SBI3U Test Review Sheet: Genetic Processes Unit Test Date: Format: Short answer, multiple choice, Punnett Square calculations and pedigree analysis Materials Required: Pencil, eraser and pen Note: If you are absent for the test, a parent/guardian must phone me at 416-­‐393-­‐8122 ext. 20095 on the morning of the test to explain the absence. TOPICS ON TEST A good set of notes (with homework completed) and handouts is your best studying tool. The use of the textbook is also encouraged. Use the Macromolecules Summary Sheet to support your studying. DNA Structure q Be able to label a diagram of DNA q Understand complementary base-­‐pairing Key Terms: nucleotide, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine) and phosphate Meiosis q Before what goes on during both divisions and their stages q Understand when and how the daughter cells become genetically unique from each other q Be able to relate the process of Meiosis with Mitosis (#comparisionchart) Key Terms: sister chromatids, crossing-­‐over, tetrad, homologous chromosomes, haploid, diploid, daughter cells, independent assortment. q Erors in meiosis: Disjunction and the syndromes associated with it. (e.g. Down Syndrome, Klinefelter’s Syndrome and Turner’s Syndrome) q Symptoms of the above mentioned syndromes q Be able to interpret a human karyotype to determine the type of syndrome. q Gametogenesis: Oogenesis and spermatogenesis Mendelian Genetics q Mendel's experiments and his two laws of genetics; the appropriateness of his choice of the garden pea for his investigations. q Monohybrid crosses and the use of a Punnett square. Key Terms: alleles, dominant and recessive, q Testcross – its purpose and results P, F1 and F2 generations, phenotype, q Dihybrid crosses -­‐-­‐ the inheritance of two pairs of traits genotype, purebred, heterozygous, together. homozygous Extensions of Mendelian Genetics q Genetics After Mendel: Co-­‐dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles and polygenic inheritance (multi-­‐
factorial inheritance) q ABO Blood System and be able to describe the effects of receiving the incorrect blood type; be familiar with the symbols used for the alleles (IA, IB and i) q Sex determination q Sex-­‐linked inheritance Pedigrees q Pedigrees – know how to read them and create them q Pedigree Analysis: Determine the type of inheritance displayed using a pedigree e.g. autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant and X-­‐linked recessive inheritance Suggested Test Review Questions Ch. 4 -­‐ pg. 176-­‐179 #3, 6-­‐8, 19, 20, 22, 25, 29, 33, 46, 49, 50 and 64 Ch. 5 – pg. 220-­‐222 #1-­‐6, 8, 21-­‐23, 25, 26, 28, 31 and 33 Ch. 6 – pg. 258-­‐261 #1, 18, 44 Unit 2 -­‐ pg. 268-­‐275 #1, 3-­‐14, 16-­‐18, 21, 32, 34, 37, 39, 51, 60, 69 Answers to be posted on the class website (www.sciencemania.net) in the SBI3U resources section. Extra help every day is available in room 105 after school. Additional Review Questions 1. In pea plants, tall is dominant and short is recessive. Using a Punnett square, work out the genotypes and phenotypes of the cross between (a) two heterozygous tall plants, and (b) a short plant and a homozygous tall plant. 2. (a) List two events that take place only during prophase I of meiosis, and not during either prophase II of meiosis or the prophase of mitosis. (b) How does synapsis (crossing-­‐over) increase the genetic variability in gametes. (c) List three differences between meiosis and mitosis. (d) Explain how the process of meiosis accounts for Mendel's observations and conclusions concerning factor (gene) segregation and independent assortment. 3. How many different types of gametes would each of the following parent plants be capable of producing? List the possible combinations. a) Tt b) AaBb c) Rrtt d) RrSsTt (a trihybrid) 4. Two parents, both with blood type B, have a child who has blood type O. Explain, by using a Punnett square, how this is possible. 5. Explain why having blood type AB is a case of co-­‐dominance rather than incomplete dominance. 6. The cross between pure red four o'clock flowers and pure white ones results in all pink offspring. Explain what has happened. 7. Describe sex determination in humans. Explain why in humans the father's gametes determine the sex of a child. 8. Explain why some human traits are sex-­‐linked and describe the phenotype of one or more of these traits, e.g. hemophilia, colour-­‐blindness. Use a Punnett square. 9. Why do women carry sex-­‐linked conditions and men get them? Explain. 10. Colour blindness is sex-­‐linked recessive trait. A heterozygous (for eye colour) brown-­‐eyed normal male is married to a heterozygous brown-­‐eyed, colour-­‐blind female. Use a Punnett square to determine the answer to following questions: a) What is the probability that they will have a daughter who is a carrier for colour blindness with brown eyes? b) What is the probability that they will have a son who is colour-­‐blind with blue eyes? c) What is the probability that they will have a colour-­‐blind child?