§1
Chapter 12
Shareholders’ Equity §2
Shareholders’ Equity How to Finance a Corporation:
— Borrow
— Notes, Bonds, Leases
— The debt holders are legally entitled to repayment of their principal and interest claims
— Issue Equity
— Common and Preferred Stock
— The shareholders, as owners, have voting rights, limited liability, and a residual interest in the corporate assets
— Retained Earnings (profitable operations)
§3
Relative Importance of Liabilities, Contributed Capital, and Earned Capital
Figure 12-­2 The relative importance of liabilities, contributed capital, and retained earnings (percentage of total assets)
§4
Debt and Equity Distinguished -­‐
Characteristics
Debt
Formal legal contract
Fixed maturity date
Fixed periodic payments
Security in case of default
No voice in management
Interest expense deductible
Equity
No legal contract
No fixed maturity date
Discretionary dividends
Residual asset interest
Voting rights -­ common
Dividends not deductible
Double taxation
§5
Distinctions Between Debt and Equity
Interested Party
Investors / Creditors
Management
Debt
Lower investment risk
Higher investment risk
Fixed cash receipts
Variable cash receipts
Contractual future cash payments
Dividends are discretionary
Effects on credit
rating
Effects of dilution/ takeover
Interest is tax deductible
Accountants/
Auditors
Equity______ Dividends are not tax deductible
Liabilities section
of the balance sheet
Shareholders’ equity
of the balance sheet
Income statement effects from debt
No income statement effects from equity
§6
The Economic Consequences Associated with Accounting for Shareholders’ Equity
— Key business ratios rely on Shareholders’ equity which affects credit ratings and analysts evaluation of a company
Figure 12-­5 Shareholders’ equity section of balance sheet
§7
Preferred Stock vs. Common Stock
Preferred Stock
Advantages
Common Stock
Preference over common in liquidation
Voting Rights
Stated dividend
Rights to residual profits (after preferred)
Preference over common in dividend payout
Disadvantages Subordinate to debt in liquidation
Stated dividend can be skipped
Last in liquidation
No guaranteed return
No voting rights (versus common)
Debt or Equity?
Components of both
Usually classified as equity
§8
Sample Co. Shareholders’ Equity (Used for Examples)
Common stock, $1 par value, 500,000 shares
authorized, 80,000 shares issued, and
75,000 shares outstanding
$ 80,000
Common stock dividends distributable
2,000
Preferred stock, $100 par value, 1,000 shares
authorized, 100 shares issued and outstanding
10,000
Paid in capital on common
$ 20,000
Paid in capital on preferred
3,000
Paid in capital on treasury stock 2,000
25,000
Retained earnings:
Unappropriated
$18,000
Appropriated
4,000
22,000
Less: Treasury stock, 5,000 shares (at cost) (6,000)
Less: Other comprehensive income items
(unrealized loss on AFS securities)
(2,000)
Total Shareholders’ Equity
$131,000
§9
Accounting for Common and Preferred Stock Issuances
Using Sample Company’s information, record the following additional issues of common (CS) and preferred stock (PS). Par value of PS is $100 and par value of CS is $1. Issued 100 shares of PS at $102 per share:
Cash (100 x $102)
10,200
PS (100 x $100 par)
10,000
APIC* -­ PS 200
Issued 500 shares of CS at $5 per share:
Cash (500 x $5)
2,500
CS (500 x $1 par)
APIC* -­ CS 500
2,000
APIC – Additional Paid-­in Capital
§10
Treasury Stock
— Created when a company buys back shares of its own common stock.
— Reasons for buyback are numerous and include
— Support compensation plans — Maintain leverage — Raise EPS — Return money to shareholders
— The debit balance account called “Treasury Stock” is reported in shareholders’ equity as a contra account to SE. — Note: Treasury Stock is not an asset.
— The stock remains issued, but is no longer outstanding.
— does not have voting rights
— cannot receive cash dividends
— May be reissued (to the market or to employees) or retired.
— No gains or losses are ever recognized from these equity transactions.
§11
Treasury Stock Example from Sample Co.
