It Is Not All About Reinforcement or Is
It? Discriminating between Motivating
Operations and Discriminative Stimuli:
A Conceptual Analysis of the Operant
Four-term Contingency
Jose Martinez-Diaz, Ph.D., BCBA-D
Florida Institute of Technology
ABA Technologies, Inc.
Presented on 4/7/11 at
Midsouth Autism Conference
Content Outline
A. Important variables to assess & use in Tx
B. Overview of problem addressed today
C. Overview of Jack Michael s Scheme
D. Jose s Key Questions & Flowchart
E. Jose s Table of Bx-Altering Stimuli
F. Discriminative Stimuli
G. Overview of Motivating Operations
H. Unconditioned Motivating Operations
I. Conditioned Motivating Operations
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Assessment:
Importance of identifying:
Objective #1
  Functional
response class or classes
  Response class hierarchies
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Concurrent Discriminated
Operants
Assess and Control







Contextual variables
Motivating operations
Discriminative stimuli
Maintaining consequences
Reinforcer Quality (Preference Assessment)
Simple & Combined Reinforcement
Schedules
Other variables: History, response effort
Take into account the Matching Law
Punishment contingencies, if any
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Choices, choices, so many choices…
MO
MO
}

SD → R → SR+,R-,P+,PMO
SD → R → SR+,R-,P+,PMO
}

}
important variables that one
must assess prior to treatment
and manipulate as part of
treatment.
}
  State
SD → R → SR+,R-,P+,P-
SD → R → SR+,R-,P+,P-
Adapted from F.C. Bud Mace (2009)
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1
ASR (Poll) #1
  Which
is NOT a variable to assess or
use in behavioral treatment?
1 = Discriminative stimuli
2 = Insight
3 = Motivating operations
4 = Reinforcer Quality
Objective #2
  State
the problem this
presentation is trying to
address.
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Research on Antecedent
Manipulations
JABA 1997 - Review of
Research by Smith & Iwata:
Only 11.1% of Ss treated for
problem behavior received Tx
primarily based on
antecedent manipulations.
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Two factors may account:
First Factor:
  A central thesis of ABA is that
operant Bx is mostly under the
control of its consequences.
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Typical Statement
  Operant
behavior is defined as:
  Behavior that has an EFFECT
on the environment.
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True – But 4-Term Contingency
  MO-S-R-C
  Operant
behavior is at least partially
under the control of consequences.
  But MOST, if not all, operants are
under the control of BOTH
antecedents and consequences.
  Skinner - Chaos quote...
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Second Factor
ASR (Poll) #2
  Lack
of consensus on how to best
classify antecedents.
  In fact, the ABA research in this
area is far from being
conceptually systematic.
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  According
to Smith & Iwata (1997) X%
of Ss treated for problem received Tx
primarily using antecedents:
1 = Under 15%
2 = 25%-50%
3 = 51%-75%
4 = 76%-100%
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ASR (Poll) #3
Objective #3
Factor(s) accounting for the dearth of
protocols using antecedents:
1 = Central thesis of ABA that operants are
mostly under control of consequences
2 = Lack of consensus on how to classify
antecedents
3 = Both of the above
4 = None of the above

