Caracas Model United Nations
2015
León Herdan
Secretary General
Eliana Melul
Subsecretary of Logistics
JCC-The Triple
Entente
Ariel Rabinovich
Subsecretary of Academics
dan
Secretario General
Eliana Melul
Sub-Secretario de
Logística
Ariel Rabinovich
Sub-Secretario de
Académicos
Claudia Sacks
Alexandra Gazzani
President
Vice-President
Topic: The Great War
JCC-The Triple Entente
2
JCC-The Triple Entente
Index
I.
Letter from the Secretary General ................................................ 4
II.
Letter from the Chair .................................................................... 5
III.
General Introduction .................................................................... 6
IV.
Committee Context....................................................................... 12
V.
Bibliography.................................................................................. 18
3
JCC-The Triple Entente
Letter from the Secretary General
Dear delegates, faculties and invited guests:
Welcome to the Fifteenth Edition of the Caracas Model United Nations. As
in the past editions, this year we are seeking to maintain the success that has
accompanied CaMUN’s name in our previous fourteen years, of course, always
basing ourselves on principles of diplomacy, commitment, dedication and
excellence, all of which constitute the pillars over which we have constructed this
Model over the years.
This edition is based again in regular and special committees, both in
Spanish and English, which will review hundreds of years of history, traveling
from the times of the First World War until the actual diplomatic relations
between Cuba and the United States of America. We have nine committees;
each one of them will have its own discussions and debates on actual conflicts
that move the world, facing controversial topics like the racist struggles,
represented by the Apartheid, and the religious struggles, represented by the
expansionism of radical Islam. Even, as it is has been a tradition in our Model
since many years ago, we have committees for debating uniquely philosophical
issues, which will put in doubt many of the most basic concepts and knowledge’s
of the present, and will find answers in the Ethics and Metaphysics.
It is in the hands of each and every one of us to make the best of this new
edition of CaMUN, where we will have the opportunity to give the best of us,
learn from others through dissertations and constructive discussions, and
experiment within high level sessions the true meaning of confronting and
search for solutions to the problems that affect the humanity today, or, those
who faced our predecessors in earlier times, from which we can learn and
propose new and creative solutions.
In the name of the Organizer Committee of CaMUN 2015 and me, it is a
great honor to welcome you once again time to our home, the Colegio Moral y
Luces “Herzl-Bialik”, the 15th, 16th and 17th of November.
Best Regards,
León Herdan Gampel
Secretary General
“We will have to repent, not for the violent actions of the bad people, but for the
appalling silence and indifference of the good people”
-Martin Luther King
4
JCC-The Triple Entente
Letter from the Chair
Dear Delegates of the Triple Entente Committee,
It is our pleasure to welcome you to CaMUN 2015 and particularly to this
committee. We hope you are as thrilled to participate in this Model United
Nations, as we are to host it.
This guide will serve as a starting point, where you will find that during the
course of the three days, you will be able to change history with your ideas and
actions. The committee will be situated in the years that transcurred from 1914
to 1918. The delegates have the objective to be a step ahead of the Triple
Alliance, which can only be achieved by an active participation of each and
every person represented in the committee.
Since this committee is not a regular one, we encourage you to research,
create and think out of the box when it comes to proposing plans or giving your
opinion. By that it is meant to go beyond the logical sequence of facts and to
propose distinct and original ideas in order to confront the problem.
We want and hope this conference will be an opportunity to learn and to
use your previous Model United Nations experience and, if this is your first one,
to familiarize yourself with MUN context in a less protocoled way than it would be
in a regular committee, not taking away the fact that same rules apply when
referring to behavior. We’ll be pleased to answer any question that surges (by
contacting
me
at
claudia.sacksm@gmail.com
or
the
vice-president
at
alexgazzani@gmail.com ), and encourage you to use this guide and to research
so you may understand the situation completely, which will make the experience
even more prolific.
See you soon!
Claudia Sacks
Alexandra Gazzani
President
Vice-president
5
JCC-The Triple Entente
General Introduction
Introduction
After the Napoleonic wars ended in 1815, Europe enjoyed relative peace
with no World Wars or wars between countries being fought, due to the “Balance
of Powers” created in the Congress of Vienna. The European population after
these wars started to hate all forms of violence and confrontation. This relative
peace reigned in this continent for almost a century until the Great War erupted
in 1914. The war was provoked by Germany as they expanded their naval
supremacy and colonial campaigns, something that worried the British, French
and Russians. These countries leaders were ready for a war long before 1914
but not until this year, due to the killing of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to
the Austro-Hungarian, the war took place.
