Schedule for Today
18-759: Wireless Networks
Goals and structure of the course
Administrative stuff
Wireless technologies
History
Exciting Applications
Lecture 1: Organization, History and
Applications
Peter Steenkiste
Departments of Computer Science and
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Spring Semester 2010
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~prs/wirelessS10/
Peter A. Steenkiste
1
Goals of the Course
Course Contents
Learn about the unique challenges in wireless
networking
Lectures: unique
q features of wireless
» About 20 lectures on diverse topics
» Starting point is “regular” wired networks
Surveys of advanced research topics
Gain an understanding of wireless technologies
at the physical, MAC, and higher layers
»
»
»
»
» Focus is on the wireless protocol layer
Get experience in working with wireless
networks
» Implementing protocols
protocols, algorithms
» Measurements of wireless networks
Critical thinking on exciting current research
Comparison of proposed solutions
Applicability and limitations
Second half of the semester
P j t team-based,
Project:
t
b
d hands-on
h d
» More in-depth study of a particular topic
» Topic is flexible
» Organized as multiple phasis
Get a broad view of the ongoing research in the
wireless domain
» Focus on the protocol level
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Guest lectures
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Lectures
Surveys
Last part of the course will deal with
advanced
d
d topics,
t i
that
th t are the
th focus
f
off currentt
research in the wireless networking.
Small teams will prepare a survey on a topic
based on a small set of papers.
History
y and applications
pp
(today)
(
y)
» Why are wireless networks so interesting?
Challenges of wireless networks (Wednesday)
Physical layer concepts (4-5)
» Focus on impact on higher layers
» Not an in-depth course on the communications field!
» Summarize the state of the art
» Apply critical thinking on the applicability and
effectiveness of current proposals
» Compare different solutions
» Identify interesting future work
Cellular networks and WiMax ((3-4))
WLAN (4)
PAN, sensor networks, etc. (4-5)
Surveys will be presented in class and
summarized in a short document
» Work on communication skills
5
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Projects
Prerequisites
Prerequisites in basic probability, networking,
and basic signals
signals, programming
In-depth
p study
y of a p
particular topic.
p
» Performance evaluation studies, protocol modifications,
applications, measurements, ..
» Must be wireless, but otherwise flexible
» List of sample topics will be provided
» Or: 18-345 and 15-213 (or 15-441 as a substitute); 18-396;
and 36-217 (36-225 or 36-325 as substitutes)
» C/C++ and/or Java programming for the project
Mostly taken by students who want to extend
their networking background to wireless
Strongly prefer hands on projects
» Real world is quite different from simulation and analysis
» Need to make sure you know some signals as the basis
for the PHY material
Must carefully consider platform options:
»
»
»
»
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Peter A. Steenkiste
But, also accessible to students with more of
an EE background
Emulator
Real-world experiments
Simulator based (last resort)
Or could compare results in different environments
» But need to read up on networking - see reading list
» Need to consider programming experience as well
Please fill out information form!
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Administrative Stuff
Grading
"Wireless Communications and Networks",
Willi
William
Stallings,
St lli
Prentice
P
ti Hall,
H ll 2002
»
»
»
»
Grade distribution:
Homework: 10%
Project: 25%
Survey: 15%
Exams: 50%
Will not cover all the material in the book
Not all material is in the book - slides are fairly detailed
Some slides taken from various sources
Special credit to Dina Papagiannaki for many contributions
Web page is primary source for information
» May
y use blackboard for submission of assignments
g
Course secretary: Angela Miller, Gates 9118,
amiller@cs.cmu.edu
Teaching assistant: Fahad Dogar and Anand
Poovekurussi
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Collaboration
Schedule for Today
Traditional rules of collaboration apply
pp y
Goals and structure of the course
Administrative stuff
Wireless technologies
History
Exciting Applications
» http://www.cmu.edu/policies/documents/Cheating.html
You must complete individual assignments
and tests by yourself
You must collaborate with your partner in the
team-based project and survey assignment
It is acceptable
p
and encouraged
g to help
p fellow
student with generic problems
» E.g. where to find documentation, use of tools, ..