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Bx-Altering
Classification of Functions of Environmental Events
Unconditioned
Conditioned
Function -Altering
Unconditioned
Conditioned
RESPONDENT
OPERANT
UE
CE
UMO
CMOs
Discriminative S
SR+ or SRSP+ or SPExt
UC/CE
UC/CC
Ext
UC Sr & Sp Conditioner
Extinction of a Sr or Sp
CC/CE
CC/CC
Ext
Sr+ or Sr Sp+ or SpExt
  Describe
a conceptualization of
the functions of environmental
events that may correct both
problems and may result in
improved analysis and treatment.
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Jack Michael s
Conceptualization of
Antecedents
 Motivating
Operations
  Discriminative Stimuli
C Sr Conditioner
C Sr Conditioner
Ext
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Behavior-Altering
Respondent
Behavior-Altering
Operant
Respondent
Unlearned UE
UMO
Unlearned UE
CE
CMO
Learned
Learned
Discriminative
Stimulus
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Cautionary Notes
-Operant antecedents do not function
independently of consequences
-Antecedent manipulations evoke
desirable behavior and abate
undesirable behavior.
-However, it is consequences that will
determine long-term effects of the
intervention.
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CEO/CAO-S
CEO/CAO-R
CEO/CAO-T
SD S∆ SDP
ASR (Poll) #4
  Which
of the following is NOT a term
used by Jack Michael s
conceptualization of antecedents?
1 = Discriminative stimulus
2 = Establishing operation
3 = Motivating operation
4 = Setting event
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ASR (Poll) #5
antecedents ___ function
independently of consequences
1 = always
2 = usually
3 = seldom
4 = do not
UEO
UAO
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  Operant
CE
Operant
Objective #4
 Using
Jose s flowchart for
guidance, describe the
questions one should ask to
figure out the functions of
environmental events.
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Questions #1-#3
Jose s Questions and Flow
Chart for Determining the
Function of Environmental
Events
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Behavior
Respondent
What’s eliciting the
response?
Behavior
Operant
What’s maintaining
the behavior?
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(1) Who is the behaver?
(2) What is the behavior?
(3) Is the behavior an operant or a
respondent (reflex response)?
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Question #4
(4) What is the environmental event
(stimulus)?
Note: Eventually, we will figure out
the function of the environmental
event.
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Question #5
(5) If the behavior is operant, is the
environmental event an antecedent
or consequence?
Note: Even if the event is an
antecedent, you need to identify the
maintaining consequence.
Remember, antecedents do not
function independently of
consequences.
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Question #6
Operant Behavior
Antecedent
What is its effect on
the Bx?
If the Bx is Operant,
is the environmental
event a(n)...
Consequence
What is the effect
on the Bx?
If the event is an antecedent….
(6) What is the effect on behavior?
  Evoke responding (increase
momentary frequency or strength
of the behavior)
  Abate responding (decrease
momentary frequency or strength
of the behavior)
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Antecedent
Questions #7 & #8
Evokes
Antecedent
What is its effect on Bx?
Abates
If the antecedent evokes or abates…
(7) Does it do so due to a value-altering
effect on the consequence?
(8) Does it do so due to a past history of
differential availability of
reinforcement or punishment on the
specific behavior depending on its
presence or absence?
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Antecedent
Antecedent
Is it an AO for reinforcement?
Is it an EO for reinforcement?
The event ↑ the value of the
reinforcer maintaining the Bx
Evokes
Is it an AO for punishment?
The event the value of the
punisher that is contingent on the
Bx
Is it an SD?
The event is correlated with previous
availability of reinforcement
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The event ↓ the value of the reinforcer that is
contingent on the Bx
Is it an EO for punishment?
Abates
The event ↑ the value of the punisher for the Bx
Is it an SΔ?
The event is correlated w/ lack of availability of
reinforcement for the Bx
Is it an SDP?
The event is correlated w/ the availability of
punishment for the Bx
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Antecedent
Question #9
Is it an EO for reinforcement?
The event ↑ the value of a reinforcer
Evokes
Is it an AO for punishment?
The event ↓ the value of a punisher
Is it an SD?
The event is correlated with previous
availability of reinforcement
Antecedent
What is its effect on
behavior?
Is it an AO for reinforcement?
The event ↓ the value of a reinforcer
Is it an EO for punishment?
The event ↑ the value of the punisher
Is it an S∆?
Abates
The event is correlated with lack of
availability of reinforcement for that behavior
Is it an SDP?
The event is correlated with the availability of
punishment for that behavior
If the stimulus is a consequence...
(9) What is its effect on behavior?
•  Increase rate/strength of
behavior
–or–
•  Decrease rate/strength of
behavior
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Questions #10 & #11
Consequence
If the stimulus is a consequence…
(10) Does the environmental event involve
Onset/Magnification, – or –
Offset/Attenuation, – or –
Withholding reinforcement – or –
Withholding punishment?
(11) Does another person mediate the
consequence – or – not?
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Consequences that Increase Bx
frequency
Is it SR+?
(Onset)
SR-?
Is it
(Offset)
Was there another
person involved in
mediating the
consequence?
Was
punishment
withheld?
(recovery)
Yes = Social
No =
Automatic
Consequences that Decrease Bx
frequency
Was reinforcement
withheld?
(extinction)
Yes = Social
Is it Positive
Punishment?
Was there another
person involved in
mediating the
consequence?
No = Automatic
Is it Negative
Punishment?
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Consequence
Increases the
future
frequency of
the Bx.
Consequence
What is the
effect of the Bx?
Decreases the
future
frequency of
the Bx
Is it SR+? (onset)
Is it SR-? (Offset)
Was punishment
withheld?(recovery)
Was reinforcement
withheld?
(extinction)
Is it Positive
Punishment?
Is it Negative
Punishment?
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ASR (Poll) #6
  What
is the FIRST question one must
ask when trying to figure out the
function of an environmental event?
1 = What is the behavior?
2 = What is the environmental event?
3 = Who is the behaver?
4 = Will I be able to bill for the time it
takes me to figure this out?
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ASR (Poll) #8
  If
the event is an antecedent, what do
we likely need to figure out after we
determine its effect and before we can
determine why it has such effect?
1 = Are the contingencies social or
automatic?
2 = Is the event an SD or an MO?
3 = Is the event a UEO or a CEO?
4 = What maintains the behavior?
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ASR (Poll) #7
  If
the event is an antecedent, we first
need to figure out whether it:
1 = Alters the value of a consequence
2 = Evokes or abates responding
3 = Increases or decreases future
frequency of responding
4 = Is correlated with a history of
differential reinforcement
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ASR (Poll) #9
An antecedent may evoke a response
due to:
1 = Altering the value of a consequence
2 = Past history of differential availability
of the consequence depending on
presence or absence of the antecedent
3 = Personality traits of the individual
4 = Both 1 & 2, but not 3
5 = None of the above
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Availability versus Motivation
Objective #5
Available
 Relate
the operant
behavior- altering stimuli to
the tables below by Jose
Martinez-Diaz.
Not Available
SD
SΔ
Valuable
EO for SR
Not Valuable
AO for SR
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Availability versus Motivation
Available
Availability versus Value
Not Available
SDP
SΔ
Valuable
EO for SP
Not Valuable
AO for SP
How likely is it that the
consequence will follow a specific
response now?
  If the consequence occurs now,
how likely is it to be effective as
reinforcement or punishment for
that response?

