Charles A. Lindbergh and Franklin D. Roosevelt
Reflections of the American Identity
Courtney Hershman
HIS 4936: The Age of FDR
Wes. 6pm-10pm
Dr. J.M. Benowitz
Hershman 1
Courtney Hershman
HIS 4936: The Age of FDR
Wes. 6pm-10pm
Dr. J. M. Benowitz
This essay presents historical information about two important American’s
(Franklin Roosevelt and Charles Lindbergh) and claims that their lives played a
prominent role in shaping the American identity particularly between 1927 and 1940.
The essay’s simple premise is that both men, and their spouses, reflected the vast
spectrum of political and cultural changes in America.
Most of us believe that ones life resides at specific historical location within
the context of a larger historical narrative. One may believe they are carrying on
much like the people from the past, another might believe he or she is not, and
belongs to a unique place in history. The Roosevelt’s and Lindbergh’s believed that
they were living during a transformative period. Roosevelt’s 1933 inaugural address
reveled a change in American society when he said, “If I read the temper of the
people correctly, we now realize as we have never realized before our
interdependence on each other”. FDR’s remarkable words illustrated that during
this period the American people began to recognize that their individual actions
couldn’t be separated from the countries underlining stability.
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Anne Morrow Lindbergh agreed with Roosevelt, and wrote about America’s
transformation several years later in her 1955 book, Gift from the Sea. She wrote that
American life had transformed from “simplicity” to “multiplicity” because of “everwidening circles of contact and communication” (1).
Anne was extremely
intelligent, and knew that America’s transformation signified that the social and
cultural demands once aimed at the individual, and centered on ones family and
community, were changing to include national and international demands that
involved all citizens.
The changes that Eleanor Roosevelt perceived were generally comparable to
those her husband, and Anne Morrow Lindbergh observed. All three of them felt
that American’s were becoming increasingly dependant on each other, and too
people from outside the country. However, she also thought that the hard fought
political concessions regarding the expansion of women’s rights, and improved
working conditions for low wageworkers, represented equally important changes.
Eleanor’s thoughts were extremely insightful, she seemed to have the unique ability
to grasp the most prominent differences between the period in which she grew up,
and the one that she was currently living in. In her 1937 autobiography she wrote
that the most extraordinary difference in the world around her, compared to the one
she was raised in, was its speeding up (2).
1. Anne Morrow Lindbergh, “Gift from the Sea”, (New York, NY: Vintage Books,
1955), 26
2. Eleanor Roosevelt, “This is My Story”, (New York, NY: Harper & Brothers
Publishers, 1937), 357-358.
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This was another remarkably accurate revelation, which is easily confirmed by the
great many of time saving machines, such as, the telephone, radio, automobile, and
airplane, which had become part of the average persons daily life, and societies
collective consciousness.
Charles Lindbergh would certainly have agreed that the pace of the world was
increasing.
He enthusiastically welcomed the machines that were effectively
speeding up the human experience, and as a young man he road a motorcycle, and
was often seen carelessly racing around town. Lindbergh recognized the important
innovations in technology, and fully embraced a faster world, however, he failed to
recognize the important social changes that his wife, and the Roosevelt’s were
observing. He seemed unaware of the growing national and international collectivist
mentality. The main reason for his inability to grasp the magnitude of the social
changes going on in America (and throughout the world) can be attributed to his
introverted personality, and single-mindedness. According to Charles’s sister he was
“painfully shy” in his youth, and spent most of his time working on the family farm
(3). Charles was a loner who channeled his energy into his personal interest, which
effectively disconnected him from the surrounding world. Lindbergh’s behavior was
the result of the American ethos, which enculturated young men to be rugged
individualist who admired adventure, and self-reliance.
3. Scott Berg, “Lindbergh”, (New York, NY: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1998), 33.
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His failure to perceive the social transformations, however, can also be attributed to
his inadequately honed intellectual abilities. He was not a particularly bright student
while in school, and didn’t posses an interest in learning until he developed a passion
for aviation.
