Point-To-Point & MultiPoint Wireless
Jim C Johnston
JTS
jim@jts.net
972-620-1435 x115
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Agenda
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Wireless System Characteristics
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Common to both PTP and MP systems
Specific to PTP systems
Specific to MP systems
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Pre-Planning
Execution
Post Planning
Installation
Example Systems
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
2
Common Characteristics
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Regulatory
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Compression
Frequency
System Gain
Channel
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Duplexing
Symmetry
Radio Streams
Secret Sauce
Multiplexing &
Modulation
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
3
Regulatory
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FCC
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Licensed FCC Title 47 Part 101
Unlicensed FCC Title 47 Part 15
Parameters
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Frequency
Peak Transmit Power
Spectral Density mW/MHz
Antennas
EIRP - Effective Radiated Power
Modulation
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
4
Frequency
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Licensed
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6, 7*, 11, 13*, 18, 23 GHz
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3650 - 3700 MHz
Others - Millimeter Wave
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ISM Industrial Scientific Medical
Lite - Licensed (Regional)
Unlicensed
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902-928 MHz,
2.400 - 2.485 GHz
5.725 - 5.875 GHz
U-NII Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure
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U-NII-1 5.15 - 5.25 GHz
U-NII-2 5.25 - 5.35 GHz
U-NII-2e 5.47- 5.725 GHz
U-NII-3 5.725 - 5.850 GHz
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
* Shared with BAS - Broadcast Auxiliary Service Bands
5
System Gain
System Gain = Transmit Power - Receiver Sensitivity
TX Power dBm
RX Sensitivity
dBm
System Gain dB
+24
-70
94
+18
-82
100
+14
-62
76
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
6
Channel Width
Channel Width 10 MHz
Center Frequency
5.8 GHz ISM Band 5725 - 5850 125 MHz wide
10 MHz Channel Plan with Center Frequencies on 5 MHz Centers
12 Non-Overlapping or 24 Overlapping Channels
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
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OFDM Modulation
• Multiplexing multiple carriers in one channel
• High spectral efficiency
• Resiliency to RF interference – good performance in
unregulated and regulated frequency bands
• Lower multi-path distortion
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
8
General Information
6 GHz
11 GHz
18 GHz
23 GHz
Frequency Range
5.9 - 6.4 GHz
10.7 - 11.7 GHz
17.7 - 19.7 GHz
21.2 - 23.6 GHz
T-R Spacing
252.04 MHz
490 MHz
1560 MHz
1200 MHz
RF Channel Spacing
10 MHz
30 MHz
10 MHz
30 MHz
40 MHz
20 MHz
40 MHz
50 MHz
80 MHz
20 MHz
50 MHz
Emission Designator
10MOD7W 30MOD7W 10M0D7W 30M0D7W 40M0D7W 20M0D7W 40M0D7W 50M0D7W 56M0D7W 20M0D7W 50M0D7W
Frequency Accuracy
7 PPM
System Configuration
Non-Protected (1+0), Protected (1+1)
Radio Information
Modulation
Transmit Power
Automatic Power Control (APC)
Receiver Sensitivity (BER 10e-6)
Receiver Overload (BER 10e-6)
QPSK
30 dBm
+2 to +30
-84 dBm
-20 dBm
Radio Information
Modulation
Transmit Power
Automatic Power Control (APC)
Receiver Sensitivity (BER 10e-6)
Receiver Overload (BER 10e-6)
QPSK
25 dBm
+2 to +25
-89 dBm
-20 dBm
16QAM
28 dBm
+2 to +28
-82 dBm
-20 dBm
6 GHz
32QAM
28 dBm
+2 to +28
-76 dBm
-20 dBm
16QAM
25 dBm
+2 to +25
-82 dBm
-20 dBm
18 GHz
32QAM
25 dBm
+2 to +25
-77 dBm
-20 dBm
64QAM
24 dBm
+2 to +24
-71 dBm
-28 dBm
64QAM
23 dBm
+2 to +23
-73 dBm
-28 dBm
128QAM
24 dBm
+2 to +24
-69 dBm
-28 dBm
128QAM
20 dBm
+2 to +20
-68 dBm
-28 dBm
QPSK
27 dBm
+2 to +27
-84 dBm
-20 dBm
QPSK
24 dBm
+2 to +24
-88 dBm
-20 dBm
16QAM
26 dBm
+2 to +26
-82 dBm
-20 dBm
11 GHz
32QAM
25 dBm
+2 to +25
-76 dBm
-20 dBm
64QAM
24 dBm
+2 to +24
-71 dBm
-28 dBm
128QAM
24 dBm
+2 to +24
-68 dBm
-28 dBm
16QAM
23 dBm
+2 to +23
-81 dBm
-20 dBm
23 GHz
32QAM
22 dBm
+2 to +22
-77 dBm
-20 dBm
64QAM
21 dBm
+2 to +21
-71 dBm
-28 dBm
128QAM
21 dBm
+2 to +21
-67 dBm
-28 dBm
Capacity Bandwidth
Ethernet
T1
10 MHz
20 MHz
RF
30 MHz
Channel
40 MHz
Size
50 MHz
56 MHz
Payload
20 Mbps
0
2
16QAM
QPSK
50 Mbps
16
0
2
100 Mbps
16
0
2
150 Mbps
16
0
2
200 Mbps
16
0
2
250 Mbps
0
2
300 Mbps
0
2
128QAM
16QAM
QPSK
32QAM
16QAM
32QAM
64QAM
128QAM
QPSK
16QAM
64QAM
128QAM
QPSK
16QAM
32QAM
64QAM
QPSK
16QAM
32QAM
64QAM
Management
Remote Access
Ethernet: 20/50/100/150/200/250/300/400/500/600
SNMP
Mbps Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
Full Featured MIB
T1: 0/2/16/32/41/63
Web-Based GUI
155 Mbps: SONET OC-3/SDH STM-1
128QAM
128QAM
Environmental
Indoor Unit
Operating Temperature: -5° to +55°
9C
Relative Humidity: 0 to 95%, non-condensing
Altitude: 4,500 m
Adaptive Code Modulation (ACM)
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Adaptive Code Modulation
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As path conditions deteriorate modulation decreases, reducing throughput
QOS maintains mission critical throughput while delaying less important
Switching between modulation rates is “hitless”
Switching is automatic
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
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Adaptive Modulation
4.5km/2.8 miles path, 56MHz channel, 400Mbps, 256QAM, 99.999% availability
Without Adaptive Modulation: requires 4 ft antennas
Modulation
Throughput (Mbps)
Availability (%)
Unavailability of
modulation
Outage – 5 minutes and 15 seconds
256QAM (2)
400
99.999
4min, 28sec
With Adaptive Modulation: requires 1 ft antennas
Modulation
Throughput (Mbps)
Availability (%)
Unavailability of
modulation
Outage – 5 minutes and 15 seconds
QPSK
80
99.999
5min, 3sec
8PSK
120
99.998
9min, 3sec
16QAM
160
99.997
11min, 4sec
32QAM
210