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Value
Availability
How likely is it that the
consequence will follow a specific
response now?
  Example: Bx: Opening the door
Consequence: Finding a sink
  Door says Restroom - Likely
  Door says Storage - Unlikely

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If the consequence occurs now,
how likely is it to be effective as
reinforcement or punishment for
that response?
  Example: Bx: Opening the door
Consequence: Finding a sink
  Sticky Hands: Effective
  Clean Hands: Less Effective

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If the Bx is asking-forsashimi
Availability versus Motivation
Available
Not Available
SD
SΔ

Valuable

EO for SR

Not Valuable

R
AO for S
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If the Bx is asking-forsashimi




Under what circumstances is the Bx
least likely to occur?
When sashimi is least valuable
... And …
In situations where sashimi has NOT
been available in the past for asking.
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ASR #11
If the Bx is asking-for-sashimi
In what situation is sashimi more
likely to have been available in the
past for the asking?
1 = At a sushi bar
2 = When all alone in the desert
Under what circumstances is the Bx
most likely to occur?
When sashimi is most valuable
... And …
In situations where sashimi has been
available in the past for asking.
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ASR #10
If the Bx is asking-for-sashimi

When is sashimi more valuable ?
1 = When you have not eaten for
24 hours.
2 = Right after you ate 5,000
calories.
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Availability versus Motivation
Available
SD