Another reason why Charles Lindbergh did not recognize the cultural
changes before him was due to his attitude towards relationships between different
social classes. He was not born into a wealthy family, and his father often warned
against the so-called “favored class” (4). Lindbergh was raised to provide for himself
and his family, and was probably uncomfortable accepting unsolicited help from
others. He might have been skeptical of the motivations behind peoples growing
desire to connect with those outside of their own social classes, and local
community. The Lindbergh’s way of life was similar to that of the earliest European
families who came to the New World. Charles’s grandfather, August Lindberg, was
a farmer from Sweden who immigrated to Melrose, Minnesota in 1859 (5). Upon
his arrival he settled his family into a one-room sod hut, but as his family expanded
he built a more spacious log home. The family embraced their pioneer life. August
Lindbergh, however, was more than a simple farmer. He was also an opinionated
man who was drawn to politics, and served in his local government in Sweden. In
Melrose he also involved himself in the community.
4. Berg, 32.
5. Berg, 13.
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He often wrote letters to local newspapers, served as justice of the peace, and even
organized the local school district (6). August Lindbergh welcomed America’s
economic opportunities, and its tradition of individual political and religious
freedom, and tirelessly pursued a better life for his family.
In time, Charles
Lindbergh’s immigrant grandfather developed his home on the edge of the
Minnesota wilderness into the most impressive in the area.
The Lindbergh’s family structure committed everyone to contributing to the
families base survival, everyone worked tirelessly to provide for their collective
needs, however, there was also a recognition of the growing importance of education
in terms of improving ones economic opportunities. The Lindbergh’s family history
presented a story of people who were actively pursuing a better economic situation
for themselves.
The Roosevelt’s, and Charles’s spouse’s family, the Morrow’s,
however, came from wealthy backgrounds, therefore, their lives were not consumed
by the pursuit of economic stability. Being a Roosevelt, or a Morrow, didn’t equate
to a life of chopping fire wood, mending fence’s, or tilling pastures; it meant
attending social gatherings, managing business interest, and maintaining family
alliances. The Roosevelt’s were among the wealthiest families in the United States,
and had large real-estate holdings throughout New York.
Franklin Delano
Roosevelt’s family had vast business interests connected to the nations Northeastern
urban industrial base, and was connected to the American Presidency.
6. Berg, 15.
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His family acquired wealth that originated as far back as 1726. Franklin’s great
grandfather, Isaac Roosevelt, was a founding member of the New York Chamber of
Commerce, and the president of the second bank chartered in America (7).
Roosevelt grew up sheltered and privileged, and seemed uniquely fitted to his role as
elite socialite, and developed into a pillar of New York society.
Anne Morrow Lindbergh, like FDR, was also born into a privileged family.
Her father was a partner at the J.P. Morgan financial services company, and
eventually he became the United States ambassador to Mexico. Anne was afforded
access to cultural opportunities unavailable to families such as the Lindbergh’s, and
she made the most of her privileged position in life. She attended the best schools,
and performed extremely well academically. She especially excelled at writing, and
developed a deep affection for the classics. Through her studies, and the stories
passed on by her globetrotting father, Anne developed into an extremely well
adjusted, and worldly young women.
Eleanor Roosevelt, like her husband, and Anne Morrow Lindbergh, was also
born into a privileged family. She attended good schools at home, and developed
international sensitivities while studying abroad.
Eleanor was a spirited young
woman who developed strong opinions regarding the state of affairs in America (and
around the world); however, Anne Morrow Lindbergh was reserved, and expressed
herself introspectively through her writing.
7. Cook, Wisen Blanche, “Eleanor Roosevelt”, (New York, NY: Penguin Group,
1992), 21.
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Despite their personality differences, however, both women embodied a certain
aspects of the 1920’s ‘new women’ mentality that was becoming prevalent
throughout Western culture.
In particular, Eleanor, was a among an obscure
segment of the female population that was becoming increasingly aware of women’s
new social status, and political relevance. As a result, she transformed into staunch
advocate and defender of women’s issues, and later was described as the feminist
movements spiritual leader.
