MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT 2008
VIETNAM CRAFT VILLAGE
ENVIRONMENT
HANOI, 2008
LIST OF AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS STATE OF ENVIRONMENT 2008
"CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENT"
STEERING PANEL:
Dr. Pham Khoi Nguyen, Minister, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
Dr. Nguyen Xuan Cuong, Deputy Minister, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
Dr. Tran Hong Ha, Former Deputy Minister, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
As. Prof. Dr.Bui Cach Tuyen, Acting Deputy Director, Vietnam Environment Protection
Agency
Dr. Le Ke Son, Vice Director, Vietnam Environment Protection Agency
SECRETARIAT:
Dr. Hoang Duong Tung, Eng. Nguyen Van Thuy, Msc. Le Hoang Anh,
Bsc. Nguyen Thi Nguyet Anh, Eng. Pham Quang Hieu, Bsc. Mac Thi Minh Tra, Msc. Luong
Hoang Tung, Bsc. Nguyen Hong Hanh - Vietnam Environment Protection Agency
GROUP OF AUTHORS:
Msc. Duong Thanh An, Msc. Nguyen Hoang Anh, Msc. Tran Thi Le Anh, Msc. Nguyen Hoa
Binh, Msc. Le Thanh Binh, Dr. Mai Thanh Dung, Msc. Hoang Minh Dao, Bsc. Vu Dinh Hieu,
Dr. Tran The Loan, Dr. Dang Van Loi, Bsc. Nguyen Cong Quang, Msc. Hoang Minh Son, Eng.
Do Thanh Thuy, Dr. Hoang Van Thuc, Msc. Phung Van Vui - Vietnam Environment
Protection Agency.
Prof. Dr. Dang Kim Chi, Prof. Dr. Pham Ngoc Dang, Msc. Le Minh Duc, , As. Prof. Dr. Tuong Thi
Hoi, Dr. Nguyen Thi Quynh Huong, Msc. Nguyen Trinh Huong, Dr. An Van Khanh, Dr. Nguyen
Thang Long, Msc. Cu Hoai Nam, Prof. Dr. Tran Hieu Nhue, Msc. Nguyen Thuy Quynh, Prof. Dr.
Nguyen Thi Son, Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Sinh, Dr. Phung Chi Sy, Dr. Trinh Thanh, Eng. Duong Thi
To, Dr. Nguyen Hoang Yen.
CONTRIBUTORS:
Departments of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
Ministry of Industry and Commerce, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,
Ministry of Planning and Investment, Ministry of Construction, Ministry of Health, General
Statistics Office
Vietnam Craft villages development Association, Vietnam cooperative Alliance
Provincial Departments of Natural Resources and Environment: Bac Giang, Bac Ninh,
Hanoi, Ha Nam, Hai Duong, Hung Yen, Lam Dong, Thai Binh, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien Hue, Binh Duong, Bac Lieu, Ben Tre, Tien Giang
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS:
Pollution Control in Poor Densely Populated Areas (PCDA/DANIDA): Miles Burton, Lenart
Emborg.
Vietnam craft village Environment
iii
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
List of Boxes ........................................................................................................................x
List of Figures ..................................................................................................................xii
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................xiii
List of Diagrams ..............................................................................................................xiv
List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................................xvi
Preface ............................................................................................................................xix
Executive summary ........................................................................................................xxi
Chapter 1. OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
1. 1. History and classification of craft villages in Vietnam ..........................................3
1.1.1. History of craft villages in Vietnam ..............................................................3
1.1.2. Classification of craft villages ........................................................................8
1.2. Roles of craft villages in social economic development ........................................9
1.2.1. Craft village development policies ................................................................9
1.2.2. Craft villages and rural infrastructure development ..................................10
1.2.3. Craft villages and poverty alleviation and hunger eradication
in rural areas ..................................................................................................11
1.2.4. Traditional craft villages and tourism development ................................12
1.3. Impacts of craft villages on environment ..............................................................13
1.4. Development trend of craft villages up to 2015 ....................................................15
Vietnam craft village Environment
v
Table of Contents
Chapter 2. CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
2.1. Overview of pollution at craft villages ................................................................21
2.2. Air environment of craft villages............................................................................23
2.2.1. Emission of craft villages ..............................................................................23
2.2.2. Characteristics of air pollution at craft villages..........................................24
2.2.2.1. Recycling villages: heavy air pollution ....................................................24
2.2.2.2. Construction material and rock mining villages: widespread
air pollution ..............................................................................................................24
2.2.2.3. Food processing, husbandry and slaughtering villages:
air pollution caused by decomposition of organic matter ..................................24
2.2.2.4. Silk weaving and leather processing: local air pollution ......................25
2.2.2.5. Fine art and embroidering villages: air pollution occuring in
some rock fine art and rattan weaving villages....................................................25
2.3. Water environment (surface and ground water) in craft villages ......................26
2.3.1. Characteristics of wastewater in craft villages ..........................................26
2.3.1.1. Food processing, husbandry and slaughtering villages:
high volume of wastewater and high concentration of organic matter..............27
2.3.1.2. Weaving, dyeing and leather processing villages: wastewater is
coloured and contains chemicals ..........................................................................28
2.3.1.3. Recycling villages: wastewater contains toxic chemicals ......................29
2.3.1.4. Fine art craft villages: Wastewater in some lacquer and rattan
weaving enterprises contains high concentration of pollutants ..........................30
2.3.2. Surface water pollution of craft villages ....................................................30
2.3.2.1. Food processing, husbandry and slaughtering: surface water
is seriously polluted by organic matter ................................................................30
2.3.2.2. Dyeing, silk weaving and leather processing villages: surface water is
seriously polluted by organic matter......................................................................31
2.3.2.3. Fine art craft villages: surface water is polluted in some
rattan weaving craft villages ..................................................................................31
2.3.3. Ground water pollution in craft villages ....................................................32
2.3.3.1. Ground water in some food processing, husbandry and slaughtering,
weaving and leather processing villages has been polluted ..............................32
vi
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
Table of Contents
2.3.3.2. Fine art craft villages: ground water has yet to be polluted..................32
2.4. Solid waste in craft villages ....................................................................................32
2.4.1. Food processing, husbandry and slaughtering: solid waste contains
high concentration of biologically degradable organic matter ............................33
2.4.2. Recycling villages: diverse solid waste and hard to degrade ..................33
2.4.3. Weaving, dyeing, silk teasing and leather villages: solid waste discharge
from leather processing and sewing contain non-degradable matter ................34
2.4.4. Fine art villages: small volume of waste and can be recycled ................34
2.5. Trend of environmental pollution in craft villages ..............................................34
2.5.1.
Forecast of volume of main pollutants......................................................34
2.5.1.1. Forecast of volume of emission to air environment................................34
2.5.1.2. Forecast of main pollutants discharged to water environment ............35
2.5.1.3. Forecast of volume of solid waste ............................................................36
2.5.2.
Forecast of pollution in air and water environment
............................36
2.5.2.1. Forecast of pollution in air environment ................................................36
2.5.2.2. Forecast of water environmental pollution ..............................................37
Chapter 3. IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN CRAFT VILLAGES
ON COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SOCIO-ECONOMY
3.1.
The increase of diseases and the reduction of life expectancy in
polluted villages ..........................................................................................................41
3.1.1. Environmental pollution in recycling villages causes the most serious
impacts on community health ....................................................................................43
3.1.2. Impacts of environmental pollution on community health in
food processing, animal husbandry and slaughtering villages ..............................47
3.1.3. Impacts of environmental pollution on community health in
silk weaving and leather processing villages ..........................................................48
3.1.4. Impacts of environmental pollution on community health in
rock mining and construction material villages ......................................................49
3.1.5. Impact of environmental pollution on community health
in fine art villages ........................................................................................................49
Vietnam craft village Environment
vii
Table of Contents
3.2. Impacts of environmental pollution on social economic development ................50
3.2.1. Increased cost for health care and "disease burden" ....................................50
3.2.2. Impacts of environmental pollution on economic activities.........................51
3.3.
Environmental pollution in craft villages brings about
environmental conflicts ..............................................................................................53
Chapter 4. SHORTCOMINGS IN CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
4.1. Lack of detailed legislation documents on craft village environmental protection..........60
4.2. Unclear roles and responsibilities on craft village environmental protection
among authorities (ministry, sector and local levels)................................................................61
4.3.
Shortcomings in craft village planning........................................................................................62
4.4. Weaknesses in implementation of legislation on environmental protection
in craft villages ................................................................................................................................63
4.4.1. Weaknesses in law enforcement ........................................................................................63
4.4.2. Economic tools have not been applied ............................................................................64
4.4.3. Weak information dissemination and awareness raising on environmental
protection in craft villages ..............................................................................................................64
4.5. Insufficient human resources, finance and technology for craft village
environmental protection ................................................................................................................65
4.6. Social resources have not been mobilized for craft village
environmental protection ................................................................................................................66
Chapter 5. SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
5.1. Improve institutions, strengthen organisation in environmental
protection legislation enforcement ........................................................................72
5.1.1. Improve legislation and policy documents on environment
protection in craft villages ......................................................................................72
5.1.2. Improvement of district and commune environmental
management system ................................................................................................75
5.1.3. Strengthen law enforcement on environmental protection
in craft villages ........................................................................................................78
5.2. Spatial planning and environmental protection ..................................................79
5.3. Solutions for existing craft villages ........................................................................80
5.3.1. Strengthen environmental management in craft villages..........................80
viii
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
Table of Contents
5.3.2. Strengthen the application of waste treatment technologies
in craft villages ........................................................................................................80
5.4. Solutions for polluted craft villages ......................................................................82
5.4.1. Promptly carry out environmental treatment for craft villages listed in
Decision 64/2003/QD-TTg........................................................................................82
5.4.2. Detect and treat polluted villages ................................................................83
5.4.3. Treatment of polluted areas due to craft village operations ....................83
5.5. Incentive measures ..................................................................................................83
5.5.1. Encourage the application of cleaner production and technologies
that mitigate environmental damage and treat craft village wastes ................83
5.5.2. Encourage socialisation in craft village environmental protection ..........84
5.5.3. Encourage and diversify investment for craft village
environmental protection ........................................................................................86
5.6. Disincentive measures ............................................................................................86
Conclusions and Recommendations................................................................................89
References ........................................................................................................................91
Annexess............................................................................................................................95
Vietnam craft village Environment
ix
List of Boxes
LIST OF BOXES
Chapter 1. OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Box 1.1. Criteria for designation of traditional crafts, craft villages
and traditional craft villages ...............................................................................4
Box 1.2. The establishment of new craft villages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Box 1.3. Investment for infrastructure in craft villages and groups
of craft villages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Box 1.4. Role of craft villages in social economic development
. . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Box 1.5. The development of scale of some craft villages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Box 1.6. Contribution to state budget from craft villages in Ha Nam Province . . .12
Box 1.7. Traditional craft villages - important tourism resources . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Box 1.8. Craft villages and tourism in former Ha Tay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Box 1.9. Main factors influencing the development of craft villages . . . . . . . . . . .16
Chapter 2. CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Box 2.1. Craft villages in Hanoi and aquatic environmental issues..........................27
Box 2.2. Wastewater of paper recycling villages and environmental
pollution issues .................................................................................................29
Box 2.3. Solid waste of craft villages of Hanoi ...........................................................32
Chapter 3. IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN CRAFT VILLAGES
ON COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SOCIO-ECONOMY
Box 3.1. Impact of environmental pollution on community health in
Tong Xa village (Nam Dinh)............................................................................43
Box 3.2. Statistics on diseases in metal craft villages based on the
total number of people who visit medical stations ....................................44
Box 3.3. Environmental pollution and disease in Duong O
paper recycling village (Bac Ninh) ................................................................45
Box 3.4. Diseases in food processing villages based on the number
of people who visit medical stations ............................................................46
x
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
List of Boxes
Box 3.5. Diseases in Ha Thai lacquer village (former Ha Tay) ................................49
Box 3.6. Environmental pollution impacts on tourism in Ha Tay province ...........51
Box 3.7. Pollution in Duong Noi weaving commune (Ha Noi) and impacts
on agricultural production ..............................................................................52
Box 3.8. Environmental pollution impact on agriculture production .......................52
Box 3.9. Conflicts between groups of people in some craft villages
in Red River Delta ...........................................................................................53
Box 3.10. Environmental conflict between Tan Hoa and Tien Phuong Communes ....53
Box 3.11. Conflicts between production activities and aesthetics and
culture in coconut fibre thread villages (Mo Cay, Ben Tre) ......................54
Box 3.12. Thoughts of a selection of craft operators and people impacted...............54
Chapter 4. SHORTCOMINGS IN CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Box 4.1. Craft village environmental protection in some legislative documents.........58
Box 4.2. Some documents of provinces/cities.....................................................................59
Box 4.3. Responsibilities of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,
Ministry of Industry and Trade and Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment in craft village development..........................................................62
Box 4.4. Implementation of some legislative documents in craft villages......................63
Chapter 5. SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
Box 5.1. Recommendations on development of specific legislative
documents on craft village environmental protection..................................73
Box 5.2. Recommendations on regulations
on environmental hygiene in craft villages....................................................74
Box 5.3. Several technological measures for waste treatment.....................................81
Box 5.4. Cleaner production...........................................................................................84
Box 5.5. Guidelines on main contents of village regulation.......................................85
Vietnam craft village Environment
xi
List of Figures
LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter 1. OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Figure 1.1. Distribution of craft villages in Vietnam.......................................................6
Figure 1.2. Distribution of craft villages based on their products.................................7
Chapter 5. SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING ENVIRONMENT AT CRAFT VILLAGES
Figure 5.1. Environment management system at commune level ..............................75
xii
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
List of Tables
LIST OF TABLES
Chapter 1. OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Table 1.1.
Technologies applied in craft villages......................................................14
Table 1.2.
Development of craft villages up to 2015.................................................17
Chapter 2. CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Table 2.1.
Characteristics of craft village pollution...................................................22
Table 2.2.
Emission caused by coal combustion in recycling and
pottery villages ............................................................................................23
Table 2.3.
Volume of pollutants in wastewater of some
food processing villages ..............................................................................27
Table 2.4.
Coliforms in wastewater of some food processing villages ..................28
Table 2.5.
Coliform in surface water of food processing, husbandry
and slaughtering villages ............................................................................31
Table 2.6.
Fuel demand and volume of clinker in some
food processing villages ..............................................................................33
Table 2.7.
Composition and volume of residue in Duong Lieu
starch processing village - Hanoi ..............................................................33
Chapter 3. IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN CRAFT
VILLAGES ON COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SOCIO-ECONOMY
Table 3.1.
Diseases in Dong Yen silk teasing village (Quang Nam) ........................48
Table 3.2.
Diseases in Van Phuc silk village (Hanoi) ..............................................48
Table 3.3.
Percentage of diseases on total population in Non Nuoc
rock fine art village (Da Nang) ..................................................................49
Chapter 5. SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
Table 5.1.
Responsibilities of organisations and individuals in environmental
management in craft villages................................................. ....................76
Table 5.2.
Planning model for dyeing and weaving craft villages ..........................80
Table 5.3.
List of polluting craft villages under the Decision
No 64/2003/QD-TTg ....................................................................................82
Table 5.4.
Cleaner production for metal recycling villages.......................................84
Vietnam craft village Environment
xiii
List of Diagrams
LIST OF DIAGRAMS
Chapter 1. OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Diagram 1.1.
Craft village classification based on sector ............................................8
Diagram 1.2.
Social services in craft villages..............................................................10
Diagram 1.3.
Export turnover of craft villages in Vietnam ........................................11
Diagram 1.4.
Forecast of number of craft villages in the Red river delta up to 2015 ..15
Chapter 2. CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Diagram 2.1.
Dust and SO2 in metal recycling villages ............................................24
Diagram 2.2.
Diagram 2.3.
Diagram 2.4.
Dust in the air in plastic recycling villages..........................................24
Concentrations of some parameters in construction material villages ..25
SO2 and NO2 concentrations in some food processing, husbandry and
slaughtering villages ................................................................................25
Diagram 2.5. Concentration of some air pollutants in weaving and dyeing villages ..26
Diagram 2.6. Concentration of some pollutants in the air in fine art villages ........26
Diagram 2.7. Volume of wastewater in some food processing, husbandry and
slaughtering villages ...............................................................................27
Diagram 2.8. BOD5, COD and SS in wastewater of food processing, husbandry and
slaughtering villages ................................................................................27
Diagram 2.9. Wastewater discharge of some dyeing and weaving villages ............28
Diagram 2.10. COD, BOD5 and SS in wastewater of silk weaving and dyeing villages....28
Diagram 2.11. Heavy metal in wastewater of mechanical villages ............................29
Diagram 2.12. Concentrations of some parameters in wastewater of
paper recycling villages ..........................................................................29
Diagram 2.13. COD, BOD5, SS and colour in wastewater of lacquer and rattan
weaving villages............ ..........................................................................30
Diagram 2.14. Concentrations of some parameters in surface water of food processing, husbandry and slaughtering villages..............................................30
Diagram 2.15. COD, BOD5 in surface water of dyeing and teasingl villages ............31
Diagram 2.16. BOD5 and COD in surface water of fine art craft villages ..................31
Diagram 2.17. Coliform in ground water in some food processing, husbandry,
slaughtering, dyeing and weaving villages ..........................................32
Diagram 2.18. Solid waste of some metal recycling villages ......................................33
Diagram 2.19. Forecast of volume of pollutants of craft villages in Red River Delta
based on three scenarios (KB1, KB2, KB3) ..........................................35
xiv
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
List of Diagrams
Diagram 2.20. Forecast of dust emission in craft villages in Red River Delta
based on 3 scenarios (KB1, KB2 and KB3) ..........................................35
Diagram 2.21. Forecast of discharge volume of pollutants in wastewater
of the Red River Delta based on 3 scenarios (KB1, KB2, KB3) ..........35
Diagram 2.22. Forecast of discharge volume of COD of production groups
in Red River Delta based on 3 scenarios (KB1, KB2 and KB3) ..........35
Diagram 2.23. Forecast of solid waste of production groups in Red River Delta
based on 3 scenarios (KB1, KB2 and KB3) ..........................................36
Diagram 2.24. Forecast of maximum concentration of pollutants in the
air environment in the Red River Delta based on 3 scenarios
(KB1, KB2 and KB3) ................................................................................37
Diagram 2.25. Forecast of maximum concentration of dust in emission of craft villages
in Red River Delta based on 3 scenarios (KB1, KB2 and KB3) ............37
Diagram 2.26. Forecast of discharge volume of pollutants in Red River Delta based
on 3 scenarios (KB1, KB2 and KB3) ......................................................37
Diagram 2.27. Forecast of BOD volume for each of production groups in Red River
Delta based on 3 scenarios (KB1, KB2 and KB3) ................................37
Chapter 3. IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN CRAFT
VILLAGES ON COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SOCIO-ECONOMY
Diagram 3.1. Age of people going to medical centres and average age at Tong Xa
casting village and Yen Phong agricultural village (Nam Dinh) ..........42
Diagram 3.2. Percentage of people contracting diseases among craft villages and
normal villages in Ha Nam province ......................................................42
Diagram 3.3. Percentage of some common diseases in craft villages of former
HaTay ..........................................................................................................42
Diagram 3.4. Percentage of people contracting diseases in Chau Khe metal recyling
village (Bac Ninh) ......................................................................................44
Diagram 3.5. Percentage of disease in Thiet Tru medicine village (Hung Yen)
and other villages (for comparison)..........................................................47
Diagram 3.6. Percentage of diseases in Cong Hoa village (former Ha Tay province)
and Dong Thap village (for comparison) ................................................47
Diagram 3.7. Estimation of cost for health care in Tong Xa mechnical casting
village and Yen Phong village (Nam Dinh) (for comparison) ..............50
Diagram 3.8. Disease burden in Tong Xa village and Yen Phong village
(for comparison)..........................................................................................51
Vietnam craft village Environment
xv
List of
Abreviations
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
ADB
Asian Development Bank
Al2O3
Aluminium oxide
BOD
Biological oxygen demand
CDM
Clean Development Mechanism
CEETIA
Centre for Environmental Engineering of Towns and
Industrial areas
CH4
Methane
Cl2
Chlorine gas
CN-
Cyanide ion
CO
Carbon monoxide
CO2
Carbon dioxide
COD
Chemical oxygen demand
Cr
Chromium
Cu
Copper
DARD
Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
dBA
decibel A
DoNRE
Department of Natural Resources and Environment
FDI
Foreign Direct Investment
Fe
Iron
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
H2S
Hydrogen sulphide
HCl
Hydrogen Chlorine
HF
Hydrogen Fluoride
Hg
Mercury
HmCn
Hydrocarbon gases
HN
Hanoi
JICA
Japan International Cooperation Agency
KB
Scenario
LPG
Liquefied petroleum gas
MARD
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
xvi
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
List of
Abreviations
Mn2+
Manganese ion
MoF
Ministry of Finance
MoST
Ministry of Science and Technology
MPN/100ml Most probable number per 100 ml
NH3
Ammonia
Ni
Nickel
NO2
Nitrogen dioxide
NOx
Nitrogen oxides
ODA
Official Development Assistance
Pb
Lead
PbO
Lead oxide
PM10
Particulate matter of 10 micrometers or less
Si
Silicon
SiO2
Silicon dioxide
SO2
Sulphur Dioxide
SS
Suspended Particulate
TCVN
Vietnam standard
THC
Total Hydra Carbon
TSP
Total Suspended Particulate
TSS
Toxic shock syndrome
UNDP
United Nations Development Programme
UNEP
United Nations Environment Programme
USD
American Dollar
VEA
Vietnam Evironmental Administration
VEPA
Vietnam Environmental Protection Agency
VND
Vietnam Dong
VOCs
Volatile organic compounds
WB
World Bank
WHO
World Health Organization
WTO
World Trade Organization
Zn
Zinc
ZnO
Zinc oxide
Vietnam craft village Environment
xvii
Preface
PREFACE
raft villages are a unique feature of rural Vietnam. They play an important role in rural social - economic development and contribute to industrialisation and modernisation processes. Craft village
development contributes to poverty alleviation and hunger eradication in rural areas, provides jobs in
leisure time, improves incomes and quality of life etc. However, the sustainable development of craft villages has yet to receive due attention from authorities at all levels.
C
Despite hundreds of years of history, the craft villages of Vietnam have remained at small-scale levels.
