This chapter explores Greek culture, religion, architecture and art. The most
prominent art from the early period was pottery. The early Greeks also built small
temples, which expanded into monumental temples that were decorated with
sculptures. The later portion of the chapter explores Greek art during the Late
Classical and Hellenistic Periods. Most of the best-known pieces of Greek art,
especially figurative sculpture, come from these two later periods.
INDEPENDENT RESEARCH TOPIC:
(Be prepared to demonstrate your knowledge on the Chapter Test):
Who was Mausoulus?
Discuss his contribution to Greek architecture.
NOTE: Be prepared for some
REVIEW QUESTIONS on the Chapter Test.
TOPIC:
ALL OF TERMINOLOGY LIST 2
We will be studying Art of the Etruscans and Ancient Romans as our next topic. Feel
free to scan the pages in that section and take some notes in order to get a head start.
TERMS:
Amphora (101), sanctuaries (102), cross-hatching (102), olpe (105), rosette (105), oracle
(107), stoa (107), caryatids (107), elevation (108), pediment (108), cella (108), peristyle
(108), pronaos (108), in antis (108), volute (110), triglyph (111), metope (111), pathos
(113), terra-cotta (114), kore (114), kouros (114), Archaic Smile (114), peplos (115),
black-figure style (117), maenads (117), red-figure style (118), symposium (118 and
122), caduceus (119), slip (120), contrapposto (121), kylix (124), tondo (128), oinochoe
(128), acropolis (129), parapet (138), agora (138), podium (138), tholos (138), hydria
(139), palmettes (139), orthogonal plan (140), tempera (141), lekythos (141), tesserae
(146), modeling (147-in the 2/D sense), barbarian (151), expressionism (151)
Amphiprostyle Style Temple: Temple with columns in front and back not all around (Athena Nike)
Peripteral Style Temple:
Temple with columns around all four sides (Temple of Hera I, Parthenon)
CONCEPTS TO KNOW:
Map Identification for READING QUIZ 11 (103):
Regions:
Waterways:
Cities:
Landmarks:
Thrace, Asia Minor
Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea
Rome, Riace, Athens, Sparta, Delphi, Pergamon
Rhodes, Mount Olympos
DIAGRAMS:
Page 110:
Elements of Architecture. Be able to identify three orders and label:
DORIC:
Stereobate, stylobate, shaft, drum, entablature, pediment, triglyph, metope
IONIC:
Base, flute, fillet, volute, architrave, frieze, cornice
CORINTHIAN: Dentil, acanthus leaf and rosette
Page 117:
Be able to make a basic drawing of seven most common forms of Greek vessel:
Amphora, hydria, olpe, volute krater, calyx krater, lekythos (LEAKY-thos), kylix
Page 131:
Plan of the Parthenon:
LABEL:
Peristyle colonnade, cella, pronaos, opithodomos, stereobate, stylobate
POSSIBLE FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS:
Know the difference between Egyptian religious complexes and Greek sanctuaries (102)
Contrast the primary purpose of Egyptian funeral art with that of Greek funeral art (104)
Know differences between Egyptian figurative sculpture (Menkaure) and Greek (Kouros) (114)
Know about Perikles and how he affected the High Classical Period (128)
Know the ways in which Late Classical sculptors changed how sculpture was created (143)
Know how Praxiteles’ Hermes and the Infant Dionysos (144) is sculpturally different from
Polykleitos’ Spear Bearer (134).
What was the aftermath of Alexander the Great’s death? What was the affect on the citystates and democracy, as well as Alexander’s lasting legacy on Greek culture (142).
What are some key differences between Hellenistic art and Classical Art?
How are they each meant to be interpreted? (149)
Three general concepts of Greek Classical Art (119):
1.