Since 1922, Eleanor Roosevelt, was extremely active with the League of
Women Voters, the Women’s Trade Union League, and was even appointed the
finance chairman of the Democratic State Committee. Eleanor learned about party
politics during this period, and participated when she could by driving people to the
polls on election day (8). Eleanor was a modern woman; complete with a jumbled
life that consisted of personal, professional, and family aspirations, which created
constant tension. In 1927, Eleanor opened the Todhunter School for Girls at 66 east
80th street in New York. The school attracted privileged young girls who were
preparing for college. Eleanor became a successful teacher at the school, and took
great pride in her career. A couple of years later, she told a reporter she planned to
continue teaching for as long as possible, however, shortly after telling another
reporter that teaching was “better than anything else I do”, she altered her teaching
schedule in order to support her husband’s political career (9).
8. Roosevelt, 344.
9. Cook, 399.
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Both women represented the remarkable social progress that many women had been
wistfully fantasizing about for several decades; however, the attitudes of these socalled ‘progressive women’ were not foreign to their accomplished husbands.
Strong and independent matriarchal type women raised both Charles
Lindbergh, and Franklin Roosevelt. In 1901, Lindbergh’s father married Evangeline
Lodge Land who was from Detroit, Michigan. Lindbergh built his beautiful young
wife a house on the edge of a cliff overlooking the Mississippi river, and the couple
settled into domestic life in Little Falls, Minnesota. Evangeline was born into a
privileged family.
Her father was a successful dentist with a busy practice in
downtown Detroit, which allowed him to extend a first rate education to his
daughter. Evangeline developed into an independent college educated women that
worked outside the home as a biology teacher. She rejected the ‘Victorian’ social
standards that informed the previous generation, and instead embraced new
standards that were represented by the passage of the 1920 Women Suffrage
Amendment; however, Evangeline’s sophisticated urban upbringing affected her
attitude towards Little Falls. The town was a modest rural farming community with
little urban development, and Evangeline had trouble finding things in common with
the residents.
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She believed in expanding women’s role in society when most women were
comfortable with their traditional roles. Years later many Little Falls residents
claimed that she was the inspiration for Carol Kennicott, in Sinclair Lewis’s novel
Main Street, which was based on the author’s hometown that was near Little Falls
(10).
It is crystal clear that extremely capable and independent women were part of
both Roosevelt and Lindbergh’s upbringings, and marriages. And these women had
tremendous influence on both men as adults. Their lives, however, were equally
influenced by the cultural implications that are typically associated with their
prospective social classes. Lindbergh’s early life was informed by the views of rural
farmers, such as, his immigrant grandfather. Life on the farm was important to
Charles, and he welcomed the challenge to dedicate his life to its laborious routines.
Charles’s father believed that hard work was the most important activity in life
because it provided the “main wealth of the world” (11). Charles’s adoration for
farming lasted throughout his life, but times were changing.
America was
transforming from a traditional agriculturally based society into a modern industrial
society. Small town rural sensibilities were being replaced by sophisticated urban
attitudes. For centuries American prosperity was built on agriculture, but the nations
revered agricultural way of life was ending. Large corporations began replacing
small family operated farms.
Innovative technology increased production and
lowered cost, and machines began replacing human labor.
10. Berg, 9.
11. Berg, 32.
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These transformations coincided with an enormous increase in industrial factories, a
slowdown in European trade, and eroding soil conditions in many farming
communities around the country. Taken together these changes adversely affected
agricultural prices. As prices fell farmers traveled into the cities in search of financial
relief, but they often viewed the work as temporary. Countless farmers only planned
to work in the factory until they saved enough money to move back to the farm,
however, most realized that returning was hopeless.
The wheel of economic
prosperity was turning. The independent family farm could no longer provide a
stable economic base for individual farmers, or the national economy. The effects of
these economic changes were devastating for those with careers in agriculture.
America’s urban populations, however, were expanding to supply new urban sector
jobs. This slow shift from an agricultural society into an industrial society is partly
behind Charles Lindbergh’s eventual departure from rural to urban life. Charles was
aware that a career on the farm was hopeless, and instead focused his career
aspirations on engineering (12). Charles was intrigued with machinery since a young
boy, and left the farm to study at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. By 1920,
new tenants began working the farm, and Charles never lived there again (13).
12. Berg, 51.
13. Berg, 53.
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The Jeffersonian version of the independent farmer was the vision that
Lindbergh believed defined the American identity, and his father was a local
politician who was backed by the various farmer labor movements, and rural
constituencies in Minnesota. The Lindbergh’s supported the workingman. FDR’s
social class background also informed his beliefs as an adult. He was esteemed
through his family’s elite status, and felt that his privileged position in society meant
that he needed to serve others. He believed in using government to increase the well
being of the greatest number of people, and thought hard on how to achieve this end.
