to the right
(forward CW)
Spindle start to the left
(reverse CCW)
Stop spindle
Tool change
Coolant on
Coolant off
Subprogram or cycle end
M20
M21
Output signal
Output signal end
M25
Position coordinates
output
P90 parameters output
Text output
Information end
Continual block
connection on
Continual block
connection off
Information end and
return
M4
M26
M29
M30
M40
M41
M99
Štart vretena doprava
(dopredu)
Štart vretena doľava
(spätne)
Zastavenie vretena
Výmena nástroja
Spustenie chladenia
Zastavenie chladenia
Koniec podprogramu
alebo cyklu
Výstupný signál
Koniec výstupného
signálu
Výstup súradníc polohy
Výstup parametrov P90
Výstup textu
Koniec informácie
Zapnutie kontinuálneho
nadväzovania blokov
Vypnutie kontinuálneho
nadväzovania blokov
Koniec informácie a
návrat
Letter addresses and their meaning – lathe-turning
96
SIGN
B
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
W
X
ENGLISH
Angle of movement
direction
Time
Feed rate
Preparatory function (Gcode/General Command)
Number of repetitions
Interpolation parameter
in X axis
Interpolation parameter
in Z axis
Subprogram block
address
Auxiliary function (Mcode/Miscellaneous
Command)
Block (line) number
Input line number
Parameter number
Output line number
Size of arc radius
Spindle speeds
Tool number
Auxiliary dimension in X
direction
Auxiliary dimension in Z
direction
Length of conversion in X
SLOVAK
Uhol smeru pohybu
GERMAN
FINNISH
Čas
Rýchlosť posuvu
Prípravná funkcia
Počet opakovania
Interpolačný parameter v
osi X
Interpolačný parameter v
osi Z
Adresa bloku
podprogramu
Pomocná funkcia
Číslo bloku
Číslo vstupnej linky
Číslo parametru
Číslo výstupnej linky
Polomer kruhového
oblúku
Otáčky vretena
Číslo nástroja
Pomocný rozmer v smere
X
Pomocný rozmer v smere
Z
Dĺžka prestavenia v osi X
97
DANISH
Z
axis
Length of conversion in Z
axis
Dĺžka prestavenia v osi Z
List of preparatory functions – milling (G – General functions)
SIGN
G0
G1
G2
G3
G4
G17
G18
G19
G23
G26
G27
G28
G29
ENGLISH
Rapid positioning
Linear interpolation
Clockwise circular
interpolation (CW)
Counter-clockwise
circular interpolation
(CCW)
Dwell period
Selection of the X, Y
plane
Selection of the X, Z
plane
Selection of the Y, Z
plane
Conditional jump
Jump into a subprogram
Program jump (jump
within a program)
Jump into a different
program
Subprogram with
SLOVAK
Rýchle polohovanie
Lineárna interpolácia
Kruhová interpolácia v
smere hodinových
ručičiek
Kruhová interpolácia
proti smeru hodinových
ručičiek
Čakacia doba
Voľba roviny XY
GERMAN
FINNISH
Voľba roviny XZ
Voľba roviny YZ
Podmienený skok
Skok do podprogramu
Programový skok (skok v
rámci programu)
Skok do iného programu
Volanie podprogramu s
98
DANISH
G31
G36
G37
G38
G39
G40
G41
G42
G50
G51
G71
G73
oscillation call
Probe touch
Centring to a cylinder
Centring to a groove
Selection of an outer
corner
Selection of an inner
corner
Cutter radius
compensation cancel
Cutter radius
compensation to the left
Cutter radius
compensation to the
right
Local coordinate system
(LCS) cancel
Local coordinate system
(LCS) setting
Network tooling cycle
G74
Rectangular retraction
cycle
Groove milling cycle
G75
Circular retraction cycle
G76
Circle tooling cycle
G81
Drilling cycle
osciláciou
Nájazd na sondu
Centrovanie na valec
Centrovanie na drážku
Vyhľadanie vonkajšieho
rohu
Vyhľadanie vnútorného
rohu
Zrušenie korekcie
Korekcia sprava
Korekcia zľava
Zrušenie lokálneho
súradnicového systému
Nastavenie lokálneho
súradnicového systému
Cyklus pre sieťové
obrábanie
Cyklus pre obdĺžnikové
vybranie
Cyklus pre frézovanie
drážky
Cyklus pre kruhové
vybranie
Cyklus pre obrábanie na
kružnici
Vŕtací cyklus
99
G83
G85
G90
G91
G92
G98
Peck drilling cycle (full
retraction from pecks)
Reaming cycle
Absolute dimension
program
Incremental dimension
program
Position register
command
Return to the reference
point
Vŕtací cyklus s výplachom
Vystružovací cyklus
Absolútne rozmery
Rozmery v prírastkoch
Určenie polohy
Nájazd do referenčného
bodu
List of auxiliary functions – milling (M – Miscellaneous functions)
SIGN
M0
M1
M3
M5
M6
M8
M9
M17
ENGLISH
Program stop
Conditional stop
Spindle start to the right
(forward CW)
Spindle start to the left
(reverse CCW)
Stop spindle
Tool change
Coolant on
Coolant off
Subprogram or cycle end
M20
M21
Output signal
Output signal end
M4
SLOVAK
Programový stop
Podmienený stop
Štart vretena doprava
(dopredu)
Štart vretena doľava
(spätne)
Zastavenie vretena
Výmena nástroja
Spustenie chladenia
Zastavenie chladenia
Koniec podprogramu
alebo cyklu
Výstupný signál
Koniec výstupného
signálu
GERMAN
FINNISH
100
DANISH
M25
M26
M27
M29
M30
M40
M41
M99
Position coordinates
output
P90 parameters output
P90 parameters
download
Text output
Information end
Continual block
connection on
Continual block
connection off
Information end and
return
Výstup súradníc polohy
Výstup parametrov P90
Načítanie parametrov
P90
Výstup textu
Koniec informácie
Zapnutie kontinuálneho
nadväzovania blokov
