Contents
Acknowledgments
xi
Introduction
1
I
History of Adoption in the United States
7
1
An Act to Provide for the Adoption of Children (1851)
9
General Court of Massachusetts
2
Society’s Children:
The Care of Indigent Youngsters in New York City, 1875–1903
11
Catherine J. Ross
3
Perfect Substitutes or the Real Thing?
19
Naomi Cahn
4
Like Our Very Own:
Adoption and the Changing Culture of Motherhood, 1851–1950
25
Julie Berebitsky
5
Fallen Women, Problem Girls: Unmarried Mothers
and the Professionalization of Social Work, 1890–1945
29
Regina G. Kunzel
II
Creating Adoptive Families: Legal and
Psychological Requirements and Consequences
33
A
Contemporary Standards of Adoption Practice
35
6
State and Federal Adoption Laws
37
Joan Heifetz Hollinger
7
Code of Ethics
43
American Academy of Adoption Attorneys
8
Adoption as a Child Welfare Service: CWLA 2000 Standards
45
Child Welfare League of America
v
vi Contents
9
Analysis of the Proposed Uniform Adoption Act (UAA) of 1994
47
Joan Heifetz Hollinger
10
Family Ties:
Solving the Constitutional Dilemma of the Faultless Father
52
David D. Meyer
B
Who May Adopt: Evaluating Prospective Adoptive Parents
61
11
Proposed Uniform Adoption Act (UAA) of 1994
63
12
Adoption Agencies and the Search for the Ideal Family, 1918–1965
64
Brian Paul Gill
13
Adoption and the Parental Screening System
72
Elizabeth Bartholet
C
Consequences of Adoption
75
14
Proposed Uniform Adoption Act (UAA) of 1994
77
15
Adoptees’ Inheritance Rights
78
Naomi Cahn and Joan Heifetz Hollinger
16
Is Adoption a Risk Factor for the Development
of Adjustment Problems?
80
Jeffrey J. Haugaard
17
Coming to Terms with Adoption:
The Construction of Identity from Adolescence into Adulthood
84
Harold D. Grotevant
18
Nature and Nurture: A New Look at How Families Work
85
Susan Freivalds
19
Nature in Adoptive Parenthood
88
Irving Leon
III
Foster Care and Informal Adoption
91
20
Smith v. Organization of Foster Families for Equality and Reform
(O.F.F.E.R.) (U.S. 1977)
95
21
In re G.C. (Pa. 1999)
100
22
Rodriguez v. McLoughlin (S.D.N.Y. 1999), reversed (2d Cir. N.Y. 2000)
102
23
In re Jasmon O. (Cal. 1994)
106
24
Parents’ Rights vs. Children’s Interests: The Case of the Foster Child
108
Marsha Garrison
Contents vii
25
When Children Cannot Remain Home:
Foster Family Care and Kinship Care
111
Jill Duerr Berrick
26
Taking Adoption Seriously:
Radical Revolution or Modest Revisionism?
115
Elizabeth Bartholet
27
The Extended Family System in the Black Community:
A Child-Centered Model for Adoption Policy
119
Gilbert A. Holmes
IV
Adoption and Confidentiality
123
28
Adoption and Change of Name: General Statutes of Minnesota (1917)
125
29
The Sealed Adoption Records Controversy in Historical Perspective:
The Case of the Children’s Home Society of Washington, 1895–1988
126
E. Wayne Carp
30
We Have a Long Way to Go: Attitudes toward Adoption
134
Ellen Herman
31
The Idea of Adoption:
An Inquiry into the History of Adult Adoptee Access to Birth Records
136
Elizabeth J. Samuels
32
Doe v. Sundquist (6th Cir. Tenn. 1997)
142
33
State Legislation and Mutual Consent Registries
145
National Council for Adoption
34
The Basic Bastard
146
Janine Baer et al.
