Guidance Notes:
Rural Development FinalVersion
Issue
• The EDPRS I (2008-2012) Flagship Themes of Sustainable Growth for Jobs and Exports and
Vision 2020 Umurenge in different ways focused on rural development to attain, over the
last five years, an economic growth of 8% a year and poverty reduction of 12%
(headcount).
•
However, poverty in rural areas remains persistent and rural areasstill lack basic
access to services and markets. Income generating potential from private sector
investment also remains vastly underutilized, mainly due to the inherent risks in
agriculture. Therefore both public (facilitating access to services) and private investments
(creating employment and sustainable growth) are required for rural
development.Agriculture growth fuelled by public and private investments will allow further
poverty reduction.
•
The concept of rural development is defined as the development of the non-urban
space in Rwanda. In other words, it refers to the process of improving the quality of life
and economic wellbeing of people living in rural areas. However, given the intrinsic
rural-urban linkages, if done effectively, rural development will greatly assist the process of
urbanization.
•
While economic transformation continues in order to attain Vision 2020 targets, there is a
need to ensure that growth is equitable, food security is ensured and access to basic
services is guaranteed and the depth of poverty is reduced in all districts in Rwanda.In
particular, female subsistence farmers, who are arguably the largest most vulnerable
population, need to receive the proceeds of economic growth.Even if the role of agriculture
growth (as a proportion of GDP)declines with structural economic transformation, rural
development will continue to be critical to reducing poverty and inequality.
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This rural development thematic guidance provides the strategic framework that will
facilitate the co-coordinated implementation of sector strategies and District Development
Plans (DDPs) to reduce rural poverty in Rwanda.
Rural Development Primary Objectives
1) Rural Poverty is Significantly Reduced in all Districts – This culminatesin an average of 15%
reduction in overall poverty reduction.
2) Proceeds of Growth are Equitable: Inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient,across
districts/provinces is further reduced to ensure that economic transformation benefits all
Rwandans.
3) Economic Transformation Occurs within the Rural Population – Rural development is the
engine of the potential 8.5% agricultural growth and contributes to the 11.5% national economic
growth. Growth accounting should reveal which sub-sectors can be targeted to facilitate economic
growth.
Background Analysis
• This section seeks to provide, firstly, the rationale for rural development as a thematic area
and secondly, the justification for the areas of focus for sectors and districts over the coming
5 years. We analyze EICV III data and other reports to satisfy these two demands.
•
The rural sector accounts for over 80% employment in Rwanda, with the main sector being
agriculture, making up 32% of GDP. The rural world therefore dominates the urban in
Rwanda with over 9 out of 10 people living in rural areas. Poverty remains largely a rural
and agricultural phenomenon, with rural poverty at 48.7% (urban 22.1%).
Province
2000/01
2005/06
2010/11
Kigali City
Southern Province
Western Province
Northern Province
Eastern Province
22.7%
65.5%
62.3%
64.2%
59.3%
20.8%
66.7%
60.4%
60.5%
52.1%
16.8%
56.5%
48.4%
42.8%
42.6%
28.5%
61.9%
56.7%
22.1%
48.7%
44.9%
Urban
Rural
Total
58.9%
Figure 1: Poverty Rate (Headcount)
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Rural poverty fell from 61.9% to 48.7% in the last five years (EICV III). Extreme rural
poverty fell from 39.5% to 26.4% (EICV III). However, many poor Rwandans continue to live
at levels very far below the poverty line. It is very important to note that the headcount
measure only counts people below the national poverty line (118,000 RwF annual income,
2011 prices) – it is does not differentiate between a person earning 105,000 RwF and the
other earning 60,000 RwF as both are counted as simply being below the poverty line. The
poverty-depth measurement – the proportion of the population that falls beneath the
poverty line, shows that many are very far from getting near the poverty line. This has
implications for poverty targeting. It should be noted for comparison that rural consumption
is three times less that of urban consumption.
Province
Kigali City
Southern Province
Western Province
Northern Province
Eastern Province
2000/01
14.5%
44.7%
40.4%
46.5%
39.4%
Urban
Rural
Total
40.0%
Figure 2: Extreme Poverty Rates
•
2005/06
12.9%
44.9%
37.7%
39.1%
29.9%
2010/11
16.0%
39.5%
10.4%
26.4%
35.8%
24.1%
7.8%
31.1%
27.4%
23.5%
20.8%
Looking at the changes, there was a significant decline in poverty in 13 out of 30 districts.