Note that Sample Company (from previous slide) has 5,000 shares of Treasury Stock (TS) at a total cost of $6,000, or a cost of $1.20 per share. The journal entry to record that purchase would have been:
TS
6,000
Cash
6,000
Note that Sample Company also has APIC -­ TS of $2,000 in the balance sheet. This must be from previous TS transactions, where the TS was purchased, then reissued for more than original cost. All that remains of those transactions is the APIC -­TS.
§12
Treasury Stock -­‐ Example Problem
Tiger Corporation has 100,000 shares of $1 par value stock authorized, issued and outstanding at January 1, 2014. The stock had been issued at an average market price of $5 per share, and there have been no treasury stock transactions to this point. Assume that, in February of 2014, Tiger Corp. repurchases 10,000 shares of its own stock at $7 per share. In July of 2014, Tiger Corp. reissues 2,000 shares of the treasury stock for $8 per share. In December of 2014, Tiger Corp. reissues the remaining 8,000 shares for $6 per share. Prepare the journal entries for 2014 regarding the treasury stock. §13
Treasury Stock Example -­‐ Journal Entries
Feb: repurchase 10,000 sh. @ $7 = $70,000.
TS
70,000
Cash
70,000
July: reissue 2,000 sh. @ $ 8 = $16,000
(cost = 2,000sh. @ $7 = 14,000)
Cash
16,000
TS
14,000
APIC -­ TS
2,000
§14
Treasury Stock Example -­‐Journal Entries
Dec: reissue 8,000 sh. @ $ 6 = $48,000
(cost = 8,000 sh.@ $7 = 56,000)
Cash
48,000
APIC -­ TS (1)
2,000
RE (2)
6,000
TS
56,000
Now we need to debit one or more accounts to compensate for the difference. (1) debit APIC -­TS (but lower limit is to -­0-­).
(2) debit RE if necessary for any remaining balance (this is only necessary when we are decreasing equity).
15
§
Stock Options
— Give employees (typically executives) the right to purchase company stock at a given price for a period of time.
— The idea is that if the stock price rises the executives purchase stock at a price less than its market value thereby getting a benefit.
— Since value is given up in the lower than market stock price and existing stockholders give up a percentage of ownership, GAAP requires that an expense be booked when the options are granted
§ 16
Retained Earnings We will be expanding the basic retained earnings formula in this chapter. Now the Statement of Retained Earnings will include the following:
RE, beginning (unadjusted)
Add/Subtract: Prior period adjustment
RE, beginning (restated)
Add: net income
Less dividends:
Cash dividends-­common
Cash dividends -­ preferred
Stock dividends Property dividends
Less: Adjustment for TS transactions
Appropriation of RE
RE, ending
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx xx
xx
§17
Example of Stock Split IZM Company has 100,000 shares of $2 par value stock authorized, 10,000 shares issued and outstanding.
The SE section of the balance sheet shows: — Common stock $20,000
— Retained earnings 80,000 The market price of the outstanding shares is $50 per share before the split is distributed.
§18
Example of Stock Split — If IZM declared a 2 for 1 stock split, the old shares would be turned in and new shares would be issued with the following description:
— Common stock, $1 par value, 200,000 shares authorized, 20,000 shares issued and outstanding. — The total SE is still $100,000: — Common stock $20,000
— Retained earnings 80,000
— The market price per outstanding share would now be $25 per share.
— Note: No journal entry is necessary.
§19
Stock Dividends vs Stock Splits Going back to the original IZM information. Assume instead that IZM declared a 100% stock dividend.
First, prepare the JEs to record the declaration and distribution of the stock dividend for new shares (10,000 shares x 100% = 10,000 new shares x $2 per share = $20,000):
Stock Dividends (RE) 20,000
Stock Div. Distributable
20,000
Stock Div. Distributable 20,000
Common Stock
20,000
§20
Stock Dividends vs Stock Splits Note the new description for the stock dividend:
— Common stock, $2 par value, 100,000 shares authorized, 20,000 shares issued and outstanding — The total value in SE is still $100,000:
— Common Stock
$40,000
— Retained Earnings
60,000
— $20,000 has been moved from RE to Common Stock
— Note that the total market price per share would change to $25 per share.