Not Available
SΔ
Valuable
EO for SR
Not Valuable
AO for SR
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ASR #12
In which of the four situations is the
behavior most likely to occur?
1 = Valuable and Available
2 = Valuable but Not Available
3 = Not Valuable but Available
4 = Not Valuable and Not Available
ASR #13
In which of the four situations is the
behavior least likely to occur?
1 = Valuable and Available
2 = Valuable but Not Available
3 = Not Valuable but Available
4 = Not Valuable and Not Available
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Objective #6
The other two situations
How likely is the Bx to occur in #2?
How likely is the Bx to occur in #3?
  Define
the term discriminative
stimulus and correctly identify
examples of discriminative
stimuli.
3-7
Define and provide examples of stimulus control
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Discriminative Stimulus
  An
antecedent stimulus which
evokes or abates an operant
because in its presence the
relation between the Bx and an
effective consequence was
different from what it was in its
absence.
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Discriminative Stimulus
  The
change only persists as long
as the discriminative stimulus is
present.
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Another Definition of
Discriminative Stimulus
  An
antecedent stimulus which
evokes or abates a specific
operant, due to a past history of
differential availability of
reinforcement or punishment for
that behavior dependent on their
presence versus their absence.
Examples of Discriminative S
  Bowl
full versus empty
  Vacant versus occupied
  Open versus Closed
  Gas station sign before exit or not
  Police car present versus absent
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ASR #15
ASR #14
  What
effect does a Discriminative
Stimulus have on behavior?
1 = Evokes or abates behavior
2 = Elicits a response
3 = Increases the future frequency of Bx
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Objective #7
  Name,
describe and give
examples of three types of
discriminative stimuli.
  Why
does it have such an effect?
1 = Due to past history of differential
availability of consequence for that Bx
dependent on its presence or
absence.
2 = Due to altering the value of a
consequence.
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Types of Discriminative Stimuli
SD or SD (rfmt) = Discriminative S for Reinforcement
  Evoke due to past Hx of reinforcement…
SΔ = Discriminative S for Extinction (or lower…)
  Abate due to past Hx of extinction (or lower)…
SDP or SDP (pmt) = Discriminative S for Punishment
  Abate due to past Hx of punishment…
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ASR #17
ASR #16
  What
effect does an SD have on Bx?
1 = Abates Bx
2 = Elicits Bx
3 = Evokes Bx
4 = Increases future frequency of Bx
  An
SD evokes Bx due to a past history
of availability of reinforcement for that
behavior dependent on its presence.
1 = True
2 = False
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ASR #19
ASR #18
effect does an SΔ have on Bx?
1 = Abates Bx
2 = Evokes Bx
3 = Extinguishes Bx
  What
4 = Decreases future frequency of Bx
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Experiment
The Rat, the bar, the light, and the food
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  An
SΔ abates
Bx due to a past history
of unavailability of reinforcement for
that behavior dependent on its
presence.
1 = True
2 = False
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ASR #20
Which is the SD for Bar-pressing?
1 = Light on
2 = Light off
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ASR #21
Which is the SΔ for Bar-pressing?
1 = Light on
2 = Light off
ASR #22
Which is the SD for pulling on the
bathroom door?
1 = Vacant
2 = Occupied
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ASR #24
ASR #23
SΔ for
Which is the
pulling on the
bathroom door?
1 = Vacant
2 = Occupied
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ASR #25
  An
SDP abates Bx due to a past history
of availability of punishment for that
behavior dependent on its presence.
1 = True
2 = False
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  What
effect does an SDP have on Bx?
1 = Abates Bx
2 = Evokes Bx
3 = Punishes Bx
4 = Decreases future frequency of Bx
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ASR #26
  SD absent likely functions as:
1 = Abolishing operation
2 = Extinction
3 = Negative Punishment
4 = SΔ
5 = SDP
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ASR #27
The Story of the Boy, the Cookies,
Dad, Mom, & Grandma
An Example of
SD , SΔ , SDP
 Mom
functioned as:
1 = SD
2 = SΔ
3 = SDP
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ASR #28
  Dad
functioned as:
1 = SD
2 = SΔ
3 = SDP
ASR #29
  Grandma
1 = SD
2 = SΔ
3 = SDP
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Objective #8
Give an overview of the
background and history of the
terms establishing operation
(EO) and motivating operation
(MO).
History of Term EO





3-8
Define and provide examples of establishing operations
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functioned as:
Skinner (1953) did not use it, but
described its two types of effects
Keller & Schoenfeld (1950)
Michael (1982) firmly established it!
Michael (1993) elaborated it.
Michael changed to MO in 2003
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Objective #9
Define the term motivating
operation (MO) and correctly
identify examples of motivating
operations.
3-8
Motivating Operation
  A
motivating operation (MO)
is an antecedent condition
that has two effects.
Define and provide examples of establishing operations
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First, a value-altering effect
That is, an MO momentarily
alters the effectiveness of a
stimulus as a reinforcer or as a
punisher.
  An MO either momentarily
increases or decreases the
effectiveness of a consequence.

Second, an MO has a behavioraltering effect

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The 2 effects of an MO are:
  A
value-altering effect
  A behavior-altering effect
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4 Types of Motivating Operations





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That is, MOs alter the momentary
frequency of any behavior that
has been reinforced or punished
by the stimulus whose value
(effectiveness) has been altered
by that same MO.
EO related to reinforcement
AO related to reinforcement
EO related to punishment
AO related to punishment
Each is divided into 4 subtypes
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MO Subtypes - Part #1




UEO related to reinforcement
UAO related to reinforcement
UEO related to punishment
UAO related to punishment
MO Subtypes - Part #2




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MO Subtypes - Part #3




CEO-R related to reinforcement
CAO-R related to reinforcement
CEO-R related to punishment
CAO-R related to punishment
MO Subtypes - Part #4




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Establishing
(Increase
Value)
Abolishing
(Decrease
Value)
Abative
EO related to
Reinforcement
EO related to
Punishment
AO related to
Punishment
AO related to
Reinforcement
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CEO-T related to reinforcement
CAO-T related to reinforcement
CEO-T related to punishment
CAO-T related to punishment
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Effects of Motivating Operations
Evocative
CEO-S related to reinforcement
CAO-S related to reinforcement
CEO-S related to punishment
CAO-S related to punishment
Objective #10

Define and give examples of
establishing operations (EOs)
related to reinforcement.
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17
EOs Related to Reinforcement


Establishing operations (EOs) related
to reinforcement are MOs which
Increase the value of other events as
forms of reinforcement.
They Evoke the type of behavior
which has been reinforced by those
events in the past.
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Objective #11