Committee Structure and Operation
This committee will work as a crisis informal committee, having English as
its official language. There will be a continuous moderated caucus, and the
delegates will have the chance to open an unmoderated caucus, previously
approved by the Chair. There will be several crises sent by the Crisis Staff to
improve the debate or to start a new topic of discussion. Also, there will be crises
sent as a result of the directives or action plans developed by the delegates, or
also as a result of the actions taken by the other chamber of the Joint Crisis
Committee.
6
JCC-The Triple Entente
Representatives in the Entente Chamber
Herbert Henry Asquith: was born
the 12th of September in 1852. He
began his political career as a Prime
slogan, “your country needs you!”
became famous during this period of
time.
Minister of the United Kingdom in
1908. During this period of time, he
Edward Grey: was born the 25th of
directed his Liberal party into various
April 1862. He was a British liberal
reforms,
the
statesman and from 1905 until 1916,
reduction of power of the House of
he assisted as a foreign secretary.
Lords, but most importantly, he
He is best known for his comment
involved his nation during the World
during the First World War “The
War One. During the Great War,
lamps are going out all over Europe.
Asquith’s job as a prime minister
We shall not see them lit again in our
came to an end as a and in 1916 as
life-time.” In the early days of war,
a
and
Grey believed that a negotiation with
political crisis created due to his
Italy, the Arab rebels, France and
weakness and delay in his actions.
Russia (being a signatory of the
which
consequence
included
of
military
Sykes-Picot
Horatio Herbert Kitchener: was
Agreement)
was
of
great importance.
th
born the 24 of June 1850. He was a
senior British army officer and a
Reginald McKenna: was born the
colonial
creating
6th of July 1863. He worked as
imperial campaigns all over the
Asquith’s Home Secretary and then
nation. Asquith named him secretary
as Chancellor of the Exchequer
of the state for war at the beginning
during wartime, were he inflicted an
of World War I. Within his job, he
additional income tax and import
was able to organize a volunteer
duties with the objective of creating a
army and a mass production of
fund for war.
administrator,
weaponry made to fight against
Germany. His famous
René Viviani: was born in Algeria
7
JCC-The Triple Entente
the 8th of November, 1863. He was
1902 and served until 1912, were he
elected for the Chamber of Deputies
had already served as the minister of
in 1893 were he established, along
colonies within the government of
with others, the French Socialist
Ernest Monis since the 2nd of March
Party, which he left in 1906 in order
1911 until the 27th of June of the
to take charge as Minister of labor in
same year. He served as Minister of
Clemenceau’s government up until
War
1910. In 1914 he helped form a
government of Joseph Caillaux. He
government
of
then entered the government lead by
President Poincare. He began as the
René Viviani as of June 1914. He
foreign minister, but as the monition
was blamed for the failing of the
shortage began to increase, he was
French Plan XVII, and was made to
asked to resign in 1915.
resign in August of that same year
at
the
demand
Raymond Poincare: was born the
20th of August in 1860. He became
premier and foreign minister as of
January
1912
succeeded
and
after
Fallieres
1911-1912
in
the
and joined the army as a reserve
captain.
He
was
finally
made
Lieutenant - colonel by 1915.
Louis-Jean Malvy: was born the 1st
in
of December in 1875. He was
January 1913, starting his new
elected in 1906 to the national
career
France.
assembly were he became the first
During his presidential period, he
notable, serving as minister of the
prepared his country for a possible
interior
war,
armed
government. During the war, he
forces and increasing the duration of
became noticeable for supporting
national service to three years. He
rebellious newspaper that raised
also
suspicions
in
Clemenceau
accused
as
Armand
soon
from
president
strengthening
strengthened
of
their
alliances
with
Britain and Russia.
in
Rene
his
Viviani’s
activities.