Vypnutie kontinuálneho
nadväzovania blokov
Koniec informácie a
návrat
Letter addresses and their meaning – milling
SIGN
A
D
E
F
G
H
I
ENGLISH
Slew of rotational axis
Hole diameter, pivot
diameter, circle diameter
Time
Feed rate
Preparatory function (Gcode/General Command)
Number of repetitions,
number of holes,
auxiliary parameter
Interpolation parameter
in X axis
SLOVAK
Pootočenie rotačnej osi
Priemer diery, čapu,
kružnice
Čas
Rýchlosť posuvu
Prípravná funkcia
GERMAN
FINNISH
Počet opakovaní, počet
dier, pomocný parameter
Interpolačný parameter v
osi X
101
DANISH
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Interpolation parameter
in Y axis
Interpolation parameter
in Z axis
Subprogram block
address
Auxiliary function (Mcode/Miscellaneous
Command)
Block (line) number
Condition number
Parameter number
Output line number
Size of arc radius
Spindle speeds
Tool number
Auxiliary dimension in X
direction
Auxiliary dimension in
Ydirection
Auxiliary dimension in Z
direction
Length of conversion in X
axis
Length of conversion in Y
axis
Length of conversion in Z
axis
Interpolačný parameter v
osi Y
Interpolačný parameter v
osi Z
Adresa bloku
podprogramu
Pomocná funkcia
Číslo bloku
Číslo podmienky
Číslo parametru
Číslo výstupnej linky
Polomer kruhového
oblúku
Otáčky vretena
Číslo nástroja
Pomocný rozmer v smere
X
Pomocný rozmer v smere
Y
Pomocný rozmer v smere
Z
Dĺžka prestavenia v osi X
Dĺžka prestavenia v osi Y
Dĺžka prestavenia v osi Z
102
SPŠ strojnícka
Spišská Nová Ves
Paper and pencil test
CNC Module
PLEASE ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS AND TASKS
GOOD LUCK! ☺
1. What is characteristic for CNC machines?
.....................................................................................................................................................
2. What does CNC mean?
.....................................................................................................................................................
3. The information in the program can be divided into these three types:
1) .................................................
2) .................................................
3) .................................................
4. Describe the positions of the block structure of a CNC machine
1
2
1............................................
3
8
9
2............................................
3............................................
10
4
5
11
4............................................
12
5............................................
6............................................
x
6
z
7
5. What does the interpolator ensure?
.....................................................................................................................................................
6. Explain the B-B (Block by Block) operating mode of a CNC machine:
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
SPŠ strojnícka
Spišská Nová Ves
Paper and pencil test
CNC Module
7. Draw the coordinate system of a CNC lathe:
Fig.:
8. Classic CNC machines use these axes:
Milling machine: ........................................................
Lathe: ..............................................................
9. Characterize the zero point of a machine. Draw an illustration:
Characteristics:
....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
SPŠ strojnícka
Spišská Nová Ves
Paper and pencil test
CNC Module
Fig.:
10. Who does set the zero point of a workpiece and how?
The zero point is set by: ..................................................
a) ..............................................................................................................................
b) ..............................................................................................................................
11. What is the tool point necessary for? Draw an illustration.
It is necessary for:
.................................................................................................................................
Fig.:
SPŠ strojnícka
Spišská Nová Ves
Paper and pencil test_SOL
CNC-Module
1. What is characteristic for CNC machines?
Operations of CNC machines are directed by a control system with the help of a created
program.
2. What does CNC mean?
Computer Numerical Control – the machines directed by a computer (numerically)
3. Information in the program can be divided into these three types:
1) Geometrical
2) Technological
3) Auxiliary
4. Describe these positions of the block structure of a CNC machine
1
2
1 Computer
3
8
9
2 Memory
3 Control circuit
10
4
5
11
4 Adjusting circuit of a spindle
12
5 Adjusting circuit of a stock bin
6 Spindle
x
6
z
7
5. What does the interpolator ensure?
The interpolator serves for calculation of the direction of tools, which is given by the
geometry of a part. It defines the compensation of tools and ensures geometrical precision
of a product.