In addition, production processes at craft villages have always employed manually operated equipment
and backward technologies. Craft villages have also been characterized by low material/fuel efficiency,
suffered limitations of manufacturing space and possessed insufficient awareness on environment and
health protection of the people. Because of this, a number of the activities of the craft villages have
imposed pressure on their respective environments, and the surrounding communities.
Pursuant to the Law on Environment Protection, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment is
tasked to prepare a state of environment report every year. In the year 2008, the Ministry has prepared
this thematic report on the state of environment of the craft villages of Vietnam. The report responds to
such questions as "what has happened to the craft villages' environment?", "what is the extent of the pollution of the environment of craft villages?", "which types of craft villages have caused environmental pollution?", "what are the causes of such pollution?", "What are the impacts of the pollution of the craft villages' environment on community health and social economic development?", and "what needs to be
done to protect the craft villages' environment?
The report has been prepared by scientists from research institutes and universities, environment management officials and international experts. Especially, the report has received the attention, contributions
and comments on its outline, structure and contents from ministries, sectors, localities and diverse national and international experts. Information and data used for the report are current and were gathered as of
the end of December 2008. Information was officially provided by competent agencies. The Ministry of
Natural Resources and Environment would like to express its appreciation to all those who have provided valuable contributions to the report.
The report has been made possible by the financial and technical support provided by DANIDA
through the PCDA Component. This is a result of the joint efforts between the Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment and international organisations for the sustainable development of the country and for the public who care about the environment and sustainable development.
It is our hope that the report will facilitate decision-making on environmental protection as well as
facilitate social - economic development planning for craft villages. The report may also serve as reference material for scientists and the public.
PETER LYSHOLT HANSEN
PHAÏM KHOÂI NGUYEÂN
Ambassador Extraordinary and
Plenipotentiary of the Kingdom of
Denmark to Vietnam
Minister - Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment
Vietnam craft village Environment
xix
Executive
Summary
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The state of the environment report 2008 on the environment of Vietnam’s craft villages analyses the
status of the environment and the causes and negative impacts of environmental pollution, forecasts
trends of the environment in the coming years, and defines status and limitations in management activities and on the basis of the findings obtained, provides recommendations for solving the environmental problems of craft villages and enhancing environmental protection in those areas.
Similar to the previous reports, the Driving forces - Pressures - States - Impacts – Responses (DPSIR)
model has been applied to this report. The term “Driving forces” has been defined as the development
of production activities, market demands, education, awareness and infrastructure, etc. The term
“Pressures” includes characteristics of production wastes, discharge volumes of pollutants in wastewater, emission, and solid wastes, etc. The state of environment has been determined by such parameters as TSP, NO2, CO2, SO2, noise, etc. for air environment and COD, BOD5, Coliforms and colour for
aquatic environment. The “Impacts of pollution” have been analysed by percentage of pollution–related disease contracted by people, economic losses and social issues caused by pollution. The term
“Responses” includes integrated solutions to improve craft villages’ environment such as policy, legislative and institutional interventions, mitigation activities, education and awareness raising, and management and control.
The report focuses on six (6) groups of craft villages that have caused environmental pollution and negative impacts
on community health. For each group, some typical villages are analyzed as examples.
The report uses data on craft villages’ environment in recent years (2002 – 2008). Information for
the period of 2002 to 2005 was used only for those craft villages that have yet to have changes in manufacturing technologies and in their impacts on the environment. The information is officially obtained
from competent agencies and official sources.
The report comprises five (5) chapters:
Chapter 1: Overview of craft village development in Vietnam
Chapter 2: Craft village environmental pollution
Chapter 3: Impacts of environmental pollution in craft villages on community health andsocio - economy
Chapter 4: Shortcomings in craft village environmental management
Chapter 5: Solutions for protecting environment in craft villages
For assessing pollution level, this report has used the following standards (Annex 1):
TCVN 5945 – 2005: Industry waste water – discharge standards
TCVN 5942 – 1995: Surface water quality
TCVN 5944 – 1995: Groundwater quality
TCVN 5937 – 2005: Ambient air quality
TCVN 5938 – 2005: Air quality – maximum permitted levels of some toxic chemicals on ambient air
TCVN 5949 – 1998: Noise in public and resident areas – maximum permitted levels.
Vietnam craft village Environment
xxi
Chapter I.
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE
DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Rock fine art mining at Non Nuoc village (Da Nang)
Source: VEA
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Chapter 1
Chapter 1.
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE
DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
SUMMARY
Chapter 1 sketches out a general picture about the evolvement, history and current distribution of craft villages of the country as well as providing the reader with the craft village classification system used in
the report.
Craft villages play an important role in promoting social - economic development and contribute to industrialisation and modernisation transition and rural poverty alleviation as well as providing work during
leisure time, increasing incomes and developing tourism.
Beside the positive impacts on economic development, craft villages have caused environmental pollution.
Shortcomings in craft village development have been challenges to environmental protection and rural sustainable development.
Based on surveys and research on craft villages, chapter 1 provides some comments on the development
trend of craft villages up to the year 2015.
1.1. HISTORY AND CLASSIFICATION OF CRAFT
VILLAGES IN VIETNAM
1.1.1. History of craft villages in Vietnam
Craft villages are one of the unique features of Vietnam's rural areas. In craft
villages, a number of non-agricultural
products are produced by farmers and
placed on the market as commercial
goods so that household living standards
could be improved and leisure time
could be made use of. Most craft villages
have evolved over hundreds of years
along with the social economic, cultural,
and agricultural development of the
country. For example, the Dai Bai copper casting village (Bac Ninh) has had
900 years of history, 500 years for Bat
Trang pottery village (Hanoi) and 400
years for both Dong Xam carving village
(Thai Binh) and Non Nuoc rock sculpture village (Da Nang). Looking back on
the history of such products, one can see
that most of the products were originally produced during the farmer's leisure
time for his day-to-day needs e.g. agricultural tools. Production techniques,
technologies and procedures have
descended from generation to generation and have incessantly been evolved
and fine tuned.
Vietnam craft village Environment
3
Chapter 1
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Box 1.1. Criteria for designation of traditional crafts, craft villages and traditional craft villages
1. Criteria for designation of traditional crafts:
A craft will be designated as a traditional craft if it meets the following 3 criteria:
a. The craft has existed in the area for over 50 years back from the time of submission for designation;
b. The craft creates national character product(s);
c. The craft is attached to the reputation of one or more craftsmen or villages.
2. Criteria for designation of craft village:
A village will be designated as a craft village if it meets the following 3 criteria:
a. There is at least 30% of total households in the area involved in the craft production activities;
b. The production and commercial activities have been stable for at least 2 years
from the time of submission for designation;
c. Abiding by State policies and legislation.
3. Criteria for designation of traditional craft village:
Traditional craft village must meet criteria for craft village and possess at least one
traditional craft as set out in this circular.
Those villages that have yet to meet criteria a and b of the craft village criteria as set
out in article 2 but possesses at least 1 traditional craft pursuant to this circular will also be
designated as traditional craft village.
Source: Circular No 116/2006/TT-BNN dated 18 December 2006, guiding the implementation of some contents of the
Government Decree No 66/2006/ND-CP dated 07 July 2006 on rural craft development
In the past, craft villages were not only
the centres of handicraft production but
were also the cultural centres of the
region. Craftsmen would gather together
in craft villages with their respective
reputations attached to the products of
the villages. It was also in craft villages
where raw materials were collected and
where the best manufacturing techniques were applied. The products were
not only for day-to-day use but also for
commercial purposes such as fine arts,
worship materials, etc.
In recent years, craft villages have
changed rapidly due to the economic
transition towards a market-oriented
economy and the encouragement of
home craft production for domestic use
and export. The industrialisation trend
and the promulgation of policy that creates a favourable environment for the
development of home craft production,
have increased the incomes of rural
households and promoted the employment of modern technologies. In addition, the development of new craft villages and groups of craft villages has
4
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Chapter 1
Box 1.2. The establishment of new craft villages
New craft villages mentioned here do not include traditional craft villages. These craft villages were recently founded through:
- Doing outwork for large factories, import-export enterprises or expanding from some
proactive households;
- Expanding from surrounding craft villages; and
- Self-established in response to market demands and local available raw materials.
Source: Project KC 08.09, 2005
been encouraged for rural development,
employment, and sustainable incomes.
Craft villages of the country are not
evenly distributed due to various factors
such as geography, natural conditions,
local people's education level, social
conditions, etc. In particular, craft vil-
lages are mostly concentrated in those
rural areas that have a high population,
limited agricultural land and spare
labour. Craft villages are mostly located
in the Red River Delta (60%) and in the
Central Region (30%) and the South
(10%) (Source: VEA, 2008).
Collecting coconut peel at the Mekong River Delta
Source: VEA
Vietnam craft village Environment
5
Chapter 1
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Figure 1.1. Distribution of craft villages in Vietnam
Source: VEA, 2008
6
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Food processing, husbandry
and slaughtering villages
Recycling villages
Silk weaving and leather
processing villages
Chapter 1
Construction material and
rock mining villages
Fine art and embroidering
villages
Other villages
Figure 1.2. Distribution of craft villages based on their products
Source: VEA, 2008
Vietnam craft village Environment
7
Chapter 1
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
1.1.2. Classification of craft villages
Craft villages could be classified
according to the following criteria:
Construction
material, rock
mining
5%
Others
15%
Silk dyeing,
leather
processing
17%
- Classified based on traditional and
newly founded craft villages;
- Classified by products and types of
production;
Fine arts
39%
- Classified by production scales and
technologies;
- Classified by pollution sources and
levels;
Each of the above classification system has its own characteristics. A suitable classification system should be
used depending on one's purposes and
objectives. As far as environment pollution is concerned the classification system based on products and type of production is most suitable because each
product and production type requires
different materials, has different manufacture procedures, discharges different
pollutants and therefore causes different
impacts on the environment.
Based on the similarities of the business, products, materials and product
markets, craft villages of the country
could be classified into six (6) main
groups (Diagram 1.1), each with its own
sub-group. Each group has different production characteristics and brings about
different impacts on environment
1. Food processing and slaughtering
villages: exist in large number (20% of
craft villages), evenly distributed across
the country, employ spare and common
Food
processing,
husbandry,
slaughtering
20%
Diagram 1.1. Craft village classification based
on sector
- Classified by materials/fuel utilisation levels;
- Classified by product markets, development potential.
Waste
recycling
4%
Source: VEA, 2008
labour, and apply manual and old manufacture methods and procedures. Most
of the food processing villages of the
country are famous traditional craft villages producing wine, rice paper, soya
curd, vermicelli, green bean cake, glutinous rice cake, etc. and use rice, maize,
potato, cassava, and bean, etc. as major
materials, and usually go hand in hand
with husbandry at household level.
2. Silk weaving and leather sewing
craft villages: mostly practice weaving
and dyeing and many of them have a
long history and produce historical, cultural and locally typical products. Such
products as silk, cloth, embroidery are
not only valuable products but also highly appreciated works of art. The manufacture procedures of these high quality
products have not experienced major
changes and require skilled labour. The
handicraft labour is the main labour utilisation (percentage is higher than agricultural labour). This group of craft villages is comprised of: weaving and dyeing, sewing, silk weaving and leather
sewing, etc.
8
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
3. Construction material production
and rock exploitation villages: established for hundreds of years and located
in those areas that are capable of providing raw materials for construction
works. Practices are almost all manual,
technology procedures are simple, and
mechanisation is low. Along with the
improvement of quality of life, construction demands for houses and construction works have increased, bringing
about the fast development of construction material production activities in
rural areas. Rock exploitation is also
developed in those villages adjacent to
limestone-exploitation permitted villages. The exploitation also provides
materials for handicraft products and
construction materials.
4. Waste recycling craft villages: are
mostly newly established, in small number but are developing fast in scope and
type and adhere to recycling such waste
as metal, paper and plastic. In addition,
mechanical manufacture and metal casting villages also fall under this category
as they use recycled metal as major
input for the production processes. Most
of these villages are located in the North
and production technologies have gradually been mechanised.
5. Art handicraft and embroidery craft
villages: make up a high percentage of
the total craft villages (over 40%), have
a long history, and produce highly valuable and locally cultural and typical
products. Manufacturing procedures
have almost not changed and require
highly skilled, specialised, meticulous
and creative labour. This group of craft
villages comprises: pottery, glazed terracotta, porcelain fine arts; rock, silver,
gold carving; rattan, bamboo and wood
Chapter 1
fine arts, lacquer, hats, sedge mat, and
embroidery etc.
6. Other crafts: include small scale
mechanics, domestic woodwork, ship
building, lifting net weaving, etc, and
mostly serve local day-to-day needs.
Labour is readily available and stable.
This group of craft villages include: rudimentary farming tools such as plough,
sickles, domestic wood work, ship building, paper fan, rope, lifting nets, and fish
hooks, etc.
1.2. ROLES OF CRAFT VILLAGES IN SOCIAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
1.2.1. Craft village development policies
In the past, in recognition of the
important roles of craft villages and
rural handicrafts, the Party and the
State have provided guidance and
adopted a number of policies on the
development of rural craft villages such
as the Government Decree dated 7 July
2006 on rural handicraft development
policy, etc. on some policies on rural
handicraft development to promote
rural social economic development,
move economic mechanism towards
industrialisation and modernisation,
provide local jobs, enhance quality of
life and local incomes, and enhance
exportation.
In addition, the Government Decree
No 73/1995/ND-CP dated 1 November
1995 and the Decree No 01/2008/ND-CP
dated 3 January 2008 on the roles and
responsibilities of MARD designate the
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development to undertake the state
management role in rural handicrafts.
Based on this, MARD has issued a number of policies and legislation docu-
Vietnam craft village Environment
9
Chapter 1
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
ments such as the Circular No 116/2006
TT-BNN dated 18 December 2006 guiding the implementation of some articles
of the Decree No 66/2006/ND-CP;
Directive No 28/2007/CT-BNN dated 18
April 2007 on strengthening development planning of rural handicrafts and
protecting the environment of craft villages.
100
100
100
72,6
60
40
20
0
Kindergarten
Kidergarden Clinic station Clean water
exist
exist
available
Electricity
available
Telephone
available
Diagram 1.2. Social services in craft villages
Source: Project KC 08.09, 2005;
Box 1.3. Investment for infrastructure in craft villages and groups of craft villages
Up to now, total investment for infrastructure in craft villages and groups of craft
villages comes to VND 548.9 billion.
Regarding investment for infrastructure in
craft villages, from 2002 to 2007, VND
440 billion was invested for 42 provinces.
The investment projects have brought
about certain effectiveness in enhancing
infrastructure of craft villages and in
bringing together craft villages into
groups of craft villages for better environment management and for ensuring
effective and sustainable production.
1.2.2. Craft villages and rural infrastructure
development
Infrastructure in those areas that have
high concentration of craft villages such
as the Red River Delta, Northern Central
100
83,7
80
One of the key tasks for the period of
2006 - 2015 of MARD is to undertake the
Programme "one handicraft for one village" in order to restore and develop
rural craft villages for enhancing
employment and incomes through supporting the development of rural craft
villages, and encouraging households,
individuals, co-operatives and small
and medium enterprises to invest in
handicrafts; training and supporting the
movement from agriculture to non-agriculture practices; and putting in place
regulations on craft village waste management.
Infrastructure is a most important factor in support of development of craft villages. Information accessibility, electricity, water, transportation and other facilities are of utmost importance for the evolution of craft villages. Sound infrastructure development will facilitate the
development of handicrafts in villages
which in turn helps to increase the
farmer's quality of life, create jobs, and
eradicate rural poverty. Economic development of craft villages in turn contributes to the development of rural
areas (Diagram 1.2).
%
Source: MPI, 2007
and Eastern South is well developed as
most of these villages are located close
to the national highway network and
have received supports from provincial/city authorities for developing craft
villages. Some craft villages which are
located in mountainous areas have poor
infrastructure as their products are for
local demands rather than for commercialisation.
10
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Chapter 1
1.2.3. Craft village and poverty alleviation and
hunger eradication in rural areas
The evolution of craft villages in recent
years has remarkably contributed to the
transition of local economic structure and
enhancement of local quality of life.
At craft villages, while most of labour
is for handicraft production, some are
also involved in agricultural activities. In
a number of craft villages, 60 - 80% of
labour is for industry and services and
labour for agriculture make up only 20 40%. In recent years, the number of craft
households and enterprises has substantially increased at the rate of 8.8 - 9.8%
per year with increasing annual export
turnover (Diagram 1.3). Therefore, craft
villages play a very important role in creating jobs, increasing incomes and
enhancing quality of life for rural labour.
In general, craft villages are small in
scale, do not have mechanisms to attract
skilled labour and production activities
are carried out only in leisure time at
seasonal production craft villages.
However, the production activities at
larger craft village zones are carried out
throughout the year and have been
expanding in scale (Box 1.5).
90 0
80 0
US D mil lio n
70 0
60 0
50 0
40 0
30 0
20 0
10 0
0
2 00 6
2 00 7
20 08 (fore se en )
Diagram 1.3. Export turnover of craft villages
in Vietnam
Box 1.4. Role of craft villages in social economic
development
Attract the involvement of diverse
economic sectors i.e. 72% private
sector, 18% public sector and 10%
private enterprises.
Rural handicrafts employ 11 million
labourers, accounting for up to 30%
of rural labour. The percentage of
time used by these labourers in craft
villages in 2005 was 80 per cent of
their total time.
Several associations, craft associations,
craft clubs have been established
(association of Vietnam craft villages,
association of rural small and medium
enterprises, etc.)
Trade centres and residential zones
have been established in rural areas
Source: MARD, 2008
Box 1.5. The development of scales of some craft
villages
The Non Nuoc rock fine art craft village
(Da Nang) attracted more than 2,000
labourers; its turnover in 2007 reached
more than VND 60 billion; and its products have been exported to other countries in the region and to Europe. The
Tam Ky flavouring tea processing village
(Quang Nam) produces 100 tons of tea
every year, mostly for domestic use. The
Blao tea processing village (Lam Dong)
possesses 22,000 hectare of tea estate,
making up 30% of the total tea estate
area of the country and employs more
than 120,000 labourers.
Source: Central and Highland Environment
Protection Branch, 2008
Source: MARD, 2008
Vietnam craft village Environment
11
Chapter 1
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Box 1.6. Contribution to state budget from craft
villages in Ha Nam Province
The production value of craft villages in
Ha Nam Province reached VND 390.9 billion in 2005 and made up 55% of the total
production value of small scale industry.
The growth rate is 12.55% per year and
contributes approximately VND 2.9 billion
to the state budget. The high growth rate
could be seen at some handicrafts like
rattan weaving, embroidey, and silk
weaving as such products are mostly for
export (eg,. USD 4 millions/year for weaving rattan, USD 2.5 millions for embroidering).
Source: Ha Nam DoNRE, 2008
Currently, each private craft enterprise in craft villages provides stable
jobs for approximately 27 permanent
workers and 8 - 10 seasonal workers;
each craft household provides jobs for 4
- 6 permanent workers and 2 - 5 seasonal workers. Particularly, in weaving,
embroidery, and rattan weaving craft
villages, each enterprise could attract
200 - 250 workers (Source: Traditional
craft villages in the industrialisation and
modernisation process, 2004).
The income of craft labour is 3 to 4
times higher than that of the farmer.
This leads to the switch of households
from agriculture to handicraft practices.
The report "Study on handicraft planning
toward
industrialisation
of
Vietnam" carried out by MARD in 2004
indicates that the percentage of poor
household among craft household is
3.7% in comparison with 10.4% for the
country.
However, a difference of income
occurs between craft villages that are
located close to urban areas and those
located within rural areas. In addition,
the production/distribution system provides benefits for the owners, intermediaries, and distributors rather than for the
labourers. The difference of income also
occurs between crafts. Such crafts as silk
weaving, lacquer, woodwork, etc.
require permanent and skilled labour in
a small number, small production scale
but gain high income as the products
have high market prices.
1.2.4. Traditional craft villages and tourism
development
The development of craft villages
does not only provide jobs and incomes
for local labour but also contributes to
the conservation of the cultural values of
ancestors. Usually, craft villages which
are located along traffic routes, either
waterway or overland, provide conditions for the development of tourism.
Apart from natural landscape, geographical location, cultural characteristics,
each craft village is also attached to a
cultural region or a historical monument.
In addition, tourists can observe or even
participate in the production process.
12
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Box 1.7. Traditional craft villages - important
tourism resources
Traditional craft villages are considered
as an especially important tourism
resource. This is because tourism products in craft villages possess material
and spiritual values. Vietnam has potential for craft village tourism. This is a
means for cultural exchange, and country popularisation if appropriate investment is made available. Once the culture has been exchanged, the spacial
and geographical boundary will be
meaningless and economic and cultural
benefits and position of the country and
provinces will be raised.
Source: Dr. Pham Trung Luong, Institute of
Tourism Development Research
Chapter 1
Box 1.8. Craft villages and tourism in former Ha Tay
In implementation of the policy on craft villages planning and tourism development,
10 craft villages have been selected as
pilots i.e. Van Phuc silk village (Ha Dong
City), Phu Nghia rattan weaving village
(Chuong My), Ngo Ha, Chuyen My inlaying
villages (Phu Xuyen), Trach Xa, Hoa Lam
sewing villages (Ung Hoa), Phung Xa
weaving village (My Duc), Nhi Khe lathing
village (Thuong Tin), Son Dong sculpture
village (Hoai Duc), Tam Hiep cuddly toys
(Phuc Tho), Dai Dong embroidering village
(Phu Xuyen), Du Du, Thanh Thuy sculpture villages (Thanh Oai). According to this,
the craft enterprises of the villages will be
moved into a craft industry zone that has
comprehensive infrastructure such as electricity, roads, water supply, waste water
and waste treatment, and environmental
protection services, equipped with
advanced technologies etc. The investment will be drawn from the local budget
and local enterprises and people.
It is planned that by the end of 2008, the
outcomes of the policy are that Phu Nghia
rattan weaving, Ngo Ha inlaying village,
and Son Dong sculpture villages will
become tourism villages
Source: VEPA compilation, 2008
In recognition of the above mentioned
potential, and in order to contribute to
the weight of local industry/services as
well as to provide more marketing
opportunities for enterprises and
increase quality of life, etc. a numb er of
provinces such as Ha Tay, Hoa Binh, Bac
Ninh, Thua Thien Hue, Da Nang, Ben
Tre, etc. have developed craft village
tourism and have become tourism destinations for domestic and international
tourists.