While we observe differences in poverty across districts, ranging from 8.3% to 73%, rural
poverty in Rwanda remains highly persistent. All Provinces had districts that performed well
and those that did not. Poverty reduction therefore varies significantly, even within
Provinces. When looking at extreme poverty and poverty depth combined we see that the
pervasive poverty is in the South, West and Northern provinces. In particular, the highest
levels of poverty from these measures can be summarized as:Gakenke, Gicumbi, Nyamagabe,
Nyaruguru,
Ruhango,
Gisagara,
Karongi,
Nyamasheke,
Rutsiro,
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Ngororero.
Poverty by province and district
90%
80%
North
Eastern
South
West
Kigali
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Musanze
Burera
Gicumbi
Rulindo
Gakenke
Kirehe
Gatsibo
Nyagatare
Bugesera
Ngoma
Kayonza
Nyaruguru
Gisagara
Nyanza
Huye
Kamonyi
Ruhango
Nyamagabe
Muhanga
Nyabihu
Rubavu
Rutsiro
Ngororero
Rwamagana
Rusizi
Nyamasheke
Karongi
Kicukiro
Gasabo
Nyarugenge
0%
Poverty 2010/11
Reduction in poverty since 2005/06
Figure 3: Poverty by Province & District
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Rural development is arguably a strong driver of ensuring that the proceeds of growth are
inclusive. Inequality over the past five years has reduced when compared to the previous
five years. This indicates that the growth has translated into faster poverty reduction and
that the benefits of growth have not simply gone to the rich. However, the Northern
province, an area experiencing high growth did not encounter a decline in equality. In sum,
inequality is still high and is likely to be pushed up with increasing urbanization and
economic transformation. Rural development is one strategy to minimize this impact.
Province
Kigali City
Southern Province
Western Province
Northern Province
Eastern Province
2000/01
0.559
0.425
0.445
0.457
0.403
National
0.507
Ratio of 90th to 10th 7.066
Figure 4: Inequality Measurement
•
2005/06
0.586
0.446
0.492
0.431
0.436
2010/11
0.522
7.100
0.490
6.36
0.559
0.373
0.395
0.438
0.362
Just as poverty across districts is complex, there are differences in the types of actors in rural
world in Rwanda. Some large commercial farmers, particularly in the east, coexist with
smallholders. In many parts of the country, commercial smallholders deliver surpluses to
food markets (nationally, on average, 26.9% of household output is sold) and share in the
benefits of expanding markets for new agriculture of high-value activities. The
commercialization drive in agriculture has been a key driver in poverty reduction. However,
a large population remains in subsistence farming, consuming nearly all the food they
produce and participate in the market as buyers of food and sellers of labour. The
subsistence farmer is of course the most vulnerable to agricultural seasonal
fluctuations and may not have other income sources to diversify their risk.
Additionally, according to the data women within this group are even more vulnerable and
are the least likely to graduate out of this group to having off-farm job employment.
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Rural Development
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Role of Agriculture:Agriculture contributes to development as an economic activity, as a
livelihood, and as a provider of environmental services, making the sector a unique
instrument for development. Land-use consolidation combined with the crop intensification
program (CIP) has been an important driver in attempting to ensure that farmers get more
from their land with input provision and some market organization. The efforts, particularly
in the last two years, of encouraging storage and post-harvest handling infrastructure
investment have played a strong role in improving the capabilities of farmers and
cooperatives to market their produce.
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The improved surpluses have allowed farmers to sell more and there has been an increase in
agricultural exports, particularly in informal exports to the DRC. However, productivity per
hectare of many high value and staple crops in Rwanda is still very low and nearly all
agro-processors complain about the lack of raw material.
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Food security in relation to agriculture means income generation and for the household
importantly means having sufficient income, education and health access – it does not
imply that all that the household consumes needs to be locally produced.Farmers that
processed of crops and marketed their surplus saw significant income increases over the
past five years.
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Other Economic Opportunities in Rural Areas: Understanding the economic
opportunities to escape poverty in rural areas is paramount. In Rwanda, the rural labour
market has many poorly remunerated agriculture jobs and a very small number of high-skill
jobs that offer ways out of poverty. On average,non-agricultural work is the most secure
route to escape from poverty, with poverty being the lowest for those obtaining half or
more of their income from non-agricultural work.For households, the combination of
agricultural work with non-agricultural work diversifies incomes (reducing risk&
vulnerability) and is clearly important for rural transformation.Therefore facilitation of
the private enterprises and the private sector in general is key.
