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2
Front
I know.
I don’t know.
Gender of Nouns
Back
Yo sé
Vs
No sé
Gender of Nouns
Nouns that end in “o” are generally masculine
Nouns that end in “a”, “ción”, “dad” are generally feminine
Common exceptions: el día, el agua, la mano, el mapa, la foto, el problema
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4
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Describing things with
Adjectives in Spanish
THEY DO NOT USE 'S IN
SPANISH
Adjectives Agree in Gender and number with what they describe
(MSFSMPFP)
La chica alta
El chico guapo
El gato pequeño
Las clases aburridas
Los carros baratos
THEY DO NOT USE 'S IN SPANISH
To show ownership or belonging… or describe a noun with another noun:
Collective nouns
Equipo, Familia, Clase
el
la
______
los
las
The girl is nice. – singular
The girls are nice. – plural
de
______
The team, the family, the class IS nice - singular
Examples: El equipo es grade.
La familia tiene 3 personas.
La clase va al mercado.
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Subject Pronouns
Singular
1st
person
plural
Yo
I
Nosotros
Nosotras
We
__ y yo
2nd
person
Someone and I
Tú
You familiar
Vosotros
Vosotras
Ya'll
__ y tú
3rd
person
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Ser (to be)
Someone and you
Él
Ellos
he
They (M)
Ella
Ellas
she
usted
you formal
Ustedes
They (F)
You all
Ser (to be)
Soy
Eres
es
Somos
Sois
son
Physical characteristics, personality traits, time, origin, nationality
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Estar (to be)
Estar (to be)
Estoy
Estás
está
Estamos
Estáis
están
Health, Location, Temporary, Emotions
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at
10
Infinitive
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PRESENT TENSE
ENDINGS
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Ir (to go)
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TO THE
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Go to a place
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FROM THE
(contraction)
(contraction)
HOW YOU FEEL AND WHERE YOU ARE, ALWAYS USE THE VERB
ESTAR
"en" means in or at
Sometimes "en" means "on" like on a table
"a" only means at when telling time
Examples: Estoy en casa. (I'm at home)
Está en la escuela.
Recibimos los boletos en la recepción. (we got our tickets at reception)
The form of the verb that is unconjugated that ends with –AR, -ER or –IR
Ex: bailar, comer, compartir, trepar, mirar, beber, vivir, ser, estar, tener,
venir, escribir
PRESENT TENSE ENDINGS
-AR verbs
-ER verbs
-IR verbs
o
o
o
as
es
es
a
e
e
amos
emos
imos
an
en
en
Ir is to go
Ir is to go
(ir is to go)3
Yo voy
Tú vas
Él, ella, usted va
Nosotros vamos
Ellos
Ellas ustedes van
Ir is to go
Ir is to go
(ir is to go)3
A + EL = AL
al cine
al restaurante
al banco
al parque
al museo
a la tienda
Ir + a + place
Voy a la playa.
Vas AL banco.
Van AL restaurante.
Voy a México.
Voy a Nueva York.
Vamos a Florida.
DE + EL = DEL
Del museo
Del cine
Del profesor
De la clase
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PRESENT INDICATIVE
YO GO's
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PRESENT INDICATIVE
YO GO STEM
CHANGERS
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PRESENT TENSE
Irregular yo forms only
(saber, dar, traducir,
conocer, ver)
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PRESENT TENSE STEM
CHANGING VERBS
Think of boots or shoes!
PRESENT TENSE YO GO's
These verbs have irregular yo forms
Tenir → tengo (have)
Venir → vengo (come)
Salir → salgo (leave)
Hacer → hago (do/make)
Traer → traigo (bring)
Decir → digo (say/tell)
poner → pongo (put)
PRESENT INDICATIVE YO GO STEM CHANGERS
tener: tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tienen
venir: vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, vienen
PRESENT TENSE
Irregular yo forms only
saber → sé (know)
dar → doy (give)
traducer → traduzco (translate)
conocer → conozco (know)
ver → veo (see)
PRESENT TENSE STEM CHANGING VERBS
Have a vowel spelling change in all forms but nosotros! It looks like a
boot/shoe!