1.3. IMPACTS OF CRAFT VILLAGES ON ENVIRONMENT
Along with positive aspects, the
development of craft villages has led to
a number of shortcomings, especially in
terms of environmental and social
issues. The shortcomings in development in the past years led to the degradation of the environment and caused
adverse effects on sustainable development of craft villages and economic
development of the country
Vietnam craft village Environment
13
Chapter 1
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
1. Small production scale, mostly at
the household (72% of total manufacturing enterprises)
Production at a number of craft villages has been at small scale, leading to
difficulties in expansion due to small
manufacturing space and location in
residential areas. The more the production develops, the more encroachment
on the environment and pollution upon
residential areas that leads to the degradation of the local environment.
2. Smallholder lifestyle of farmers
cause impacts on production of craft villages and increases environmental pollution
Unaware of the long-term impacts of
pollution and focusing on quick profits,
enterprises at craft villages usually
apply manual production procedures
and
employ
unskilled
labour.
Furthermore, in order to reduce production prices and improve competitiveness, enterprises have used cheap fuel
and toxic chemicals including prohibited chemicals and have not invested in
safe equipment that have led to an
increase in pollution.
3. Production relation characterised
by family and village relation
Many craft villages, especially traditional craft villages employ domestic
labour and esoteric production skills.
This follows the "village regulations"
that are reluctant to change and hinder
the application of new techniques and
environmentally friendly innovations.
4. Backward technology, equipment
and skills leads to material and fuel
over-consumption, increased pollutant
emission to water, soil and air, and
affects product prices and environmental quality. Craft villages have applied
manual and semi-mechanical techniques. None of the craft villages has
applied automatic techniques (Table
1.1).
5. Limitation in investment leading to
difficulties in developing and changing
techniques
Because of lack of long term planning,
it is difficult for craft villages to mobilise
investment from various sources such as
credit or loans. Therefore, it is difficult
to change techniques and technologies
and to invest in environmentally-friendly treatment.
Table 1.1. Techniques applied at craft villages
Unit: %
Source: Project KC 08.09, 2005
14
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
Chapter 1
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
According to MARD, labour in craft
villages are unskilled and only 60%
have managed to reach primary and secondary level of education. Most of the
labour force are farmers whose main
interest is to have high income and are
not equipped with sufficient knowledge
about environmental protection.
7. Several craft villages do not pay
attention to developing infrastructure on
environmental protection
see that the number of craft villages has
increased, except construction material
craft village due to competition with
industry. The increase has been seen
mostly within the Red River Delta,
Central and South in comparison with
450
407
392
2005
400
376
2010
350
Num ber of villa ge s
6. Manual labourers and low education causing limitation in awareness on
environmental protection
2015
300
250
200
13 5 135
150
100
70
141
83 91
70
6 0 65
50
Because of competitiveness, some
craft villages have invested in techniques and technologies. However, there
has been a lack of investment on environmental protection. Therefore, most of
craft villages lack pollutant treatment
systems.
14 12
10
0
Silk w eaving and
dyein g, le ather
pr ocessing
Food
pr ocessing,
husban dry,
slaughtering
Waste r ecycling
Fine arts
Cons tru ction
ma ter ial, ro ck
mining
Diagram 1.4. Forecast of number of craft villages
in the Red river delta up to 2015
Source: Project KC 08-09, 2005
Most of the craft villages lack infrastructure for collecting and treating pollutants such as wastewater collection
and treatment, landfill and toxic waste
collection system. This is a challenge
because this requires a high investment
and is also time consuming.
1.4. DEVELOPMENT TREND OF CRAFT VILLAGES UP
TO 2015
Main factors that affect the development of craft villages include such internal factors as capacity and external factors such as state policies, and market
demand, etc. (Box 1.9). Such factors
have been quantified by expert's assessments and have provided trends in the
development of craft villages. As some
factors could not be quantified, the forecasts on trends are short-term with some
assumptions.
The analyses of trends of craft villages are provided in Table 1.2. One can
Smog from potterykilns
Source: Documentary photo
Waste “attack” roads
Source: Documentary photo
Vietnam craft village Environment
15
Chapter 1
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
North Eastern and North Western areas.
trial zones. However, this leads to the
changes in techniques, technologies,
scales and infrastructure for environmental protection and brings about the
sustainable development of such craft
villages.
The Red river delta possesses the
highest number of craft villages (approximately 60%), hence it could be considered as an example of environment
trend and could be used to forecast pollutant volume and level (Chapter 2).
Issues on pollution, future trends,
impacts of environmental pollution, status and shortcomings in craft village
environmental management, integration
solutions will be analysed in the following chapters.
Diagram 1.4 is the result of the estimation of the number of craft villages in
Red river delta up to 2015. One can see
a little change in the number of craft villages. Some newly founded craft villages
are "satellite" to the surrounding indus-
Box 1.9. Main factors influencing the development of craft villages
There are 5 factors influencing the foundation, development or degradation of craft villages:
1. Internal factors including heads of enterprises, equipments and premises, techniques,
materials and fuels, cultural features, capital and commercial capacity of the craft villages.
2. State policies including policies and institutional arrangement of authorities at all level
such as association, tax and capital supporting policies and support provided by local
authorities.
3. Market impacts and international integration.
4. Social factors such as job, economic diversification, cultural conservation.
5. Environmental factors such as impacts of pollution on community health, landscape and
economic and social losses.
Source: Project KC 08-09, 2005
16
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Chapter 1
Table 1.2. Development of craft village up to 2015
Remarks: -1: Degradation; 0: maintaining; 1: medium developed; 2: fast developed
Source: Project KC 08-09, 2005
Craft village roads
Source: Documentary photo
Vietnam craft village Environment
17
Villages characters
Source: Documentary photo
Chapter 2.
CRAFT VILLAGE
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Production areas locate within residential areas
Source: VEA
CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Chapter 2
Chapter 2.
CRAFT VILLAGE
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
SUMMARY
Activities of craft villages have polluted the environment. Environmental pollution at craft villages is "nonpoint pollution" and is characterised by the production and product features.
Chapter 2 provide analyses on the status and features of pollution caused by 6 main groups of craft villages.
Air pollution:
Dust pollution: happens at pottery, construction material, rock mining, fine art wood and waste recycling craft
villages (presence of a large volume of toxic dust containing heavy metal).
Odour: present in food processing, husbandry and slaughtering villages.
SO2 pollution: happens at rattan weaving craft villages.
Water pollution:
Organic pollution: happens at food and feed processing, husbandry and slaughtering villages that require high
volume of water and discharge wastewater that contain high volumes of organic matter, especially from cassava and edible cannas production.
Inorganic pollution: happens at dyeing and paper processing villages that discharge wastewater containing
a high volume of sediment. Recycling villages discharge wastewater containing metal and toxic metal ten
times higher than permitted level
Solid waste pollution:
Solid waste collection and treatment: solid waste at craft villages is not collected and is discharged directly
to the environment
The issues at craft villages include air, wastewater and solid waste pollution that cause serious pollution on
air and surface and ground water environment.
2.1. OVERVIEW OF POLLUTION AT CRAFT VILLAGES
Pollutants emitted from craft villages
have polluted and degraded the environment, causing adverse impact on
human health, and thus has become a
critical issue. Craft village environmental pollution has the following characteristics:
1. Craft village environmental pollution is non-point pollution i.e. spread
throughout the villages and communes.
Due to the small scale and scattered production in craft villages, it is hard to
control the pollution at craft villages.
2. Craft village pollution is a result of
production activities (Table 2.1) and
Vietnam craft village Environment
21
Chapter 2
CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Table 2.1. Characteristics of in craft village pollutants
Source: Project KC 08.09, 2005
causes an impact on water, air and soil
environment.
3. Environmental pollution occurs
mostly in production zones and causes
impacts on labourer's health
Environment qualities in production
zones of craft villages do not meet the
standards. Exposure of the labour force
to pollution is high: 90% are exposed to
dust, 85.9% are exposed to thermal pollution and 59.6% are exposed to chemical pollution.
The survey on 52 craft villages of the
country under the Project KC 08.09
(2005) shows that 46% villages are
22
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
exposed to heavy pollution (air or water
or both), 27% villages are exposed to
medium pollution and 27% villages are
exposed to slight pollution. Recent
observations show that the pollution
trend of craft villages has increased.
2.2. AIR ENVIRONMENT OF CRAFT VILLAGES
2.2.1. Emissions of craft villages
Air pollution at craft villages is
caused by fuel combustion and the uses
of certain materials and chemicals in
the production chain. Coal is the major
fuel used and usually of poor quality.
This is a fuel that causes dust and pollution emissions. Therefore the emission
discharged usually contains such pollu-
Chapter 2
tants as dust, CO2, CO, SO2, NOx, and
organic fumes.
Metal recycling, construction material
production (brick, tile, lime), pottery,
food processing (rice noodl e, cake,
wine) and dyeing are the manufacturing
processes that cause air pollution due to
high consumption of fuel, especially
coal. Production processes that consume
high volume of coal, including metal
recycling, construction materials and
pottery, have caused serious air pollution (Table 2.2).
Table 2.2 shows that air emission has
dramatically reduced, in Bat Trang pottery village, due to the reduction in the
use of coal in 2007 as compared with
2004, having been replaced by gas.
Table 2.2. Emission caused by coal combustion in recycling and pottery villages
Unit: Tons/year
Source:* Project KC 08-09, 2005
**Local Industry Department, Ministry of Trade and Industry, 2008
Vietnam craft village Environment
23
Chapter 2
CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
2.2.2. Characteristics of air pollution in craft
villages
2.2.2.1. Recycling villages: heavy air
pollution
The environment of recycling villages,
especially metal and plastic recycling
villages, has been seriously polluted.
Fuel combustion emitted dust, SO2, CO,
NOx, etc. (Diagram 2.1 and 2.2). The production process also emitted toxic gases
such as acid, alkali fume and oxidised
1,6
Va n Chang iron lamination, Na m Din h(*)
1,4
Va n Chang aluminium ca sting, Nam Dinh (*)
Va n Chang aluminium pr ocessing, Nam Dinh (*)
1,2
Xuan Tien copper casting, Nam Dinh ( **)
Phuoc Kieu aluminium ca sting, Quang Nam( ***)
m g/m3
1
TCVN 5937- 2005 ( TB 1h )
0,8
metal (PbO, ZnO, Al2O3) and caused thermal pollution.
2.2.2.2. Construction material and rock
mining villages: widespread air pollution
In this group of villages, air pollution
in construction material villages is
caused by fuel combustion. In the rock
mining villages, dust emitted from the
mining process leads to air pollution
Air pollutants are concentrated in the
production zones. The survey shows that
dust concentration is 3-8 times higher
than the standard, and SO2 concentration is 6.5 times higher than the standard (Diagram 2.3).
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
SO2
SO2
Dust
Diagram 2.1. Dust and SO2 in metal recycling
villages
Sources: (*) Project KC 08-09, 2005; (**) VEPA, 2006;
(***) Central and Central Highland Environment
Protection Branch, 2007
mg/m 3
1,4
Dust
1,2
2.2.2.3. Food processing, husbandry and
slaughtering villages: air pollution
caused by decomposition of organic
matter
Emissions from food processing, husbandry and slaughtering is caused by
fuel combustion and decomposition of
organic matter and release of gases such
as SO2, NO2, H2S, NH3, CH4 and odour
(Diagram 2.4).
TCVN 5937-2005 (TB 1h)
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
K1: Minh Khai plastic recycling village, Hung Yen
K2: Landfill in Minh Khai plastic recycling village, Hung Yen
K3: Trung Van plastic recycling enterprise, Hanoi
K4: Minh plastic enterprise, Hung Yen
K5: Trieu Khuc plastic enterprise, Hanoi
Diagram 2.2. Dust in the air in plastic
recycling villages
Rock mining
Source: Documenting photo
Source: Project KC 08-09, 2005
24
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
3,0
Chapter 2
mg/m3
mg/m3
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
NO2
NO2
SO2
SO2
Dust
Vinh Tuong tile village, Ben Cat, Binh Duong
My An tile village, Thuan An, Binh Duong
Vinh Long tile village, Binh Duong
Hoa Hau brick village, Ly Nhan, Ha Nam
Kien Khe lime village, Ha Nam
Dong Tan lime village, Dong Son, Thanh Hoa
Khai Thai brick kiln village, Ha Tay
Dong Tan lime village, Thanh Hoa
Kien Khe lime village, Ha Nam
Dap Cau village, Bac Ninh
Phu Cu village, Hung Yen
TCVN 5937-2005 (1 hour average)
Diagram 2.3. Concentrations of some parameters in construction material villages
Source: Project KC 08-09, 2005
N1
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
N7
N8
N9
m g/m 3
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
SO
SO2
2
N1
N3
N5
N7
N9
2)
TCVN 5937-2005 (NO
(NO2)
NO
NO2
2
Phu Do rice noodle village, Hanoi
Tan Hoa starch processing, Quoc Oai, Hanoi
Tan Do wine processing, Phu Xuan, Hanoi
Vu Hoi rice noodle village, Thai Binh
Thanh Hai fish sauce, Thanh Hoa
Yen Ninh vermicelli, Ninh Binh
Tan Phu Dong starch processing, Dong Thap
Lam Dong slaughtering
Cai Von sauce, Vinh Long
Diagram 2.4. SO2 and NO2 concentrations
in some food processing, husbandry
and slaughtering villages
N2
N4
N6
N8
TCVN 5937-2005 (SO
(SO2)
2)
2.2.2.4. Silk weaving and leather processing: local air pollution
The production zones of weaving and
dyeing villages usually emit dust, SO2,
NO2 (Diagram 2.5). Micro climate of the
villages is also polluted by noise with a
noise level of 4 to 14 dBA higher than
the standard.
Source: Project KC 08-09, 2005
2.2.2.5. Fine art and embroidering villages: air pollution occurs in some rock
fine art and rattan weaving villages
Among fine art villages, the ambient
air environment of rock fine art villages
is polluted by dust and noise.
Particularly, dust emitted from rock fine
art production contains SiO2 (0.56 to
Vietnam craft village Environment
25
Chapter 2
1,20
CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
m g/m33
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
NamCao
Caowweaving
Nam
eaving
village,Th
Thai
Binh
village,
ai Bin
h
Thai
and
ThaiPhuong
Phuongweaving
w eaving
ThaiPhuong
Phuong bleac
bleaching
Thai
hing
village, Th
Thai
Binhh
village,
ai Bin
dyeing
village,village,
Thai Binh
and dyeing
Thai
Phuc silk
VVan
an Phuc
silk village,
village,
Hanoi
Hanoi
Binh
SO2
SO2
TCVN 5937-2005 (1 hour average) Dust
NO2
TCVN 5937-2005 (1 hour average) NO2
Dust
NO2
NO2
TCVN 5937-2005 (1 hour average) SO
SO2
2
Diagram 2.5. Concentration of some air pollutants in weaving and dyeing villages
Source: Project KC 08-09, 2005; CEETIA, 2007
1.91% in Non Nuoc village - Danang)
that has negative impacts on human
health. At the rattan weaving villages,
the air is polluted by SO2 emitted from
material treatment process. In Thai Binh
province, where 40 of 210 villages produce rattan fine art, there are 800 sulphur dyeing rooms.
2,0
1,6
1,2
0,8
0,4
0,0
Ha Thai lacquer
Binh Hiep
Phu Tuc rattan
Thanh Ha
village, Thuong lacquer village, weaving village, pottery village,
Tin, Hanoi (* ) Binh Duong (* )
Phu Xuyen,
Quang Nam (*)
Hanoi (*)
Thuan An
pottery village,
Binh Duong
(***)
Dong Xam
silver carving
village, Thai
Binh (**)
Dust
SO
2
SO2
2
TCVN 5937-2005 (1 hour average) SO
SO2
TCVN 5937-2005 (1 hour average) Dust
2
TCVN 5937-2005 (1 hour average) NO
NO2
NO
2
NO2
2.3. WATER ENVIRONMENT (SURFACE AND
GROUND WATER) IN CRAFT VILLAGES
Diagram 2.6. Concentration of some pollutants
in the air in fine art villages
2.3.1. Characteristics of wastewater in craft
villages
The volume and characteristics of
wastewater in craft villages depends on
production technologies and materials.
Food processing, husbandry and slaughtering, silk weaving and dyeing require
high volumes of water and discharge
high volumes of wastewater containing a
high concentration of organic matters.
While some crafts such as recycling,
metal fine art, copper casting do not
require high volumes of water they dis-
mg/m 3
Sources: (*) Project KC 08-09, 2005; (**) Local
Industry Department, Ministry of Trade and Industry,
2008; (***) Central and central highland environment
protection branch, 2007
charge toxic matters such as chemicals,
acids, metal salt, Cyanide and heavy
metal such as Hg, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu, etc.
Recent surveys on wastewater quality
in craft villages show that pollution has
not been reduced. This is partly due to
expansion of production without wastewater treatment plants.
26
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
Chapter 2
CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Box 2.1. Craft villages in Hanoi and water environment
issues
Hanoi after expansion has 255 craft villages with 6 types of production (mostly
concentrated in the former Ha Tay
province). There are 59 weaving, dyeing
and leather villages (23%), 43 food processing villages (16.9%), 135 fine art villages (53%) etc. Every day, wastewater
without treatment has been discharged to
water bodies causing pollution to Nhue
and Day rivers.
Source: Hanoi Department of Trade and Industry, 9/2008
2.3.1.1. Food processing, husbandry and
slaughtering villages: high volume of
wastewater and high concentration of
organic matter
Volume of wastewater of these villages is very high; some could reach to
7,000m3 per day (Diagram 2.7) and is
discharged to the environment without
treatment.
Organic matter concentrations in
wastewater of these villages are also
high. Among these villages, starch production villages discharge the highest
volume of organic matter (Table 2.3).
Table 2.3. Volume of pollutants in wastewater
of some food processing villages
Source: Institute of Environment Science and
Technology, 2005
Concentrations of pollutants of these
villages are also high, especially the
amount of some chemicals, including
COD, BOD5, SS, total N and P, which are
ten times higher than permitted standard (Diagram 2.8). Particularly, wastewater discharged from cassava and edible canna starch processing has low pH
and contains high concentrations of pollutants (BOD5 and COD are 200 times
higher than TCVN 5945-2005 level B).
It should be noted that Coliforms in
wastewater of these villages are very
high (Table 2.4). This should receive due
attention because it causes serious
impact on community health.
4.500
m3/day
Cat Que
Duong Lieu
m g/l
BOD5
COD
4.000
SS
3.500
TCVN 59 45-2 005 (B) (BOD5)
3.000
TCVN 59 45-2 005 (B) (COD)
TCVN 49 45-2 005 (B) (SS)
Minh Khai
Phu Do
Xuan Dinh
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
500
0
Cam
Thach
(5)
Phu Do
(4)
Vu Hoi
(1)
Ric e noodle village
Tu Ky
(4)
Tan Do
(1)
Quang
Minh(1)
Quang
Duong
Binh (1) Lieu (1)
Wine village
Binh
Tan Phu Cat Que
Minh
Huu Hoa
Minh (1) Dong (3)
(2)
Khai (2)
(4)
Starch proces sing village
Diagram 2.8. BOD5, COD and SS in wastewater of food
processing, husbandry and slaughtering villages
0
Diagram 2.7. Volume of wastewater of some food
processing, husbandry and slaughtering villages
Source: Project KC 08-09, 2005
Sources: (1) Project KC 08-09, 2005; (2) CEETIA,
University of Civil Engineering, 2007; (3) Dong Thap
DoNRE, 2007; (4) Hanoi DoNRE, 2006; (5) Quang Tri
DoNRE, 2007
Vietnam craft village Environment
27
Chapter 2
CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Table 2.4. Coliforms in wastewater of some food processing villages (MPN/100ml)
2.3.1.2. Weaving, dyeing and leather
processing villages: wastewater is
coloured and contains chemicals
Among these crafts, dyeing requires
high volumes of chemical, i.e. dye, alkali
and acid. Approximately 85-90% of these
chemicals dissolve in wastewater.
Therefore, wastewater discharge from
dyeing production contains high concentrations of chemical and are highly
coloured. Colour could reach up to 13,000
Pt-Co. pH depending on the kind of dye
used.
Weaving villages also discharge high
volumes of wastewater (200 - 1,000 m3
per day) (Diagram 2.9). Wastewater is discharged to the environment without treatment.
Surveys show that wastewater of
weaving, dyeing villages contains high
concentrations of organic matter: COD
and BOD5 are 2-15 times higher than
TCVN (Diagram 2.10). In addition, wastewater also contains high concentrations
of SS, total N and P. Particularly,
Coliforms is thousands of times higher
than TCVN.
1200
N1
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
N7
N8
TCVN 5945-2005 (B)
mg/l
1000
800
600
400
200
0
C OD
BOD55
BOD
SS
Note:
N1: Wastewater of Nguyen Mot teasing household, Dong Yen,
Duy Xuyen, Quang Nam
N2: Wastewater of Doan Giap teasing household, Dong Yen,
Duy Xuyen, Quang Nam (1)
N3: Wastewater of Doan Giap teasingl household, Dong Yen,
Duy Xuyen, Quang Nam (2)
m3/day
m3/day
1200
N4: Wastewater of Duy Trinh weaving enterprise Phu Bong Thi
Lai, Quang Nam (2)
1000
m3/day
800
600
N5: Wastewater of Thang unravel household, Co Chat, Nam
Dinh (1)
N6: Wastewater of Dai Hoa enterprise - Nam Cao - Thai Binh (1)
400
N7: Wastewater of dyeing and weaving enterprises, Thai
Phuong - Thai Binh (1)
200
0
Phuong La
w eav ing and
dy eing village,
Thai Binh (2)
Duong Noi
w eav ing and
dyeing village,
Hoai Duc ,
Hanoi (1)
Thanh Loi
Bao Loc
w eaving and unravel village,
dyeing v illage, Lam Dong (2)
Vu Ban, Nam
Dinh (1)
Nam Cao
w eaving
v illage, Thai
Binh (2)
Van Phuc
w eav ing and
dyeing village,
Hanoi (1)
Nha Xa
w eaving and
dyeing v illage,
Moc Nam, Ha
Nam (1)
N8: Wastewater of bleaching step in Phuong La craft village Hanoi (1)
Diagram 2.10. COD, BOD5 and SS in wastewater
of silk weaving and dyeing
Sources: (1)Project KC 08-09,2005; (2) Central
Environment Protection Branch, 2007
Diagram 2.9. Wastewater discharge of some
dyeing and weaving villages
Sources: (1) VEPA, 2006; (2) Project KC 08-09,
2005; (3) Bac Ninh DoNRE, 2008
28
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
Chapter 2
CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
2.3.1.3. Recycling villages: wastewater
contains toxic chemicals
Metal recycling: mechanical processing, casting, plating and metal fine art
production discharge small volumes of
wastewater but contain high concentrations of toxic chemicals such as heavy
metal (Zn, Fe, Cr, Ni, etc.) and oil. The
silver plating production also discharges
Hg, Cyanide, metal oxide and other
wastes. Meanwhile, battery cleaning
releases a high concentration of lead.