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Rural Urban Linkages: Understanding the rural-urban linkages in Rwanda is key.The
danger is that withslower growth in the agriculture sector and a rapidly growing nonagriculture sector, labour markets strongly segmented by labour skills can widen the ruralurban income gap. However, rapid growth of urban incomes in Rwanda and increasing
demand for high-value products(such as processed agriculture products) can provide a
catalyst for faster agriculture growth and subsequent rural development.
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Human Settlements:Human settlements in rural areas are organized agglomerations of
housing and living. Nationally, 37.2% of the habitat of households is isolated rural housing
and 37.5% of houses are within an Imidugudu.Being within an Imidugudu canenable
closer access to basic services such as water, electricity and health and education
services. To pick an example,water and sanitation are high impact areas of releasing
economic development – with improved sanitary methods and water sources being used by
74% of the population, while in Kigali the average of population with access to clean water is
above 90%. In particular, within the Eastern and Western Province where the access is
sometimes below 60% in some Districts access is low.Imidugudu settlements can enable
land to be used optimally with fertile land being used for agriculture and poorer land for
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construction of settlements. Given the land scarcity, using the land optimally will be key for
economic and social development.
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Extreme Poverty & Social Protection:The Government uses the VUP program to target the
extreme poor to lift them out of poverty, however, the VUP public works appears to under
deliver in terms of income support to extremely poor Rwandan households. For example,
only 26% of all individuals who had participated in the public works program in the
preceding year were still active in the program the following year, importantly of the 75% no
longer active, only 10% had found any work.When analyzing the district data, targeting has
not always targeted the areas of the most persistent extreme poverty.While this may be
due to the persistence of poverty in all districts in Rwanda, over the past five years many in
extreme poverty have not necessarily been received significant assistance from government.
Additionally, the amounts received for those in extreme poverty are very insignificant.
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Gender inequality: here is particularly serious in poorer rural communities – given the
transition of some men to off-farm employment, there are now more women in
agricultural subsistence than any time in history.Nonetheless, the government is
responsible for guaranteeing a safety net may need to ensure that social protection targeting
maximizes its investments in those districts where poverty is most pervasive. Targeting
criteria can also be improved to ensure that those in extreme poverty have a greater change
to move out of poverty.
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Malnutrition:In rural areas, despite poverty reduction over the past years, chronic
malnutrition is markedly high. The respective declines in wasting and acute malnutrition
have not been as evident in chronic malnutrition. Chronic malnutrition in children affects
lifetime cognitive functioning with negative implications on productivity and the
education levels of the workforce. In many countries including Rwanda, this problem has
justified, on economic and social grounds, targeted education and feeding campaigns (critical
window). This remains a key area to improve the productivity of the rural population.
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Infrastructure: Infrastructure development guarantees that rural communities are able to
maximize their income generation potential. Rural road connectivity and quality is
important, currently only 15% of districts roads are deemed to be good quality. Lack of
quality rural feeder roads has meant poor connectivity and higher costs for the population to
seek markets. Many districts that have particularly poor connectivity and quality are some of
the highest regions of poverty in the country – for example, Rutsiro has the highest average
walking distance to all-weather road, Gisagara has the lowest rate of public transport (41%
not using public transport at all). Nationally, the main reasons for lack of use of public
transport is cost and not being proximate.
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Information and Communication Technology:Rural populations are becoming more
connected to each other through utilization of ICT devices, primarily mobile phones which
45% of households are estimated to own. This has great potential for the spread of
market information and other demand-driven services. Additionally, it has enabled the flow
of money to rural areas through mobile banking. This enables transfers to those in poor
areas and facilitates trading. Internet utilization is unsurprisingly is very low, though
through low cost mobile devices higher rates will be possible.
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Electricity: Electricity access nationwide is 16% (2012). Those districts with particularly
low access to electricity are those with some of the highest rates of poverty: Gisagara,
Nyaruguru, Rutsiro and Ngororero and Gakenke are equal or below 1% of their
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populations using electricity distributors. Firewood is used by 86.3% of the population as
the primary fuel for cooking. Forest, natural reserves and hillsides are cleared in search of
fuel wood for cooking and production of charcoal for use or sale. This puts additional
pressure on land that could have been used for agricultural production. Additionally, this can
lead to the degradation of areas of Rwanda.