Examples:
duermo
duermes
duerme
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COMMON STEM
CHANGERS
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Question Words
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BUT VS BECEAUSE
(think of DeLuca's song!)
dormimos
duermen
juego
juegas
juega
jugamos
juegan
COMMON STEM CHANGERS
Dormir o > ue sleep
Jugar u > ue play
Pedir e > i
ask/order
Servir e > i
serve
Querer e > ie want
Volver o > ue return
Divertir e > ie have fun
Pensar e > ie think
Decir e > i
say/tell
Preferir e > ie prefer
¿Adónde? → to where?
¿Dónde? → where?
¿Por qué? → why?
¿Qué? → what?
¿Cómo? → how?
¿Quién/quiénes? → who/whom?
¿Cuánto/cuánta? → how much?
¿Cuántos/cuántas? → how many?
¿Cuándo? → when?
¿Cuál/cuáles? → what/which/which ones?
BUT VS BECEAUSE
pero is but
porque is because
pido
pides
pide
pedmios
piden
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FOR: POR VS PARA
FOR: POR VS PARA
Para – for, in order to, for (person/thing), destination
Por – in exchange for, duration of time (used with numbers)
(90% of the time, it will be para)
Have a good time
Have fun
Had a good weekend
Have to do & Feel like
doing
Examples: Es para la clase de español.
Pago $2 por la camisa.
Estudio por diez minutos.
Pasarlo bien
Divertirse
Examples: Lo pasé bien.
Pasé bien el día.
Me divertí ayer.
Lo pasamos bien el fin de semana.
HAVE TO DO
tener que + infinitive
have to ______
Examples:
Tengo que hacer la tarea.
Tengo dinero.
FEEL LIKE DOING
tener ganas de + infinitive
feel like ______
Examples:
Tengo ganas de ir al cine.
Tenemos ganas de ver una película.
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HIS/HER/THEIRS/OURS
HIS/HER/THEIRS/OURS
mi, mis
tu, tus
su, sus
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IN THE MORNING
AFTERNOON
EVENING
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TONIGHT VS LAST
NIGHT
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What for
Who with
Dangling prepositions
VERY VS A LOT
nuestro, nuestra,
nuestros, nuestras
su, sus
IN THE MORNING, AFTERNOON, EVENING
por la – in the when you say you do homework in the afternoon or eat in the
morning
de la – when you’re giving what time it is
TONIGHT VS LAST NIGHT
Anoche – last night
Esta noche – tonight
VERY VS A LOT
Muy means very and is used with adjectives
Mucho means a lot and is used with nouns
PREPOSITIONS
With who? For what? Through where? To where? In what?
A sentence does not END with preposition words (with/at/for/in/on)
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To like – gustar
To like – gustar
Like 1 thing/singular thing
Me gusta
Nos gusta
Te gusta
Os gusta
Le gusta
Les gusta
Verbs that work like gustar
Like 2 things/plural things
Me gustan
Nos gustan
Te gustan
Os gustan
Le gustan
Les gustan
Verbs that work like gustar in every tense!
Fascina
Fascinan
Encanta
Encantan
Interesa
Interesan
Importa
Important
Choca
chocan
Me
Te
Le
Nos
Les
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PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Fascinate
Love
Interests
Matters
Really dislikes
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Estar + ando/iendo (doing something)
Doing something RIGHT NOW
SIMPLE FUTURE
Estoy comiendo.
Estás bailando.
Se está lavando las manos.
Estamos mirando la televisión.
Están durmiendo.
SIMPLE FUTURE
Ir + a + infinitive (going to do something)
Going to do something
Voy a comer.
Vas a bailar.
Vamos a lavarnos las manos.
Van a visitar al museo.
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SIMPLE PAST
SIMPLE PAST
acabar + de + infinitive (just done something)
Just done something
Acabo de comer.
Acabas de bailar.
Acabamos de lavarnos las manos.
Acaban de visitar al museo.
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DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS
(the dops)
Think Jingle Bell Rock!
DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS
me
te
lo
la
nos
los
las
Replace what/who is being given/seen/bought/visited/called/sold
Agree in gender and number
Go before conjúgated verb OR attached to infinitive/ando/iendo
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INDIRECT OBJECT
PRONOUNS
INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS
me
e
le
(IOPs)
Think Jingle Bell Rock!
nos
les
Replace to or for whom something is being
given/seen/bought/visited/called/sold
Go before conjúgated verb OR attached to infinitive/ando/iendo
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DOUBLE OBJECT PRONOUNS
DOUBLE OBJECT PRONOUNS
(Double OPs)
SIDV!
Subject Iop Dop Verb
What disease did we get?
SUBJECT
yo
tú
él/ella
nosotros
ellos/ellas
IOP
me
te
le
nos
les
sometimes se
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USES OF THE PRETERIT
USES OF THE PRETERIT
(think of the Farmer and the Dell
or ISOCA)
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PRETERIT TENSE ENDINGS
Interrupting action
Specific time or duration of time
One time action
Chain of events
Actions completed in the past
PRETERIT TENSE ENDINGS
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PRETERIT OF IR AND SER
COMPLETED PAST ACTIONS
PRETERIT OF IR AND SER
“went”
“went” (and sometimes was)
-AR verbs
é
aste
ó
amos
aron
“rudolph song”
-ER/-IR verbs
í
iste
ió
imos
ieron
fui
fuiste
fue
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DOP
me
te
lo
la
nos
los
las
fuimos
fueron
PRETERIT IRREGULARS
PRETERIT IRREGULARS
(ir, hacer, dar, ver)
ir: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron
hacer: hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron
dar: di, diste, dio, dimos, dieron
ver: vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieron
VERB
present
simp fut
simp past
pres prog
preterit
imperfect
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ONLY IN THE YO IRREGULAR
PRETERIT
ONLY IN THE YO IRREGULAR PRETERIT
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PRETERIT OF -CIR/-CER
-car, -gar, -zar verbs take spelling changes ONLY in the yo form preterit
-car → -qué
Ie: busqué, jugué,
-gar → -gué
almorcé, crucé, llegué,
-zar → -cé
marqué
PRETERIT OF -CIR/-CER
(decir, traer, conducir)
(decir, traer, conducir)
traer: traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajeron
decir: dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijeron
conducir: conduje, condujiste, condujo, condujimos, condujeron
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PRETERIT OF -UIR/-EER
PRETERIT OF -UIR/-EER
(construir, contribuir, destruir,
incluir, leer, caer, oír)
(construir, contribuir, destruir, incluir, leer, caer, oír)
í
iste
yó
imos
yeron
construir (to build)
contribuir (to contribute)
destruir (to destroy)
incluir (to include)
caer (to fall)
leer (to read)
oír (to hear)
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REFLEXIVE VERBS
REFLEXIVE VERBS
(special verbs that end in "se" when the subject and object in the sentence
are the same)
If it's reflexive in one tense, it'll reflex in them all!
There was a verb that was reflexive
Before it came these pronouns:
me, te, se, nos, se
me, te, se, nos, se
me, te, se, nos, se
and then you conjugate (in whatever tense), ¡Olé!
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Adverbs (describing how you did
an action), English's –LY suffix
Adverbs (describing how you did an action), English's –LY suffix
Add –mente to the feminine form of adjective OR on adjective that ends in
consonant
Demonstrative Adjectives
(this/these – close to speaker)
Examples: fácilmente, difícilmente, inteligentemente, activamente,
perezosamente, correctamente, frecuentemente
Demonstrative Adjectives
(this/these – close to speaker)
Remember this and these have T's
Singular
Plural
Masculine
este
estos
Feminine
esta
estas
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Demonstrative Adjectives
(that/those – close to listener)
Demonstrative Adjectives
(that/those – farthest away)
Demonstrative Adjectives
(that/those – close to listener)
Singular
Plural
Masculine
ese
esos
Feminine
esa
esas
Singular
Plural
Masculine
aquel
aquellos
Feminine
aquella
aquellas
Demonstrative Adjectives
(that/those – farthest away)
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To tell friends what to do, use
positive tú commands
Positive tú commands
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Positive tú commands: irregulars
(think of the party story)
Ten una fiesta (have)
Ven a mi fiesta (come!)
Pon los refrescos en la mesa (put!)