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GREEK GODS AND GODDESS: (Know the myths and symbols associated with each deity) (104):
Zeus:
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Hera:
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Poseidon:
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Hades:
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Ares:
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Apollo:
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Athena:
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Aphrodite:
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Hermes:
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Dionysus:
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Nike:
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GREEK SCULPTORS THAT WE KNOW BY NAME: (Know the titles of some of their major works of art)
Polykleitos:
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Pheidias:
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Skopas:
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Praxiteles:
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Lysippos:
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HISTORY OF GREEK CIVILIZATION:
Mycenaeans came to Greece around 2000 BCE, tribes came from north around 1100 BCE
Greece divided into many city-states in constant warfare (hard to unify due to geography)
Main centers of power were Athens and Sparta (Sparta had the most powerful military):
Athens attempted to begin a system of democracy
Athens and Sparta fought for supremacy in Peloponnesian War (431-401 BCE)
Sparta won, but Greece was left weak and divided, culture soon declined
Greece was conquered by Alexander the Great (as was Egypt)
Greek architecture, sculpture and painting are direct ancestors of Western civilization
THREE MAIN PERIODS OF GREEK PRE-CLASSICAL ART:
Geometric Style
900-700 BCE
Geometric Style represents the formative phase of Greek civilization
First Olympic Games in 776 BC (starting point in Greek recorded history)
Greeks were more concerned with literature than art at this point, art was very basic
Geometric Style had only pottery and small statues, no architecture
Geometric Style pottery has been found in Italy and ANE, a sign of strong sea trade
Pottery was very large (sometimes 5 feet tall) and served as grave monuments
Orientalizing Style
700-600 BCE
Greece was continually trading with the Near East and Egypt
Pottery began to reflect styles (animals, organic shapes) from these regions
Figures gain power and expression and designs include new shapes and motifs
Orientalizing pottery was less stable that Geometric Style, more a period of transition
Archaic Style
600-480 BCE
First appearance of Greek artistic genius (included pottery painting and architecture)
Archaic Style was the greatest age of Greek vase painting
Pottery pieces became much smaller and no longer served as grave markers
Artists began to sign pieces; artistic conventions of individuals can be traced
Sudden interest in stone sculpture (blocky figures w/ slim bodies & limited mobility)
Greeks probably learned this on trips to Egypt (there were Greek colonies there)
Kore is female (never nude), Kouros is male (almost always nude)
Details of figure are hidden beneath solid masses of clothing (when clothed)
Both were made in large quantities and were used as votive statues or grave markers
Began decorating pediments with sculptures, figures used as columns (caryatids)
Unlike Egyptian, all stone was removed that was not a part of the figure
Greek figures are full of life and tense, not under a calm spell like Egyptian
Greek eyes are huge and have a direct stare, not a faraway gaze like Egyptian
ARCHITECTURAL SCULPTURE:
Greeks were first to integrate works of sculpture within architecture
Figures were positioned and sized to fit snugly within the confines of the pediment
Figures were sometimes used as columns themselves (caryatids)
Eventually architectural sculpture became narrative (told a story of battles won, etc.)
GREEK ARCHITECTURE:
Greek architecture is divided into three Classical Orders (110)
Very structured and universally organized, showing consistency and unity
Greeks adhered to the rules of the orders so much that they were not willing to adapt
Temples were meant to house the deity/spirit, not large numbers of worshippers
Temples were meant to be viewed from the outside, not from the inside like Egyptian ones
DORIC:
The most popular order of the three, more “muscular” than later orders
Highest point in Greek architecture was rebuilding of Acropolis in Athens
Acropolis rebuilt, 400 BCE by Perikles in the sacred hills above the city
Greatest temple is Parthenon (dedicated to Athena, virgin goddess)
IONIC:
More feminine than Doric, volute scrolls resembles a growing plant
Generally used only for small temples, proportions are more slender overall
Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, is an example of Ionic temple
The finest example is the Erechtheum
CORINTHIAN:
Emphasis on ornament in Greek culture caused invention of Corinthian
Main feature is the leaves of acanthus plant
Not used much in Greece, but was the capital of choice for Romans
GREEK VASE PAINTING:
BLACK FIGURE STYLE:
(came before Red Figure)
Principal method of decorating in Greece in 6th century BCE
Entire design is silhouetted in black against reddish clay background
Very bold style, but certain effects were limited due to the black figures
RED FIGURE STYLE:
(gradually replaced Black Figure)
Artist left figures red and created black in the background
Allowed for more precise foreshortening and recording of small details
EARLY CLASSICAL PERIOD
480-450 BCE
This period followed the Greeks’ victory in the Persian Wars, gave the Greeks confidence
Human figure was portrayed in painting and sculpture with greater accuracy
Figures seem more alive and fleshy; the “Archaic Smile” is no longer used
Figures are sometimes clothed; the clothing reflects the behavior of real cloth
Large, freestanding statues are the most important accomplishment of this time
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HIGH CLASSICAL PERIOD
450-400 BCE
Corresponds to a period of conflict between Athens and Sparta
Balance of symmetry (proportion and structure) and rhythm (composition and movement)
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LATE CLASSICAL PERIOD
400-323 BCE
Sometimes called “Pre-Hellenistic” period
More creative and expressive, physical likeness not as important
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HELLENISTIC PERIOD
323-30 BCE
Hellenistic; term for spread of Greek culture to Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Egypt and India
Difficult to trace because sculpture was being done on such a wide scale by so many artists
Generally, Hellenistic has a more pronounced realism and expressiveness
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LECTURE SLIDES:
TITLE
TIME PERIOD
YEAR
Map of Ancient Greece
Line Art
Image of Mount Olympus, Greece
modern photograph
Various images of Greek gods and goddesses
various imagery
Name that god/goddess activity
various imagery
Ajax and Achilles Playing a Game (Exekias)
Archaic
540-530 BCE
Suicide of Ajax (Exekias)*
Archaic
540-530 BCE
Discus Thrower (Myron)*
Early Classical
450 BCE
Minotauros (Myron?)