35
CWLA Standards: Policy Changes, 1973–2000
149
Child Welfare League of America
36
Adoption, Identity, and the Constitution:
The Case for Opening Closed Records
153
Naomi Cahn and Jana Singer
V
37
Adoption with Continuing Contact:
“Open Adoption”
157
Overview of Legal Status of Post-Adoption Contact Agreements
159
Joan Heifetz Hollinger
38
Perspectives on Open Adoption
Annette Baran and Reuben Pannor
163
viii Contents
39
In re Adoption of Vito (Mass. 2000)
167
40
Guidelines for Public Policy and State Legislation
Governing Permanence for Children
172
U.S. Children’s Bureau
41
Post-Adoption Contact: CWLA 2000 Standards
174
Child Welfare League of America
42
Increasing Options to Improve Permanency:
Considerations in Drafting an Adoption with Contact Statute
175
Annette Ruth Appell
43
Kinship with Strangers:
Adoption and Interpretations of Kinship in American Culture
177
Judith S. Modell
VI
The Frontiers of Adoption
185
A
Adoption within and across Racial and Ethnic Boundaries
187
44
The What and Why of the Multiethnic Placement Act (MEPA)
189
Joan Heifetz Hollinger
45
“Are You My Mother?”:
Conceptualizing Children’s Identity Rights in Transracial Adoptions
194
Barbara Bennett Woodhouse
46
The Color of Desire: Fulfilling Adoptive Parents’ Racial
Preferences through Discriminatory State Action
200
R. Richard Banks
47
Private Race Preferences in Family Formation
205
Elizabeth Bartholet
48
Racial Geographies
208
Sally Haslanger
49
Does a Child Have a Right to a Certain Identity?
211
Anita L. Allen-Castellitto
50
Intercountry Adoption: A Frontier without Boundaries
215
Joan Heifetz Hollinger
B
51
The Indian Child Welfare Act and the
Adoption of Indian Children
219
Who Are Indian Children within the Scope of the
Federal Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA)?
221
Joan Heifetz Hollinger
Contents ix
52
Pigs in Heaven: A Parable of Native American
Adoption under the Indian Child Welfare Act
228
Christine Metteer
C
53
Single, Gay, and Lesbian Adoptive Parents
and Their Children
233
Second Parent Adoptions Protect Children
with Two Mothers or Two Fathers
235
Joan Heifetz Hollinger
54
55
State Appeals Court Rulings That Deny or Approve
Second Parent Adoptions by Same-Sex Couples
239
(How) Does the Sexual Orientation of Parents Matter?
248
Judith Stacey and Timothy J. Biblarz
56
Single Parent Adoptions
252
Nancy E. Dowd
VII
57
Feminism
257
Re-expressing Parenthood
259
Katharine T. Bartlett
58
Transracial and International Adoption:
Mothers, Hierarchy, Race, and Feminist Legal Theory
265
Twila L. Perry
59
Family Issue(s)
270
Naomi Cahn
60
“O Wind, Remind Him That I Have No Child”:
Infertility and Feminist Jurisprudence
273
Linda J. Lacey
61
Adoption, Biological Essentialism, and Feminist Theory
280
Charlotte Witt
VIII
Other Perspectives on Adoption
283
Analogies to Assisted Reproduction
and Other Parentage Laws
285
62
Johnson v. Calvert (Cal. 1993)
287
63
In re Nicholas H. (Cal. 2002)
291
64
Note on the Revised Uniform Parentage Act (UPA) of 2002
294
A
Joan Heifetz Hollinger
x Contents
65
Principles of the Law of Family Dissolution
297
American Law Institute (ALI)
66
From Coitus to Commerce:
Legal and Social Consequences of Noncoital Reproduction
299
Joan Heifetz Hollinger
67
Law Making for Baby Making:
An Interpretive Approach to the Determination of Legal Parentage
306
Marsha Garrison
68
Considerations against Donor Anonymity
in Collaborative Procreation
310
Mary Lyndon Shanley
69
The Jurisprudence of Genetics
313
Rochelle Cooper Dreyfuss and Dorothy Nelkin
B
Is There a Market for Adoptable Children?
317
70
Market-Inalienability
319
Margaret Jane Radin
71
The Effect of Transactions Costs on the Market for Babies
324
Margaret F. Brinig
Sources
329
Index
337
About the Editors
349