Sal de la fiesta (leave!)
Haz un pastel (make!)
Di la verdad (tell!)
Sé honesta (be!)
Ve al cuarto (go!)
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Negative Tú Commands
Negative Tú Commands
(telling a friend what NOT to do)
Go to the yo, drop the o, add the opposite endings
OR yo form present tense drop the o swap the ends
From the tú form (present tense), drop the "s"
Ex: hablar (hablas) → habla (speak!/talk!), comer (comes) → come (eat!)
Positive tú commands: irregulars
-AR use ES and –ER/-IR use AS
Ex: dormir (duermo) → no duermas
Comer (como) → no comas
Jugar (juego) → no juegues
Poner (pongo) → no pongas
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PRETERIT IRREGULAR STEM
VERBS
PRETERIT IRREGULAR STEM VERBS
They have irregular beginning of preterit verb followed by this set of
endings (NO ACCENTS)
(andar, estar, poder, poner, querer,
saber, tener, venir)
e
iste
o
Andar (walked)
Estar (was/were)
Poder (managed to)
Poner (put/placed)
Querer (tried/refuse)
Saber (found out)
Tener (had/got)
Venir (came)
anduvestuvpudpusquissuptuvvin-
imos
ieron
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PRETERIT –IR STEM
CHANGING VERBS
Think of slippers/sandals!
PRETERIT –IR STEM CHANGING VERBS
Have a vowel spelling change in only 3rd person forms! So it looks like a
slipper/sandal!
Examples:
dormí
dormiste
durmió
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IMPERFECT REGULAR
ENDINGS
(think of Clegg's rap!)
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IMPERFECT IRREGULAR
VERBS
(think of Clegg's rap!)
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USES OF THE IMPERFECT
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Saber (to know)
(think of Clegg's rap!)
dormimos
durmieron
pedí
pediste
pidió
pdemios
pidierion
serví
serviste
sirvió
IMPERFECT REGULAR ENDINGS
-AR verbs
-ER/-IR verbs
aba
ía
abas
ías
aba
ía
ábamos
íamos
aban
ían
IMPERFECT IRREGULAR VERBS
IR (went/used
SER
(was/were)
to go)
era
iba
eras
ibas
iba
era
éramos
íbamos
eran
iban
USES OF THE IMPERFECT
VER (saw)
veía
veía
veía
veíamos
veían
Ing (was/were)
Telling time
Weather
Age
Simultaneous
Actions
Background descriptions
Used to
Mental activities
Physical states
Saber (to know)
sé
sabes
sabe
sabemos
saben
To know facts/information/how to do
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Conocer (to know)
Conocer (to know)
conozco
conoces
conoce
conocemos
conocen
To know/be familiar with people, places, things (nouns)
When you know a person you conocer A
servimos
sirvieron
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Positive/Negative Usted
Commands
(telling strangers what to do and
not to do)
Positive/Negative Usted Commands
Go to the yo, drop the o, add the opposite endings
OR yo form present tense drop the o swap the ends
-AR use E and –ER/-IR use A
Ex: dormir (duermo) → duerma / no duerma
Comer (como) → coma / no coma
Jugar (juego) → juegue/ no juegue
Poner (pongo) → ponga / no ponga
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Irregular Commands of Ir and Ser
No seas, sea, no sea
No vayas, vaya, no vaya
FUTURE TENSE ENDINGS
FUTURE TENSE ENDINGS
Keep infinitive and add the endings!!
é
ás
á
FUTURE TENSE IRREGULARS
hablaré
comeré
hablarás
comerás
hablará
comerá
hablaremos
comeremos
hablarán
comerán
FUTURE TENSE IRREGULARS
é
ás
á
Endings on end of the stems:
decir (say/tell)
hacer (do/make)
poder (can)
poner (put/place/set)
querer (want)
saber (know)
salir (leave)
tener (have)
venir (come)
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CONDITIONAL TENSE
ENDINGS
CONDITIONAL TENSE
IRREGULARS
CONDITIONAL TENSE ENDINGS
Keep infinitive and add the endings!!