Define and give examples of
abolishing operations (AOs)
related to reinforcement.
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AOs Related to Reinforcement
Reinforcer-Abolishing Effect
  Abative Effect

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EOs Related to Reinforcement
Reinforcer-Establishing Effect
  Evocative Effect

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AOs Related to Reinforcement
Abolishing operations (AOs) related to
reinforcement are MOs which
Decrease the value of other events
as forms of Reinforcement.
They Abate the type of behavior which
has been reinforced by those events
in the past.
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Examples
The story of the Mexican
restaurant and the margaritas
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ASR #38
In the previous example, eating the
salty chips would function as:
1 = EO related to reinforcement
2 = AO related to reinforcement

ASR #39
In the previous example, drinking a
tall glass of water would function as:
1 = EO related to reinforcement
2 = AO related to reinforcement

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ASR #40
In the previous example, eating the spicy
salsa would function as:
1 = EO related to reinforcement
2 = AO related to reinforcement

ASR #41



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ASR #42





What effect does an EO related to
reinforcement have on behavior?
1 = Evokes Bx
2 = Abates Bx
3 = Increases the value of the Bx
4 = Decreases the value of the Bx
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In the previous example, drinking a
margarita with lots of salt on the rim would
function as:
1 = EO related to reinforcement
2 = AO related to reinforcement
ASR #43





What effect does an AO related to
reinforcement have on behavior?
1 = Evokes Bx
2 = Abates Bx
3 = Increases the value of the Bx
4 = Decreases the value of the Bx
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19
Availability versus Motivation
ASR #44




Available
When an EO increases the
effectiveness of a stimulus as a
reinforcer we are referring to its:
1 = Behavior-altering effect
2 = Function-altering effect
3 = Value-altering effect
You have not eaten for 24 hours. You
see the golden arches. You ask for
french fries. You get your fries and eat
them.
  Not eating for 24 hours is a:
1 = Discriminative Stimulus
2 = Motivating Operation

Valuable
Not Valuable
AO for SR
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ASR #46 – Discriminative Stimulus
or Motivating Operation?




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Define and give examples of
establishing operations (EOs) related
to punishment.
EOs Related to Punishment


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You have not eaten for 24 hours. You
see the golden arches. You ask for
french fries. You get your fries and eat
them.
The golden arches are a:
1 = Discriminative Stimulus
2 = Motivating Operation
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Objective #12

SΔ
EO for SR
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ASR #45 - Discriminative Stimulus
or Motivating Operation?
Not Available
SD
Establishing operations (EOs) related
to punishment are MOs which
Increase the value of other events as
forms of punishment.
They Abate the type of behavior
which has been punished by those
events in the past.
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EOs Related to Punishment
Punisher-Establishing Effect
  Abative Effect

Examples


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
Taking LSD and the electric shock
The huge headache and the scream
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Objective #13
AOs Related to Punishment
Define and give examples of
abolishing operations (AOs) related
to punishment.
Abolishing operations (AO) related to
punishment are MOs which
Decrease the value of other events
as forms of Punishment.
They Evoke the type of behavior which
has been punished by those events
in the past.
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AOs Related to Punishment
Punisher-Abolishing Effect
  Evocative Effect

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Examples

Morphine and the electric shock
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ASR #47-#54

The story of the poor man, the
rich man, the traffic citation and
speeding behavior
ASR #47
Having little $, lots of bills, & 10
points would:
1 = Decrease effectiveness of citation
2 = Increase effectiveness of citation

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ASR #48
Having little $, lots of bills, & 10
points would:
1 = Abate speeding Bx
2 = Evoke speeding Bx

ASR #49
Having little $, lots of bills, & 10
points is likely to function as:
1 = An EO for punishment
2 = An AO for punishment

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ASR #50
Having big $, no points, & lawyer
would:
1 = Decrease effectiveness of citation
2 = Increase effectiveness of citation

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ASR #51
Having big $, no points, & lawyer
would:
1 = Abate speeding Bx
2 = Evoke speeding Bx

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Availability versus Value
ASR #52
Available
Having lots of $, no points, & a
lawyer is likely to function as:
1 = An EO for punishment
2 = An AO for punishment

Not Available
SDP
SΔ
Valuable
EO for
Punishment
Not Valuable
AO for
Punishment
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ASR #53 – Discriminative Stimulus
or Motivating Operation?
The sight of a police patrol car in
front of driver, in relation to speeding
Bx, is likely to function as a:
1 = Discriminative Stimulus
2 = Motivating Operation
3 = Punisher