Wastewater of some craft villages contains heavy metal such as Cr6+, Zn2+,
Pb2+ with an amount from 1.5 to 10 times
higher than TCVN (Diagram 2.11).
Paper recycling: Wastewater from
pulp soaking, bleaching and grinding
discharge comprises up to 50% total volume of wastewater. This wastewater
contains high concentrations of alkali,
bleach, alum, pine resin, dye, and fabric.
Wastewater contains high concentrations of paper fabric leading to the discharge of sediment with as much as 300
to 600 mg/l.
70
mg /l
N1
N2
N3
60
N4
50
TCVN 5945 -2005 (B)
40
30
20
10
3,0 0
2+
Zn
Zn
2+
Pb2+
Pb2+
Cr6+
Cr6+
N2: Wastewater of Rua Thuong village, Thanh Thuy Thanh Oai - Hanoi (2)
N3: Wastewater of plating household of Mr. Ta Quoc
Tuy, Dong Xam, Thai Binh (1)
N4: Van Chang aluminium casting village, Nam Dinh (1)
Diagram 2.11. Heavy metal in wastewater
of mechnical villages
Sources: (1) Project KC 08-09, 2005; (2) CEETIA,
University of Civil Engineering, 2007
1400
m g/ l
N1
N2
1200
N3
N4
1000
N5
Box 2.2. Wastewater of paper recycling villages and environmental pollution issues
600
The paper recycling craft villages Duong O
and Phu Lam (Bac Ninh) are large scale
production. Total volume of wastewater is
as much as 3,500m3/day. Every day the villages discharge approximately 1,450 to
3000 kg COD and 3,000 kg paper fabric to
surface water bodies.
200
Surveys show that wastewater discharged from paper recycling villages
contain COD, BOD5, SS 1.5 to 15 times
higher than TCVN (Diagram 2.12)
0,10
N1: Wastewater of plating enterprise of Rua Ha village,
Thanh Thuy - Thanh Oai - Hanoi (2)
TCVN 5945-2005 (B)
800
Source: Bac Ninh DoNRE, 2007
0,50
0
400
0
COD
BOD
BO D5
5
SS
N1: Wastewater from paper production in Duong O Bac Ninh (2)
N2: Wastewater from soaking stage - Phu Gia enteprise
- Phu Lam - Bac Ninh (2)
N3: Wastewater from cleaning water of Mr. Quyet enterprise - Trung Van, Hanoi (1)
N4: Wastewater from Long Truc enterprise - Trieu Khuc,
Hanoi (1)
N5: Wastewater from Mr. Luyen enterprise - Minh Khai,
Hung Yen (1)
Diagram 2.12. Concentrations of some parameters
in wastewater of paper recycling villages
Sources:(1) Project KC 08-09, 2005;
(2) Bac Ninh DoNRE, 2007
Vietnam craft village Environment
29
Chapter 2
CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
2.3.1.4. Fine art craft villages:
Wastewater in some lacquer and rattan
weaving enterprises contains high concentration of pollutants
Lacquer and rattan weaving discharge
small amounts of wastewater (approx. 2
- 5 m3/day/enterprise) but the wastewater contains high concentrations of
organic matter. Wastewater from lacquer
production contains high volumes of fine
dust leading to high concentrations of
sediment. Wastewater from dyeing rattan products delivers high contents of
solvent, oil, polymers and dye residue.
COD and BOD5 of these villages are usually 2-5 and 5.5-8.5 times higher than
TCVN (Diagram 2.13).
500
450
400
mg/l
350
2.3.2. Surface water pollution of craft villages
Surface water in local areas, especially in craft villages in Nhue - Day Basin,
and Cau basin in the North and Dong
Nai basin in the South has been polluted due to the impact of wastewater.
2.3.2.1. Food processing, husbandry
and slaughtering: surface water is
seriously polluted by organic matters
Water quality of the ponds, lakes,
canals of these villages is seriously polluted and in some areas the pollution
has reached alarming levels. BOD5, COD,
NH4+, Coliforms in some surface water
bodies are hundreds of times higher
than TCVN such as in starch processing
villages in Cat Que, Duong Lieu, Minh
Khai villages (belonging to former Ha
Tay province) (Diagram 2.14 and Table
2.5).
300
250
200
900
mg/l
Cat Que*
Duong Lieu*
150
800
Minh Khai*
100
Dai Cat **
700
50
Xuan Dinh * *
0
600
BOD
BOD5
5
COD
N1*
N2*
N3**
SS
N4**
Colour (Pt-Co)
TCVN 5945-2005 (B)
400
NN1: Wastewater of My Thai lacquer enterprise, Ha Thai,
Thuong Tin, Ha Noi (1)
300
N2: Wastewater of Tuong Binh Hiep lacquer enterprise,
Binh Duong (1)
100
200
0
BOD
BOD5
5
N3: Wastewater from dyeing of enterprise No1 Phu Yen,
Chuong My, Hanoi (2)
N4: Wastewater from dyeing of enterprise No2 Phu Yen,
Chuong My, Hanoi (2)
Diagram 2.13. COD, BOD5, SS and colour in wastewater of lacquer and rattan weaving villages
TCVN 5942-1995
500
COD
+
NH
4
NH4+
Diagram 2.14. Concentrations of some parameters
in surface water of food processing, husbandry and
slaughtering villages
Sources: *CEETIA, University of Civil Engineering,
2007; ** Hanoi DoNRE, 2006
Sources: (1) Project KC08-09, 2005; (2) CEETIA,
University of Civil Engineering, 2007
30
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Chapter 2
Table 2.5. Coliforms in surface water of food processing, husbandry and slaughtering villages
Sources: * CEETIA, University of Civil Engineering, 2007; ** Hanoi DoNRE, 2006
2.3.2.2. Dyeing, silk weaving and
leather processing villages: surface
water is seriously polluted by organic
matter
Surface water of these villages is also
seriously polluted: COD is 2-3 times
higher than TCVN; BOD5 is 1.5- 2.5
times higher than TCVN (Diagram 2.15).
Coliforms in surface water in some villages is quite high due to the impacts of
domestic wastewater.
160
2.3.2.3. Fine art craft villages: surface
water is polluted in some rattan weaving craft villages
In some areas, COD of surface water is
higher than TCVN, especially in rattan
weaving villages (e.g. Phu Tuc village, former Ha Tay province). This is due to the
rattan soaking and treatment processes
that release wastewater containing high
concentrations of organic matter and
leads to high volumes of COD, BOD5,
NH4+, Coliforms, and colour that go
beyond TCVN (Diagram 2.16).
140
Dong Xam
Duong Noi*
140
120
V an Ph uc**
Ha Thai
Hoa Ha u*
100
TCV N 5942- 1995( B)
mg/l
100
mg/l
Thanh Ha
120
80
Tuong Bin h Hiep
Phu Tuc
80
TCV N 5942- 1995
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
BOD
5
BOD5
COD
BOD
BOD5
5
COD
Diagram 2.15. COD, BOD5 in surface water of dyeing
and teasing villages
Sources:*Project KC 08-09,2005; **CEETIA,
University of Civil Engineering,2007
Remarks:
- Dong Xam silver carving village, Thai Binh (1)
- Ha Thai lacquer village, Thuong Tin, Hanoi (2)
- Phu Tuc rattan weaving village, Phu Xuyen, Hanoi (2)
- Thanh Ha pottery village, Quang Nam (2)
- Tuong Binh Hiep lacquer village, Binh Duong (2)
Diagram 2.16. BOD5 and COD in surface water of
fine art craft villages
Sources: Project KC 08-09,2005; VEPA,2006
Vietnam craft village Environment
31
Chapter 2
CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
2.3.3. Ground water pollution in craft villages
Production activities in craft villages
also affect the quality of ground water.
2.3.3.1. Ground water in some food processing, husbandry and slaughtering,
weaving and leather processing villages has been polluted
Ground water of these craft villages has
been polluted, with some areas seriously
polluted: NH4+ concentrations of ground
water of the Duong Lieu starch processing
village and the Phung Xa dyeing and
weaving village are very high (18.46 mg/l
and 17.75 mg/l respectively); H2S concentration in the ground water of the Tan Phu
Dong starch processing, Dong Thap reaches up to 28.40 mg/l. Coliforms of ground
water of craft villages is 2-100 times higher than TCVN (Diagram 2.17).
350
Coliform
300
TCVN 5944-1995
Dyeing process
Source: VEA
2.3.3.2. Fine art craft villages: ground
water has yet to be polluted
Most of the pollution parameters of
ground water of these villages are under
TCVN. Mn2+ and CN- concentration in
the ground water of Dong Tam silver
carving village are a little bit higher
than TCVN.
MNP/100ml
250
2.4. SOLID WASTE IN CRAFT VILLAGES
200
150
100
50
0
Cat Que*
Duong
Lieu*
Tan Phu Van Phuc*
Dong**
Phung
Xa*
Remarks:
Starch processing: Cat Que, Duong Lieu - Hanoi;
Tan Phu Dong - Dong Thap
Dyeing village: Phung Xa, Van Phuc - Hanoi
Diagram 2.17. Coliforms in ground water in some
food processing, husbandry, slaughtering and dyeing and weaving villages
Sources: (*) CEETIA, University of Civil Engineering,
2007; (**) Dong Thap DoNRE, 2007
Solid waste in craft villages is generally neither collected nor treated.
Many craft villages generate solid
waste causing negative impacts on the
landscape and on the air, water and
soil environments.
Box 2.3. Solid waste in craft villages of Hanoi
The volume of solid waste in 255 craft villages of Hanoi (after expansion) reaches up
to 207.3m3/day (equivalent to 90 tons/day),
not counting waste from husbandry activities.
Source: Hanoi Department of Trade and Industry, 2008
32
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
2.4.1. Food processing, husbandry and slaughtering: solid waste contains high concentration
of biologically degradable organic matters
Solid waste in this group of villages
contains high concentrations of biologically degradable organic matters causing foul
odour. Due to scattered production, it is
difficult to calculate the amount of solid
waste discharged by these villages. Most
solid waste is not treated and is released
directly to the environment. These craft
villages require high volumes of fuel and
generate high volumes of clinker (Table
2.6).
Table 2.6. Fuel demand and volume clinker
of some food processing villages
Unit: tons/year
Source: Project KC 08-09, 2005
Food processing, especially starch
processing villages, generate high volumes of solid waste (highly wet residue
comprises 50% raw material, containing
10% fabric and 4-5% starch). With the
production of 52,000 tons starch per
year, the Duong Lieu village generates
105,768 tons of residue, part of which
has been used for husbandry and fuel. A
large amount of waste is released to
water bodies, such as the ponds and
lakes in the area, block sewage systems
and pollute surface and ground water
(Table 2.7).
Chapter 2
Table 2.7. Composition and volume of residue in
Duong Lieu starch processing village - Hanoi
(Production time from October of the previous year
to April of the next year)
Source: Project KC 08-09, 2005
Slaughtering villages also release high
volumes of solid waste. The waste contains dung and non-degradable fat.
2.4.2. Recycling villages: diverse solid waste
and hard to degrade
Metal recycling villages release burr,
metal dust, shaving, and rust particles of
1-7 tons per day (Diagram 2.18).
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Ton/day
VanVan
Chang -
Da Hoi
Hoi - - Dinh
Dinh Bang
Van Mon
Da
Bang
Van
Mon- Nam DinhBac Ninh
Ninh
Bac Ninh
Bac Ninh
Chang
Bac
- Bac
Ninh Bac
Ninh
Nam Dinh
Diagram 2.18. Solid waste of some
metal recycling villages
Source: Institute of Environment Science
and Technology, 2004
Solid waste generated from paper and
plastic recycling villages include
labelling, paper fabric, pin, tape, nonrecycled material, metal and rubber.
These residues make up to 5 - 10% of the
waste. Some craft villages discharge high
volumes of solid waste such as the Duong
Vietnam craft village Environment
33
Chapter 2
CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
O - Bac Ninh paper recycling village
which releases 4 - 4.5 tons/day, Trieu
Khuc - Hanoi releases 1,123 tons/years.
Until now solid waste in these villages
has yet to be treated.
2.4.3. Weaving, dyeing, silk teasing and leather
villages: solid waste discharged from leather
processing and sewing contain non-degradable
matte
Waste discharged from weaving and
dyeing villages contain cotton dust,
scrap of fabric, cocoon, clinker, covering
and chemical containers, materials, etc.
However, the discharge volume is not as
high as most of the waste can be recycled and the rest can be disposed of in
landfills or burned (e.g. Bao Loc silk
teasing village)
Sewing villages and shoes production
release solid waste such as scrap fabric and
leather, rubber, plastic, etc. with the volume
reaching from 2 to 5 tons/day (the Hoang
Dieu village, Gia Loc, Hai Duong: 4 - 5
tons/day; Xuan Lai village, Bac Ninh: 3 - 4
tons/day). This is non-degradable waste,
leading to difficulty in disposal. The waste
has yet to be collected, causing negative
impacts on the landscape and environment.
The best solution for this waste is combustion as in the example of Hai Duong.
2.4.4. Fine art villages: small volume of waste
and can be recycled
Waste released from rattan weaving
villages contains fabric, residue and raw
materials (root, top and notch) and
cleaning tissue. However, the discharge
volume is small, about 20 - 30 kg/enterprise/month. Most solid waste is collected for day to day domestic use as fuel.
2.5. TREND OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN
CRAFT VILLAGES
The forecasts have been developed for
2006 until 2015 based on 3 scenarios: scenario 1 (high pollution): environmental
management remains the same as today
leading to high levels of environmental
pollution; scenario 2 (medium pollution):
adopted policies on environmental management are implemented leading to
medium level of environmental pollution;
scenario 3 (low pollution): the implementation of tools similar to that of scenario
2 together with the application of more
strict policies, leading to low level of
environmental pollution.
2.5.1. Forecast of volume of main pollutants
2.5.1.1. Forecast of volume of emission to
air environment
Emission caused by craft village is
mostly due to fuel combustion and contain dust, SO2 and NOx. Diagram 2.19
shows the forecast of the volume of
these pollutants for major production
groups and for food processing villages
in the Red River Delta. Diagram 2.20
shows the forecast of dust emission for
major production groups in the area.
Out - of - date casting technology
Source: VEA
The forecast (Diagram 2.19) shows
that according to scenario 1, dust, SO2
34
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
and NOx will be doubled in 2015 compared with 2006; according to scenario
2, dust emission will increase by as
much as 75% and SO2 and NOx will
increase by as much as 90% from scenario 1; and according to scenario 3
dust emission will be half of scenario
2, SO2 will increase by as much as 90%
from scenario 2 and NOx shall remain
almost unchanged.
The groups of villages that emit most
emissions include food processing
(40% total emission), waste recycling
and construction material production
villages. However, emission of recycling villages contains higher toxic
chemicals such as metal fumes, espe-
cially lead and copper. The high volumes of emission will increase pressures and cause impacts on the air
environment of craft villages.
2.5.1.2. Forecast of main pollutants discharged to water environment
Diagram 2.21 and 2.22 show the forecast of volume of pollutants discharged
from various production groups to the
water environment in Red River Delta
based on 3 scenarios. The results show
that up to 2015, according to the scenario 1, the volume of COD, BOD5 and
SS will be double in comparison with
2006; according to the scenario 2, the
amount will decrease by 25%; and
60000
50000
2015-KB1
2015-KB2
40000
2015-KB3
30000
20000
10000
Total pollutant (ton/year)
400000
2006
Total pollutant (ton/year)
Chapter 2
2006
350000
2015-KB1
300000
2015-KB2
250000
2015-KB3
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Q (1000m3)
0
Dus t
Diagram 2.19. Forecast of volume of pollutants in
craft villages in Red River Delta based on three
scenarios (KB1, KB2, KB3)
BOD
SS
Diagram 2.21. Forecast of discharge volume of
pollutants in wastewater of the Red River Delta
based on 3 scenarios (KB1, KB2, KB3)
Source: Institute of Environment Science and
Technology, 2008
Source: Institute of Environment Science and
Technology, 2008
400000
60000
2006
50000
2015-KB2
40000
2006
350000
2015-KB1
Total COD (ton/year)
Total dust (ton/year)
COD
NOx
NOx
SO
SO2
2
2015-KB3
30000
20000
10000
2015-KB1
300000
2015-KB2
250000
2015-KB3
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
0
Food pro cessing, Weaving, dyeing, Wa ste recyc ling
leather
husbandr y,
proc essin g
slaughtering
Construction
material, rock
mining
Total
Craft
Diagram 2.20. Forecast of dust emission in craft
villages in Red River Delta based on 3 scenarios
(KB1, KB2 and KB3)
Source: Institute of Environment Science and
Technology, 2008
Food proces sing , Weav ing, dyein g, Waste r ecycling
leath er
husbandr y,
processing
slaughtering
Cons tru ction
ma ter ial, ro ck
mining
Total
Cr aft
Diagram 2.22. Forecast of discharge volume of COD
of production groups in Red River Delta based on
3 scenarios (KB1, KB2, KB3)
Source: Institute of Environment Science and
Technology, 2008
Vietnam craft village Environment
35
Chapter 2
CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
according to the scenario 3 the amount
will decrease by 40% in comparison
with the scenario 1.
The production groups that discharge
the highest volume of organic matter
include food processing, dyeing and
waste recycling. However, high pollution occurs in waste recycling and dyeing as the wastewater contains high concentrations of heavy metals and colour.
2.5.1.3. Forecast of volume of solid
waste
Diagram 2.23 shows the forecasts of
the volume of solid waste discharge until
the year 2015 of craft villages in the Red
River Delta based on 3 scenarios. Solid
waste discharge is high and doubles in
2015 and reaches to more than a million
tons. Food processing villages discharges
the highest volume of solid waste followed by recycling villages. Based on
scenario 2 and scenario 3, the volume of
solid waste will be reduced by 10% to
15% as compared with scenario 1. The
decrease of the volume of solid waste in
scenario 2 and scenario 3 will be due to
the attention paid by craft villages to the
environment.
1400000
2006
1200000
2015-KB1
Ton/year
1000000
2015-KB2
2015-KB3
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
Food p rocessing, Wea ving , dyeing,
leather pr ocessing
hus bandry,
slau ghter in g
Wa ste recyc ling
Constructio n
material, rock
mining
Total
Craft
Diagram 2.23. Forecast of solid waste of production
groups in Red River Delta based on
3 scenarios (KB1, KB2 and KB3)
Source: Institute of Environment Science and
Technology, 2008
2.5.2. Forecast of pollution in air and water
environment
2.5.2.1. Forecast of pollution in air environment
Forecast of the main pollutants in the
air environment of craft villages in the
Red River Delta based on the 3 scenarios
is shown in Diagram 2.24 and 2.25.
According to scenario 1, in the year
2015, the concentration of pollutants in
the air environment will be doubled
compared to the level in 2006. The maximum concentration of dust will be 20
times higher than the standard, SO2 will
be 8 times higher than the standard and
NO2 will be 13 times higher than the
standard. According to scenario 2, in the
year 2015, the maximum level of dust
will be 3 times higher than the standard,
SO2 will be 2 times higher than the standard and NO2 will be 3 times higher than
the standard. According to scenario 3, in
the year 2015, due to strict requirements
on environmental protection in craft villages, maximum concentration of dust,
SO2 and NO2 will exceed less than two
times the standard.
Construction material production villages cause the highest level of air pollution, ten times higher than the standards.
Other villages like waste recycling and
food processing villages also cause air
pollution. Pollutants, such as toxic fumes
emitted during the production process
such as solvent and lead fumes, cause
negative impacts on labour and the
health of the residents. However, there
are only few villages that emit such
fumes. High levels of air pollution
requires suitable policies to protect
labour and the health of residents.
36
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
4500
2006
6
2015-KB1
5
2015-KB2
2015-KB3
4
TCVN-2005
3
2015-KB1
3500
2
2015-KB2
3000
2015-KB3
2500
BOD max
2000
1500
1000
1
500
0
0
Dust
3)
Q(m
Q (m3)
NO2
NO2
SOSO2
2
Diagram 2.24. Forecast of maximum concentration
of pollutants in the air environment in the Red River
Delta based on 3 scenarios (KB1, KB2 and KB3)
20
15
2006
4500
2015-KB1
4000
2015-KB2
3500
2015-KB3
3000
TCVN-2005
10
BOD
SS
Source: Institute of Environment Science and
Technology, 2008
kg/day/village
25
COD
Diagram 2.26. Forecast of discharge volume of
pollutants in Red River Delta based on 3 scenarios
(KB1, KB2 and KB3)
Source: Institute of Environment Science and
Technology, 2008
Maximum dust concentration (mg/m 3)
2006
4000
kg/day/village
Maximum concentration(mg/m3)
7
Chapter 2
2006
2015-KB1
2015-KB2
2015-KB3
2500
BOD max
2000
1500
1000
5
500
0
0
Food processing,
husbandry, slaughtering
Weaving, dyeing, leather
processing
Waste recycling
Construction material, rock
mining
Diagram 2.25. Forecast of maximum concentration
of dust in emissions of craft villages
in the Red River Delta based on 3 scenarios
(KB1, KB2 and KB3)
Source: Institute of Environment Science and
Technology, 2008
Fo od pr ocessing,
husban dry, slaughtering
Weaving, dye ing, leather
processing
Was te recycling
Cons tru ction material,
rock mining
Diagram 2.27. Forecast of BOD volume for each of
production groups in Red River Delta based on 3
scenarios (KB1, KB2 and KB3)
Source: Institute of Environment Science and
Technology, 2008
2.5.2.2. Forecast of water environmental pollution
comparison with scenario 1. According
According to the forecast in scenario 1
for the Red River Delta (Diagram 2.26
and Diagram 2.27), the water environment will be seriously polluted by the
craft villages of Vietnam. Most food processing, dyeing and paper recycling villages have caused water environmental
pollution. By the year 2015, pollution
will have doubled compared to the 2006
level. According to scenario 2, the pollution level will be reduced by 25% in
reduced by 20-25% in comparison with
to scenario 3, the pollution level will
scenario 2. Food processing villages
cause the highest pollution level with
discharges 3 times higher than the permitted level; the dyeing and recycling
villages cause slight pollution (over 1.5
times the permitted level). Besides the
forecast parameters, other pollutant
parameters such as heavy metal, N and
P need to be given due concern.