Malvy
of
betraying French interests in July
and he was forced to resign the 31st
Adolphe Marie Messimy: was born
st
the 31
of August in 1917 and arrested and
of January 1869. He was
charged with treason in November.
elected as Chamber of Deputies in
In 1918 he was found culpable of
8
JCC-The Triple Entente
negligence in his ministerial duties
was born the 8th of November 1839.
and exiled from France for five
In 1906 he was made prime minister
years.
but after his first appearance before
Nicholas II: was born the 18th of
May, 1868 and became emperor of
Russia
after
succeeding
his
deceased father in 1894. After the
defeat of the war with japan in 190405, Russia’s prestige was hardly
damaged. As of 1904, 110,000
workers
began
Petersburg
as
strikes
in
St.
protests
of
the
declining values of wages. In 1905, a
revolution
sprouted
Duma,
government
from
which
received
a
the
vote
of
censure causing him to resign. In
1914, Nicholas II renewed his career
and made him his prime minister for
two years after losing Nicholas’s
wife’s support. In 1917 during the
February revolution, Goremykin was
arrested and when freed, he left to
his estate in the Caucasus.
bloody
Mikhail Vladimirovich Rodzianko:
Sunday (were strikes and mutinies
was born the 9th of March 1859. He
spread through the army and navy).
was thought to be a reasonable
The Tsar published the October
Octobrist deputy. During the First
Manifesto in order to quiet down
World War, he served many war
these protests, granting freedom of
industry committees since 1915 and
conscience
attempted
and
after
the
speech.
Russia
to
motivate
entered an alliance with Britain and
industrial
France
Entente.
support a fund for war. He spoke to
Nicholas II took personal command
the Tsar about Grigory Rasputin
as of
being
in
the
Triple
1915 in September, but
a
economy
German
in
Russia’s
order
spy.
to
After
Russia’s position in war was not the
Nicholas’s abdication (supported by
greatest and failure was already
Rodziank), he was too called upon to
expected. He was convinced by the
resign.
Russian army high command to
abdicate in March 1917 and was
sent on exile to Britain under a safe
haven.
Ivan
Vladimir
Aleksandrovich
Sukhomlinov: was born the 16th of
August in 1848. He was led as
cavalry commander to the Russo-
Logginovitch
Goremykin:
Turkish war of 1877 due to his
9
JCC-The Triple Entente
military career. In 1898, he was
framed and lost his position after the
promoted general and after being a
German accomplishments
close adviser to the Tsar, he became
Minister of War in 1909, where he
helped in war tactics and defense
strategies. During the July crisis, he
assured Nicholas II of the army’s
eagerness for combat, even though
Sukhomlinov’s actions were feeble
and the Tsar brought upon his
command to dismiss Sukhomlinov in
1915. He was placed under house
arrest in April of 1916 and freed on
October
due
to
the
Tsar’s
persistence. He was then arrested
again by the Provisional Government
in September 1917 and was then
sent to exile in Finland and then
Germany in May of 1918.
Francois Paul Anthoine: was born
in the year 1860. His position when
the
war
started
was
General
Castelnau’s Chief of Staff before
receiving
a
promotion
as
commander of the French First
Army. He provided assistance to the
British during their Third Battle of
Ypres in 1917. In the same year, in
November,
Anthoine
received
another promotion to Commander in
Chief although in 1918, he was
Vladimir Dragomirov: was born in
the
year
1862
and
served
as
General in the Imperial Russian
Army throughout First World War. In
1916 he served in troops in Galicia
and Volhynia, and as reward in May
1917, he received the command of
Northen Front armies. Soon, he
succeeded Anton Denikin in the
Southwestern Front command. As of
November
October
1918,
The
Bolshevik
Revolution
urged
Dragomirov to lead as head of the
opposition Bolshevik administration.
In October 1919, he was appointed
Military Governor.
Edward Ratcliffe Evans: was born
in the year 1881 and was appointed
to the Royal navy in 1897. He was
made
Second
in
Command
of
Scott’s Antarctic Expedition in the
year 1909. His popularity increased
when
in
1913,
the
expedition’s
leader died and Evans was left to
bring the survivors back to England.
When the Great War began, being
the Commander in the Royal Navy,
he served the HMS broke during the
Dover Patrol, where he stud out for
confronting six German attackers the
10
JCC-The Triple Entente
20th of April in 1917. When he was
confronted other German destroyers
aboard the HMS swift, he again
were he sunk another two.
11
JCC-The Triple Entente
Committee Context
Brief History of The Entente
(particularly
in
Africa),
the
two
countries found common ground in
The Triple Entente was a
diplomatic and military agreement
between France, Great Britain, and
opposing the expanding German
Empire.