ASR #54 – What type?
The sight of a police patrol car in
front of driver, in relation to speeding
Bx, is likely to function as an:
1 = SD
2 = SΔ
3 = SDP

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Effects of Motivating Operations
Establishing
(Increase
Value)
Abolishing
(Decrease
Value)
Evocative
Abative
EO related to
Reinforcement
EO related to
Punishment
AO related to
Punishment
AO related to
Reinforcement
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Objective #14

Define and give examples of
unconditioned motivating operations
(UMOs)

Information contained in Objective #14
is quoted or paraphrased from Jack
Michael (2003)
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23
UMOs
UMOs


For all organisms there are events,
operations, and stimulus conditions
whose reinforcer-establishing effects
are unlearned.
But, the behavior evoked by the MO
is usually learned.
The two most basic UMO s are:
  Deprivation (UEO) and
  Satiation (UAO)

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5 Deprivation UEOs:
Food, water, sleep, activity, and
oxygen
Nine main human UMOs
1-5 5 deprivation & satiation UMOs:
Food, Water, Sleep, Activity, & Oxygen
6 UMOs related to Sex
7&8 2 UMOs related to being too Cold or too
Warm
9 A UMO consisting of onset or
magnification of Painful Stimulation
Reinforcer establishing effect: X deprivation
increases the effectiveness of X as a
reinforcer.
Evocative effect: X deprivation increases
the current frequency of all behavior that
has been reinforced with X.
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5 Satiation UAOs:
Food, water, sleep, activity, and oxygen
Reinforcer abolishing effect: X
consumption decreases the
effectiveness of X as a reinforcer.
Abative effect: X consumption
decreases the current frequency of all
behavior that has been reinforced
with X.
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ASR #55
Water deprivation makes water a
more effective form of reinforcement.
This is an:
1 = Abative effect
2 = Abolishing effect
3 = Establishing effect
4 = Evocative effect

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ASR #56
Water deprivation momentarily
increases the frequency of behavior
that in the past has been reinforced
by getting water. This is an:
1 = Abative effect
2 = Abolishing effect
3 = Establishing effect
4 = Evocative effect

ASR #57
Food satiation makes food a less
effective form of reinforcement, this is
an:
1 = Abative effect
2 = Abolishing effect
3 = Establishing effect
4 = Evocative effect

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ASR #58
Food satiation momentarily
decreases the frequency of behavior
that in the past has been reinforced
by getting food. This is an:
1 = Abative effect
2 = Abolishing effect
3 = Establishing effect
4 = Evocative effect

ASR #59
Sleep deprivation makes sleep a
more effective form of reinforcement.
This is an:
1 = Abative effect
2 = Abolishing effect
3 = Establishing effect
4 = Evocative effect

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ASR #60
Sleep deprivation momentarily
increases the frequency of behavior
that in the past has been reinforced
by sleeping. This is an:
1 = Abative effect
2 = Abolishing effect
3 = Establishing effect
4 = Evocative effect
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UMO Similar to H2O Deprivation

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Salt ingestion
  Perspiration
  Blood loss

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Temperature UMOs, Too Cold
Temperature UMOs, Too Warm
Becoming too cold, reinforcer establishing effect:
Increases effectiveness of an increase in temperature as
a reinforcer.
Becoming too warm, reinforcer establishing
effect: Increases effectiveness of a decrease in
temperature as a reinforcer.
Evocative effect: Increases the current frequency of all
behavior that has increased warmth.
Evocative effect: Increases the current frequency
of all behavior that has decreased warmth.
Return to normal temperature, reinforcer abolishing effect:
Decreases effectiveness of becoming warmer as a
reinforcer.
Return to normal temperature, reinforcer
abolishing effect: Decreases effectiveness of
becoming cooler as a reinforcer.
Abative effect: Decreases current frequency of all behavior
that has increased warmth.
Abative effect: Decreases current frequency of all
behavior that has decreased warmth.
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ASR #61
Decrease in body temperature (too
cold) makes becoming warmer a
more effective form of reinforcement.
This is an:
1 = Abative effect
2 = Abolishing effect
3 = Establishing effect
4 = Evocative effect

ASR #62
Decrease in body temperature (too cold)
momentarily increases the frequency of
behavior that in the past has been
reinforced by getting warmer. This is an:
1 = Abative effect
2 = Abolishing effect
3 = Establishing effect
4 = Evocative effect

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Last of main human UMOs
Objective #15

9. A UMO consisting of onset or
magnification of painful
stimulation.
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Describe how in negative
reinforcement there is always an
antecedent stimulus that functions as
an establishing operation.
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Negative Reinforcement