•
Environment:Agriculture, industry, commerce and rural energy requirements place
significant demands on natural resources, while the livelihoods of rural communities are
shaped by their access and use of them.33% of households report being adversely
affected by environmental problems – primarily soil erosion and soil fertility issues.It
is estimated that Rwanda loses capacity to feed 40,000 people per year due to soil
losses mainly caused by environmental degradation and climate change effects.
Accelerating growth in economic sectors will put additional pressure on renewable and nonrenewable natural resources. Sustainable management of natural resources needs to be an
integral part of any work on rural development.
6Key Areas to be addressed by Sectors and Districts
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This thematic guidance note directs sectors and districts around six areas of rural
development. The areas will focus coordinating and prioritization to maximize impact.
1. Increasing the Productivity of Agriculture
Improving the productivity of the rural population to increase economic activity remains the
most important driver for income generation.
Improving the productivity of agriculture remains at the core of income generation and food
security.Increasing the quality, volume, and sustainability of agriculture/livestock
production per hectare of land (RwF/ha) are the three main priorities. This should be
facilitated through private sector businesses that provide farmer advisory services, supply
and potential market linkages to their clients (farmers). Input service delivery should be
predominantly private sector and proximate – mechanization, seed and fertilizer industry,
for example.
While producing for domestic household to ensure a minimum food security should be
encouraged, growing and producing for markets will be the driving force behind incentives
to improve productivity. If government is to support value-chain development with the
private sector it should support commodities with competitive.
2. Increasing the Productivity of Off-Farm Employment
Increasing the productivity of non-agriculture enterprises is also paramount to transforming
the rural population. Opportunities for off-farm employment will be central in reducing
poverty. Encouraging medium and small enterprises (MSMEs) to integrate into firms supply
chains will be one way to connect rural communities to the proceeds of growth.
If the supply of agriculture produce is sufficient, public and private investment in postharvest agro-processing machines, storage facilities and private machinery rental centers
will improve productivity and importantly create significant employment opportunities.
Alongside the investments, unskilled rural population should be supported through training
in targeted skills for labour intensive industries such as agribusiness, manufacturing and
retail.
Facilitating employment access for women and the youth will be particularly important. This
requires access to finance to enable rural communities to profit from the development of
these value-chains and related off-farm opportunities. Additionally, off-farm employment for
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districts could come in the form of localized tourism and extending key public services to the
districts to decentralize delivery and create employment.
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3. Increasing Incentivizes for Rural Population to move to Human Settlements and
Optimize Land Use Planning
Settlements for rural population enables reductions in the cost of transport and ensures
individuals are proximate to services found within rural communities (water and sanitation,
energy sources, finance and education, for example). Resettlement policy is a longer-term
activity that requires strong pull(and not push) factors to incentivize households to move to
human settlements. It is not about government pushing poor households to move, but to
support the growth of human settlements and ensure community mobilization.
At the same time, given land scarcity, human resettlementoptimizes land use comparative
advantages for agriculture and non-agriculture activities.
The district level land use management ensures optimal use of land for agriculture and nonagricultural income generating activities. The coordination of line ministry priorities for this
task is particularly important.
Leasing of land for agriculture will be paramount to transforming agriculture – balancing the
interest of the tenant and landowner.
4. Improving the Targeting the Extreme Poor and Poor by Connecting Social Protection
to Rural Development
The proceeds of rapid growth will not necessarily be distributed evenly in Rwanda. The
Governments task is to ensure some form of equity and provide a basic level of services and
safety nets to the poorest of the population.
Those in extreme poverty have the largest gains from effectively implemented social
protection interventions that will enable graduation out of poverty. Understanding the
comparative costs and benefits of these interventions (such as school feeding) will be key in
optimizing government and private sector funds.
Coverage of the programs needs to be improved to target a greater proportion of people in
extreme poverty.
Targeting and the delivery needs to be smart and community-specific, with the particular
location (geographical) and economic circumstances taken into account. The agricultural
calendar involves peaks and troughs of employment and the synergies between rural
development and public works can be maximized by timing public works to coincide with
periods of agricultural under-employment.
However, ensuring the deliberate connection between poverty targeting and rural
development will catalyze growth – for example, public works programs provide income
generating activities and at the same time develop rural infrastructure which is essential for
improving the productivity of individuals and communities.
5. Connecting Rural Communities to Markets
Ensuring rural communities and farmers are connected to centers of economic activity
moves households from merely subsistence agriculture and economic inactivity to being
agents of economic transformation.