With
the
mutual
goal
of
Russia, formed in part as a response
containing the expansion of the
to
German Empire, Great Britain and
the
formation
of
the Triple
Russia reached an agreement on
Alliance.
mutual self-defense and the two
countries
joined
together
with
France to form the Triple Entente.
Russia was part of the Three
Emperors'
League
Austria-Hungary
along
and
with
Germany
which dissolved during the 1880’s,
mostly because of the troubles with
the Balkans. The Dual Alliance was
formed by Russia and France in
1894. A decade later, France formed
Precedents
an alliance with Great Britain called
Since the early XX century
the Entente Cordiale. Taking into
there were numerous disagreements
account that Britain and France had
between European countries leading
numerous wars and disagreements
to think a terrible war was going to
and were currently involved in a
happen. France and Russia became
struggle for supremacy in setting up
acquaintances
colonies
common interests and created the
around
the
world
because
of
their
12
JCC-The Triple Entente
Dual Alliance (or the Franco-Russian
conquering new African territories
Alliance) in 1894. The Dual Alliance
and becoming more powerful. The
was a political and military pact that
year after, a secret alliance was
became one of the basic European
signed
alignments of the pre-World War
Austria-Hungary to which Germany
era. Germany, assuming it's lack of
was attached later on.
between
Rumania
and
common interest with Tsarist Russia
and
Republican
France,
slowly
elapsed the Reinsurance Treaty, a
secret agreement with Russia that
was signed on June 18th, 1887,
which stated that each party would
remain neutral if the other became
involved in a war with a third great
power and that this would not apply
if Germany attacked France or if
Russia attacked Austria. This meant
that in the event of war, France
would be against Germany and
Russia would side against The
Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Later in 1899 a Hague Peace
Conference was called upon to
discuss
disarmament
but
no
agreement was accomplished, which
In the late XIX century, secret
is why, two years later, through
meetings were held by Russians and
March and May, German and British
French, and as mentioned before,
representatives tried to negotiate
the
over
Dual
Alliance
was
the
an
alliance
but
were
these
unsuccessful. In the first month of
meetings. In May 1882, Germany,
the next year, a defensive alliance
Austria-Hungary and Italy signed the
was signed between Britain and
Triple Alliance. This consisted on
Japan. On the 8th of April of 1904,
military union in defense of any
Britain and France settled their
attacks made by Russia. All three
colonial differences, which led to the
countries had the same interest in
signing of the Entente Cordiale. The
consequence
of
one
of
13
JCC-The Triple Entente
Entente Cordiale consisted on a
since
series of agreements, which marked
successfully rebelled against the
the beginning of the alliance against
Turkish Ottoman Empire. The Austro
Germany
Austria-Hungary.
Hungarian Empire was terrified by
Later on, Great Britain, who shared
the Pan-Slavism which was the
the same point of view as Russia
desire of the Slavs to set up their
and France, joined them in their
own nation’s state. Serbia was seen
treaty
the
as the leader of these movements.
countries,
In 1876 Serbia conquered Bosnia.
creating finally The Triple Entente in
However at the congress of Berlin
1904.
two years later, Austria-Hungary
and
which
alliance
of
As
Germany
consisted
the
three
mentioned
and
on
before,
Austria-Hungary
signed the Triple Alliance, a secret
agreement, to which Italy joined later
on, originally formed in May 1882
and renewed slowly just before the
War erupted. Germany and AustriaHungary had been closely allied
since 1879. Italy gave its support
against France shortly after losing
North
African
regions that
they
wanted to colonize to the French.
The treaty provided that Germany
and Austria-Hungary were to assist
1815
when
the
Serbs
persuaded the great powers to give
back Bosnia to Turkey under Austria
Hungary’s
protection.
Austria-
Hungary also dominated the Balkans
economically, so Serbia was forced
to begin trade links with France and
Bulgaria,
but
Austria-Hungary
banned all imports of Serbian pork.
Serbia
started
selling
its
pork
through Bosnia until the Empire
annexed this territory. The Serbians
appealed to the Russians, but then
they
were
forced
to
recognize
Austria's right to Bosnia.
Italy if it were attacked by France
without Italian provocation and Italy
would assist Germany if Germany
were attacked by France.