Vietnam craft village Environment
37
Coconut peel treatment facilities in Ben Tre province
Source: VEA
Chapter 3.
IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION IN CRAFT
VILLAGES ON COMMUNITY
HEALTH AND SOCIO-ECONOMY
Insufficient working conditions
Source: VEA
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Chapter 3.
Chapter 3.
IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION IN CRAFT VILLAGES
ON COMMUNITY HEALTH AND
SOCIO-ECONOMY
SUMMARY
Environmental pollution has caused an increase in the number of people contracting diseases in craft villages. The
number has increased in recent years.
- Food processing, animal husbandry and slaughtering villages: common diseases include skin diseases, mucous
membrane inflammation, fungus infection between the toes, fungus infection in fingernails, calluses or thickened and
hardened skin on the sole of the feet, inflammation of the roots of the hair and hair follicles, etc.
- Weaving, dyeing, leather processing villages: common diseases include respiratory, digestion and nerve diseases.
In the leather processing villages, common diseases include skin, digestion and respiratory diseases.
- Construction material and rock mining villages: common diseases include digestion, respiratory, gynaecological and
eye diseases.
- Waste recycling villages: common diseases include respiratory, skin and nerve diseases and a high percentage of
cancer.
- Fine art and embroidering villages: common diseases include respiratory and skin diseases.
Environmental pollution also has an impact on the socio-economic development of the villages, leading to economic
losses and conflicts.
3.1. THE INCREASE OF DISEASES AND THE REDUCTION OF
LIFE EXPECTANCY IN POLLUTED VILLAGES
In recent years, the number of people
contracting diseases in craft villages has
increased (especially for those of
employable age). Studies have shown
that the average life expectancy of people living in craft villages is 10 years
lower than the national average and
from 5 to 10 years lower than those living in other villages with no craft activities (Diagram 3.1).
Vietnam craft village Environment
41
Chapter 3.
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
craft villages is much higher than in the
others (Diagram 3.2).
Surveys in some craft villages also
showed that respiratory system related
diseases, ear-mouth-throat diseases, and
skin related diseases are common
(Diagram 3.3).
90
80
70
Age
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Age of people go to medical centre at Yen Phong village
80
Age of people go to medical centre at Tong Xa village
70
Average age at Yen Phong village
60
Average age at Tong Xa village
%
50
Diagram 3.1. Age of people going to medical centres
and average age at Tong Xa casting village and Yen
Phong agricultural village (Nam Dinh) (for comparison)
30
20
Source: Programme on survey, assessment of health
and environment in Tong Xa casting village (Nam Dinh),
VEPA 2007
According to a study in Ha Nam
province, among 7 craft villages (Nha
Xa silk weaving, Doi Tam drum, Hop Ly
wine, Mao Cau rice paper, Dai Phuc
chopsticks, La Mat rock, and Nhat Tan
villages) and another 7 villages (Yen
Nam, Trac Van, Hop Ly, Que, Ngoc Son,
Liem Phong villages), the percentage of
people contracting skin related diseases, diarrhoea, respiratory system
related diseases and sore eyes in the
90
80
70
60
50
%
40
30
20
10
0
Respiratory
disease
Sore eyes
Diarrhea
Skin
disease
Percentage of people contracting disease at craft villages
Percentage of people contracting disease at normal villages
Diagram 3.2. Percentage of people contracting diseases
among craft villages and normal villages in Ha Nam
province
40
10
0
Respiratory disease
Ear-mouth-throat
disease
Skin disease
Thanh Thuy village(drum making)
Van Phuc village(silk weaving)
Truong Yen village(Fine arts)
Cong Hoa village
(agricultural product processing)
Dong Thap village (control village)
Diagram 3.3. Percen tage of some common diseases
in craft villages of (former Ha Tay)
Sources: Research assessing environmental pollution
impacts on craft village's population health in Hatay - Solutions
to the sustainable development
Nguyen Quynh Huong, 2006
Surveys comparing craft villages with
normal villages showed that the number
of people contracting diseases in craft
villages was higher than that in normal
villages. This proves that the community health is affected by environmental
pollution. Each craft village has its own
pollution characteristic, leading to different impacts on human health. Over
the past years, there were few studies
on the linkage between environmental
pollution and human health. However,
the results of some typical surveys
revealed the differences in human health
between craft villages and normal villages.
Source: Ha Nam DoNRE, 2008
42
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
3.1.1. Environmental pollution in recycling villages causes serious impacts on community
health
This type of craft village has imposed
serious impacts on human health. The
factors that affect labour and community
health include toxic fumes, thermal,
noise and solid waste. In recycling villages, common diseases include respiratory, skin, and neuro-system diseases
and cancer.
* Metal recycling villages
Common diseases in these villages
include respiratory system and silicosis
and neuro-system diseases. The causes
of these diseases include toxic fumes,
high temperature and metal dust emitted from kilns. There are 4 common diseases in metal recycling villages, namely, pulmonary diseases, digestion diseases, eye and gynaecological diseases,
lung cancer (0.35 - 1%) and tuberculosis
Chapter 3.
(0.4 - 0.6%). Lung cancer can be found at
seven study areas. Percentage of fatalities is highest in Van Chang village
(Nam Dinh province) and Tong Xa village (Yen Xa commune, Y Yen District,
Nam Dinh Province) (13.04% and 9.8%)
(Presentation at the 4th National
Workshop on Labour Health, May 2001).
According to the Yen Xa medical station, from 2000 to 2006, total fatal cases
in Tong Xa village (East Tong Xa, West
Tong Xa and 12 North) were 102. Among
them, 27.4% died by natural causes,
25.5% died because of lung cancer, liver
and gastric diseases, while 19.6% died
due to brain vessel accident. Almost
every year there are fatal cases due to
labour accident and most of the new
born fatal cases were due to premature
birth and congenital malformation.
These might be impacts of environmental pollution.
Box 3.1. Impact of environmental pollution on community health in Tong Xa village (Nam Dinh)
* Average age of people living in craft village is 60 years, 10 years less than the national average
age.
* On average, each person needs to go to a medical clinic 2.5 times/year and most of ese are of
working age.
* A high percentage of diseases are respiratory diseases, ear-mouth-throat diseases and digestion diseases. 67% of the female population contract gynaecological diseases. These diseases are
related to environmental pollution.
* From 2000 til now, the highest percentage of fatal cases, around 25.5%, are cases of lung liver,
and gastric cancer. Fatal cases involving new-born babies are due to premature birth and congenital diseases. These might be the consequences of environmental pollution.
Comparing the above mentioned details and numbers with other villages such as Ba Khu, An Thai
(Yen Phong), Y Yen District, Nam Dinh, it can be stated that the percentage of diseases in Tong
Xa is 2 to 3 times higher than the other villages.
Source: VEPA, 2007
Vietnam craft village Environment
43
Chapter 3.
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Box 3.2. Statistics on diseases in metal craft villages
based on the total number of people who visit medical
stations.
Van Mon (Bac Ninh) practice aluminium, lead and
zinc casting: 44% experience respiratory diseases
while 13.1 % experience skin diseases
Diagram 3.4. Percentage of people contracting
diseases in Chau Khe metal recycling village
(Bac Ninh)
Source: Institute of Labour Safety, 2006
In Chau Khe metal recycling village
(Bac Ninh province), the percentage of
people contracting diseases related to
environmental
pollution
is
high
(Diagram 3.4). More than 60% of the
population experience deafness or hearing impairment, contract skin diseases
and diseases related to the nervous and
respiratory systems. It should be noted
also that the percentage of people who
contract diseases is the same for those
who practice the craft and those who do
not.
Da Hoi Iron Production Village has a high number of
people contracting chronic diseases (29%).
Percentage of people in the casting craft who experience dry throat is 31.7% while in the laminating
craft it is 31%. The reason is that these people are
exposed to high temperatures and toxic fumes.
Long hours spent working in an environment filled
with smoke and a high concentration of dust is the
cause of the chronic respiratory diseases of the village residents.
Van Chang Mechanic Village (Nam Dinh): soil,
water and air pollution have caused respiratory, skin
and gynaecological diseases for most of the residents of this craft vilalge. 4.7% people contract lung
cancer and 8.3% bronchitis. The number of people
who have died of cancer has also especially
increased. More than 50% of those in the labour
sector of this village are afflicted with diseases related to the nervous system. As of 2002, in Van Trang
village, 150 people have contracted pulmonary
tuberculosis; 240 people contracted bronchitis; and
more than 90% contracted skin diseases and sore
eyes while 10 people have died of cancer. A number of women experience premature births and
abnormal looking baby cases have increased.
Average age of people in the village is as low as 55
years, much lower than the national average age.
Source: VEPA, 2008
44
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
In addition to diseases contracted
due to environmental pollution, labour
accidents in craft villages need to be
also taken into consideration. Labour
accidents such as kiln explosion, electricity shock, burns, falls, and hand
breakage are at an alarming level. The
percentage of labour accidents in craft
villages is 33.4% annually. According to
a survey in 1999, the percentage of
labour accidents in Da Hoi village - Bac
Ninh province was 56.9%. Another survey in Dai Bai village - Bac Ninh
province (2002) showed that the labour
accident
percentage
was
42.2%.
According to a survey conducted in Tong
Xa craft village, the percentage of labour
accidents in this village was higher than
other villages such as the villages of An
Thai and Ba Khu, Yen Phong District
(Nam Dinh province).
* Paper recycling village
Environmental pollution factors of
this village group include noise, chemicals and toxic fumes such as Cl2 and
H2S. Therefore, diseases in paper recycling villages are mainly diseases related to respiratory, skin and the nervous
system (Box 3.3).
Chapter 3.
Box 3.3. Environmental pollution and disease in
Duong O paper recycling village (Bac Ninh)
73% of the residential area is polluted by
coal fume, 60% is polluted by dust and
40% is polluted by water. The people's
lives are affected by smoke, dust, noise
and Cl pollution, etc. that cause serious
impacts on people's health. Surveys
showed that the number of people who
contract sore throat, stuffiness, coughs,
headaches, dizziness and become
insomniac make up 16 to 53.7%. In
Duong O village, skin and respiratory disease make up 40% of the total cases of
the village.
Source: Institute of Environment Science and
Technology, 2002
ratory, digestion, skin, ear-mouth-throat
diseases and sore eyes. The interviews
made on 15 residents living in the Trung
Van plastic village (Hanoi city) showed
that they were aware of the serious environmental pollution of the village and
impacts of toxic fumes, coal, plastic
odour and dust on human health.
In the paper production villages of
Phong Khe Commune (Bac Ninh), the
percentage of people who have contracted respiratory, skin and digestion diseases has rapidly increased. In 2001
there were 200 persons who contracted
diseases while in 2004 there were 400
persons. This serves as a warning about
the impacts of pollution on the health of
people in craft villages.
* Plastic recycling village
Air and water pollution caused by
plastic recycling activities lead to respi-
Vermicelli production
Vietnam craft village Environment
Source: VEA
45
Chapter 3.
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Box 3.4. Diseases in food processing villages based on the number of people who visit medical stations
Duong Lieu food processing village, former Ha Tay: Common diseases are hand and leg
wounds (19.7%). In addition, digestion diseases (stomach ache) make up 1.62%, respiratory diseases, 9.43%, eyes diseases, 0.86%. Common chronic diseases include digestion
disease (4.28%), mostly duodenitis and large intestine diseases.
Tan Hoa food processing village, former Ha Tay province: Skin diseases make up 30%.
Van Ha wine village, Bac Giang common diseases are skin diseases (68.5%), digestion
diseases (58.8%) and respiratory diseases (44.4%)
Phu Do rice noodle village, Hanoi: approximately 50% contract work related diseases,
mostly due to water burning. Other diseases include eyes related diseases (12%), respiratory disease (15%), ear-nose-throat disease (45%), gynaecological diseases (20%),
nerve diseases (5%) and digestion diseases (8%).
Tien Ngoai rice noodle village, Bac Ninh: percentage of ear-nose-throat diseases: 34.7%;
eye related diseases: 13.3%; skin related diseases: 37.3%; muscular system related diseases: 5.3%.
Hai Thanh fish sauce village, Thanh Hoa: the percentage of people contracting diseases
is 15%, mainly digestion disease, gynaecological disease, respiratory disease and high
blood pressure.
Van Ha rice paper village, Bac Giang: petechial fever and other kinds of fever occur after
the flooding season. Other diseases include sore eyes while child respiratory disease is
common. Percentage of skin related diseases is 68.5% while digestion disease is 58.8%.
Phuc Lam slaughtering village, Bac Giang: petechial fever and other diseases including
sore eyes, digestion inflammation, gynaecological disease occur in February and March
after the flooding season. Child respiratory inflammation is common. From 2003 to 2005
the village had 19 fatal cases in which 13 cases contracted serious diseases, mostly lung
cancer and blood diseases.
Yen Ninh noodle production village, Ninh Binh: labour diseases
make up 15%. Common diseases
include gynaecological diseases
(15%),
respiratory
diseases
(18%), sore eyes (21%) and other
diseases (10%).
Vu Hoi noodle production village,
Thai Binh: labour accidents make
up 70%, mostly due to burning.
Digestion disease is 28%, gynaecological disease is 35%, respiratory disease is 22% and sore eyes
is 9%.
Aquatic Production Enterprise
Source: VEPA, 2008
46
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
3.1.2. Impacts of environmental pollution on
community health in food processing, animal
husbandry and slaughtering villages
Factors causing impact on health in
this group of craft villages include thermal, bacteria, chemical, toxic fumes,
waste water and solid waste. In particular, waste water of food processing
contains high concentrations of organic
matters and coliforms leading to water
and soil pollution. Therefore, common
diseases in such villages are skin diseases and mucous membrane inflammation. According to the survey, skin
related diseases are nail inflammation,
fungus, nail fungus, calluses or thickening of the sole of the feet, hair root and
hair follicle inflammation, etc. Besides,
there are also some diseases of digestion and respiratory system but at a
lower percentage than the above mentioned ones (Box 3.4).
In the Thiet Tru medicine village
(Hung Yen province), common diseases
are respiratory diseases, diarrhoea, sore
eyes which have higher percentage than
that of other villages (Diagram 3.5).
Chapter 3.
25
20
15
%
10
5
0
Respriratory
disease
Sore eyes
Diarrhoea
Stomach
ulcers
Thiet tru village (pharmaceutical processing)
High blood
pressure
Cancer
Normal village (for comparison)
Diagram 3.5. Percentage of disease in Thiet Tru
medicine village (Hung Yen) and other villages
(for comparison)
Source: Environment hygiene and disease in
Thiet Tru village, Hung Yen, 2002
80
70
60
50
% 40
30
20
10
0
Cardiovascular
Respiration
Cong hoa village
Digestion
diseases
Mental disease
Ear-nosethroat
Skin disease
Dong thap village (for comparison)
Diagram 3.6. Percentage of disease in Cong Hoa
village (former Ha Tay province) and Dong Thap
village (for comparison)
Source: Department of Science and Technology,
2005
Among respiratory diseases, ear-nosethroat diseases have the highest percentage (89%) and mucous membrane
stimulus is 2.7 - 3.9 times higher than
other villages. Chronic respiratory diseases (asthma, bronchitis, and chronic
ear-nose-throat inflammation) are 5.8
times higher than the other villages.
Rice paper production
Source: VEA
In the Cong Hoa agricultural product
processing village (former Ha Tay
Province), the percentage of ear-nosethroat diseases has the highest level fol-
Vietnam craft village Environment
47
Chapter 3.
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Table 3.1. Diseases in Dong Yen silk teasing village
(Quang Nam)
(Total population of the village: 2,588 people)
Table 3.2. Diseases in Van Phuc silk village (Hanoi)
Source: Medical Station of Duy Xuyen - Quang Nam,
2002
lowed by respiratory and nervous diseases. Compared with other villages,
(Dong Thap District, former Ha Tay
province), the percentage of people who
contract diseases is 2.5 - 3 times higher
in craft villages (Diagram 3.6).
3.1.3. Impacts of environmental pollution on
community health in silk weaving and leather
processing villages
In the villages of silk dyeing and
weaving, noise, dust and fibre dust,
chemicals and toxic fumes, waste water
containing javel water and other toxic
chemicals are the factors that cause
environmental pollution and severely
impact on human health. Particularly,
One step in the silk stemming and drying process
Source: VEA
Source: Survey on labour condition and preliminary
solutions in Van Phuc silk village, Ha Tay, 2000
noise has caused hearing degradation,
headaches, discomfort, and stress on
labourers and people living around production areas.
According to a survey in 4 craft villages, 5.5% of labourers contracted respiratory diseases, 13% experienced
backache, 15.8 % suffered from eyesight
deterioration, making up 9.5% of the
people visiting medical stations.
Other survey in Van Phuc silk village
(Hanoi) showed that the percentage of
people who have contracted chronic diseases and acute diseases related to environmental pollution was high. Among
acute diseases, headaches, insomnia,
nervous depression have the highest
incidence (46%) and among chronic diseases, bone diseases have the highest
incidence (30%) (Table 3.2).
In leather processing villages, pollution factors include water pollution and
odour caused by horn, nail soaking, horn
dust and bone processing. Therefore,
diseases in these villages include skin,
digestive and respiratory diseases.
48
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
3.1.4. Impacts of environmental pollution on
human health in rock mining and construction
material villages
People working and living in construction material villages are exposed
to an environment with high concentrations of dust and toxic fumes. Therefore,
the percentage of people who contract
respiratory and skin diseases is very
high. Some common diseases in construction material and rock mining villages include ear-nose-throat disease,
respiratory disease, eye disease, nervous depression and mental disorder. The
percentage of people who contract diseases is quite high. According to a survey carried out by the Institute of
Environment, Scicence and Technology
(8 - 12/2002) in Dong Tan village Thanh Hoa and Kien Khe village - Ha
Nam, labour diseases make up more
than 50% of all cases.
3.1.5. Impact of environmental pollution on
community health in fine art villages
While there are economic benefits
from fine art products, environmental
pollution caused by the use of paint,
oil, acetone, xylem, toluene and benzene is an issue of concern. In these
villages, respiratory and skin diseases
are common.
Chapter 3.
Box 3.5. Diseases in Ha Thai lacquer village
(former Ha Tay)
In Ha Thai village, 60% of the households
continue the tradition of lacquer craft
which has been practised in the village for
more than 100 years. However, 90% of
the households have switched to the use
of Japanese and Korean paints that contain solvents in order to reduce time and
production cost, leading to air and water
pollution. Medical check ups for 63 children in the medical station of Duyen Thai
commune in late 2002 shows that more
than 80% of the children contracted pneumonia, and bronchitis. Meanwhile, in normal villages it is only 30%. Particular, in
hamlet 8, 19/20 children contracting
pneumonia. Every year, there are 5 to 7
fatalities due to cancer.
Source: Labour Newspaper, No 112, 22/4/2003
age of people who contracted diseases
was higher for those living in the rock
fine art village than in the neighbouring
areas (Table 3.3).
Table 3.3. Percentages of diseases in Non Nuoc
rock fine art village (Da Nang) on total population
According to the Institute of
Epidemioligy, in 2006, in the wood fine
art craft village, the percentage of
labour who contracted diseases was
much higher in the sector involved in
the wood fine art craft (88.1%) than
those who were not involved (52.2%).
According to a survey of the Ngu
Hanh Son medical station (Da Nang)
conducted on 1,200 labourers in Non
Nuoc rock fine art village, the percent-
Source: Ngu Hanh Son medical station, 2006
Vietnam craft village Environment
49
Chapter 3.
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
3.2. IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ON SOCIAL
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
986
900
1,000,000dongs/1,000 people
Environmental pollution due to production and social activities always
leads to economic loss. Environmental
pollution caused by production activities
at craft villages has led to the following
economic losses:
1.000
800
700
669
600
500
400
300
200
200
118
97
100
(1) Environmental pollution imposes
impacts on labour and community
health. It leads to additional and
increased costs due to visits to medical
stations, reduced labour productivity,
and loss of labour time due to sick leave.
(2) Air environmental pollution at
craft villages, especially from brick and
lime kilns reduces agricultural productivity on surrounding farms and gardens.
Water pollution results in a number of
ponds, lakes and river sections being
unusable. Up to now, there has not been
any evaluation of the economic losses
caused by environmental pollution to
agriculture and aquaculture activities.
(3) Environmental pollution reduces
tourism which results in economic losses.
3.2.1. Increased cost for health care and "disease burden"
41
0
Acute disease
Chronic disease
Tong Xa village
Death
Yen Phong (for comparison)
Diagram 3.7. Estimation of cost for health care in
Tong Xa mechnical casting village and Yen Phong
village (Nam Dinh) (for comparison)
Source: VEPA, 2007
(Nam Dinh) that had a clean environment
(VND
800
millions/1,000
people/year) (64.6% in comparison with
Tong Xa). Total losses due to acute diseases every year in Tong Xa adds up to
approximately VND 1 billions/1,000 people whereas the figure in Yen Phong is
approximately VND 700 million/1,000
people (Diagram 3.7).
People who contract diseases and
have labour accidents at craft villages
become a burden to society. The percentage of people who contract diseases leads to more costs due to med-
The degradation of labour and people's health in craft villages has led to
the reduction of labour productivity,
increased the cost of health care, etc.
and caused serious impacts on production activities of the villages.
According to a survey carried out in
2007, in Tong Xa craft village (Nam
Dinh), due to environmental pollution,
the economic losses caused by diseases
and birth deaths in the village cost about
VND 1.3 billions/1,000 people/year,
much higher than the Yen Phong village
Fabric production process
Source: VEA
50
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
ical visits and health care expenses.
Besides the estimation of health care
cost, the concept of "disease burden" is
applied in assessing human health.
"Disease burden" can be understood as
the total years that are lost due to diseases, accidents and due to birth deaths
in comparison with the highest average
age per 1,000 people. Environmental
pollution has led to the increase of "disease burden" in communities and has
caused impacts on life in craft villages
(Diagram 3.8).