99.996
16min, 42sec
64QAM
260
99.995
24min, 35sec
128QAM
320
99.992
37min, 35sec
256QAM (1)
360
99.989
55min, 33sec
256QAM (2)
400
99.985
1hr,18min, 13sec
Assumed rain zone K, 23 [GHz] band
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
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Compression
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Header Compression improves network transmission
efficiency, quality and speed
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Decrease in packet header overhead (bandwidth savings)
Reduction in packet loss
Better interactive response time
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
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Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
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Duplexing
F1
FDD
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F2
FDD
FDD Frequency Division
Two Channels
One Frequency Each Direction
No Switching Latency
100 Mbps = 200 Aggregate
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
TDD
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F
GI
GI
TDD
TDD Time Division
One Frequency
Part Time Each Way
Guard Interval
OTA - over the air data rate
100 Mbps ≈ 60 Aggregate
Symmetrical
Asymmetrical
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Radio Streams - MIMO
Multiple In - Multiple Out
Radio 1
Radio 2
F1 or P1
Radio 1
F2 or P2
Radio 2
Can be One Frequency with Horizontal and Vertical Polarity or Same Polarity
Different Frequency
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MIMO-B (additive)
More Reliable, Robust
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Improve Throughput in
Substandard Conditions
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Some Radios Dynamically Switch
MIMO-A (diversity)
Same Data Each Stream
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
Different Data Each Stream
More Throughput in Ideal
Conditions
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Secret Sauce
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Some are “Marketing” names on above parameters
Fine Tuning or advanced adjustments or features
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Guard Interval, MTU Size, Symmetry, Scheduler Adjustments
Built in Spectrum Analyzer
Dynamic Frequency, Modulation, Compression, MIMO
Alignment Feedback and Process
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Receiver Sensitivity, Interference Rejection
Tx Power at higher modulation levels
Discriminators to demodulate modulation
Processing Power, Packets Per Second (PPS)
Hardware, Processors & Software can make a difference
Support, Communication, Documentation, Quality &
Ruggedness of Hardware, Surge Protection, Connectors,
Differentiate Products
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
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Link Characteristics
PTP & MP
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Link Budget
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Path Calculation, Fade Margin
Distance
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Free Space Loss
Terrain
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Reflections, Obstacles
Antenna
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Type, Gain
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Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
Antenna Elevation
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Clear obstacles
Atmosphere
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Air Density, Rain
Meteorological Events
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Fading
Environment
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Noise
Availability
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Performance
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Link Budget
+28 dB
+28 dB
-5 dB
-5 dB
-131 dB
+30 dBm
-55 dB
-72 dB
Link Budget 30 -5dB +28 -131 +28 -5 = -55dBm
Receiver Sensitivity = -72 dBm
Fade Margin = 17 dBm
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
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Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
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Terrain & Path Calculation
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
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MultiPoint Characteristics
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Access
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Polling
Contention
Scheduled
Aggregate Bandwidth
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Base Station Capacity
Range
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Timing, Guard Intervals
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# of Subscribers
Symmetry
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Adjustable
Modulation
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Fixed
Adaptive
Vary by Remote
Airtime Fairness
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Allocating Time & Bandwidth
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
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SNR & RSL Affect Modulation
VL System Expected Throughput in Mbps, TCP Traffic, Burst Mode Enabled, Concatenation Enabled
Signal to Noise
Modulation
Level
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
SNR
> 23 dB
21 dB < SNR < 23 dB
16 dB < SNR < 21 dB
13 dB < SNR < 16 dB
10 dB < SNR < 13 dB
8 dB < SNR < 10 dB
7 dB < SNR < 8 dB
6 dB < SNR < 7 dB
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Throughput 10 MHz Channel
Sensitivity
10 MHz
-74
-76
-80
-84
-87
-89
-91
-92
Uplink
Downlink
13.2
12.55
10.5
7.9
6.2
4.45
3.35
2.35
15.05
14.45
12.35
8.85
6.85
4.7
3.55
2.4
Throughput 20 MHz Channel
Aggregate
Sensitivity
Bi-Directional 20 MHz
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-71
14.7
-73
11.4
-77
8.45
-81
6.55
-84
4.65
-86
3.5
-88
2.4
-89
Uplink
Downlink
26.4
25.1
21
15.8
12.4
8.9
6.7
4.7
30.1
28.9
24.7
17.7
13.7
9.4
7.1
4.8
Aggregate
Bi-Directional
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29.4
22.8
16.9
13.1
9.3
7
4.8
SNR - Signal to Noise