Improving infrastructure in electricity, roads, rural feeder roads, ICT, public and private
transport facilitates citizens to operate at lower costs and therefore potentially higher profits
in economic activities. For example, rural feeder roads will link areas of current
inaccessibility and poor road condition with areas of high agriculture market potential. ICT
improvements can empower farmers to have better knowledge of the markets available for
their produce and opportunities to purchase new tools to increase productivity. Additionally,
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access and cost of water is fundamental to all operations, particularly areas of economic
agglomeration – markets. Additionally, access to finance enables rural communities to be
more connected to market demand.
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6. Sustainable Energy Generation for Rural Communities
Lowering the costs of living and production for the poor is a core need for rural income
generation.
Improving the access and quality of energy generation methods at the household and
community level seeks to bring down the cost of not only lighting or cooking but also
business development of enterprises. Energy generation in terms of improved cooking
stoves, biogas, micro-hydro and solar are some of the examples of rural community
approaches to energy. Access to finance and encourage of private enterprise plays a
particularly important role here in facilitating the growth of these sub-sectors.
Coordination
To ensure the mainstreaming of Rural Development in implementation by GoR institutions, private
sector and other bodies, clear definition of roles and responsibilities are required. The work
suggested under this theme does not ‘reinvent the wheel’ but seeks to support implementation of
existing efforts by GoR institutions and the private sector. Another key factor will be how the
private sector motivates
Ministerial Responsibility for themes:
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Increasing the Productivity of Agriculture
MINAGRI, MINICOM, MINALOC, MININFRA,
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Increasing Off-Farm Productivity(Covered by Youth, Productivity and Employment)
MINICOM, MINAGRI, MINALOC, MININFRA
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Increasing Incentivizes for Rural Population to move to Human Settlements and
Optimize Land Use Planning
MINIRENA, RDB, MINAGRI, MINALOC,
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Improving the Targeting of Extreme Poor and Poor by Connecting Social Protection to
Rural Development
MINALOC, MINAGRI, MININFRA, MINICOM
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Connecting Rural Communities to Markets
MINAGRI, MININFRA, MINICOM, MINICT, MINALOC
• Sustainable
Energy
Generation
MININFRA, MINAGRI, MINALOC, MINIRENA
for
Rural
Communities
The technical Rural Development team developed this note through consultative sessions held the
week of 9th of July , 16th of July, 27th of July and in Augustwith representation from:
MINALOC, RLDSF, MINICOM, MININFRA, RTDA, EWSA, MINAGRI, RHA, MINECOFIN, MINIRENA
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EDPRS 2
PRIORITIES
(Summary) (5)
1. Increase the
productivity of rural
agriculture and offfarm employment
EDPRS 2 Priorities
(DETAILS)
On-farm
productivity
increases to
improve household
food security and
enable more
agricultural output
to be marketed
On-farm
productivity is
sustainable through
correct land & soil
management
practices
Off-farm
productivity is
improved to allow
for secondary
activities to
generate incomes
for the rural
population and to
diversify income
sources
OUTCOMES
INDICATORS
RESPONSIBLE
SECTORS
1.1 Productivity of farmers in crops and livestock is
improved to generate greater income gains for the
rural households
1..1(i) Yield (kgs)/Ha: Beans, Rice,
Maize, Cassava, Irish Potato, Wheat,
Coffee, Tea &selected Fruit &
Vegetables
(ii) Production in kg/liters:Animalrelated products (milk, eggs, cheese,
meat etc), (to be set)
(iii) Percentage (%) of agricultural
operations mechanized (v2020)
1.2 Farmers adopt improved technologies and improve
farming skills to enhance productivity .