Diagram 3.8. Disease burden in Tong Xa village and
Yen Phong village (for comparison)
Source: VEPA, 2007
Chapter 3.
3.2.2. Impacts of environmental pollution on
economic activities
Tourism in traditional craft villages is
a priority of the locality. However, environmental pollution in craft villages has
hindered tourism development and
reduced the number of visitors, leading
to a decrease of income from this source
(Box 3.6).
Box 3.6. Environmental pollution impacts on
tourisms in former Ha Tay
Tourism in Ha Tay traditional craft villages is freely available but cannot
attract tourists. Environmental pollution
is the most serious reason for this,
among others. Soil, water and air environment in most areas of the craft villages are polluted at alarming levels.
Newly founded villages displaying a sign
"craft village tourism" such as Thuong
Hiep sewing village (Phuc Tho) has
released pollution to water and air, leading to flooding in rainy days and dust in
dry days. Poor infrastructure such as
narrow roads and low quality has led to
its inability to attract tourists.
Source: Labour Newspaper, No 179,
01/07/2006
In Non Nuoc rock fine art village (Da
Nang), the surplus rock quantity is huge.
Due to the lack of landfill, enterprises
dump this in the surrounding areas of
the village. This leads to negative
impacts on the landscape around the
Ngu Hanh Son mountain.
Rice vermicelli production enterprise
Source: VEA
Waste containing pollutants released
from production activities of craft villages penetrate into the environment
Vietnam craft village Environment
51
Chapter 3.
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Box 3.7. Pollution in Duong Noi weaving commune
and impacts on agriculture production
There are approximately 2,000 people
involved in weaving and dyeing activities
in Duong Noi commune. Every year, the
commune produces 11,000 m of fabric.
Wastewater from household and weaving
and dyeing is discharged directly into a
canal to the Nhue river without treatment
leading to heavy water pollution. In the
dry season, the water in the canal is
drained and causes unpleasant odour. In
rainy days, dyeing wastewater runs
directly onto farmland leading to reduction
in agriculture production.
leading to deterioration of the air, soil
and water environments and cause
impacts on fauna and flora living in such
environment, reduce crop production,
and agriculture and aquaculture (Box 3.7
and 3.8).
Source: monre.gov.vn, 07/3/3008
Box 3.8. Environmental pollution impacts agriculture production
Residents in village 2, Nam Giang commune who are not involved in craft activities say that on farms that receive wastewater from Van Chang village, the production decreases by 30 - 50kg/perch
Rice cake cooking
Source: VEA
In Tien Phuong commune, households
raising fish in the canal 7 need to harvest
before October, otherwise the harvest will
be lost due to wastewater discharge of
Tan Hoa
A household in Quyet Tien village lost
VND 10 million/year due to their longan
garden being damaged by a brick kiln, not
to mention the impact on health.
Source: Community and enviornment conflict in craft
village in Red River Delta, 2005
52
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
3.3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN CRAFT VILLAGES
BRING ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICTS
In recent years, relations between
craft villages and normal villages as
well as between craft households and
normal households have been strained
due
to
environmental
pollution.
Discharge of waste without treatment
into the environment has polluted
domestic water sources, degraded air
environment and reduced agriculture
land, etc, leading to impacts on people's
health. Economic benefits overwhelm
environmental protection and community health, leading to environmental conflicts among the community.
Environmental conflicts in craft villages include:
Conflict between social groups in craft
villages. This is a common conflict. Craft
enterprises are located in residential
areas, particularly inside house premises. Waste discharge causes impacts on
surrounding households, leading to conflicts and complaints.
Box 3.9. Conflicts between people groups in some
craft villages in Red River Delta
According to a survey (in Van Chang metal recycling village - Nam Giang - Nam Dinh, Man Xa
waste recycling village - Van Mon - Bac Ninh, Tan
Hoa tarch and noodle production village - Quoc Oai
- Ha Tay), conflicts occur between community
groups in these villages. Those who are displeased with the pollution caused by those involved
in various crafts complain and fight with the latter.
This behaviour occurs among those who are not
involved in production activities. However, there is
no response from the village due to the fact that
craft people comprise the majority, are predominant and are involved in the production activities.
Chapter 3.
Conflicts between craft communities
and normal communities. This is a conflict due to the fact that the economic
benefits of normal communities is affected by the environmental pollution
caused by production activities.
Conflicts between home industry and
agriculture activities. While craft communities have benefits from craft production activities, there are others who
suffer losses such as those involved in
agriculture production and work on agriculture land. This conflict occurs in
brick, tile, and pottery villages. In parallel with the development of craft village,
agriculture land has been reduced.
Conflicts emerge when craft people
exploit clay from farm land and discharge waste like clinker to the farms
and turn them into landfill.
Box 3.10. Environmental conflict between Tan Hoa
and Tien Phuong Communes
The two villages share a canal. Production activities of Tan Hoa craft village result in odour and
toxic pollution in the water that kills fish raised
along the canal and impacts on people of Tien
Phuong commune. Conflicts emerged and after
complaining without responses Tien Phuong people built a dam to prevent wastewater from Tan
Hoa commune.
Source: Community and environment conflict in
craft village in Red River Delta, 2005
Source: Community and environment conflict in craft
village in Red River Delta, 2005
Vietnam craft village Environment
53
Chapter 3.
OVERVIEW OF CRAFT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Box 3.11. Conflicts between production activities
and beauty and culture in coconut fibre thread villages (Mo Cay, Ben Tre)
In Ben Tre, there are a number of villages
producing coconut fibre thread, mostly
located in Thom river bank of Mo Cay
District. The coconut fibre thread industry
in An Thanh, Khanh Thanh Tan communes comprise 300 enterprises and provide jobs for 5,000 people. The product is
delivered to Ham Luong river for export to
other countries. However, the Thom river
is polluted by waste discharged from the
villages and some part of the river is
blocked by the waste.
Box 3.12. Thinking and selection of craft people and
impacted people
Every person knows this craft harms
themselves and others, but it is difficult to
change the craft. It is difficult for each person and the entire village. We do not want
to suffer due to toxic gas but have to continue. We have to work to develop. Other
villages count on agriculture and are very
poor (a craft person, Van Mon).
"We have to earn a living and so do they,
but whatever they do, they are not
allowed to discharge waste to us (a normal person, Tien Phuong).
Source: Tien Phong, 28/05/2008
Source: Community and environment conflict in
craft village in Red River Delta, 2005
Conflict between production activities,
natural beauty and culture. Waste of craft
villages is usually in small volume but
discharged without control leading to
damaged landscape and culture (Box
3.11). The Lam Yen drum village (Dai
Loc, Quang Nam) discharges about 20kg
of solid waste per day (remaining leather,
fat, etc) leading to bad odour. The Cau
Vuc forge village (Thuy Chau, Huong
Thuy, Thua Thien Hue) discharges 260kg
of solid waste per day and damages the
landscape of the village.
Conflicts in environmental management.
This conflict emerges when environmental authorities apply policies and
legislation on environmental violation
and resolve conflicts. Examples can be
seen in copper casting villages (Thua
Thien Hue), brick and tile villages
(Quang Binh, Binh Dinh). The pollution
violation is settled based on the polluter
pays principle. However, there is a lack
of transparent mechanisms for the punishment in craft villages.
Causes of environmental conflicts
include:
- Difference in thinking and selection of development pathway and
awareness on environment of craft people and impacted people (Box 3.12).
- Impacts of craft village activities
on economic benefit of normal people;
- Impacts of craft village activities
on normal people's health;
- In addition, there are other reasons such as lack of collaboration
between the craft community and the
normal community and weaknesses of
authorities in managing conflicts.
People living in craft villages are both
victims and culprits of the environment.
In some cases the victim joins together
with the culprit due to economic or family relations. To resolve this conflict,
compromise solutions have been
applied in some villages.
54
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
Chapter 4.
SHORTCOMINGS IN CRAFT
VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
Wood furniture production enterprise
Source: Documentary photo
SHORTCOMINGS IN CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Chapter 4
Chapter 4
SHORTCOMINGS IN CRAFT VILLAGE
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SUMMARY
Chapter 4 provides status and shortcomings in environmental management in craft villages.
Achievements include the adoption of a number of documents on craft village sustainable development and environmental protection; preparation of master plans and environmental protection
for craft villages in some areas; employment of some tools for environmental protection in craft
villages such as economic tools (environment tax, fee); environmental monitoring and information
dissemination.
Despite the application of a number of solutions for protecting craft village environment, there is
still continuous degradation of the, environment This is because of limitations and shortcomings
including inadequate legislation on craft village environmental protection; unclear and overlapping
roles and responsibilities on environmental protection among ministries, sectors and localities;
lack of wastewater treatment areas for the planned production zones of craft villages; weakness
in the application of management tools; insufficient financial and human resources; failure to
"socialize" craft village environmental protection; and failure to mobilize public resources for craft
village environmental protection.
Tile burner kiln
Source: Documentary photo
Vietnam craft village Environment
Indispensable fuel
Source: Documentary photo
57
Chapter 4
SHORTCOMINGS IN CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
In recent years, craft village environment has emerged as a hot and pressing
issue. In parallel with the increase in the
number and production types of craft villages, environmental pollution has also
increased beyond the control of the
authorities. In recognition of the issues,
craft village environmental protection
has been included in a number of documents of the Party and State such as the
Resolution No 41 - NQ/TW 2004 of the
Politburo on environmental protection in
the industrialization and modernization
period, national environmental protection strategy up to 2010, Vietnam agenda
21, etc.
In terms of legislative documents, the
Law on Environmental Protection 2005
and a number of other laws, have been
adopted. These laws set out roles and
responsibilities of stakeholders from
central to local levels in craft village
environmental protection (Box 4.1).
Box 4.1. Craft village environmental protection in
some legislative documents
11. Decree No 66/2006/ND-CP dated
07/07/2006 of the Prime Minister on rural
crafts contains some articles on environmental protection as follows:
- Article 7 on production premises:
"People's committees at all level, based
on land use plan and master plan, and
approved rural craft development orientation, are to prepare a plan for craft villages or groups of enterprises corresponding to the production needs, environmental protection, and linkages between
production
and
consumption";
"Investment in projects that require strict
environmental pollution treatment, ensure
research and new products are provided
as well as land with a fee or be allowed to
hire land in indstrial zones"; "Rural enterprises moved from residential areas to
planned zones are provided support in
land fee, tax and movement costs";
- Article 8 on investment and credit states
that "Locality is to provide part of the
investment for infrastructure and environmental treatment for craft villages and
groups of rural production enterprises".
2. Circular No 113/TT-BTC dated
28/12/2006 of the Ministry of Finance on
guiding the use of state budget in support of rural craft development in accordance with the Decree No 66/2006/NDCP sets out some items that can receive
support "infrastructure and environmental
treatment for craft villages and groups of
rural production enterprises" with detailed
regulations on norms and financial
sources.
Copper casting workshop
Source: VEA
58
SHORTCOMINGS IN CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Some localities that have craft villages also adopt relevant documents
in order to translate the Party and
government policies into a local
context (Box 4.2).
Chapter 4
In practice, a number of detailed policies have been adopted and applied at
different levels of craft villages in the
country. Some provinces have carried
out spatial planning for craft villages to
Box 4.2. Some documents of provinces/cities
Ha Nam: Decision No 03/2008/QD-UBND dated 16/01/2008 on environmental protection of Ha
Nam Province where the main concern is the environmental pollution treatment at craft villages;
Bac Giang: Decision No 58/2006/QD-UBND dated 19/9/2006 on industrial development planning up to 2020, where the main concern is household industry and craft village development
planning up to 2020;
Bac Ninh: Environmental protection regulations and project on environmental pollution mitigation of Bac Ninh Province;
Thai Binh: Resolution 01/NQ-TU on craft and craft village development; Decision No
672/2001/QD-UB dated 20/9/2001 on incentive policies for craft and craft village development;
Decision No 253/2001/QD-UB on the use of industrial development budget for household industry development;
Quang Ninh: Decision No 915/QD-UBND dated 26/3/2007 on craft village plan of Quang Ninh
for the period 2006 - 2015 and orientation to 2020;
Thanh Hoa: Industry zones and craft villages plan for the period 2001 - 2010 and orientation to
2020;
Quang Binh: Decision No 10/2001/QD-UB dated 08/5/2001 on the adoption of the household
industry and rural craft development programme of Quang Binh province for the period 2001 2005
Thua Thien Hue: Decision No 1698/2006/QD-UBND dated 14/7/2006 on the adoption of the
"provisional regulations on craft village standards of Thua Thien Hue province";
Quang Nam: Decision No 26/2003/QD-UB dated 20/3/2003 on the adoption of provisional regulations
on craft villages of Quang Nam province; Decision 37/2001/QD-UB dated 30/7/2001 on the adoption
of incentives for investment for craft village development in Quang Nam province;
Quang Ngai: Resolution No 55/2006/NQ-HDND dated 12/12/2006 on industry and household
industry development of Quang Ngai province for the period 2006 - 2010;
Binh Dinh: Decision No 131/2005/QD-UBND dated 13/11/2005 on approval of craft villages in
Binh Dinh province;
Khanh Hoa: Decision No 216/2004/QD-UB dated 16/12/2004 on credit support for projects on
restoration and development of traditional crafts and craft villages;
Vinh Long: Decision No 234/QD-UBND dated 20/01/2007 on the project for the development of
industrial zones and craft villages of Vinh Long province for the period of 2006 - 2010;
Source: provincial DoNREs, 8/2008
Vietnam craft village Environment
59
Chapter 4
SHORTCOMINGS IN CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
group craft households into an area that
is equipped with infrastructure and
waste treatment system in order to
reduce environmental pollution caused
by craft households. Some craft villages
have applied cleaner production technologies and waste treatment and pollution reduction technologies. Some
advanced technologies have been
applied such as the use of LPG in pottery villages; and anaerobic decomposition and biogas to provide gas and fertilizer in food processing villages.
Attention has been given to financial
investment for environmental protection
at craft villages. Some guidelines on providing financial support, tax reduction,
and preferential credit have been
issued. The Vietnam Environmental
Protection Fund has provided loans with
preferential interest for craft village
waste treatment projects and the
research and application of environmentally-friendly technologies. The State
has promulgated the policy on socialization of environmental protection at craft
villages and mobilization of the participation of people and labourers. A number of village regulations have been
adopted; several volunteer organizations
on environmental protection have been
founded with financial support provided
by production households.
Despite a number of achievements,
several shortcomings exist in craft village environmental management at various levels. This is one of the most
important reasons for the continuous
degradation of environment in craft villages. The following are the shortcomings that need to be addressed.
4.1. LACK OF DETAILED LEGISLATION DOCUMENTS ON CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
The Law on Environmental Protection
(2005) is the highest legal document on
environment and contains several provisions, including the one contained in
Article 38, which deals with environmental protection in craft villages.
However, to bring the law into practice,
it is essential to have detailed regulations. Up to now, there has not been any
legal document guiding the environmental protection at craft villages pursuant to
the said Law on Environmental
Protection.
Although some aspects of environmental protection at craft villages are
mentioned in other documents such as
the Decree 66/2006/ND-CP (on rural
craft development), there has not been
any detailed regulations requiring craft
villages to have wastewater collection
and treatment systems and emission
mitigation.
Craft villages differ from other industrial production and sectors by their
diverse production types and development scales as well as their own characteristics. However, up to now, there has
not been any legislation documents on
craft village environmental protection
specific to production types of craft villages. Existing guidelines are those for
general production type, leading to difficulties in applying to pecific craft villages. For example, Decree 80/2006/NDCP dated 09/8/2006 guiding the implementation of some provisions of the Law
on Environmental Protection and Decree
21/2008/ND-CP dated 28/2/2008 on
adjustment of the Decree 80/2006/NDCP require all manufacturing entities to
60
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
SHORTCOMINGS IN CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
prepare EIA report or environmental
protection commitment (for new projects) or environment protection (for
existing projects). However, almost all
manufacturing households do not have
EIA reports or environment certificate.
This fact shows that it is difficult to
apply this requirement to craft villages
and there is a need to have a simple certificate on environmental protection for
craft villages. Another example is the
implementation
of
Decree
No
81/2006/ND-CP on administrative punishment on environmental protection. In
practice, every production household in
craft villages discharges waste to the
environment
at
different
levels.
Therefore, if the Decree is applied, all
the production households will be punished or closed. However, in the current
context, given the unique characteristics
of craft villages and complicated social
relations, it is difficult for authorities to
apply the decree at the household level.
In environmental inspection, standard
parameters on air and water environment need to be considered. Currently,
these general parameters are applied to
craft villages. In practice, these parameters are too high for craft villages as
enterprises of craft villages which are
conducted in the household are small
scale and those who are involved in
these enterprises cannot afford the
required
environmental
treatment
equipment.
4.2. UNCLEAR ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ON
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AMONG AUTHORITIES (MINISTRY, SECTOR AND LOCAL LEVELS)
Although
responsibilities
are
assigned to ministries, unclear and
overlapping responsibilities on craft
Chapter 4
village environmental protection still
exist among ministries and sectors and
between ministries and officers at the
local level. In addition, there are limited instances of inter-sectoral collaboration. The state management on craft
villages has been assigned to two ministries, namely the Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development
(Department
of
Agriculture
and
Aquaculture Production and Commerce
and Salt Production) and the Ministry
of Industry and Trade (Department of
Local Industry). MARD is responsible
for preparing the master plan for rural
craft development until the year 2020.
The Ministry of Industry and Trade is
responsible for managing industrial
zones at the district level and the local
industry enterprises. In terms of environmental management, the Ministry
of Natural Resources and Environment
has been assigned to develop and
adopt policies on national environmental protection including craft villages.
However, collaboration between these
ministries has been insufficient. There
have been a number of overlaps in
managing development of craft villages
between the Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Development and the
Ministry of Industry and Trade. This
has led to the lack of guidelines and
support for production and trade of
craft villages to attain sustainable
development and to adopt measures
for environmental protection.
Roles of local authorities in craft village environmental protection are insufficient. According to the law, the people's committees are responsible for
managing environmental issues at craft
villages. However, most legislation documents assign roles only to the provin-
Vietnam craft village Environment
61
Chapter 4
SHORTCOMINGS IN CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
cial people's committees. Therefore,
there is a need to have legislation documents that assign roles and responsibilities to all levels i.e. village, commune
levels.
Box 4.3. Responsibilities of the Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development, Ministry
of Industry and Trade and Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment in craft village
development
Decree No 66/2006/ND-CP stipulates
that the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development is to develop a master plan
for national rural craft development up to
2020;
Decree No 189/2007/ND-CP dated
27/12/2007 stipulates that the Ministry of
Industry and Trade is to "manage industrial zones at district level and local industry enterprises";
Decision No 132/2008/QD-TTg, dated
30/9/2008 provides that the Department
General of Environment of MoNRE is to
control pollution "to control environmental
quality in urban, rural, mountain, river
basin, coastal areas, industrial zones,
high-tech zones, economic zones, craft
villages according to the law".
craft village level (e.g. environmental fee
for wastewater and solid waste, punishment of environmental violation at craft
villages). A number of policy and legislative documents do not take into consideration the unique context of local levels
and there is a lack of feedback from local
level to adjust policies, regulations to fit
with practice. On the other hand, there is
a lack of collaboration among all levels in
organizing training to enhance capacity of
local environmental officials on environment. There is also a lack of collaboration
among all levels and between ministries
and sectors in information sharing, disseminating research results to exchange
experience and avoid overlapping of
duties and work.
4.3. SHORTCOMINGS IN CRAFT VILLAGE PLANNING
In order to reduce environmental pollution, several provinces and cities have
laid down a policy to establish craft village industrial zones or production
zones. However, such zones have yet to
be established. On the other hand, given
the fact that commune and district
authorities hold the ownership of such
projects, difficulties in planning and
development strategy have emerged.
Infrastructure consists only of electricity,
simple internal traffic system and (for
some zones) sewage system and waste
Limitation in collaboration between
environmental authorities at all levels.
There is a lack of close collaboration
between central and provincial, district,
commune, and village authorities in thoroughly disseminating state laws and policies from central to local levels and in
facilitating the coordinated management
roles of authorities. Due to the lack of collaboration between central and local levels, several policies and legislative documents that are adopted at higher levels
have not been translated into practice at
Noise pollution
Source: VEA
62
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
SHORTCOMINGS IN CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
collection teams. In most cases, there is
a lack of environmental protection and
central wastewater treatment system.
When production households move to
a production zone, they also bring members of the family together with the production chain. For example, the Dong Ky
industrial zone (Bac Ninh) has seen the
establishment of new roads with large
houses where family members live
together with the production chain.
Therefore, these production zones are
similar to new settlement zones and
hence expand the pollution impact.
In addition, management boards only
allocate land to enterprises and the
enterprises need to bear costs for movement and infrastructure development
including electricity and water supplies.
As a result, small enterprises face financial difficulties and are reluctant to
move into planned zones.
The examples in industrial zones such
as Phong Khe paper, Da Hoi mechanical Bac Ninh, An Khanh - former Ha Tay,
industrial zones/craft village zones in
Mekong Delta and South-eastern have
provided several shortcomings in environmental protection in industrial craft village zones.
4.4. WEAKNESSES IN IMPLEMENTATION OF LEGISLATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN
CRAFT VILLAGES
4.4.1. Weaknesses in law enforcement
Slow understanding and implementation of legislation on craft village environmental protection
Although several policies have been
adopted, authorities at local level have
not focused on environmental protection
and have not developed appropriate
long-term policies such as production
Chapter 4
and material zone planning, infrastructure development etc. Besides, authorities have been uncertain about the
development demand and impacts of
environmental pollution on human
health.
In a number of craft villages, communities and owners of enterprises are not
aware of the Law on Environmental
Protection and regulations on environmental protection of provinces, districts
and communes as well as their responsibilities in environmental protection.
Box 4.4. Implementation of some legislation documents
in craft villages
- The People's Committee of the former Ha
Tay Province adopted "some legislative
documents on environmental protection" in
October 2002. However, it was only 2 years
later that some communes were aware of
that. The villages are still unaware of this
document.
- The People's Committee of the Bac Ninh
Province adopted regulations on environmental protection in July 2000. However, up
to 2002, several villages were not aware
about the document.
Source: Project KC 08.09, 2005
Inspection on enforcement of legislation on environmental protection at craft
villages has not been regularly and thoroughly implemented, punishment on
environmental violation has not been
strict.