6. Explain the B-B (Block by Block) operating mode of a CNC machine:
A machine carries out one line (block) of a program and it waits for the command of an
operator to continue in the process. This mode is used at coordination and checking of a
program.
SPŠ strojnícka
Spišská Nová Ves
Paper and pencil test_SOL
CNC-Module
7. Draw the coordinate system of a CNC lathe:
8. Classic CNC machines use these axes:
Milling machine: X, Y, Z
Lathe: X, Z
9. Characterize the zero point of a machine. Draw an illustration:
Characteristics: It is given by a machine maker. It is the starting point for all the next
coordinate systems. The zero point of a CNC lathe is situated in the rotating axis on the
headstock.
Fig.:
SPŠ strojnícka
Spišská Nová Ves
Paper and pencil test_SOL
CNC-Module
10. Who does set the zero point of a workpiece and how?
The zero point is set by: Programmer
a) With functions G54 to G59 via shifting the coordinate system
b) With function G92 – it represents the tool position in comparison to a new
zero point
11. What is the tool point necessary for? Draw an illustration.
It is necessary for: adjusting the compensations of a tool. It is a point whose movement is
programmed.
Fig.:
SPŠ strojnícka
Spišská Nová Ves
Practical task – lathe turning
CNC-Module
Task:
A bigger number of the drawn part from plastic material (duralumin) should be
produced on the CNC machine. The semi-product is a round log 60 x 100. It is necessary to
define the zero point of the work piece, method of tooling, tools, clamping and technological
data. Write the NC program on the CNC simulator, test it and correct it.
1. Select the zero point of the work piece (drawing)
2. Choose appropriate tools (tooling sheet)
3. Write down the coordinates of characteristic points (coordinate sheet )
4. Write the NC program (programming sheet)
5. Test the program with the help of the simulation program
6. Transfer the program into the CNC lathe
7. Produce the part on the CNC lathe
8. Check individual dimensions with the help of appropriate measuring instruments
SPŠ strojnícka
Spišská Nová Ves
Practical task - milling
CNC Module
Task:
A bigger number of the drawn part from plastic material (duralumin, wood) should be
produced on the CNC machine. The semi-product is a prism 80 x 80 x 30. It is necessary to
define the zero point of the work piece, method of tooling, tools, clamping and technological
data. Write the NC program on the CNC simulator, test it and correct it.
1. Select the zero point of the work piece (drawing)
2. Choose appropriate tools (tooling sheet)
3. Write down the coordinates of characteristic points (coordinate sheet )
4. Write the NC program (programming sheet)
5. Test the program with the help of the simulation program
6. Transfer the program into the CNC lathe
7. Produce the part on the CNC lathe
8. Check individual dimensions with the help of appropriate measuring instruments
Certificate
CNC Module
Ms/Mr Name
Surname
born 01.01.1990
has successfully taken part in
90 hours of “CNC (Computer Numeric Control) Machine Programming” training
at
Stredná priemyselná škola strojnícka, Hviezdoslavova 6, 052 01 Spišská Nová Ves
and
EMBRACO
from 3rd October 2011 to 21st October 2011
She/He applied the commands of cycles at programming of more complicated rotary and linear parts and
designed his/her own rotary and linear part. She/He made a part on a CNC machine.
She/He passed the final test (paper and pencil test; skill demonstration and technical discussion)
successfully.
All communication during the training and the team work was in English language.
Hereby we certify that:
He/ She can develop the necessary CNC program using DIN/ISO programming, simulate the
functionality. He/ She can set up the machines and the tools. He/ She can produce single parts using
CNC machines (e.g. lathe and milling machines), test and optimize production.
(Competence level description 5.3 according to Competence matrix for mechanics in the industry in MOVET II)
These Learning Outcomes are associated to EQF Level 4.
st
Spišská Nová Ves 21 October 2011
______________________
Ing. Emil Henček
SPŠS teacher trainer of CNC programming
_______________________
RNDr. Ladislav Ruttkay
SPŠS headmaster
IMPRINT
CNC MODULE
Stredná priemyselná škola strojnícka
(Secondary Mechanical Engineering School)
Hviezdoslavova 6
052 01 Spišská Nová Ves
Slovakia
Tel.No.: +421 0534466249
http://strojsnv.edupage.org/
Mgr. Monika Hodnická – project coordinator
monika.hodnicka@gmail.com
Ing. Emil Henček – teacher trainer of CNC Module
emil.snv@gmail.com
Mgr. Natália Pruskáková – translations
prusakova.natalia@gmail.com
Mgr. Stanislava Hudranová – translations
stanislava.hudranova@gmail.com
Project home page: www.gomovet.eu
112