His elevated status naturally compelled him to support powerful institutions over the
fragile individual whose life was constantly visited by economic uncertainty.
Roosevelt, therefore, didn’t seek to become someone who produced goods or
services in the private sector in order to improve the society, but instead sought to
work in government in order to strengthen the Public sectors ability to help society.
His belief was that government had a responsibility to push for social improvements.
He began his career by opening a corporate law practice upon completing the bar
exam, however, he quickly retreated into the government work, and in 1911, he was
elected to the State senate in New York. After his reelection in 1913, however, he
resigned, and was appointed Assistant Secretary of the United States Navy.
Roosevelt’s career choice was reminiscent of the decision his cousin Theodore made
during his ascendancy to the American Presidency. Franklin, however, was not
simply following in the tracks of his famous relative, because he also harbored a deep
Hershman 13
affection for the United States military, and since childhood had amassed an
enormous collection of Navy memorabilia.
Roosevelt was a patriot who believed in America, and welcomed the
opportunity to serve as a civilian leader who was connected to the armed forces.
Charles Lindbergh also had a passion for the military, and joined ROTC while
attending the University of Wisconsin. As a member of the ROTC Lindbergh made
a name for himself on the shooting range, and the training taught him about the
importance of discipline. In 1921, he completed his ROTC training, but considered
dropping out of school. He was unhappy with the universities curriculum, and had
been performing poorly. By 1922, during his third semester, he left school. He
thought of settling back on the farm, but instead began contacting flying schools.
With college and the farm behind him the dream of working in the field of aviation
was all that Charles had left. For five hundred dollars he could attend the Ralph C.
Diggins School of Aeronautics in Chicago, which offered classes in airplane factory
work, and flight training (14). The school claimed that commercial aviation was
growing with tremendous speed, and advocated that prospective students enroll
quickly (15). However, Lindbergh waited, and eventually decided to enroll at the
Nebraska Aircraft Corporation, which offered training in all fields of aviation, and
provided job placement (16).
14. Berg, 59
15. Berg, 62.
16. Berg, 63.
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The school was everything Lindbergh expected, and more. Lindbergh spent nearly
all his time learning about aviation, and soon logged enough hours to fly solo, but
need more experience for a pilot job. In order to gain more experience he began
flying with Erold G. Bahl who was an airplane daredevil know as a barnstormer (17).
Barnstorming was a form of entertainment involving aerial stunts, and airplane rides
for money.
Lindbergh developed a knack for drawing people to barnstorming
events, and his success helped him eventually begin barnstorming himself.
Opportunities began to pour in.
He advertised himself as “Aerial Daredevil
Lindbergh”, and in 1923 he purchased his first airplane (18). During this period
Lindbergh joined the Air Service Advanced Flying School, and in 1925 he
graduated. He was then commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Air Service
Reserve Corps (19). Lindbergh had achieved his dream, and began a career in
aviation, and two years later he accomplished his landmark transcontinental flight
from New York to Paris.
The ‘Roaring Twenties’ were coming to an end. The year was 1927, and
America’s beloved New York Yankees were busy celebrating their four game World
Series sweep over the Pittsburg Pirates. However, the Yankees victory was not the
only thing to marvel at because certain American’s had become objects of
wonderment themselves.
17. Berg, 51.
18. Berg, 63.
19. Berg, 65
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In fact, Charles Lindbergh had become a national phenomenon, and represented
America’s sense of adventure and individual achievement. His pioneering flight
made him a hero overnight. When he returned to Potomac Park there were two
hundred and fifty thousand cheering people to greet him (20).