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Wireless Technologies
IR
R
Infrared
W e ess
Wireless
LAN
Diverse application
requirements
Optical
Communications
satellite
»
»
»
»
»
EHF
300 GHz
30 GHz
SHF
Communications
Terrestrial satellite
microwave
Wi-Fi
Experimental
Communications
satellite
Cordless
Cellular
phone
phone
Color
TV
FM radio
Mobile
Two-way
Black-and
radio
White TV
UHF
3 GHz
VHF
300 MH
MHz
HF
30 MHz
3 MHz
WiMAX
Ultrawideband
Diverse
deployments
g
ZigBee
» Licensed versus
unlicensed
» Provisioned or
not
Shortwave
radio
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
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IrDA
100
»
»
»
»
»
Signal penetration
Frequency use
Cost
Market size
Age, integration
UWB
WiFi
10
1
WiMAX
BT
Zigbee
1m
10m
100m
1Km
10km
Range
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Some History…
100km
14
Satellites
Wireless telegraph
g p invented by
y Guglielmo
g
Marconi in 1896
Tesla credited with first radio communication
in 1893
First telegraphic signal traveled across the
Atlantic ocean in 1901
Used analog
g signals
g
to transmit alphanumeric
p
characters
Peter A. Steenkiste
Technologies have
different
Energy consumption
Range
Bandwidth
Mobility
Cost
Throughput (Mb
bps)
3 THz
Why so many?
Launched in 1960
First satellites could carry 240 voice circuits
In 1998 satellites carried:
» 1/3 of all voice traffic
» All television signals between countries!
Modern satellites induce 250 ms propagation
delay
y
New ones in lower orbits can allow for data
services such as Internet access
Throughput of 100s Mbps (http://www.viasat.com/news/md1366-disacertified-ebem-satcom-modem-establishes-new-high-throughput-exceeding-200-mbps-xtar)
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Mobile phones
The origin of mobile phone
America’s mobile phone age started in 1946
with MTS – weighing 40 Kg!
First mobile phones very bulky, expensive
and hardly portable
Operator assisted with 250 maximum users
2-way
y 2-party
p y communication using
g digital
g
transmission technology
In 2002 the number of mobile phones
exceeded that of land lines
More than 1 billion mobile phones!
The only telecommunications solution in
developing
p g regions
g
How did it all start?
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The MTS network
The cellular idea
http://www.privateline.com/PCS/images/SaintLouis2.gif
In December 1947 Donald H. Ring
g outlined the
idea in a Bell labs memo
Split an area into cells with their own low
power towers
Each cell would use its own frequency
Did not take off due to “extreme-at-the-time”
extreme-at-the-time
processing needs
» Handoff for thousands of users
» Rapid switching infeasible – maintain call while changing
frequency
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… the remaining components
… and the regulatory bodies
In December 1947 the transistor was invented
by William Shockley, John Bardeen, and
Walter Brattain
The FCC commissioner Robert E. Lee said
that mobile phones were a status symbol and
worried that every family might someday
believe that its car had to have one.
Lee called this a case of people “frivolously
using spectrum” simply because they could
afford to.
Why no portable phones at that time?
A mobile phone needs to send a signal – not
jjust receive and amplify
p y
The energy required for a mobile phone
transmission still too high for the high
power/high tower approach – could only be
done with a car battery
From The Cell-Phone Revolution,
AmericanHeritage.com
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DynaTAC8000X: the first cell
phone
Cellular Landscape
THEN
The “brick”:
- weighed
i h d 2 pounds,
d
- offered 30 mins of talk time for
every recharging and
- sold for $3,995!
• Fi
Firstt complete
l t cellular
ll l
system (not handheld)
deployed in 1978 in the
suburbs of Chicago.
• The system had 10
cells, each about a
mile across
• With 135 customdesigned car phones.
It took 10 years to develop (19731983) and cost $100 million!
((delay
y due to infrastructure))
Size primarily determined by the
size of batteries, antennas,
keypads, etc.
Today size determined by the UI!
