6.1
Organizing the Elements > Searching For an Organizing Principle
6.1
6.1
Organizing the Elements > Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
Mendeleev arranged the elements in his
periodic table in order of increasing
atomic mass.
Chlorine, bromine, and iodine have very
similar chemical properties.
Organizing the Elements > Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
An Early Version of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
The periodic table can be used to predict the
properties of undiscovered elements.
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6.1
Organizing the Elements > The Periodic Law
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6.1
Organizing the Elements > The Periodic Law
The periodic law: When elements are arranged
in order of increasing atomic number, there is a
periodic repetition of their physical and chemical
properties.
In the modern periodic table, elements
are arranged in order of increasing
atomic number.
Organizing the Elements > Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
Three classes of elements are metals,
nonmetals, and metalloids.
• The properties of the elements within a period
change as you move across a period from left
to right.
Across a period, the properties of elements
become less metallic and more nonmetallic.
• The pattern of properties within a period
repeats as you move from one period to the
next.
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Organizing the Elements > Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
6.1
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Organizing the Elements > Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
Organizing the Elements > Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
Nonmetals
Metals
Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals in the Periodic Table
6.1
In general, nonmetals are poor conductors of
heat and electric current.
Metals are good conductors of heat and electric
current.
• 80% of elements are metals.
• Most nonmetals are gases at room
• Metals have a high luster, are ductile, and are
• A few nonmetals are solids, such as sulfur
temperature.
malleable.
and phosphorus.
• One nonmetal, bromine, is a dark-red liquid.
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Organizing the Elements > Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
Metalloids
6.2
6.2
Organizing the Elements > Squares in the Periodic Table
The periodic table displays the symbols and
names of the elements, along with information
about the structure of their atoms.
A metalloid generally has properties that are
similar to those of metals and nonmetals.
Organizing the Elements > Squares in the Periodic Table
The background colors in the squares are used
to distinguish groups of elements.
• The Group 1A elements are called alkali
metals.
The behavior of a metalloid can be controlled by
changing conditions.
• The Group 2A elements are called alkaline
earth metals.
• The nonmetals of Group 7A are called
halogens.
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Organizing the Elements > Squares in the Periodic Table
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Organizing the Elements > Electron Configurations in Groups
6.2
Organizing the Elements > Electron Configurations in Groups
The Noble Gases
The noble gases are the elements in Group 8A
of the periodic table. The electron configurations
for the first four noble gases in Group 8A are
listed below.
Elements can be sorted into noble gases,
representative elements, transition metals, or
inner transition metals based on their electron
configurations.
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Organizing the Elements > Electron Configurations in Groups
The Representative Elements
Elements in groups 1A through 7A are often
referred to as representative elements because
they display a wide range of physical and
chemical properties.
6.2
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Organizing the Elements > Electron Configurations in Groups
In atoms of the Group 1A elements below, there
is only one electron in the highest occupied
energy level.
6.2
Organizing the Elements > Electron Configurations in Groups
In atoms of the Group 4A elements below, there
are four electrons in the highest occupied energy
level.
• The s and p sublevels of the highest occupied
energy level are not filled.
• The group number equals the number of
electrons in the highest occupied energy level.
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6.2
6.2
Organizing the Elements > Transition Elements
6.2
Organizing the Elements > Transition Elements
Blocks of Elements
Transition Elements
In atoms of a transition metal, the highest
occupied s sublevel and a nearby d sublevel
contain electrons.
There are two types of transition elements—
transition metals and inner transition metals.
They are classified based on their electron
configurations.
In atoms of an inner transition metal, the
highest occupied s sublevel and a nearby f
sublevel generally contain electrons.
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6.3
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6.3
Organizing the Elements
Trends
> in Atomic Size
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6.3
Organizing the Elements > Trends in Atomic Size
Organizing the Elements > Trends in Atomic Size
Group and Periodic Trends in Atomic Size
The atomic radius is one half of the distance
between the nuclei of two atoms of the same
element when the atoms are joined.
In general, atomic size increases from top to
bottom within a group and decreases from left
to right across a period.
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6.3
Organizing the Elements > Transition Elements
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6.3
Organizing the Elements > Ions
Positive and negative ions form when
electrons are transferred between atoms.
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6.3
Organizing the Elements > Ions
Positive and negative ions form when
electrons are transferred between atoms.
Organizing the Elements > Ions
Some compounds are composed of particles
called ions.
• An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has
a positive or negative charge.
• A cation is an ion with a positive charge.
• An anion is an ion with a negative charge.
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6.3
6.3
Organizing the Elements > Trends in Ionization Energy
6.3
Organizing the Elements > Trends in Ionization Energy
Organizing the Elements > Trends in Ionization Energy
Group and Periodic Trends in Ionization Energy
The energy required to remove an electron from
an atom is called ionization energy.
First ionization energy tends to decrease from
top to bottom within a group and increase from
left to right across a period.
• The energy required to remove the first
electron from an atom is called the first
ionization energy.
• The energy required to remove an electron
from an ion with a 1+ charge is called the
second ionization energy.
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6.3
Organizing the Elements > Trends in Ionic Size
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6.3
Organizing the Elements > Trends in Ionic Size
Trends in Ionic Size
Organizing the Elements > Trends in Ionic Size
Relative Sizes of Some Atoms and Ions
During reactions between metals and
nonmetals, metal atoms tend to lose electrons,
and nonmetal atoms tend to gain electrons. The
transfer has a predictable effect on the size of
the ions that form.
Cations are always smaller than the
atoms from which they form. Anions are
always larger than the atoms from
which they form.
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Organizing the Elements > Trends in Ionic Size
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6.3
Organizing the Elements
Trends
> in Electronegativity
Representative Elements in Groups 1A through 7A
Trends in Electronegativity
Trends in Ionic Size
Organizing the Elements
Trends
> in Electronegativity
Size generally increases
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom of an
element to attract electrons when the atom is in a
compound.
In general, electronegativity values decrease
from top to bottom within a group. For
representative elements, the values tend to
increase from left to right across a period.
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6.3
6.3
Organizing the Elements > Summary of Trends
6.3
Organizing the Elements > Summary of Trends
Summary of Trends
Atomic
Nuclear
Shielding
Ionization
Electronegativity
Size
Ionic
of
size
Size
cations
anions
Charge
energy
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Increases
Decreases
Constant
Increases Decreases
The trends that exist among these
properties can be explained by
variations in atomic structure.
What is the underlying cause of periodic
trends?
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Organizing the Elements > Summary of Trends
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