STATE GOVERNMENT-FUNDED EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL TRAINING
UNDER THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
“VOLGOGRAD STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY”
DEPARTMENT OF NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY
GUIDE BOOK
PRACTICAL MANUAL IN NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGY OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
For 2nd year students of MD-programme
Name:
Group:
Volgograd, 2012
УДК
Physiology of endocrine system. Guide book. Practical manual in normal physiology. – Volgograd: VolgSMU, 2012. – 7 p.
Compiled by: Klauchek S. V., Lifanova E. V., Khvastunova I. V., Kudrin R. A.,
Akhundova R. E., Doletsky A. N., Schmidt S. A.
Approved by the Central Methodology Board of the Volgograd State Medical University.
This manual summarizes the practical tasks of human physiology of excitable tissues.
It caters for teachers and students in the English-speaking medium of higher medical
educational institutions.
© Volgograd State Medical University, 2012.
2
CONTENT
Practical class 1. General physiology of endocrine system. Hormone regula-
4
tion of physiological functions: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid
gland
Practical class 2. Hormone regulation of physiological functions: hormonal
control of calcium metabolism, pancreas, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla,
ovaries, testis
3
5
Practical class 1. General physiology of endocrine system. Hormone regulation of physiological functions: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Questions for discussion
What is the endocrine system?
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus. Localization, structure and functions. Hormones. Hypo- and hyperfunction.
Regulation of pituitary hormones secretion.
Hypophysis (pituitary gland). Localization, structure and functions. Hormones. Hypo- and
hyperfunction. Regulation of pituitary hormones secretion.
Thyroid gland. Localization, structure and functions. Hormones. Hypo- and hyperfunction.
Regulation of thyroid hormones secretion.
Parathyroid glands. Localization, structure and functions. Hormones. Hypo- and
hyperfunction. Regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion.
Practical works
1.
2.
1.
2.
Major endocrine glands.
Effects of epinephrine on the pupil of a frog.
Books recommended
Ganong W. F. Review of Medical Physiology. 20th ed; McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2001. – P. 307-321, 383-397.
Guyton A. C., Hall J. E. Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th ed; WB Saunders, 2005. – P.
879-920, 955-1118.
Practical work 1. Major endocrine glands.
Objective: determining localization of the major endocrine glands.
Technique.
Look at pic. 1 and write down major endocrine gland:
Picture 1. Major endocrine glands. (Male – left, female – right)
4
Result:
1.
3.
5.
7.
2.
4.
6.
8.
Conclusion:
Practical work 2. Effects of epinephrine on the pupil of a frog.
Objective: observing the effects of epinephrine and pituitrine on skin coloration of a frog..
Technique.
1. Apply a drop of adrenaline solution onto the frog’s skin. You should observe changes in
skin coloration 1-2 minutes after that.
2. Apply a drop of pituitrine solution onto the frog’s skin. You should observe changes in
skin coloration 1-2 minutes after that.
Work results and their recording
Explain the phenomenon that you’re able to observe. In conclusion describe the mechanism
of the effects of epinephrine and pituitrine on skin coloration of the frog.
Result:
Conclusion:
Practical class 2. Hormone regulation of physiological functions: hormonal control of calcium
metabolism, pancreas, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Questions for discussion
What is the importance of calcium in the body? Explain the regulation of blood calcium
level.
Endocrine functions of pancreas. Localization, structure and functions. Hormones. diabetes
mellitus. Regulation of pancreatic hormones secretion.
Enumerate the hormones secreted by the pancreas. Explain the functions and regulation of
insulin secretion.
Adrenal cortex. Localization, structure and functions. Hormones. Hypo- and hyperfunction.
Regulation of adrenal cortex hormones secretion.
Classify the hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. Explain the mechanism of action and
regulation of cortisol secretion.
5
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
1.
2.
Enumerate corticosteroids. Explain the mechanism of action and regulation of aldosterone
secretion.
Adrenal medulla. Localization, structure and functions. Hormones. Hypo- and
hyperfunction. Regulation of adrenal medulla hormones secretion.
What are catecholamines? Explain the mechanism of action and regulation of catecholamine
secretion.
Ovaries. Localization, structure and functions. Hormones. Hypo- and hyperfunction. Regulation of estrogens and progesterone secretion.
Testis. Localization, structure and functions. Hormones. Hypo- and hyperfunction. Regulation of testosterone secretion.
Practical works
Determining the deficit of insulin in the organism.
Books recommended
Ganong W. F. Review of Medical Physiology. 20th ed; McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2001. – P. 322-324, 344-359, 369-380 398-399, 405-432.
Guyton, A. C., Hall, J. E. Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th ed; WB Saunders, 2005. –
P. 921-954, 973-986.
Practical work 1. Determining the deficit of insulin in the organism.
Objective: determining a person’s predisposition to hyperglycaemia.
Technique.
Answer the following questions:
№
1.
2.
3.
Question
Have you ever had your endocrine gland function
examined by the doctor?
What was your weight at birth?
I feel dryness in the oral cavity all the time.
4.
I am worried about the attacks of «thirst».
5.
I have a good appetite.
6.
I feel weak almost all the time.
7.
I feel my skin itching.
8.
I have never had any cuts which didn’t heal
quickly.
How much fluid do you drink daily?
9.
10.
11.
How much has your weight changed over the past
years?
Do you have diabetes in your family history?
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Value
Yes
No
Yes (1, 62)
No (0)
Yes (1, 26)
No (0)
Yes (0,85)
No (0)
Yes (0,69)
No (0)
Yes (0,96)
No (0)
Yes (0,82)
No (-0,41)
I don’t usually drink any fluid (-0,44)
1 litre (0,73)
More than 1 litre (1,3)
It has increased (0,13)
It has decreased (1,30)
None of my relatives has ever had
diabetes (-0,31)
I don't know (-0,03)
12.
I like sweets
13.
How much does your weight differ from the
normal one? (The normal weight is calculated
according to the following formula:
«Normal» weight = height – 100 cm
Parents (-0,28)
Brother or sister (1, 53)
Grandfather or grandmother (-0,54)
Yes (0,42)
No (0,19)
Less than 11-20 kg (-0,57)
±10 kg (-0,71)
More than 11-21 kg (0,37)
Work results and their recording
Sum up the points. If the total amount of points is more than 3.0, you should be attributed to
risk group.
Result:
Conclusion:
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