Sensitivity - RSL
Both Affect Modulation Rate
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
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Pre-Installation
Design & Engineering
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End User Requirements
Licensing
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Licensed
Unlicensed
Locations
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Coordinates
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Antenna Structure
Power
Path
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Distance
Terrain
Fresnel Clearance
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Equipment
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Frequency
Channel Width
System Gain
Antennas
Path Calculation
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Received Signal Level (RSL)
Fade Margin
Modulation Rate
Equipment Configuration
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Management
Interfaces
Empirical Site Survey
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Verify path
Look for obstacles, reflection
points
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
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Installation
Attention to Detail
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Safety
Antennas
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Mounts
Stabilizers
Ice Shields
Alignment
Cabling
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Support
Wind
Water
Ice
Building Entry
Connectors
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Termination
Weather sealing
Cable Assembly
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Scan or sweep
Grounding
Bonding
Surge Protection
Power
Post - Installation
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Close-out Procedures
Document
Document
Document
Pictures
Screenshots
RSL
Noise
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Configuration
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Network
Management
SNMP
Time Server
Installation
Attention to Detail
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Safety
Antennas
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Mounts
Stabilizers
Ice Shields
Alignment
Cabling
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Support
Wind
Water
Ice
Building Entry
Connectors
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Termination
Weather sealing
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
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Cable Assembly
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Scan or sweep
Label
Grounding
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Test
Bonding
Surge Protection
Power
Major Causes of Service Calls
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Cable Termination
Cable Support
Weather Seal
Surge Protection
Lightning
Weather
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Post - Installation
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Close-out Procedures
Document
Document
Document
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Configuration
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Network
Management
SNMP
Time Server
Pictures
Screenshots
RSL
Document Noise
Spectrum Picture
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
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Riverside - Gause
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18 Mile Shot
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Non-Line of Site
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Ridge & 70’ Trees
Maximum Capacity
Needed
Riverside
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Elevated Storage Tank
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Radio
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Cambium PTP600
6’ Dishes each end
Path Calc
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Free Space Loss 137 dB
Excess Path Loss 27 dB
Total Path Loss 164 B
Calculated RSL -65 dB
Calculated IP 25.4 Mbps
Hearne
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Elevated Storage Tank
Existing WISP on Tank
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
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High Point
Andrews Block9 to Means
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18 Mile Shot
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Tower each end
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Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
Radio
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Exalt rc5000 5.8 GHz
3’ dishes each end
PathCalc
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-54 dB
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Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
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Lake Kiowa to Calisburg
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18.9 Miles
Radio
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PathCalc
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RSL -36 dB
Fade Margin 41 dB
11 GHz Licensed
Antennas
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4’ at each end
250’ at Lake Kiowa
190’ at Calisburg
Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
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Faith Ranch
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MultiPoint System
Radio
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Subscribers
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RADWIN 5000 HPMP BSU
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Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
HSU Integrated Antenna
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.86 Mile
Calc -63 dB, 6 Mpbs
Actual -62, 10 Mbps
HSU Integrated Antenna
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1.1 Miles
Calc -66 dB, 6 Mbps
Actual -69 dB, 10 Mbps
HSU 2’ Dual Polarity Dish
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4.2 Miles
Calc -65 dB, 6 Mbps
Actual -63 dB, 10 Mbps
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Point - To - Point and MultiPoint Microwave Systems
57