In the past year, MoNRE in collaboration with DoNREs of some provinces
have carried out inspection on environmental protection in some villages,
especially those villages that are located
along 3 river basins i.e Cau, Nhue - Day
and Dong Nai river basins. However, the
Vietnam craft village Environment
63
Chapter 4
SHORTCOMINGS IN CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
inspection only noticed violation cases
and no punishment had been imposed.
Most local authorities do not pay attention to this task and count on central
inspection missions, hence, do not catch
up with the local context and provide
detailed solutions suitable at the local
level.
In recent years, several state and
provincial projects on craft villages have
been implemented. Thanks to these,
some environmental monitoring has
been carried out for craft villages. The
monitoring results help to assess the
environmental status of craft villages
and provide inputs to environmental
protection and management at craft villages. However, environmental monitoring is carried out only once during the
project time span and is not continued
after the project comes to an end.
4.4.2. Economic tools have not been applied
In some countries, economic tools such
as environmental fees on wastewater,
emission and solid waste are important
economic tools, based on the principle
of "polluters pay", that contribute to
behavioural changes of enterprise owners in craft villages.
Decree
67/2003/ND-CP
dated
13/6/2003 on environmental fee on
wastewater has been successfully
enforced in industrial enterprises in
some provinces and cities. However,
collection of wastewater fee in craft villages has yet to be carried out. The reason is that other domestic activities usually merge with production activities,
hence, it is difficult to separate domestic
wastewater and production wastewater
to impose a fee. In addition, people are
still poor, water sources are rain water
and from wells, consequently, the collection of fee, which is basrd on water
consumption is difficult.
Following the imposition of environmental protection fee on wastewater, on
29 November 2007, the Government
issued the Decree 174/2007/ND-CP on
environmental protection on solid
waste. After one year of implementation, this decree has yet to be applied in
craft villages. Up to now, the environmental protection fee on solid waste has
not yet been collected at craft villages.
4.4.3. Weak information dissemination and
awareness raising on environmental protection in craft villages
Although some activities for raising
awareness of communities through mass
media such as radio, television, local
and central newspapers etc. have been
implemented, these activities have not
been frequent and timely enough and
several campaigns are not thorough.
Environmental communication and
education in craft villages have yet to
receive due attention and information
dissemination forms are poor. There is
also a lack of connection with other
organisations such as schools, social,
labour and religion organizations. In
addition, information dissemination
activities have been restricted on a small
spacial scale, mostly in urban and delta
regions. Contents of information and
forms are not suitable for craft villages.
There is a lack of collaboration among
ministries, sectors and provincial, district and commune levels in organising
training and disseminating policy and
legislation documents to officials.
There is a lack of encouragement and
guidelines on development and implementation of village regulations on village cultural development. Village cultural regulations in Thanh Luong, Binh
64
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
SHORTCOMINGS IN CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Hoa Commune, Thanh Hoai District, former Ha Tay province were adopted in
the People's Committee in December
2001. However, articles on environmental and landscape protection have not
been applied.
4.5. INSUFFICIENT HUMAN, FINANCIAL AND
TECHNOLOGICAL RESOURCES FOR CRAFT VILLAGE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Insufficient officials on environmental
protection at all level
Human resources for environmental
management from central to local levels
have been insufficient. There is a lack of
officials and training on craft village
environment.
According to initial statistics, approximately 95% of environmental officials at
district level are not equipped with environmental knowledge. Moreover, they
are not trained to enhance capacity.
Therefore, it is difficult for them to implement policy on environmental protection
at the local level. There have been many
cases where local officials misunderstand
legislation leading to wrong implementation of legislative documents. In practice,
officials on environment are seconded,
hence, they do not invest sufficient time
to their task. At village level, environmental protection is assigned to the head
of village. This also brings about shortcomings in the performance of their task.
Insufficient investment for craft village environmental protection
There has been little investment from
either the central or local level for craft
village environmental protection. From
2002 up to now, total investment for craft
villages has been VND 550 billions, mostly for infrastructural development and
production zones. Little has been invested
for pollution treatment and environmental protection activities.
Chapter 4
Since environmental fees (such as
wastewater and solid waste fees) have
not been collected in craft villages and
since there has been a lack of regulations to require enterprises that cause
environmental pollution to pay for environmental treatment, the budget for
environmental protection activities has
been taken by the commune authority
from the 10% tax collected from larger
enterprises. Therefore, craft villages
cannot afford wastewater treatment and
solid waste treatment and the application of cleaner technologies. Only a few
enterprises are involved in projects for
these activities.
Some craft villages have waste collection and treatment services. The cost for
this service is collected from enterprises
and households at the rate of VND 10,000
and 3,000 - 5,000/household/month respectively. This is not enough to pay for the
service. Therefore, it is recommended that
this fee should be increased and calculated based on the volume of solid waste.
Technologies have yet to be applied
in craft villages
The application of cleaner production
technologies is limited. Some pottery
enterprises have replaced coal kilns by
gas kilns and some food processing
enterprises have incorporated a biogas
tank. New technologies have yet to be
applied at other production processes.
One of the reasons is the lack of support
provided by authorities at all levels in
terms of policy, regulation and information.
Projects on application of environmentally friendly technologies are not
sustained and are not replicated.
Therefore, there is a need to develop
sustainability of such projects.
65
Chapter 4
SHORTCOMINGS IN CRAFT VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
prises that priority is economic development and income improvement. On the
other hand, due to limitation in education (83.5% untrained, 85% has primary
education only), they lack knowledge
and capacity in production management. Little attention is paid to production premise planning for environmental
protection.
Obsolete process of producing
Source: VEA
4.6. SOCIAL RESOURCES HAVE NOT BEEN
MOBILISED
Community resources have not been
mobilised for environmental protection
Participation of the community in policy and decision making and environmental protection activities has been
limited. Up to now, the participation of
local communities has been in the form
of complaints about the impacts of environmental pollution or when a landfill is
constructed in nearby residential areas.
Community strength has not been
mobilised in fighting with owners of
enterprises on mitigating environmental
pollution. One of the reasons is the limitation of awareness of communities on
policies and legislation on environmental protection. In addition, community
relationships also hinder their participation.
Responsibilities of enterprises, especially production households, in craft villages on environmental protection is low
It is the perception of village enter-
In addition, there is a lack of investment in changing technologies and
reluctance of owners to change technologies. Little attention is paid on protecting labour health and labour safety
equipment.
Community awareness and community relationship hinder environmental
protection activities
While achievements in raising awareness on environmental protection have
been made in recent years, awareness
on the environment of people is still
limited, partly due to conservative
thinking of the people and their priority
in economic benefits. There is a lack of
awareness on the state environmental
policies and legislation.
Community relationships have strong
impacts on environmental management
and on the implementation of roles and
responsibilities on the environment. A
strong community relationship, on the
one hand, facilitates collaboration
between production households but on
the other hand makes it difficult to overcome backward thinking. Environmental
management is more difficult in the area
where there is a weak community relationship.
66
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
Source of environmental pollution
Source: Documentary photo
Chapter 5
SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING
THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT
VILLAGES
Products classification
Source: VEA
SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE
ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
SUMMARY
Chapter 5 provides 6 groups of solutions to address environmental pollution in craft villages.
1. Enhance institutions, strengthen organisation, for legal enforcement on environmental protection in craft
villages
2. Craft village spatial planning and environmental protection
3. Solutions for existing craft villages
4. Solutions for polluted craft villages
5. Incentive measures
6. Disincentive measures In order to implement the above mentioned solutions, central authorities need to
focus on solutions under group 1; local authorities need to focus on solutions under groups 2, 3 and 4;
ministries and sectors need to focus on solution under groups 5 and 6.
Sustainable development is a common
vision for the development,of the country, including craft villages. Sustainable
development has been confirmed in
industrialisation and modernisation
policies of the country. For rural craft
development, sustainable development
has been confirmed in the Decree No
66/2006/ND-CP dated 07 July 2006 of the
government. This policy should be translated into development policies and
implementation measures. Craft villages
should develop sustainably and contribute to economic development, provide jobs, contribute to poverty alleviation and hunger eradication, guarantee
social welfare and improve rural environment.
In accordance with the Social
Economic Development Strategy up to
2010 "social economic development in
association with environmental protection and improvement, ensure harmonisation between the artificial and natural environments and protect biodiversity", the development of craft villages
needs to be in conjuction with environmental improvement. This linkage
means: (i) environment should not be
sacrificed for short term economic profits; (ii) benefits from production and
trade need to be shared with environmental protection activities for sustainable development of craft villages and
surrounding communities.
Vietnam craft village Environment
71
Chapter 5
SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
In accordance with the Party and State
policy on environmental protection in
industrialisation and modernisation
process: "environmental protection is the
responsibility of the public at all levels,
organisations, communities and individuals" and "environmental protection in
craft villages should be the common
responsibility of authorities at all levels,
localities, enterprises and craft village
communities". Local authorities should
actively translate the Party and State policy and legislation on environmental protection into practice and support and
guide environmental protection activities
in craft villages. Responsibilities of production communities include responsibilities of enterprises on environmental
protection in accordance with the law
(environmental fee, tax, environmental
standards etc.) and share responsibilities on improving the environment with
other residential communities. In addition, responsibilities in protecting the
environment are not only the selfawareness on environmental protection
but also in actions and participation in
protection of the local environment.
Based on above mentioned opinions,
in order to mitigate environmental pollution at craft village, there is a need to
apply integrated solutions in management including adoption of policies and
legislation on craft village environmental protection, environmental planning,
observation and pollution control, education and awareness raising and application of technical measures such as
cleaner production and waste treatment
techniques. In addition, incentive measures as well as disincentive tools and
sanctions should be applied.
5.1. IMPROVE INSTITUTIONS, STRENGTHEN
ORGANISATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
LEGISLATION ENFORCEMENT
5.1.1. Improve legislation and policy documents
on environmental protection in craft villages
Focus on sustainable development policy
in craft villages: production development needs to take into consideration
environmental protection and improvement, ensure that the environment is not
sacrificed for short-term profits and production benefits need to contribute
towith environmental protection activities. Responsibilities of stakeholders
include:
- Develop and propose mechanisms and
policies on promoting rural crafts and
environmental protection (MARD will be
focal point);
- Develop mechanisms and policies
that enable craft village enterprises to
have preferential loans for production
development, applying environmentally
friendly technologies and cleaner production techniques, treatment technologies
for waste water, emission and solid
wastes (MoF);
- Develop more detailed financial
support policies for craft village zones to
build wastewater treatment plants and
landfill (MoF);
- Research on environmentally friendly technologies, suitable waste treatment
technologies and transfer to enterprises
(MoST);
- Explore outlets for craft products for
promoting exports such as pottery,
wood, rattan, silk etc. (Ministry of
Industry and Trade).
Develop legislation documents for
craft village environmental protection
72
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
Chapter 5
Develop and adopt legislation documents on craft village environmental
protection that stipulate responsibilities
of localities and sectors in craft villages
(MoNRE in collaboration with MARD,
Ministry of Industry and Trade, and relevant ministries).
solid wastes; integrate environmental protection into local development plans and strategies; provide financial support policies for village environmental officials and village
heads to encourage them (province and district people's committees) to perform their
tasks diligently.
Improve legislation documents on craft village environment protection such as regulations on environmental protection, regulations on environmental impact assessment
and environmental protection committment;
collect environmental protection fees on
waste water and emissions; collect and treat
Develop regulations on environmental
hygiene in craft villages
In order to translate legislation into
the local context, craft villages need to
develop regulations on environment and
hygiene such as village regulations and
commitments
Box 5.1. Recommendations on development of specific legislation documents on craft village environmental protection
- Adopt by-law documents guiding the implementation of Law on Environmental Protection
in craft villages;
- Develop policy guiding the implementation of Decision No 132/2000/QD-TTg, Decree No
66/2006/ND-CP and Decree No 01/2008/ND-CP;
- Adopt simple environmental protection committment format for production households
such as conditional committment;
- Assign responsibilites to organisations and individuals on craft village environmental protection;
- Develop guidelines on calculating pollution volume per ton of product based on material
balance in order to calculate pollution volume for calculating environmental protection
fees for wastewater, solid waste and emissions;
- Develop guidelines on environmental parameters needed for environment observation in
craft villages and environmental standards;
- Develop detailed sanctions for environmental protection violation in craft villages;
- Apply criteria for compliance with environmental protection such as the existence of
wastewater collection and drainage facilities, solid waste collection and transportation,
application of waste reduction measures in the criteria for designation as a craft village;
- Develop incentive policies (rewards, preferential loans and fees) for enterprises that comply with environmental protection requirements.
- Develop legislation on prohibitions of backward technologies and measures that pollute
the environment such as lead recycling, construction material production, etc.
- Develop policies on the participation of communities in craft village environmental protection.
Vietnam craft village Environment
73
Chapter 5
SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
Box 5.2. Recommendations on regulations on environmental hygiene in craft villages
- Take care of public hygiene, do not discharge waste to villages, keep ponds,
canals and rivers clean;
- Every week, clean village roads and
sewage system;
- Keep water supply clean and do not
damage water pipe;
- Take care of public construction;
- Enterprises must treat emissions and
wastewater to meet environmental
standards before discharging them to
the environment. They must also collect and transport waste to landfills;
- Households and production households that violate regulations must pay
a fine according to local regulations;
- Establish a waste collection team that
is responsible for collecting and
transporting solid waste to the dumping areas of communes and villages.
Cost for this service is collected by
households and production households depending on the waste discharged and local context.
Develop national standards on emissions and wastewater suitable to the production conditions in the craft village
Enterprises in craft villages are at a
small scale, are equipped with backward machinary and have limitations in
capital. Therefore, they cannot afford to
comply with national standards on emissions and industrial wastewater.
In the context of rural industrialisation and modernisation, there is a need
therefore to develop and adopt regulations and emission on wastewater and
emissions for enterprises in craft villages that are suitable to the current context and develop a suitable timeframe
for improvement. A suitable timeframe
could be: in the coming 5 years, standards on emissions and wastewater for
enterprises in craft villages can be eased
to 2 times the present industrial wastewater and emission standards; in the following 5 years, the standards can be
eased to 1.5 times and after these 10
years, the standards can be equivalent to
the general standards.
Develop green craft village criteria
and relevant policies
Develop criteria for "green craft villages" in order to rank craft villages on
environmental protection and measure
progress towards sustainable development.
Based on the results of the classification,
products of the green craft village can be
tagged with a "green label". The
Government should develop priority policies for disbursement of funds and
improved products circulation for "green
products" and "green craft villages".
In addition, the government should
develop mechanisms on information
sharing for the community and the
results of "green product" ranking should
be released to the public. The
Government should also popularise
"green products" on mass media such as
TV, radio, newspapers, websites and in
leaflets.
74
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
Chapter 5
5.1.2. Improvement of district and commune
environmental management system
Local authorities, communes and
towns, (or communes in short) play a
key role in environmental protection in
craft villages.
Commune authorities should be
assigned a key role in the environmental management system in craft villages
because officials at commune level
could observe and inspect every household and thus could effectively implement environmental management measures. The proposed commune environmental management system is shown in
Figure 5.1.
Village pond
Source: Documentary photo
Figure 5.1. Environmental management system at commune level
Vietnam craft village Environment
75
Chapter 5
SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
There is a need to develop roles on
environmental protection for authorities
and relevant organisations at commune
and village levels.
Assign clear roles and responsibilities
to organizations/individuals
Assign clear roles and responsibilities
to organizations and individuals in environmental management in craft villages.
Strengthen
collaboration
between
authorities at central and local level and
between ministries and sectors.
Table 5.1. Responsibilities of organisations and individuals in environmental management in craft villages
76
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
Vietnam craft village Environment
Chapter 5
77
Chapter 5
SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
Strengthen human resources for craft village environmental protection.
Provide more officials for relevant
units at commune and village level. Each
commune that has a craft village needs to
have one environment official. Each craft
village needs to have one environmental
staff. It is estimated that the country has
500 communes that have craft villages
(each commune has 3 - 4 villages).
Therefore, there is a need to have 500
university or college graduated environmental officials at commune level and
2,000 environmental staff at village level.
Provinces that have craft villages
should review the demand for environmental officials at commune level in
order to prepare a plan for recruiting
staff annually and provide training on
the environment. Efforts should be made
so that the staff vacancies will be filled
within 3 to 5 years.
Organise training for trainers; training
on environment for environmental officials at all levels; and awareness raising
for communities so that suitable training
methods and contents can be employed.
5.1.3. Strengthen law enforcement on environmental protection in craft villages
Strengthen environmental monitoring
and pollution source inventory
DoNREs should develop environmental monitoring plans for typical craft
villages under their jurisdiction in
order to have data available on the
environment of craft villages. This is
particilarly needed in localities that
have a high concentration o f craft villages such as Hanoi, Bac Ninh, Nam
Dinh, Dong Nai, etc.
Strengthen pollution source inventory
in craft villages in order to manage
information on discharge volume and
pollution volume of waste.
Strengthen environmental monitoring
for expanding enterprises in craft villages, and request these enterprise to
comply with environmental protection
commitment in order to ensure that
environmentally-friendly technologies
are to be applied. Monitor the implementation of regulations on environmental protection as committed under the
environmental protection commitments
of enterprises in craft villages.
Strengthen monitoring activities at
existing and newly founded craft village
industrial zones. Require industrial
zones of craft villages to establish wastewater treatment plants, solid waste
landfill systems, and environmental
management systems.
Costs for these activities can be allocated from the local environment budget and from enterprises.
Apply economic tools such as environmental protection fee for wastewater,
emissions, solid waste in craft villages
DoNRE should provide written guidelines for districts and communes on
preparing discharge source and discharge
volume inventories for emissions, wastewater, and solid waste of production
enterprises of craft villages based on volume of product per day. Based on this,
calculate the environmental protection
fee for wastewater, solid waste and emissions in the future.
Strengthen law enforcement in environmental protection in craft villages
78
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
Chapter 5
SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
Strengthen legislation tools and
request enterprises of craft villages to
comply with legislation on environmental protection. Violations in discharge
waste leading to negative impacts on
community health and crops must be
punished according to the state and local
regulations.
Strengthen the use of information in
environmental protection in craft villages
Include information on the Law on
Environmental Protection and environmental standards into awareness raising
activities in craft villages in order to
facilitate law enforcement.
Strengthen information collection,
develop information systems and database in order to enhance effectiveness of
craft village environmental information
management, utilisation, sharing, and
dissemination. Post available information of projects/programmes on mass
media such as website, radio, newspapers in order to avoid overlaps in investment.
5.2. SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
with infrastucture such as roads, electricity, water, information systems, wastewater collection and treatment, solid
waste collection system. Grouping enterprises depend on characteristics of craft
villages such as pottery, dyeing and weaving, paper recycling etc.
- Planning enterprises at household
level: plan enterprises at household level
and improve production and environmental condition. This reduces the need
to expand roads and to build housing and
conserve production landscape and tradition of the village that can be used for
tourism. This type of planning is suitable
in such craft villages as Tam Da alcohol
craft village (Bac Ninh) and craft villages
that cause little pollution.
These two types of planning can be
applied for all craft villages. Surveys
should be carried out on the number of
enterprises, scales of enterprises, production types, land use planning, spatial planning before deciding the planning option
in order to ensure effectiveness and suitability for environmental protection. For
each type of craft village, suitable planning should be applied (Table 5.2).
Location of industrial zones in craft villages to remove pollution enterprises out
of residential areas and provide wastewater treatment system and solid waste
collection, etc. has been included in the
Strategy on Environmental Protection
and implemented in a number of
provinces. There are two types of reallocation i.e. grouping enterprises into separate small industrial zones and planning
enterprises at household level.
- Grouping enterprises into separate
small industrial zone: the zone should be
away from residential areas, be equipped
Potty drying in the sun
Vietnam craft village Environment
Source: Documentary photo
79
Chapter 5
SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
Table 5.2. Planning model for dyeing and weaving craft villages
(Characterisitcs of the craft village: noise, wastewater containing pollutant, colour, chemical fume, steam)
Source: Project KC 08.09, 2005
In the future, priority should not be
given to the establishment of groups of
craft villages without a detailed plan.
Rather, there is a need to improve infrastructure for existing groups of craft villages.
Pilots on the establishment of craft
villages and planning at household level
should be carried out for each type of
craft village for replication.
5.3. SOLUTIONS FOR EXISTING CRAFT VILLAGES
5.3.1. Strengthen environmental management
at craft village level
There is a need to strengthen environmental monitoring at existing craft villages. Inventories of discharge sources
should also be carried out for developing
pollution treatment and environmental
protection plans.
DoNRE needs to develop environmental management plans and undertake
regular environmental monitoring for
craft villages, especially in provinces
that have a high number of craft villages.
Strengthen environmental management for enterprises that expand their
production scale and require these
enterprises to comply with environmental protection commitments and apply
environmentally friendly technologies.
Strengthen emission inventories of
the craft villages.
5.3.2 Strengthen the application of waste
treatment technologies in craft villages
Regulate and effectively apply waste
treatment technologies for the craft village: wastewater treatment system and
solid waste management team should be
established for the craft village industrial zone; the application of local treatment solutions for wastewater and solid
waste should be used for household
enterprises. Criteria for selection of
waste treatment technologies should
ensure that:
80
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
- Treated waste meet Vietnam environmental standards;
- Easy - to - use technologies;
Chapter 5
suitable for a craft village context;
- Priority is given to technologies that
enable reuse and recycling of waste.
- Low investment and operational cost
Box 5.3. Several technological measures for waste treatment
Cottage agro-food processing
Wastewater is the major pollution source in cottage agro-food processing. It consists of production
wastewater, domestic wastewater, and breeding wastewater. For treatment or the reuse of this
wastewater, it is proposed to use a treatment system such as Biogas tanks. There are different types
of treatment by Biogas such as using plastic bags, concrete pit containers with fixed or floating cover
for bio-gas collection. The Biogas system operates with multi-benefit, on the one hand it provides
energy source (gas) for household usage (cooking), water after treatment in biogas tank (in fact, the
wastewater undergoes anaerobic treatment) has organic compound removal of 40 - 50%. On the
other hand, the excess sludge obtained has a high level of nutrients, which is a good fertilizer for agriculture.
Metal recycling villages
Exhaust gas treatment
Exhaust gas is the major pollution source in metal recycling villages. The main emission sources
include gases from metallurgical furnaces, solvent vapors and gases from other mechanised processing.