Lindbergh’s
popularity was enormous, and after the flight he published a book that sold two
hundred thousand copies in the first month, and made him two hundred and fifty
thousand dollars (21). The flight elevated his status among men. The average citizen
could hardly constrain their admiration for him, and aviation industry leaders
scampered for his expertise. Commercial aviation was growing during this period,
and in 1928 the Foreign Air Mail Act was passed. Since 1925 Lindbergh had been
working in the airmail industry, and subsequently was hired as a consultant to
corporate airmail companies, such as, TWA and Pan-Am. The consulting jobs, and
book sales, made Charles a wealthy man, and in 1930, he purchased a new plane
from Lockheed Aircraft Company that he named “Sirius” (22). With his new plane
he then attempted to set the transcontinental speed record, and began touring Europe
with Anne. The Lindbergh’s toured potential airline routes from Finland, Russia,
Estonia, Norway, England, Ireland, Scotland, France, Holland, Switzerland, Spain,
and Portugal (23).
20. Berg, 141
21. Berg, 167.
22. Berg, 215
23. Berg, 144
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The previous year, Charles had surveyed potential passenger service routes in South
and Central America. The mission was to link routes from the United States to
Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, Nicaragua, and Panama.
Anne was seven months pregnant when they began the transcontinental flights across
Europe, but Charles always encouraged her to participate in his activities, and she
even became an accomplished radio operator and navigator as a result of their time
together (24).
Anne Morrow Lindbergh’s career was remarkable. In the 1950’s she became
a successful writer, but her early years are perhaps more interesting. In 1926, she
became the first women to receive a glider license, and in 1931, she earned her pilot’s
license. According to the Department of Commerce Anne was one of only one
hundred and thirty eight women in the entire country to receive a pilot’s license in
the early 1930’s (25). In 1934, she became a licensed radio operator, and was the
first woman to be awarded a gold medal from the Veteran Wireless Operators
Association (26). Anne’s accomplishments made her popular with the American
public, and women’s magazines presented her as a pioneer in aviation along with her
husband. In fact her accomplishments became so admired that the famous aviator
Amelia Earhart even published an article in Cosmo Magazine in 1930 entitled “Mrs.
Lindbergh” (27).
24. Berg, 74.
25. Winters, C Kathleen, “Anne Morrow Lindbergh: First Lady of the Air”.
(New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 76.
26. Winters, 76.
27. Winters, 76.
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Anne, like Eleanor, represented Americas expanding cultural identity, and they both
were becoming increasingly recognizable as symbols of progress for women across
the country. These two women were remarkably accomplished, however, during
this period in American history men still had control of the opportunities that
enabled one to achieve the most notable accomplishments.
After serving a term as the forty fourth-governor of New York, FDR
achieved what many would consider the single greatest accomplishment in American
society.
He was elected to the presidency of the United States.
FDR was a
masterful political operator, however, the country was in trouble when he took
office, and needed an innovative leader, not a savvy politician. Industrial production
levels were fifty percent lower than before 1929, and crop prices had dropped by sixty
percent. There were also massive bank failures, and high unemployment. Roosevelt
quickly set off to repair the country. He began by initiating a ‘New Deal’ program
called the National Recovery Administration (NRA). The NRA attempt to control
economic activity by setting price controls, and establishing minimum wage
restrictions (28). The establishment of the NRA clearly reflected his belief that
institutions were more affective in solving problems than individuals, however, the
courts declared the NRA to be unconstitutional, and it was shut down. It was
apparent that Roosevelt was concerned about the countries future; however,
Americans were not ready to accept the intervention he was purposing.
28. Robert Eden, “ The New Deal and its Legacy”, (Westport, Ct: Greenwood Press,
1989), 116.
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Many people felt the program allowed an unhealthy level of government intrusion
into the economy, and related it to the fascist government programs in Italy. Fairminded historians, however, can now recognize that Roosevelt was simply
experimenting with various political devises that were evolving throughout Europe,
and was not necessarily attempting to import fascism to America like some critics
claimed.
Roosevelt’s first term as president was extremely challenging, but the job of
running America increased in difficulty in the preceding years. By 1939, America
was plagued with the question of whether or not to join the war that was raging in
Europe. Historically, America had trouble initiating force for rational restrictive
purposes, and many felt that military assertiveness was unbefitting to a liberal
democracy, and claimed that using force appeared totalitarian. Lindbergh may have
agreed with this type of thinking, however, he was not pacifist. His apprehension
was due to his belief that the America military was ill prepared to fight against Nazi
Germany. Numerous citizens also believed that the war was avoidable. Further
more, some felt very strongly that the war was the result of international bankers
interested in reestablishing stability in Western Europe in order to secure repayment
of wartime loans. Charles Lindbergh identified with these types of conclusions due
to his family background. Lindbergh was skeptical of bankers primarily because of
his father’s experiences. His father achieved a respectable level of success early in his
career, and was recognized as a prominent figure with in his community.