ía
ías
ía
emos
án
viviré
vivirás
vivirá
viviremos
vivirán
emos
án
dirharpodrpondrquerrsabrsaldrtendrvendr-
íamos
ían
hablaría
comería
viviría
hablarás
comerás
vivirás
hablaría
comería
viviría
hablaríamos
comeríamos
viviríamos
hablarían
comerían
vivirían
CONDITIONAL TENSE IRREGULARS
ía
ías
ía
íamos
ían
Endings on end of the stems:
decir (say/tell)
hacer (do/make)
poder (can)
poner (put/place/set)
querer (want)
saber (know)
salir (leave)
tener (have)
venir (come)
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PRESENT PERFECT
dirharpodrpondrquerrsabrsaldrtendrvendr-
PRESENT PERFECT
Haber + ado/ido (have done something)
Have done something
PRESENT PERFECT
He comido
Has bailado
Ha viajado
Hemos vivido
Han dormido
PRESENT PERFECT
Irregular ado/ido forms (8 to's and 2 cho's)
Irregular ado/ido forms
(8 to's and 2 cho's)
abrir (to open) - abierto (open)
cubrir (to cover) - cubierto (covered)
decir (to say) - dicho (said)
escribir (to write) - escrito (written)
freír (to fry) - frito (fried)
hacer (to do) - hecho (done)
morir (to die) - muerto (dead)
poner (to put) - puesto (put)
resolver (to resolve) - resuelto (resolved)
romper (to break) - roto (broken)
ver (to see) - visto (seen)
volver (to return) - vuelto (returned)
SUBJUNCTIVE:WHEN WE USE IT
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SUBJUNCTIVE
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SUBJUNCTIVE
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SUBJUNCTIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE: HOW TO FORM IT
How do we form it?
Go to the yo, drop the o, add the opposite endings
OR yo form present tense drop the o swap the ends
When do we use it?
What must we have? 3 criteria
Used for things we may do, might do, want someone else to do, recommend
someone to do, things we doubt will happen but could happen
SUBJUNCTIVE: 3 CRITERIA
1.
2.
3.
Two different clauses
Two different subjects
Que in between that is silent in English
-ER/IR verbs
o
as
a
amos
an
-AR verbs
o
es
e
emos
en
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SUBJUNCTIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE: STRAIGHT UP IRREGULARS
Straight up Irregulars
dar – dé, des, dé, demos, den
ir – vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayan
saber – sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepan
haber – haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayan
estar – esté, estés, esté, estemos, estén
ser – sea, seas, sea, seamos, sean
Dar
Ir
Saber
Haber
Estar
ser
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SUBJUNCTIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE: -CAR, -GAR, -ZAR
-car, -gar, -zar irregulars
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SUBJUNCTIVE
-car, -gar, -zar verbs take spelling changes in all forms of the subjunctive
-car → -qué
Ie: busques, jueguen, almuercen,
-gar → -gué
crucemos, lleguemos, marques
-zar → -cé
SUBJUNCTIVE: WEIRDO
WEIRDO: What’s it stand for?
Wishes
Emotion
Impersonal Expressions
Recommendations
Doubt/Denial
Ojala
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SUBJUNCTIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE: 10 COMMON WEIRDO WORDS
Ten Common WEIRDO words
Recomendar (recommend)
Insistir (insist)
Querer (want)
Ojalá (hope/god willing)
Preferir (prefer)
Es necesario (it's necessary)
Es probable (it's probable)
Dudar (doubt)
Esperar (hope)
Desear (wish)
SUBJUNCTIVE: EXPRESSIONS WHOSE CLAUSES USE SUBJ
Remember "riqo peeded"
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SUBJUNCTIVE
Expressions that use subjunctive in
their clauses
Remember "escapa-ha"
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En caso de que (in case that)
Sin que (without that)
Con tal de que (as long as)
Antes de que (before that)
Para que (in order that/so that)
A menos que (unless that)
Hasta que (until that)
A fin que (in order that)
SUBJUNCTIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE: 4 SITUATIONS
4 situations
1.
2.
3.
4.
Indicative WEIRDO que
subjunctive
ESCAPA-HA subjunctive ,
indicative
Indicative ESCAPA-HA subjunctive
Indicative statement
que
subjunctive