Digestive (GI) System Flashcards
1. What are the two kinds of digestion?
2. Which layer of the digestive tube contains
lots of elastic fibers, blood vessels, and
lymphatic vessels?
3. The hepatic portal system has two distinct
capillary beds separated by a portal vein. The
functions of these two capillary beds are
what?
4. What structure flaps over the glottis when we
swallow food?
5. Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in
order to be absorbed?
6. What are the three main characteristics of the
large intestine?
7. What are the three main characteristics of the
small intestine?
8. Where does food first encounter proteinsplitting enzymes?
9. What is the function of the gallbladder?
10.
hen the acidic contents of the stomach enter
the normally alkaline duodenum, what
hormone is released that causes the pancreas
to secrete bicarbonate?
11. What is the semi-fluid paste called that is a
result of the food in the stomach being
repeatedly squeezed and mixed with gastric
juice?
12. What are four characteristics of the
duodenum?
13. What are the five the primary functions of
the stomach?
14. Does it dehydrate food materials before
passing them to the small intestine?
Mechanical
Chemical
Submucosa
The first picks up nutrients and the second delivers
these nutrients to liver cells.
Epiglottis
Vitamin B12
1) It absorbs much of the water and salts
2) It contains the ascending, transverse, and
descending colon.
3) It contains abundant bacteria.
It is the site of nutrient absorption
It breaks down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
Breakdown products of fats enter its lacteals.
Stomach
Storage (not secretion!) of bile
Secretin
W
Chyme
1) It receives chyme from the stomach.
2) It is within the body cavity with the ileum or
jejunum (not retroperitoneal).
3) It is shorter than either the ileum or jejunum.
4) It is the site of action of liver and pancreas
secretions.
1. Store Food, so it can be slowly released into a
small intestine.
2. Churns food into a paste (chime) by mechanical
means
3. Kill bacteria.
4. Starts digestion of proteins.
5. Some absorption of water, alcohol
No
Digestive (GI) System Flashcards
15. Does it store food for later use in the form of
fat?
16. What is the terminal portion of the small
intestine called?
17. Which layer of the digestive tract is
responsible for the peristaltic waves that
propel materials from one portion to another?
18. Of the basic digestive processes, the one in
which nutrients enter capillaries is called
what?
19. What is the only role of the levator ani
muscle in defecation?
20.
hat is the correct sequence of layers in the
wall of the alimentary canal, from internal to
external?
21. What is the digestive organ primarily
responsible for the reabsorption of water?
22. Why are bacteria are abundant in the large
intestines, but not in the small intestines or
the stomach?
23. What is the only function of the greater
omentum?
24. The epithelium that lines the stomach and
intestines is simple columnar. What are the
basic functions of this epithelium?
25. Digestion of what food type would be
affected the most if the bile—secreting liver
were severely damaged?
26. What are some functions of the liver?
27. Does the liver produce digestive enzymes?
28. Lipids are primarily broken down by
substances that are made where?
29. What organ makes most of the digestive
enzymes?
No
Ileum
muscularis externa
Absorption
It lifts the anal canal superiorly around the feces.
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
W
Large intestine
Secretions of parietal cells kill bacteria in the
stomach, and the Ileocecal valve prevents the
bacteria in the large intestines from migrating up
into the small intestines.
Stores fat
secretion and absorption
Lipids
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
detoxification of poisons
makes blood proteins
Regulates glucose levels
Processes fats and amino acids
Makes cholesterol
Picks up and processes nutrients from the
portal blood
7) Storage of some vitamins
8) Makes and secretes bile to emulsify fats
Just lipase to digest fats. It does not make protein
digesting enzymes…they are made by the stomach
and pancreas only.
Liver and pancreas
Pancreas
Digestive (GI) System Flashcards
30. What cells secrete hydrochloric acid and
digestive enzymes which kill bacteria in the
stomach?
31. What stomach cells secrete an enzyme to
digest protein?
32. Which cells secrete digestive enzymes in the
pancreas?
PARIETAL CELLS
33. Which region of the pancreas secretes
insulin?
34. Functions of the digesting system.
Islets of Langerhans
35. Regional terms of digestive system.
36. Roof of the mouth is also known as ?
37. The flap of skin under the tongue at the
midline.
38. Fibers in the tongue go in all direction and
have no fascicles, allowing what?
39. What is the primary function of salivary
glands?
40. How many deciduous teeth (baby teeth) are
there?
CHIEF CELLS
Acinar cells
1. INGESTION Taking food in by mouth
2.DIGESTION to break food down into simple
molecules (Mechanical: churning of food in the
stomach, manipulation of food with tongue, tearing
and grinding with teeth. (Chemical: breakdown of
food with hydrochloric acid)
3.ABSORPTION nutrients enter capillaries
4. DEFECATION to eliminate solid waste products
Uper GI= stomach and areas superior, lower GI =
areas inferior to the stomach
Palate.
Hard Palate = bone. Soft Palate = soft tissue.
Lingual Frenulum
Good Range of Motion
To prevent bacterial growth and moisten food
20
41. How many incisors are there?
8: for cutting like scissors
42. How many canines are there?
4: for tearing
43. What are pre-molar bicuspids?
44. How many molars are there?
45. Gums are also known as what?
46. What is the major cause of tooth loss?
47. What is the hardest substance in your body?
48. What is a rhythmic contraction to push
something along by smooth muscle
contraction?
(Bicuspids = 2 roots) 8: for chewing, some tearing.
12
Gingiva
Periodontitis, which is when the gums pull away
from the tooth and the bacteria extends down to
the periodontal ligament and erode it.