The Onset of Painful stimulation
establishes the reduction or offset of
this stimulation as an effective form
of reinforcement
AND evokes behavior that achieved
such reduction or offset.
How do you spell RELIEF?
NEGATIVE
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Negative Reinforcement
Reinforcement by Relief
EO - R - SRThe irritant or aversive antecedent
involved in negative reinforcement is
an EO
Painful Stimulation: Escape



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
Painful stimulation is an EO, rather than
an SD.
It fails to qualify as a discriminative
variable because its absence has not
been a condition where an effective form
of reinforcement was unavailable for a
particular type of behavior. (Michael,
2003)
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The onset of painful stimulation
establishes the reduction or offset of
this stimulation as an effective form
of reinforcement
And evokes the behavior that
achieved such reduction or offset.
Michael (2003)
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Painful Stimulation: Escape

REINFORCEMENT
Painful stimulation is an




EO for negative reinforcement and
NOT an SD.
Remember: To have an SD you must
have differential reinforcement.
SD – R – SRSΔ – R – ext
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? Pain SD & Absence SΔ?
Remember:


If Bx is maintained by negative
reinforcement, the extinction
condition is:
The Aversive is NOT Removed!
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

Ask yourself, what is the extinction
condition which would be needed for
the absence of pain to be an SΔ?
Does the extinction condition make
any logical sense if the pain is
absent?
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Does the extinction condition
make any logical sense?
Which is the SD & which is the EO?
Shock Onset - Lever-Press - Shock Offset
Light On - Shock Onset - Lever-Press - Shock Off
Shock ABSENT- Lever-Press - Shock Still On
Light Off - Shock Onset - Lever-Press - Shock Still On
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ASR #63
The lever press is the:
1 = Discriminative stimulus
2 = Motivating Operation
3 = Response
4 = Reinforcement
5 = Extinction

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ASR #64
The shock offset is likely to function as:
1 = SD
2 = EO
3 = Negative Reinforcement
4 = Extinction
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ASR #65
The shock remaining on is likely to
function as:
1 = SD
2 = EO
3 = Positive Punishment
4 = Negative Reinforcement
5 = Extinction

ASR #66
The shock onset which evokes the
lever press is likely to function as:
1 = SD
2 = SΔ
3 = EO
4 = Punishment
5 = Reinforcement

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ASR #67
The light coming on which evokes the
lever press is likely to function as:
1 = SD
2 = SΔ
3 = EO
4 = Punishment
5 = Reinforcement

ASR #68
The light turning off which abates the
lever press is likely to function as:
1 = SD
2 = SΔ
3 = EO
4 = Punishment
5 = Reinforcement

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Pain is EO Not SD
Light On - Shock Onset - Lever-Press - Shock Offset
SD EO
R
SRLight Off - Shock Onset - Lever-Press - Shock Still On
SΔ EO
R
Ext
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ASR #69
A mosquito bite evokes scratching
the itch. The itching was:
1 = EO
2 = SD

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Objective #16

CMOs
Define and give examples of
conditioned motivating operations
(CMOs).


There are variables that alter the
reinforcing effectiveness of other events
but only as a result of the individual
organism s history.
These are CMOs
  Surrogate

Reflexive

Transitive
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Behavior-Altering
Respondent
Operant
Unlearned
UE
UMO
Learned
CE
CMO
SD S∆ SDP

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Behavior-Altering
Respondent
Operant
Unlearned
UE
UEO
UAO
Learned
CE
CEO/CAO-S
CEO/CAO-R
CEO/CAO-T
SD S∆ SDP
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Surrogate CMO
Surrogate CMO Example
Surrogate CMO s acquire the
properties of an MO through pairing,
in much the same way that stimuli
become Sr s through pairing.
The Case of the Mexican Music
and the Chips & Salsa
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Reflexive CMOs




Are correlated with either a
worsening or an improving condition.
Thus, there are two types of CMOR s:
Threat CMO-R s and
Promise CMO-R s
Threat CMO-Rs


Are correlated with a worsening
condition.
Thus, they function as an EO for
negative reinforcement and evoke
behavior that terminates the event.
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Threat Reflexive CMO


Function as a warning stimulus
that evokes an avoidance response.
Thus establishing the termination of
the warning stimulus as
conditioned negative reinforcement.
Threat Reflexive CMO


Furthermore, termination of the
warning stimulus is correlated with
the delay or prevention of the
worsening condition.
That is, things stop getting worse and
an aversive condition is avoided.
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Reflexive CMO Example
Buzzer Onset – Shock Onset - Lever Press - Shock Offset
CEO-R
UEO
Escape R SRBuzzer Onset – Lever Press – Buzzer Offset & No Shock
CEO-R
- Avoidance R Sr-
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Discriminated Avoidance is not a
good term

The Buzzer is not an SD

For the Buzzer to be an SD this would be the case:
Buzzer On – Shock – Lever Press – Buzzer/Shock Off
No Buzzer – Shock – Lever Press –Shock Stays On
But it is NOT! It is:
Buzzer On – Lever Press – Buzzer Off/Avoid Shock
No Buzzer – Shock – Lever Press – Shock Offset
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Some confuse buzzer with SD




They say that the buzzer leads to
discrimination of whether or not you can
avoid the shock.
Buzzer – Lever Press – Avoid Shock
No Buzzer – Cannot avoid
But this is NOT true!
Discriminated Avoidance not a Good Term!