- For steel recycling villages, air pollution contains mainly dust, other contaminated gases are present but at a concentration lower than the level stipulated in TCVN. Therefore, the set up of dust treatment equipments (cyclonic) and thermal-proof facilities are sufficient.
- For aluminum, lead casting villages and other metal casting villages, waste gases contain toxic compounds such as lead, aluminum, and copper vapors…Therefore, it is essential to set up both dust and
toxic fume treatment equipment - cyclonic and wet absorption scrubber, which use either water or
chemical solvent, in order to ensure the air quality after treatment.
- For casting furnace (aluminum, lead, copper) at small production scale and under limited financial
condition, it is possible to equip one exhaust fan through the air box above the furnace, then soaking
into a lime tank (brick construction)
Wastewater treatment
The main characteristics of electroplating wastewater from metal recycling villages are that the
amount is limited and it is decentralized with intermittent discharge. The wastewater is often polluted by the presence of some metals such as Zn, Fe in the condition of low pH. To achieve high efficiency in wastewater treatment it's necessary to separate and individually treat the electroplating
wastewater stream in order to avoid creating contamination of the other wastewater sources.
Source: KC 08.09 Project, 2005
Vietnam craft village Environment
81
Chapter 5
SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
5.4. SOLUTIONS FOR POLLUTED CRAFT VILLAGES
5.4.1. Promptly carry out environmental treatment for craft villages listed in Decision No
64/2003/QD-TTg
In order to treat major polluting enterprises, the Prime Minister adopted
Decision No 64/2003/QD-TTg on treatment of polluting enterprises. This is an
important decision, presenting confirmation of the government's step by step
commitment to address those enterprises listed in the "black list" with the goal
to thoroughly treat 4,295 polluted enterprises by 2012. According to this decision, 13 craft villages have been listed
as polluting enterprises that need to be
treated, including 3 dyeing villages, 3
recycling villages, 2 construction material and rock mining villages and 5 food
processing villages (Table 5.3).
Previously, some enterprises listed in
the Decision No 64/2003/QD-TTg have
addressed their environmental pollution
and have been removed from the list.
Table 5.3. List of polluting craft villages under the Decision No 64/2003/QD-TTg
Source: Decision No 64/2003/QD-TTg
82
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
However, until now, the 13 craft villages
listed in the Decision No 64/2003/QDTTg have yet to be removed from the list.
Attention needs to paid to this. In the
future, localities and craft villages need
to promply treat their environment in
order to receive a certificate of completion of pollution treatment and thus be
removed from the list.
Chapter 5
within craft villages, request enterprises
to apply measure to mitigate pollution
and request craft villages to develop and
implement a pollution mitigation
roadmap.
5.4.3. Treatment of pollution area caused by
craft villages
Some craft villages cause environmental pollution to a large area or a section
of river. Therefore, in some cases, pollu5.4.2. Detect and treat polluting villages
tion treatment should not only be carried
Localities should actively guide and out in the village but also in surrounding
collaborate with authorities to imple- areas such as a section of a river or the
ment the Decision No 64/2003/QD-TTg entire river itself. Localities should surand remove villages that complete vey and assess area affected by pollution
treatment from the black list. On the and propose plans to treat such pollution
other hand, there is a need to strength- and restore the environment.
en inspection and immediately include 5.5. INCENTIVE MEASURES
craft villages that cause environmental 5.5.1. Encourage the application of cleaner propollution in the list. If the craft villages duction and technologies that mitigate environthat cause environmental pollution are mental pollution and support environmental
detected, there is a need to promptly treatment
include them into the list and demand
To encourage enterprises of craft vilthat they carry out treatment measures. lages to apply cleaner production soluThere is a need to inspect enterprises tions to mitigate emissions and to provide
preferential loans to enterprises that
apply advanced technology. Support
should be calculated on a percentage of
the construction cost. The remainder will
be covered by the enterprises.
In the past, Vietnamese scientists have
carried out research on the application of
cleaner production solutions for groups of
craft villages. This is an important foundation for the replication of solutions
nation-wide (Table 5.4).
Rice straw dying
Source: Documentary photo
Organise training and pilots on the
application of cleaner production for
owners of enterprises. In the future, solutions such as internal management, circu-
Vietnam craft village Environment
83
Chapter 5
SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
Box 5.4. Cleaner production
Cleaner production is a new and innovative thinking on products and technology procedures in order
to create products that do not harm the environment; mitigate emissions including wastewater and solid
waste and are ecologically friendly.
Benefits of cleaner production: Cleaner production creates better benefits in terms of ecological, environmental and social aspects
Economic benefits: Better use of material, fuel and water, circulate and take all waste as by-products,
reduce production costs (save material, electricity, water, take back thermal energy, etc. and thus
reduce the cost for emission treatment.
Environmental benefits: Once discharge volume is reduced, environment will be improved, pollution will
be reduced, and discharge treatment cost will be decreased. Negative impacts on environment and
community health will be reduced and development of craft villages will be sustained.
Social benefits: High production efficiency and keeping environment clean will reduce conflicts between production households and normal households and develop a more friendly atmosphere and good impression
regarding craft villages.
lation and recycling can be applied to
mitigate pollution and provide economic
benefits. Consequently, enterprises can
apply new equipment and advance technologies. Cost for organising training can
be sought from the environmental budget
and from owners of enterprises in the
localities.
5.5.2. Encourage socialisation in craft village
environmental protection
Strengthen education, propagation and
awareness raising and integrate environmental protection in village regulations.
Information that need to be disseminated include:
Table 5.4. Cleaner production for metal recycling villages
Source: Project KC 08.09, 2005
84
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
- Law on Environment, policies and
legislation related to craft village environmental protection, Vietnam environmental standards;
- Craft village's production activities,
waste discharged, pollution level;
Chapter 5
duction, landscape, etc.;
- Environmental fees: environmental
protection fees on wastewater, solid
waste, emission and administrative punishments;
- Impacts of environmental pollution
on community health, agriculture pro-
- Pollution mitigation measures for
craft villages: cleaner production, waste
treatment, best practices;
Box 5.5. Guidelines on main contents of village regulation
- Financial support, access to loans
for technology change, application of
cleaner technologies, waste treatment;
Objectives and operation organisation of
villages regulations: to mobilise people to
take care of the environment, eradicate
unsound customs and strengthen responsiblities of people in keeping village clean
and green.
General rules: responsibilities and rights
of people in complying with village regulations, nominate village head and village
culture board to manage the operation of
the village regulations.
Regulations on environmental protection:
regulations on collection, discharge and
treatment of solid waste; production and
domestic wastewater discharge and treatment; clean water use; regulations on
emission treatment, noise, wedding, funeral; regulation on ecosystem and biodiversity protection such as banning rare and valualbe animal trade and explosive use, etc;
participate in cleaning village road in new
year and Environment Day.
Award: criteria for culture family, commend individuals and families that comply
with the regulations.
Punishment: punishment pursuant to village regulations
Village regulations will be discussed and
implemented by village residents.
Villages regulation is an effective tool
in environmental management in the
rural areas. People involved in village
regulations include residents of the village, production enterprises and mass
organisation such as youth union,
women union, veteran union, etc.
Village regulation should be regularly
reviewed and revised to fit with actual
conditions.
Promote participation of community
in craft village environmental protection
Environmental protection at craft village level needs to have the participation
of
the
village
residents.
Participation of the community in craft
villages includes:
- Compulsory participation: Polluters
must pay for the repair of the pollution
caused (Decree No 67/2003/ND-CP on
environmental protection fee on wastewater, Decree No 174/2007/ND-CP on
environmental protection fee on solid
waste, and coming decree on environmental protection fee on emissions);
- Voluntary participation: mobilise
those who benefit from the environment
to contribute to environmental protec-
Vietnam craft village Environment
85
Chapter 5
SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
tion activities by contributing man power
of households, offices, schools, etc. to
activities such as cleaning villages,
dredging drainage etc.; by spending a voluntary working day (Ordinance on voluntary work) for building infrastructure on
environmental protection such as
drainage system, landfill of the villages
etc;
replication of model;
- Encourage enterprises to treat wastewater, emissions and managing environment by providing preferential loans and tax
exemption;
- Provide part of environmental monitoring cost, the rest will be covered by enterprises;
- Establish preferential income tax and
- Collaborative participation: mobilise,
credit
interest for enterprises that apply
motivate organisations, and individuals
to build infrastructure for craft villages, cleaner production technologies.
build waste treatment system, establish
Diversify investment
waste management collaborative based
Investment for craft village environmental
on "joint state and people" principle.
protection can be sought from:
Participation activities of communities
include:
- Keeping production premises, house
and village road clean;
- Regularly dredge drainage;
- State budget for environmental protection
(1% state budget). Develop mechanisms for
the use of operational investments in environmental protection for environmental treatment at craft village level.
- Participate in clean water programme;
- Investment of enterprises;
- Dispose of waste at village landfill;
- ODA fund for environmental protection;
- Recycle waste such as by the application of biogas tank, etc.
- Vietnam Environmental Protection Fund;
5.5.3. Encourage and diversify investment for
craft village environmental protection
Due to limitation of investment on environmental protection at craft village level,
state investment is needed as seed funding
for the process. Finance should be invested
in:
- Infrastructure including craft village
planning, installation of wastewater treatment system, solid waste landfill of craft villages, installation of solid waste landfill at
district and commune levels.
- Investment for research and application
of cleaner production, preferential loan for
- Environmental fee on wastewater and
solid waste can be kept by localities. There is
a need to collect these fees for investing in
craft village environmental protection.
- Financial support provided by international organisations.
5.6. DISINCENTIVE MEASURES
Craft villages and rural craft development
is a major policy of the Party and State.
However, the development needs to be economic, social and environmentally sustainable. This principle means that there are
certain craft villages that need to be developed, some that need to be removed and
some activities and technologies should be
prohibited. Based on the experiences of
86
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
SOLUTIONS FOR PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT IN CRAFT VILLAGES
other countries, domestic research, and recommendations of scientists and science
institutions, authorities should restrict and
prohibit the following activities:
1. The establishment and expansion of
waste recycling enterprises (plastic, metal,
paper, rubber), weaving and dyeing and
Chapter 5
leather processing at craft village levels;
2. The application of methods and equipment that cause environmental pollution;
3. The use of radioactive ores and toxic
waste recycling.
Straw treatment methors after harvest
Source: Documentary photo
Vietnam craft village Environment
87
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
GENERAL VIEW
In the recent past, along with the development of the country, the face of craft villages has experienced a number of alterations. The development of the economy has
led to the improvement of the life of rural people in general and the livelihood of
craft villagers is much better than those living within other rural areas, thanks to the
success of economic development in craft villages in recent years. However, achievements in the economy by itself do not result in sustainable development in rural
areas. The economic development in craft villages has caused serious impacts on the
environment due to the use of small scale, outdated technologies, low material/fuel
efficiency and limited manufacturing space in the craft villages. These factors have
imposed impacts on the environment and been the direct cause of environmental
pollution in the craft villages and surrounding areas.
The environment in a number of craft villages has been seriously degraded
although the pollution varies among craft villages, depending on their production and
environment status. Water has been seriously organically polluted at food and food
processing, husbandry and slaughtering, and paper recycling, villages, chemically
polluted at dyeing villages, and heavy metal polluted at metal recycling villages. Air
pollution, i.e. dust pollution, has occurred at pottery, construction material processing and rock mining, villages. This has also occurred at waste recycling villages (with
emissions of dust containing heavy metals and toxic materials). Solid waste has generally not been collected at craft villages. It is anticipated that serious air, water and
soil pollution will occur if timely and strict solutions are not applied.
Environmental pollution has resulted in people living and working in craft villages
contracting diseases to. The number of people contracting diseases because of environmental pollution has increased in recent years. Environment pollution has not
only resulted in impacts on human health but also imposed pressures on various
aspects of rural life. Environment pollution leads to the reduction of crop yields,
causes negative impacts on the social - economic activities of craft villages and brings
about economic losses and conflicts.
Local people, authorities and ministries have been aware about the impacts of
environmental pollution on craft villages and in the past, some investments have
been made at all levels and solutions and measures have been employed to prevent
environmental pollution in craft villages. However, efforts on environmental protection have experienced a numbers of shortcomings which have led to the increase in
pollution such as unclear roles for environmental management and institutional
arrangements; lack of legislation on craft village environmental protection; inade-
Vietnam craft village Environment
89
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
quate spatial planning and associated environmental protection; failure to collect the
environment fee; failure to impose administrative punishment for violators; weak
inspection and monitoring; lack of human and financial resources; and failure to
mobilize public resources.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The party and government policies on three agricultural pillars have been
deployed where craft village development is one of the priorities. While the development of craft villages has had many achievements, it has also caused negative
impacts on the environment. In order to effectively prevent and overcome environment pollution in craft villages, MoNRE would like to propose the following priorities to the government and National Assembly:
1. Central management authorities are to complete institutional arrangements and
strengthen the implementation of legislation on craft village environmental protection;
2. Local management authorities are to study and carry out spatial planning in conjunction with environment protection in craft villages; strengthen environmental protection activities and waste treatment; and impose strict enforcement and treatment
measures in polluted craft villages;
3. Ministries and sectors are to implement and apply incentive and disincentive
measures;
4. Households and enterprises are to comply with regulations on environmental
protection and should reject outdated production technologies;
5. Communities are to strengthen their participation by supporting activities sponsored by local authorities for environmental protection.
90
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
1.
Report on Strategy for environmental protection to 2010 and orientation to 2020 in Bac
Lieu province. Centre for Environmental
education and propaganda.
speeding up the implementation of trade
development in rural areas and environmental pollution prevention planning in craft villages.
2.
Scientific report on "Craft village's state of
environment in Thai Binh province and
some feasible sollutions for the seriously polluted villages". Department of Natural
Resources and Environment of Thai Binh
province.
11. Strategy for national environmental protection to 2010 and the orientation to 2020
under the decision No. 256/2003/QD-TTg
dated 2nd Dec 2003. MoNRE. National and
Political Publishing House. Hanoi, July 2004.
3.
Report on Research on the state of environment and proposed sollutions for environmental protection in Kien Giang province to
2010 - Orientation to 2020. Kien Giang
provincial Department of Science and
Technology, Institute of Tropical Technique
and Environmental Protection, Rach Gia city
- September, 2006.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Report on Investigation and forecast
research for the development of rural industry and craft villages in Quang Nam - Da
Nang, 2001.
Report on Vietnam's Agriculture 2007 and
prospect till 2008. Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural development.
Research report on Handicraft development
planning and oriented rural industrialization
in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development, JICA, 2004.
Report on Environmential monitoring and
evalutation in craft villages and small and
medium sized industrial groups in Hanoi 2006. Hanoi Department of Natural
Resources, Environment, Land and Housing.
Hanoi, December 2006.
Report on The overall investigation, research
and forecast of rural industry and craft village development in Quang Nam, Da Nang.
2001.
2008 report on agricultural and rural development planning implementation.
10. Instruction No. 28/2007/CT-BNN dated 18 th
April 2007 of Minister of Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development on
12. Investigation and assessment of environmental impacts on community's health in Tong
xa village, Nam Dinh province. VEPA, 2007.
13. Vietnam's Agenda 21.
14. Dan Thi Lan Huong. The state of environmental hygiene and some disease characteristics in Thiet Tru village, Binh Minh commune, Khoai Chau district, Hung Yen
province. MA thesis of public healthcare,
the University of Community healthcare,
2002.
15. Dao Ngoc Phong. Scientific report on
"Impacts of production on community's
health in craft villages". Hanoi, 2003.
16. Proposal of
industrial zone, group and
branch and craft village development program in Vinh Long province for the period
2006 - 2010. The People's Committee of Vinh
Long Province, January, 2007.
17. Theme KC.08.09 on " Scientific and realistic
basic research for building up policies and
solutions for environmental issues in craft villages of Vietnam. Dang Kim Chi. Institute of
Environmental Science and Technology,
Hanoi University of Technology. Hanoi, 2005.
18. Investigation on working conditions and initial steps to apply sollutions in Van Phuc silk
village, Ha Tay province, 2000.
19. Le Duc Tho. Research on state of environment and community health in Phu Do rice
noodle village, Tu Liem District, Hanoi.
Some proposed sollutions. Medical doctorate
thesis. Hanoi, 2008.
20. Le Van Trinh, Tran Dinh Bac, Do Thi Hanh.
Initial researche on environment, working
conditions and worker's health at the
Vietnam craft village Environment
91
REFERENCES
estabishments of small industrial production
in craft villages. Conferrence on Working
sanitation safety and environmental protection in the period of industrialization and
modernization, General Federation of
Vietnam Labour, Institute of Technology,
Science and Labour Safety, Hanoi, 2000.
page 177-199.
21. Law of People's Republic of China's Huong
Tran Enterprise, measures for its environmental management, Guangdong province
(under the translation version of Prof.Dr.
Nguyen Duc Khien).
22. Decree No. 01/2008/ND-CP dated 3rd
January 2008 on Economic structure transition plan and Agriculture development program, Strategy for development of trade and
craft villages in line with household and cooperatives.
23. Decree No. 66/2006/ND-CP dated 7th July
2006 of the Prime Minister on trade development in rural areas.
24. Research and assessment of the environmental impacts on community health in craft villages of Ha tay province, proposed solutions
for
sustainable
development.
Hatay
Department of Science and Technology, 2005.
25. Research and assessment of the environmetal impacts on community's health in
craft villages of Ha Tay province. Proposed
solutions for sustainable development.
Nguyen Quynh Huong, 2006.
26. Ngo Dong. Environmetal pollution in craft
village, Health and culture village. 10th July
2008.
27. Nguyen Duc Hung and colleague. Summary
report of the project "Raising awareness of
social responsibility for small and medium
enterprises - craft villages". Institute of
Science, Labour and Society, Centre for
environmental research and labour conditions. 2004.
28. Nguyen Huu Chinh. Impacts of working environment on workers in the craft village of My
Dong Commune, Thuy Nguyen district, Hai
Phong province. Summary report of the 4th
National scientific conference on labour
medicine, Hanoi, 2001.
29. Nguyen Thi Hong Tu. The health and safety
related issues of craft villages in Vietnam.
Medical Publishing House. Hanoi, 2005.
30. Nguyen Thi Lien Huong. Research on health
risks in craft villages of some southern
provinces and solutions. Medical doctorate
thesis, Institute of Central epidemiology and
sanitation, 2006.
31. Nguyen Thi Ngoc Anh. Survey on working
conditions and initial application solutions
in Van Phuc silk v illage, Ha Dong town, Ha
Tay province. MA thesis of public healthcare, 2000.
32. Nguyen Thi Quynh Huong. Research and
assessment of environmental impacts on
community's health in craft villages of Ha
Tay province. Proposed sollutions for sustainable development. Hanoi, 2006.
33. Nguyen Thi Vinh and colleague. Thematic
report on "Assessment for the environmental
impacts on children's health in Yen Phong
agricultural village". Hanoi, 2007.
34. Nguyen Thuy Quynh. Description of the
working conditions and healthcare for
labourers in 6 paper recycling estabishments
in Phong Khe commune, Yen Phong district,
Bac Ninh province. Summary report of the
1st international scientific conference on
labour medicine, Hanoi, 2003.
35. Regulations on environmental protection.
The People's Committee of Hoa Hiep district, Hoa Hiep, 19th August 2001.
36. Decision No. 132/2000/QD-TTg dated 24th
November 2000 of the Prime Minister providing policies for encouraging trade development in rural areas.
37. Circular No. 113/TT-BTC dated 28th
December 2006 of Ministry of Finance providing guidelines for state budget to support
the rural trade development under the
Decree No. 66/2006/ND-CP.
38. Circular No. 116/2006/TT-BNN dated 18th
December 2006 providing guidelines for
implementation of Decree No. 66/2006/NDCp dated 7th July 2006 of Government on
rural trade development.
39. General Statistics Office of Vietnam.
Statistical yearbook 2007. Statistical
Publishing House. Hanoi, 2007.
92
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
REFERENCES
40. General Statistics Office of Vietnam. The situation of enterprises through the surveys conducted in years 2005, 2006, 2007. Statistical
Publishing House. Hanoi, 2008.
41. Overall investigation on agriculture, rural
areas and fishery. General Statistics Office of
Vietnam, 2006.
42. Tran Nhu Phong. Situation of working conditions and health status of labourers in Dai Bai
village, Bac Ninh province, 2006. B.A graduation paper of public healthcare, Hanoi
University of Public healthcare. Hanoi, 2008.
healthcare, Medical University of Hanoi,
2005
44. Institute of
Technology.
investigation
wide. Hanoi,
Science and Environmental
Results of community health
in some craft villages nation2002.
45. Vu Manh Hung and colleague. Building up
standby measures for improving environmental quality, labour conditions in some
villages with high risk of being polluted, to
protect labourers' health. Final report,
July 2005.
43. Tran Thi Kim Chung. Situation of working
condition and worker's health status of Da
Hoi steel production village, Bac Ninh
province. B.A graduation essay of public
Vietnam craft village Environment
93
ANNEXESS
ANNEXESS
VIETNAM STANDARDS USED IN THE REPORT
(Only available in English version)
Table 0.1. TCVN 5945 - 2005: Industry waste water - discharge standards
Vietnam craft village Environment
95
ANNEXESS
Notes:
°
Industry waste water that contains pollutants equal to or less than the levels in columm A is permitted to be discharged to natural water bodies that are usually used for domestic water sources
°
Industry waste water that contains pollutants above the levels in column A but equal to or less than the levels
in columm B is permitted to be discharged to water bodies except those regulated by the column A
°
Industry waste water that contains pollutants above the levels in column B but less than the levels in columm
C is permitted to be discharged only to regulated water bodies (waste water collection lakes, waste water management plants, etc.)
96
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008
ANNEXESS
Table 0.2. TCVN 5945-1995: Surface water quality
Notes:
°
Levels in the column A are applied for surface water used for domestic water sources (need to be treated before use).
°
Levels in the column A are applied for surface water used for other purposes. Water used for agriculture and
aquaculture is regulated by separate standards.
Vietnam craft village Environment
97
ANNEXESS
Table 0.3. TCVN 5942-1995: Groundwater quality
Table 0.4. TCVN 5937-2005: Ambient air quality standards
Unit: Microgram per cubic metre ( g/m3)
Notes:
°
°
PM10: TSP that has aerodynamic diameter of lower than 10 μm;
( - ) : Not regulated
Table 0.5. TCVN 5949-1998: Permitted maximum limits of noise in public and residential areas
(level of acoustics equivalence )
Unit: (dBA)
98
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
2008