Early Classical
450 BCE
Funerary Krater*
Geometric
750-700 BCE
COMPARE TO: Kamares Ware Jug
Minoan Old Palace
2,000-1,900 BCE
Centaur
Proto-Geometric
900 BCE
Man and Centaur
Geometric
750 BCE
Olpe (pitcher)*
Orientalizing
650-625 BCE
Olpe (pitcher)
Orientalizing
650 BCE
Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi*
Archaic
500-200 BCE
Dephi High School “Oracles” mascot
Modern imagery (DCSC website)
Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi
Line Art
500-200 BCE
Treasury of the Siphnians
Line Art
530-525 BCE
Battle Between the Gods and Giants (Titans), Treasury of the Siphnians
Archaic
530-525 BCE
Temple of Hera I (plan)
Archaic Line Art
550-540 BCE
Temple of Hera I*
Archaic
550-540 BCE
Temple of Hera II
Archaic
470-460 BCE
Temple of Aphaia
Archaic
500 BCE
Temple of Aphaia (Reconstruction drawing)
Archaic Line Art
500 BCE
Temple of Aphaia (Plan of complete complex)
Archaic Line Art
500 BCE
Elements of Architecture: The Greek Orders*
Line Art
West Pediment of Temple of Aphaia
Archaic
Sanctuary of Zeus, Olympia
500-490 BCE
Dying Warrior, West Pediment of Temple of Aphaia
Archaic
500-490 BCE
Dying Warrior, East Pediment of Temple of Aphaia*
Archaic
500-490 BCE
Archer, West Pediment of Temple of Aphaia
Reconstruction
2004 CE
Archer, West Pediment of Temple of Aphaia
Archaic
500-490 BCE
Herakles, East Pediment of Temple of Aphaia
Archaic
500-490 BCE
Metropolitan Kouros**
Archaic
600 BCE
COMPARE TO: Menkaure and Queen
EGY Fourth Dynasty
2,490-2,472 BCE
Berlin Kore*
Archaic
570-560 BCE
Anavysos Kouros
Archaic
530 BCE
“Peplos” Kore*
Archaic
530 BCE
Kore
Archaic
520 BCE
Rampin Head
Archaic
560 BCE
Greek Vessels*
Line Art
Dionysus with Maenads (Amasis Painter)*
Archaic
540 BCE
Ajax and Achilles Playing a Game (Exekias)
Archaic
540-530 BCE
Death of Sarpedon (Euphronios-painter, Euxitheos-potter) Archaic
515 BCE
Herakles Driving a Bull to Sacrifice (Lysippides Painter)
Archaic
525-520 BCE
Herakles Driving a Bull to Sacrifice (Andokides Painter)
Archaic
525-520 BCE
Apollo with Battling Lapiths and Centaurs, Sanctuary of Zeus
Early Classical Line Art 470-460 BCE
Apollo with Battling Lapiths and Centaurs, Sanctuary of Zeus
Early Classical
470-460 BCE
Athena, Herakles and Atlas, Temple of Zeus
Early Classical
460 BCE
Kritios Boy**
Early Classical
480 BCE
Reconstruction drawing of Tomb of the Diver
Early Classical Line Art 480 BCE
Symposium Scene, Tomb of the Diver
Early Classical
480 BCE
A Diver, Tomb of the Diver
Early Classical
480 BCE
A Bronze Foundry (Foundry Painter)
Early Classical
490-480 BCE
Dionysus on a Boat (Exekias)
Archaic
540 BCE
Charioteer*
Early Classical
470 BCE
Zeus
Early Classical
460-450 BCE
Riace Warrior*
Early Classical
460-450 BCE
Portrait Head, from Delos
Hellenistic
80 BCE
Frolicking Satyrs (Douris)*
Early Classical
480 BCE
Aphrodite, Eros and Pan
Hellenistic
100 BCE
A Youth Pouring Wine into Kylix of a Companion (Douris) Early Classical
480 BCE
Plan of Acropolis, Athens
High Classical Line Art 447-432 BCE
Acropolis, Athens*
High Classical
447-432 BCE
Model of Acropolis, Athens
High Classical
447-432 BCE
Stoa of Attalos in the agora
modern photograph
Stoa imagery
modern photograph
19th century CE
Zappeion
Parthenon*
High Classical
447-432 BCE
Reconstruction drawing of Parthenon
High Classical Line Art 447-432 BCE
Plan of Parthenon
High Classical Line Art 447-432 BCE
Reconstruction of Pheidias’ Huge Gold and Ivory Figure
Toronto
The Parthenon when it contained a Mosque (Revett)
modern drawing
1765 CE