On the other hand there was
the conflict between Serbia and the
Austro-Hungary Empire which dated
14
JCC-The Triple Entente
Around 1912 The First Balkan
formed an alliance against Bulgaria.
was
the
Then Bulgaria ordered his troops to
members of the Balkan League
attack Serbian and Greek forces in
(Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece) and
Macedonia. The Bulgarians were
Montenegro against the Ottoman
defeated; however, a treaty was
Empire. The League wanted to take
signed between the combatants,
Macedonia away from Turkey, which
where Greece and Serbia divided up
was already involved in a war with
most
Italy. The league and Montenegro
themselves, leaving Bulgaria with
declared war on Turkey. The Balkan
only a small part of the region.
War
fought
between
allies were soon victorious. The
Turkish collapse was so complete
that all parties were
willing to
conclude an armistice on December
3, 1912. Then the war with the
Ottomans was resumed but the
allies were victorious again. Under a
peace treaty signed in London on
May 30, 1913, the Ottoman Empire
all
of
Albania.
Albanian
Macedonia
and
independence
Macedonia
Bulgaria,
between
frustrated
in
Macedonia, looked to Austria for
support against Serbia. Tensions in
the Balkans reached their worst
point in the First World War, which
was sparked by the assassination of
Archduke Franz Ferdinand 1914
(Explained later on).
In
lost a lot of European territory,
including
of
1911,
Britain
started
making preparations for war, and
two
years
later,
started
every
country
was insisted upon by the European
involved
making
war
powers, and Macedonia was to be
preparations. Germany introduced a
divided among the Balkan allies.
tax to finance a more powerful army
and France extended its military
service one year (three years in
The
Second
Balkan
War
began when Serbia, Greece, and
Romania quarreled with Bulgaria
over the division of their conquests
total).
Current Situation: August 8th,
1914
in Macedonia. Serbia and Greece
15
JCC-The Triple Entente
There were many events that
assassination set off a rapid chain of
methodically led to the outbreak of
events,
The Great War, but the one that
immediately blamed the Serbian
displeased the Austro-Hungarians
government
the most was the assassination of
declared war on Serbia. In a show of
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir
support for Serbia, the Russian
to the empire's throne. He was killed
ambassador to Serbia suggested
in June 28th 1914 by Gavrilo Princip
that the Czar should also mobilize.
who was a member of The Black
The Czar signed the orders to fully
Hand a group formed by five Serbs
mobilize on 30 July 1914 as a show
and one Bosnian that wanted Serbia
of force to Austria-Hungary. The
to be free from the Austro-Hungarian
next day Germany sent an ultimatum
ruling. The assassination occurred
to the Russians demanding them to
when the archduke visited Sarajevo
stop all mobilization activities or face
after
war.
Austria-Hungary
announced
that it would conduct maneuvers in
Bosnia next to the Serbian border
which was interpreted as a threat to
Serbia.
as
for
Austria-Hungary
the
attack
and
Germany declared war on
Russia seeing that there was no
reply on the ultimatum that was
previously sent, and also declared
war
on
France
to
initiate
the
Schlieffen Plan. An announcement
was made by Italy declaring it would
stay neutral in war. Moreover, Britain
finally declared war on Germany on
the 4th of August. Austria-Hungary
declared war on Russia and Serbia
declared war on Germany at the
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
same time, leaving Montenegro to
The Triple Alliance and The
Triple
Entente
possibility
of
rejected
there
being
any
declare war on Germany the 8th of
August, formalizing World War I.
any
international mediation to discuss
The Committee will begin on
the issues they were having. The
August 8th, 1914, after War has been
16
JCC-The Triple Entente
declared by almost every country
their nations,
and to make the best
involved in the conflict. From this
decisions
point on, it is up to every member of
strategies to lead its Chamber to the
the Entente to decide the faith of
victory.
and
plan
the
best
Questions to Consider
● What war tactics should the
save?
Triple Entente develop?
● What measures could the
Triple Alliance use against
● Which cities will create a
bigger impact if attacked?
● Should we worry about the
us?
● Should
● Should we ask for money to
we
make
attack
opposite leadership?
through air or land? Or both?
● Should we make any secret
alliances?
● How should we train our
army?
● What weapons should we
acquire?
17
JCC-The Triple Entente
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The melting Pot of World War I. Retrieved 2015, from
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First World War. Retrieved 2015, from
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
World War I. Retrieved 2015, from http://www.historynet.com/world-war-i

WWI Timeline. Retrieved 2015, from
http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/timeline/time_1914.html

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, 1914, EyeWitness to History.
Retrieved 2015, from http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/duke.htm

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18