1.5(i) Agriculture Input Adoption
(Fertilizer Use, Organic Fertilizer Use,
Improved Seed Use) (to be set)
(ii) Agriculture extension utilization:
Number of households utilizing
proximity extension services (FFS &
private/ngo) (to be set)
1.6 Agriculture and land management practices are
environmentally sustainable to ensure continued
productivity for farmers
1.6 (i) % of land protected against soil
erosion Control Indicator (V2020)
(ii) Marshlands are rehabilitated and
maintained (to set indicator)
Agriculture,
Environment &
Natural Resources
1.2(i) Number of off-farm jobs created
V2020
(ii) Proportion of rural population in
secondary off-farm activity
PSD, Agriculture
1.3 Increase the number of waged off-farm and nonagricultural worki
(Youth, Productivity & Employment Thematic)
1.4 Unskilled rural population trained in targeted skills
for labour intensive industries including agribusiness,
manufacturing and retail
(Youth, Productivity & Employment Thematic)
Agriculture, PSD
Agriculture, PSD
1.3 Indicator set by Youth, Productivity
and Employment
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1.5 Increased awareness amongst rural communities of
off-farm employment
(Youth, Productivity & Employment Thematic)
2. Increasing
Incentivizes for
Rural Population to
move to Human
Settlements and
Optimize Land Use
Planning
3. Reduce inequality
and poverty by
making social
protection
programs more
sustainable and
targeted towards
the extreme poor
4. Connect rural
communities to
markets through
Households in
disconnected areas
move to areas
where they can
access basic
services and
therefore
participate in the
rural and urban
economy
Given land scarcity,
land should be
optimized to create
in agribusiness and
improve rural
incomes
Poverty remains
high and those in
extreme poverty
need to be
supported through
poverty reduction
programs and
through the
community
Connecting poverty
reduction efforts to
employment
opportunities will
be the only way to
sustainably reduce
poverty over time.
Connecting rural
people to
opportunities in
market places
2.1 Rural communities will have the incentives to move
to group settlements (Imidugudu) in-order to access
services and optimize land use through improved
investments in basic services and sensitization around
human settlement
2.2 Selected agriculture land will be utilized for
corporate purposes to enable agricultural to be
commercialized
3.1(i) Increased coverage of poverty reduction
programs targeting the extreme poor and poor
(including VUP, Community-based approaches)
(ii) Improved delivery of poverty reduction programs
(including VUP, Community-based approaches) to
enable poverty reduction amongst the poorest in
Rwanda
3.2 Promote graduation from poverty reduction
programs (VUP, for example) by connecting permanent
employment opportunities to those in poverty
reduction programs
1.4 Indicator set by Youth, Productivity
and Employment
2.1(ii) % of households living in group
settlements (to be set, in EICV 3
currently)
2.2 (i) Ha of serviced land for industrial
development and commercial
agriculture (to be set)
3.1(i) Number of poor & extreme poor
included in selected number of poverty
reduction programs
Environment
&Natural
Resources,
Urbanization
Environment &
Natural Resources,
PSD, Agriculture
Social Protection,
(ii) Scorecard on the efficiency with
which the poverty reduction programs
VUP & Social Protection Programmes
are delivered
3.2 (i) Number of jobs obtained by
those in extreme poverty (to be set &
discussed)
Social Protection,
Agriculture, PSD,
Transport
4.1 Extended quality road network through the
construction of (km) main roads&
(km) rural feeder roads
4.1. (i) Main Roads (km)(to be set)
(ii) Percentage of roads in Good
Condition (V2020) &
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improved
infrastructure,
transport, finance
and ICT
enables higher
levels of social and
economic
interactions
(iii) Rural Feeder Roads developed
(km) (to be set)
Energy, PSD
4.2 Increased access to affordable electricity for rural
communities to be involved in market opportunities
4.2 (i) Access to electricity (% of
population) V2020)
4,3 More rural communities connected to information
through ICT (cell phones and the internet) & using
innovations in ICT for development
4.3 (i) Mobile Subscriptions per 100
people (V2020)
(ii) Internet users per 100 people
(V2020)
4.4 Access to water is increased in rural communities
to enable improved economic and social activity
5. Alternative
energy is utilized by
households and
rural industry
Access to financial
services allows
people to expand
their rural business
opportunities
4.5 Increased access by rural population to financial
mechanisms to participate in the rural economy.
Increasing the use
of alternative
energy can lower
the cost of energy,
an important input
in social and
economic life
5.1 Rural households and communities utilizing lowcost sustainable alternative energy sources to reduce
the cost of productive activities
ICT
(iii) Number of farmers using market
information systems (new indicator to
be set)
4.4 (i) Access to clean water (% of
population) V2020
(ii) Access to improved sanitation
facilities (% of population) V2020
Water & Sanitation
4.5 (i) % of financial loans going to
rural development V2020
Finance, PSD,
Agriculture
(ii) Percentage of adult population
accessing financial institutions V2020
Change Required (outcome)
5.1(i) Percentage of rural households
using Wood energy as main source of
energy (V2020)
(ii) Proportion of household utilization
of alternative energy (Biogas,
Improved Cooking Stoves, Solar) (to be
set EDPRS)
INDICATORS
Energy, PSD,
Finance
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