The enamel of teeth
Peristalsis
Digestive (GI) System Flashcards
49. A back-and-forth squeezing of the muscle to
grind up food. Food moves forward then
backward a little, then forward again.
Function is to churn up the food inside.
50. The esophagus goes through the thoracic
cavity and empties to the stomach through
this. It is a thickening of the muscularis
externa
51. What are the regions of the stomach?
52. What are the folds that allow the stomach to
expand?
53. The parietal cells in the stomach secrete a
substance called?
54. What vitamin requires intrinsic factor in
order to be absorbed?
Segmentation
Cardiac Sphincter.
1. Cardiac region. 2. fundus 3. body 4. pyloric
region. 5. pyloric sphincter.
Rugae
Intrinsic factor.
Vitamin B12
55. Third layer of the muscularis externum found
Oblique Layer
only in the stomach, that helps churns food
in a third plane.
56. This describes when acid from the stomach
Acid reflux
leaks into the esophagus, and causes erosion
of the lining. This is known as heartburn.
57. How is Helicobacter pylori infections
Sharing saliva with someone who has stomach
spread?
ulcers, especially sharing a toothbrush.
58. How can people vomit?
59. Part of the stomach, protrudes through
esophageal hiatus, that causes pain and
difficulty swallowing.
60. This is where most digesting and absorption
of food takes place.
61. Folds in the small intestine.
62. What is a Brush Border?
63. Regions of the small intestine.
64. Where is the site of action of liver and
pancreas secretions?
65. What organ is an endocrine gland, and a
digestive gland, and makes most of the
digestive enzymes?
66. What makes bicarbonate to increase the pH
(decrease the acidity) of the chyme coming
from the stomach.
67. What hormone tells the pancreas to secrete
bicarbonate?
68. What happens when bile salts crystallize?
Because the cardiac sphincter is not a true sphincter,
it doesn’t close well, which allows us to throw up.
HIATAL HERNIA
Small Intestine.
Plicae Circularis
Plicae, which have villi, which have microvilli
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
DUODENUM
Pancreas
Pancreas
Secretin
Gall Stones Form.
Digestive (GI) System Flashcards
69. What are treatments for gall stones?
70. This is the part of the small intestine where
most digestion and much absorption occurs
Gall bladder is usually taken out.
JEJUNUM
71. All the rest of the absorption in the small
intestine takes place here.
72. This is where the new epithelial cells come
from, and they are pushed upwards into the
villi to replace the digested cells.
73.
Its function is to absorb breakdown
products of fat
74. Its an autoimmune disease of the GI tract,
and commonly affects the small intestine. It
is usually caused by genetics, and commonly
occurs to males in their 20’s
75. Genetic autoimmune disorder of the small
intestine, causing chronic diarrhea when the
person is allergic to gluten.
76. What is steatorrhea?
77. How do you get intestinal gas?
Ileum
78. a disease which attacks the large intestine,
preventing water absorption, and can be fatal
in 24-48 hours.
79. Regions of the Large Intestine
80. This is a lymph node below the cecum and is
a lymph node, and contains E Coli
81. This muscle lifts the sigmoid colon
superiorly, to allow fecal matter to release.
When it is relaxed, only gas can pass.
82. These muscles control defecation at the
rectum/anus.
83. How long does it take food to be processed
through the entire digestive tract?
84. What are the four functions of intestinal
bacteria (coliforms)?
85. is a group of inflammatory condition of the
colon and small intestine.
Crypt of Lieberkuhn
Lacteals
Crohns Disease.
Celiac disease (sprue)
having pale, loose and greasy stools
When there are certain carbohydrates that are not
digested, and are instead eaten by bacteria in the
intestine. The bacteria produce the gas
Cholera
Cecum, Ascending colon, Transverse colon,
descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus
Appendix
Levator Ani muscle
Internal and External anal sphincter.
24 hrs
1) Makes vitamins (B5, K, and biotin)
2) Keeps out harmful bacteria
3) Eats fiber (plant cell walls), which we cannot
digest
4) Allows material to move through the large
intestine easier
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Digestive (GI) System Flashcards
86. An intermittent disease, the main symptom is
constant diarrhea mixed with blood, of
gradual onset. Colectomy (partial or total
removal of the large bowel through surgery)
is occasionally necessary, and is considered
to be a cure.
87. Symptoms of this are chronic abdominal
pain, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits
in the absence of any detectable organic
cause. May manifest as diarrhea or
constipation or may alternate between the
two
88. What is an accurate test for colon cancer?
89. Varicose veins in the rectum.
90. This is the largest internal organ of the body,
located on the right side, below the
diaphragm, and extends below the costal
margin (can palpate). It has many functions
and is the most complex organ except the
brain, and as over 500 known functions.
91. What are the two main sources of blood for
the liver?
92. What is the functional unit of the liver?
93. Function of Hepatocytes
94. What are Kupffer Cells?
95. How does the liver remove old RBC’s?
96. What is Hepatitis?
97. Why is it that liver transplant patients and
donors end up successful?
98. Congenital condition in which the major
visceral organs in the thorax and abdomen
are reversed or mirrored from their normal
positions.
Ulcerative Colitis
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS)
Colonoscopy
Hemorrhoids
The Liver
The hepatic artery, and the Hepatic portal system.
Liver Lobule
Detox of poisons, picking up and processing of
nutrients from the portal blood, and storage of
some vitamins.
They are macrophages in the liver.
As blood flows through the sinusoids, they
phagocytize old erythrocytes. The released Hgb is
given to the hepatocytes, which convert it to
bilirubin, one of the main components of BILE.
Infection of the liver.
Because the liver is able to regenerate
Situs Inversus