Hershman 18
Eventually, he was offered stock from the German-American National Bank for
including his name on their board of directors, but the experience left him suspicious
about banking practices (and bankers in general), and might have informed the
critical attitude that he passed on to his son.
Publicly, Roosevelt didn’t support bankers either (privately is another story),
however, he did realized that America needed to support its allies in Europe. It is
fair to conclude that during this period Charles Lindbergh represented Americas
naive side, and that Franklin Roosevelt represented its pragmatic side. Lindbergh
seemed to be clinging to Americas traditional Washingtonian proclamation that
urged the country to avoided foreign entanglements, and failed to recognize the
magnitude of problems inflicting Europe, and their capacity to harm America. It’s
hard to believe that Lindbergh lacked the mindfulness required to clearly determine
the rising threat posed by Nazi Germany. He had travel the world, and therefore,
couldn’t have been placed among the naive groups of Americans that failed to
understand that other countries could have legitimate national aspirations more
important to them than peace with us.
The arguments behind Lindbergh’s
reluctance to advocate entrance into the war were becoming increasingly difficult for
him to prove, however, Roosevelt’s arguments for going to war appeared more clear
and recognizable each day, and closely matched the publics growing acceptance of
Americas role in preventing the destruction of Britain and France. Roosevelt was
beginning to persuade public opinion in favor of intervention, despite the fact that as
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head of the America First Committee Lindbergh was railing against the war effort in
highly publicized public addresses. The two men’s rhetoric began to heat up along
with the destructive events in Europe. Roosevelt began to openly attack Lindbergh
by calling him a “ Nazi”, and Lindbergh’s rhetoric seemed to justify the his charge.
William Shakespeare once said, “ mind your speech a little lest you should mar your
fortunes”. Lindbergh would have done well to heed his advice, however, he didn’t,
and ended up delivering a speech that mistakenly tied the causes of war to the Jews,
which to many Americans affectively labeled him as a racist Nazi sympathizer. It is
not possible to defend such disparaging remarks, however, one can reasonable
conclude that Lindbergh was not necessarily anti-Semitic, but rather a naive and
desperate man that was searching for any plausible excuse to prevent Americas
participation in what he considered a foreign war. He used numerous misguided
arguments based on distorted views that rested on his belief in the possibility of
ethnic superiority. These views were alarmingly similar to assertions that Hitler
made in regards to the German peoples biological superiority compared to other
ethnic groups. It is apparent that Lindbergh was frightened and confused during the
period leading up to the Second World War. His confusion, however, should not be
surprising, because he seemed to be clueless of the increasing connectedness between
the people of the world, even though he personally served as an imputes behind one
of the pioneering achievements that helped create a new and smaller world. In the
final analysis it is fair to determine that Charles Lindbergh represented a certain
naiveté in American society that was primarily distinguishable by its adherence
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to neutrality in regards to the affairs of other countries. The secondary attribute of
the American identity reflected through Lindbergh was the importance of human
capital in achieving national greatness, and both he and his wife were among the
most prominent examples in American history of this fact.
The achievements and personal attributes of Franklin Delano Roosevelt also
helped shaped Americas national identity, however, in many ways they diverged
from those of Charles Lindbergh. Lindbergh was single-minded and naïve, and
Roosevelt was the consummate pragmatist who tirelessly contemplated the cause
and effect of his actions. Lindbergh could be described as a loner, and Roosevelt was
most happy while in the company of others. They both represented a certain degree
of individualism that is so pervasive in American culture, however, Roosevelt also
represented the importance of a democratic societies ability to worked together
collectively in regards to amicably settling its differences in order to move forward
with a productive consensus. Roosevelt had many other qualities one could identify
as culturally animated, however, the primary American trait that he embodied
leading up to the war was his profound irritation over the fact that another country
would provoke us enough to compel us into talking up arms. In conclusion,
regardless of their faults and difference of opinion both men represented America
during the time in which they lived.
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