East pediment of the Parthenon
High Classical
447-432 BCE
Lapith fighting a Centaur, metope of the Parthenon*
High Classical
447-432 BCE
Horsemen, frieze on the Parthenon
High Classical
447-432 BCE
Spear Bearer (Polykleitos)*
Early Classical
450-440 BCE
Marshals and Young Women, frieze on the Parthenon
High Classical
447-432 BCE
Phedias and Frieze of Parthenon (Lawrence Alma-Tadema) Neoclassical painting 1868 CE
Monumental Entrance to Acropolis
High Classical
437-423 BCE
The Propylaia (Acropolis)*
High Classical
447-432 BCE
Temple of Athena Nike (Acropolis)*
High Classical
447-432 BCE
Erechtheion (Acropolis)*
High Classical
447-432 BCE
Erechtheion, Porch of the Maidens (Acropolis)
High Classical
447-432 BCE
Nike Adjusting her Sandal**
High Classical
410 BCE
Tholos, Sanctuary of Apollo
Late Classical
380-370 BCE
COMPARE TO: Tholos, “Treasury of Atreus”
Mycenaean
1,300-1,200 BCE
Women at a Fountain House (Priam Painter)
Archaic
520-510 BCE
Reconstruction Drawing of Agora, Athens
High Classical
400 BCE
Plan of Miletos, Turkey (orthogonal plan)
Line Art
Grave Stele of a Little Girl*
High Classical
450-440 BCE
Grave Stele of Ktesilaos and Theano
High Classical
400 BCE
Funerary Stele of Citizen Thraseas and his wife Euandria
Early Classical
350-340 BCE
Grave Stele of Hegeso *
High Classical
400 BCE
Woman and Maid (lekythos) (Achilles Painter)*
High Classical
450-400 BCE
Map of Hellenistic Greece
Line Art
DISCUSS:
Renaissance in Italy
1511 CE
Hermes and the Infant Dionysos (Praxiteles)*
Late Classical
400 BCE
COMPARE TO: Spear Bearer (Polykleitos)
Early Classical
450-440 BCE
Aphrodite of Knidos (Praxiteles)**
Late Classical
350 BCE
COMPARE TO: Aphrodite of Cyrene (Praxiteles)
High Classical
COMPARE TO: Inanna-Ishtar relief carving
Ancient Near East
2025-1763 BCE
Man Scraping Himself (Lysippos)*
Late Classical
350-325 BCE
COMPARE TO: Spear Bearer (Polykleitos)
Early Classical
450-440 BCE
Apollo Belvedere*
Late Classical
350 BCE
The Weary Herakles (Farnese Hercules) (Lysippos)*
Late Classical
350 BCE
Alexander the Great (Lysippos)
Late Classical
350-325 BCE
Alexander the Great, Four-Drachma coin
Hellenistic
306–281 BCE
Earrings
Late Classical
330 BCE
Alexander the Great Confronts Darius III at Battle of Issos Late Classical
310 BCE
Ceramic Painter/Assistants Crowned by Athena and Victories (Leningrad Pntr)
High Classical
450 BCE
Stag Hunt (Gnosis)
High Classical
300 BCE
Seated Boxer*
Hellenistic
100-50 BCE
Temple of the Olympian Zeus, Athens
Hellenistic
132 CE
Reconstruction Drawing of Theatre at Epidaurus
Line Art
Theatre at Epidauros*
Hellenistic
350 BCE and later
Reconstruction drawing of Monument of Attalos I
Hellenistic
230 BCE
Dying Gallic Trumpeter (Epigonos)*
Hellenistic
220 BCE
COMPARE TO: Dying Warrior, Temple of Aphaia
Archaic
500-490 BCE
Gallic Chieftain Killing his wife and himself*
Hellenistic
220 BCE
School of Athens (Raphael)
COMPARISON CHART: CLASSICAL vs. HELLENISTIC
Torc, Soucy, France
Celtic Gaul
3rd to 1st century BCE
West front of the Altar from Pergamon
Hellenistic
175-150 BCE
Athena attacking Giants (Pergamon frieze)
Hellenistic
175-150 BCE
Laocoön and his Sons**
Hellenistic
100 BCE
Nike of Samothrace (Winged Victory)*
Hellenistic
180 BCE
Old Woman*
Hellenistic
100 BCE
Aphrodite of Melos (Venus de Milo)*
Hellenistic
100 BCE
Veiled and Masked Dancer
Hellenistic
150 BCE
*Possibly a slide-identification question. Know the title (and artist if indicated) and time period.
**Know the title, (and artist if indicated), time period and YEAR.