Endocrine system
Chapter 11
Locations
Endocrine
1.The endocrine system includes cells,
tissues, and organs that secrete hormones
into the body.
2.The hormones diffuse into the
bloodstream to be carried to the target
cells of the internal organs. (cells affected
by the hormones)
Other glands
3.Paracrine glands – affect only cells close
to the gland.
4.Autocrine glands -affect only themselves
5.Exocrine glands – produce secretions that
go out through tubes or ducts to outside of
the body
6.The endocrine glands work closely with
the nervous system to control the
homeostasis of the body.
7.The endocrine glands are very specific in
the roles that they play.
The endocrine system
Hormones
8. Most hormones are:
– Steroids
– nonsteroids
•
•
•
•
Amines
Peptides
Proteins
Glycoproteins
Steroids
9. Steroids are :
– Insoluble in water
– Composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms
joined in different patterns with different
chemicals attached.
– Soluble in lipids (fats)
– Diffuse through any cell membrane and cause
the formation of new proteins
Nonsteroid hormones
10. Nonsteroid hormones usually combine
with receptor molecules on the cell
membrane
The Endocrine System
11. Hormones control several major
processes
–Reproduction
–Growth and development
–Activates body defences
–Maintenance of homeostasis
–Regulation of metabolism
Effects Caused by Hormones
12. Effects Caused by Hormones
• Changes in plasma membrane
permeability
• Synthesis of proteins (enzymes)
• Activates or inactivates enzymes
• Stimulates mitosis
• Promotes of secretions
Control of Hormone Release
13. Control of Hormone Release
• Hormone levels in the blood are mostly
maintained by negative feedback
• A stimulus or low hormone levels in the
blood triggers the release of more
hormone
• Hormone release stops once an
appropriate level in the blood is reached
14. LOCATION OF GLANDS
• PITUITARY – BASE OF BRAIN
• THYROID – NECK
• PARATHYROIDS – NECK, BESIDE
THYROID
• ADRENAL – ON TOP OF THE KIDNEYS
• PANCREAS – JUST BELOW THE
STOMACH
15. LOCATION OF GLANDS
• THYMUS – (**FOUND IN CHILDREN,
DEGENERATES DURING
ADULTHOOD**) - ANTERIOR
MEDIASTINUM
• PINEAL – IN THE BRAIN
• TESTIS – LOWER EXTERNAL MALE
• OVARIES – PELVIC CAVITY FEMALE
• OTHERS – OTHER ORGANS CAN
PRODUCE HORMONES
16. HORMONES PRODUCED
• PITUITARY:
– GROWTH HORMONE <GH>
(CAUSES CELL GROWTH)
– ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE <ADH>
(DECREASES URINE FORMATION)
• THYROID:
– THYROXINE
(REGULATES METABOLISM)
– CALCITONIN
(REGULATES BLOOD CALCIUM
LEVELS
17. HORMONES PRODUCED
• ADRENAL GLANDS
– EPINEPHRINE <ADRENALIN > AND
NOREPINEPHRINE
(INCREASE HEARTRATE, BLOOD PRESSURE,
BREATHING, AND BLOOD GLUCOSE FOR THE
FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE)
– CORTISOL
(AFFECTS GLUCOSE METABOLISM)
18. HORMONES PRODUCED
• PANCREAS
– GLUCAGON (STIMULATES THE LIVER TO
BREAKDOWN SOME
NONCARBOHYDRATES)
– INSULIN (PROMOTES GLUCOSE USE)
• PINEAL
– MELATONIN (HELPS REGULATE THE
BIOLOGICAL CLOCK)
19. HORMONES PRODUCED
• THYMUS
– THYMOSINS (PLAYS ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF
WHITE BLOOD CELLS AND IMMUNITY)
REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS
• OVARIES
– ESTROGENS AND PROGESTERONE (FEMALE
CHARACTERISTICS AND REPRODUCTION)
• PLACENTA
– ESTROGENS, PROGESTERONE, AND
GONADOTROPIN (REPRODUCTION)
• TESTES
– TESTOSTERONE (MALE CHARACTERISTICS)
20. HORMONES PRODUCED
• OTHER ORGANS PRODUCE
HORMONES NEEDED BY THE BODY.
• ORGANS THAT PRODUCE HORMONES
INCLUDE:
– STOMACH
– HEART
– KIDNEYS
21. STRESS
• FACTORS THAT STIMULATE A
RESPONSE BY THE BODY ARE
CALLED STRESSORS.
• THE BODY NEEDS STRESS TO
TRIGGER CHANGES NEEDED
FORMAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS.
22. TYPES OF STRESSORS
• PHYSICAL FACTORS
– EXPOSURE TO HOT OR COLD
– INJURIES OR INFECTIONS
– PROLONGED HEAVY EXERCISE
– LACK OF OXYGEN
– LOUD SOUNDS
23. TYPES OF STRESSORS
• PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
– ANGER
– GRIEF
– FEAR
– ANXIETY
– LOVE
– JOY
– HAPPINESS
24. PHYSIOLOGICAL
RESPONSES
•
•
•
•
INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL
INCREASED HEART RATE
INCREASE OF BLOOD PRESSURE
INCREASED PRODUCTION OF STOMACH
ACIDS
• HEADACHES
• MUSCLE TENSION
• DISRUPTION OF NORMAL BODY ACTIVITIES