Peter A. Steenkiste
Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola, made the first US analogue
mobile phone call on a larger prototype model in 1973
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NOW
A map of cell-phone towers in Texas as of
2005, with different colors representing
different companies.
24
How about WiFi – a little history
WiFi in laptops
Antennas p
placed on the frame of the screen
Mini-PCI format allows for full integration
Latest radio technology may feature up to 3
antennas
Wavelan at 900MHz
1 Mbps throughput
PCMCIA form factor
make Wavelan more
portable
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Food for thought
Schedule for Today
How large
g will tomorrow’s mobile devices be?
How many wireless interfaces will they have?
Will they have any of the interfaces we use
today?☺
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Goals and structure of the course
Administrative stuff
Wireless technologies
History
Exciting Applications
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What do we use wireless for?
Cellular applications
Limited set of “special” users … everyone
The first killer application
pp
– SMS text
messaging
Then ring tones…
Now replacement for landlines…
… and with data communication a
dominant use
Always-on connectivity…
connectivity
… while on the move
» Broadcasting, emergency services, etc.
» 10s .. 100s of devices per person
Device to infrastructure … people to people
… device to device
» Broadcasting, Internet access
» Phone calls, social networking, …
» Sensor networks,, health,, …
Special-purpose applications … wired link
replacement … wireless application market
» Often single-use devices
» Make application/protocol work over wireless
» Wireless only applications for multi-purpose devices
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Googlemaps
Shazam
Song
g discovery
y using
g the web
Localization through GPS
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Where
WiFi applications
Wireless access
to the Internet!
Find where your
y
friends are – Where,
Whrrl, Loopt
» In home
» Through hotspots
» While on the
move…
Seattle map
p
through
wigle.net
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Free Internet access through
mesh WiFi
Google WiFi Network in CA
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Home security and energy mgmt
through WiFi (AlertMe)
WiFi in developing regions
http://www.alertme.com/home-security/
Kallarakkunnu
Bharti
Chekk
od
6
3.04
km
Kakkancherry
2
8.5 km
5
Vivekananda
3.48 km
20
No wiringg needed!
Security sensors communicate
through WiFi
12
7.75km
5
Melmuri
8
17.5 km
Kizzisary
3 5 Km
3.5
Malappur
am
22
Arikko
d
Nilambur
8
3
11.5km
16.8 km
25
Vettekkod
5
3.5km
22.3 km
8
4
17
Vangalam
15.68 km
10
14.53 km
Pullamkode
Smart p
plugs
g allow
for energy
consumption
monitoring
Kalpakanchery
5
6
MEA
23
3
22.5 km
23
PTM
Pallurkotta
Tavanoor
7
24
10
6
30
4
24
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No of Akshaya
centres
connected
Sub
POP
37
POP
xx
http://www.alertme.com/energy-saving/
Vehicle to vehicle
communication
Future?
The motorcycles form
and ad hoc WLAN
The system
continuously monitors
the position, speed,
distance and direction
of surrounding road
users, even in
conditions of darkness
and poor visibility.
visibility
Data is centralized and sent to the drivers to warn them of
traffic conditions ahead
Motorcycle riders can view information on a display, and
receive safety warnings through advanced interfaces such
as an in-helmet audio system
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60 GHz for in-home entertainment
Software defined radios
From http://www.springerlink.com/content/9202x47k06358x8v/fulltext.pdf
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Rest of the course
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX
http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2007/3/2007_3
_8.shtml
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7432915/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-wideband
http://www.nec.co.jp/press/en/0602/0802.html
http://bloggerstop.net/2008/01/first-mobile-phone-first-fully.html
http://indianautosblog.com/2008/10/honda-debuts-vehicle-to-vehiclecommunication-system-motorcycle-safety-technology
http://cents.cs.berkeley.edu/retreats/winter_2005/CENTS-tier.ppt
http://www.privateline.com/mt_digitalbasics/ii_wireless_history/17_t
he_first_american_radiotelephone_service/
Challenges
g in delivering
g wireless networking
g
solutions (physical layer, protocols, and
supporting infrastructure)
How things work and limitations
Current research topics that will enable more
uses
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