— Thus, a 2 for 1 stock split and a 100% stock dividend have the same effect on:
— total shareholders’ equity and
— market price per share
§21
Stock Dividends vs Stock Splits To summarize the effects on IZM Company:
100% Stock
2 for 1
After:
Dividend
Stock Split
Total sh. outstanding 20,000 sh.
20,000 sh.
Par value per share
$2
$1
Market price per share
$25
$25
Total shareholders’ eq: $100,000
$100,000
General ledger results:
CS account
$ 40,000
$ 20,000
RE account
$ 60,000
$ 80,000
CS was $20,000 and RE was $80,000 before the split or dividend. The stock dividend required journal entries, and the amounts for CS and RE changed. The stock split does not require a journal entry and the amounts for CS and RE do not change.
§22
Comprehensive Class Problem -­‐ Shareholders’ Equity
Given the following SE balances for Company G at 1/1/15:
Common stock, $10 par, 50,000 shares authorized, 20,000 shares issued and outstanding $200,000
APIC on common stock
Retained earnings
400,000
400,000
During 2015, Company G had the following activity:
1.Net income for the year was $250,000.
2.Cash dividends of $2 per share were declared and paid on February 1.
3.On June 1, Company G repurchased 2,000 shares of its own stock at $20 per share (using the cost method).
4.On December 1, Company G reissued 500 shares of treasury stock at $18 per share.
5.On December 15, Company G declared a 100% stock dividend, to be distributed to all of its shareholders (including treasury), on Jan. 15, 2016.
§23
Comprehensive Class Problem -­‐
Shareholders’ Equity (continued)
Required:
A. Prepare journal entries for items 2 through 5 (item 1 would require detailed information for revenues and expenses to prepare -­ just know that the credit is to retained earnings for $250,000).
B. the Statement of Stockholders’ Equity for Company G for 2015.
C. Prepare the stockholders’ equity section of the balance sheet for Company G for 2015, including the appropriate description for the common stock.
§24
Comprehensive Class Problem -­‐ Solution
A. Journal entries
1. No entry required.
2.
Calc: 20,000 x $2 = 40,000
Cash Dividends (RE)
40,000
Dividends Payable
40,000
Dividends Payable
40,000
Cash
40,000
3.
Calc: 2,000 shares x $20 = $40,000
Treasury Stock
Cash 40,000
40,000 §25
Comprehensive Class Problem -­‐ Solution
Part A: Journal Entries
4. Calc: 500 shares x $18 market = $9,000
500 shares x $20 cost = $10,000 Cash
Retained Earnings Treasury Stock
9,000 market
1,000 10,000 cost
5. Calc: 20,000 new shares x $10 par = $200,000
Stock Dividend (RE) 200,000
Stock Div. Distributable 200,000
Note: in Item 5, the stock has not yet been distributed, so we cannot credit common stock, or show it issued yet. This “Stock Dividends Distributable” account is a related equity account, and indicates that there are shares of stock to be distributed in the future.
§26
Comprehensive Class Problem -­‐ Solution
Part B: Statement of SE (in thousands)
CS
Balance 1/1/15
Net income
Cash dividends
Stock dividends
Purchase of TS
Reissue of TS
Balance, 12/31/15
$200
CSDD APIC RE TS
$400 $400
250
(40)
$200
(200)
$(40)
( 1) 10
$200 $200 $400 $409 $(30)
Note: CSDD is Common Stock Dividends Distributable. When shares are distributed, then CS is increased.
§27
Comprehensive Class Problem -­‐ Solution
Part C: Shareholders’ Equity Section of B/S
Common stock, $10 par value, 50,000 shares authorized, 20,000 shares issued,
18,500 shares outstanding
$
Common stock dividends distributable, 20,000 shares
Additional paid-­in capital, common stock
Retained earnings Less: Treasury stock, 1,500 shares at cost
Total shareholders’ equity
200,000
200,000
400,000
409,000
(30,000)
$1,179,000
§28
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