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Discriminated Avoidance is not a
good term
Copyright J. Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies, Inc.
CEO-R or SD or SDP

It is NOT:
Buzzer On – Shock – Lever Press – Buzzer/Shock Off
No Buzzer – Shock – Lever Press –Shock Stays On
It is:
Signaled Avoidance:
Buzzer On – Lever Press – Buzzer Off/Avoid Shock

Unsignaled Avoidance:
No Buzzer – Lever Press – Avoid Shock
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

The case of my sister, the split pea
soup, the demand Take a bite! and
the pinch
What was the UMO?
What was the reflexive CMO?
ASR #70






Copyright J. Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies, Inc.
To assist with figuring out if
something is an EO or a
discriminative stimulus, it is important
to figure out what the reinforcer is.
If something is an SD then there
needs to be an S∆ condition that
makes sense logically.
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ASR #70-#74 - Solve the Case

1) Unsignalled avoidance
Rat still presses the lever & avoids
2) Buzzer off is not a condition in which
lever press is placed on extinction; Rat
can still avoid if presses lever!
The pinch that evoked taking a bite:
1 = SD
2 = SDP
3 = UEO
4 = CEO-R
5 = Punishment
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32
ASR #71






My sister saying take a bite which
evoked taking a bite:
1 = SD
2 = SDP
3 = UEO
4 = CEO-R
5 = Punishment
ASR #72





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
My mother present versus absent
Leaving table versus being prevented
from leaving
ASR #73






Copyright J. Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies, Inc.




In relation to leaving table, my mom
being absent was:
In relation to leaving table, my mom
was:
1 = SD
2 = SDP
3 = UEO
4 = CEO-R
5 = Negative reinforcement
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ASR #74

1 = SD
2 = EO
3 = Negative Reinforcement
4 = Punishment
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My Sister… (continued)

When I take a bite, she lets go:
Note

Promise CMO-Rs will not be treated
in this presentation.
1 = SD
2 = SΔ
3 = SDP
4 = EO
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33
Transitive CMO


An event which establishes another
stimulus as a necessary condition to
complete the response that the first event
evokes, and thus establishes that second
stimulus as a reinforcer. (Michael, 2003)
That is, in order to get from here to there
you need something else .
Transitive CMO




That is, an event occurs that makes it
important to emit a behavior
But in order to emit the behavior you
will need some object or person
Thus, that object or person s
reinforcer value will be strengthened
The event is a transitive CMO
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Examples of Transitive CMO





Class dismissed and your car keys
The Guinness and the bottle opener
The telephone number and the pen
Let s play ball and the glove
Let s go swim and your bathing
suit
ASR #75-#76

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ASR #75 – The Server
1 = SD
2 = CEO-T
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The story of Jose, the sashimi,
the server, and the chop sticks
ASR #76 – The Sashimi


1 = SD
2 = CEO-T
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34
ASR #77-#78

ASR #77 – The Slotted Screw
The story of the electrician, the
slotted screw, her assistant, and
the screwdriver
1 = SD
2 = CEO-T
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ASR #78 – The Assistant
Availability versus Value
Available
Not Available
SD
1 = SD
2 = CEO-T
SΔ
Valuable
EO for
Reinforcement
Not Valuable
AO for
Reinforcement
Copyright J. Martinez-Diaz & ABA
Technologies, Inc.
Copyright J. Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies, Inc.
Availability versus Value
Available
SDP
Behavior-Altering
Respondent
Not Available
Operant
SΔ
Valuable
EO for
Punishment
Unlearned
UE
UEO
UAO
Not Valuable
AO for
Punishment
Learned
CE
CEO/CAO-S
CEO/CAO-R
CEO/CAO-T
SD S∆ SDP
Copyright J. Martinez-Diaz & ABA
Technologies, Inc.
Copyright J. Martinez-Diaz & ABA
Technologies, Inc.
Copyright Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
35
The End
Thank you!
Hope to see you soon!
Jose
Copyright Jose Martinez-Diaz & ABA Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
36