01 - Enlightenment and Revolutions
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Thomas
Hobbes
- English materialist and political philosopher
who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only
kind of government that could resolve
problems caused by the selfishness of human
beings (1588-1679)
John Locke
- 17th century English philosopher who
opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who
asserted that people have a natural right to life,
liberty, and property
- argued that people are born with a blank
mind
- did not want democracy
Rosseau
Chapter 8,
Lesson 1 The
Scientific
Revolution
- "The Social Contract", people are born good
but environment and education corrupts them
- believed in a representative government
where the citizens choose the government, he
was republican
- general will = represents what is best for the
entire community
- Rosseau: a society agrees to be governed by
its general will
1. natural philosophers
2. Renaissance humanists
3. telescope and microscope
4. printing press
5. Ptolemy
6. geocentric
7. Copernicus
8. concentric spheres
9. heliocentric
10. Johannes Kepler
11. Galileo
12. Isaac Newton
13. universal law of gravitation
14. William Harvey
15. Robert Boyle
16. Antoine Lavoisier
17. Margaret Cavendish
18. Rene Descartes
19. rationalism
20. Francis Bacon
21. scientific method
22. inductive reasoning
natural
philosophers
- medieval scientists who preferred refined
logical analysis to systematic observations of
the natural world
- relied on a few ancient authorities--especially
Aristotle--for their scientific knowledge
Renaissance
humanists
- had mastered Greek and Latin and had
access to works of Ptolemy, Archimedes, and
Plato
telescope
and
microscope
- the two most important inventions from the
Scientific Revolution, these inventions made
fresh scientific discoveries possible
- scientist used them create more new
inventions and theories
- made it possible for scientists to practice direct
observation
printing
press
- invention used in the Enlightenment to
increase literacy
- reading material became aimed at the masses
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Ptolemy
- Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a
geocentric system of astronomy that was
undisputed until Copernicus
- (2nd century AD)
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geocentric
- a model of the universe in which Earth is at
the center of the revolving planets and stars
Nicolaus
Copernicus
- (1473-1543) Polish astronomer who was the
first to formulate a scientifically based
heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth
from the center of the universe. This theory is
considered the epiphany that began the
Scientific Revolution.
- believed that the universe of heliocentric
concentric
spheres
spheres (perfect circles) that have the same
center
heliocentric
- a model of the solar system in which Earth
and the other planets revolve around the sun
- Copernicus's idea that the Earth and other
planets revolve around the sun
Johannes
Kepler
- assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove
that the earth moved in an elliptical, not
circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary
motion based on mechanical relationships and
accurately predicted movements of planets in a
sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems
of Aristotle and Ptolemy
Galileo
Galilei
- He was the first European to use a telescope to
observe objects in space. He discovered that
planets and moons are physical bodies because
of his studies of the night skies.
Isaac
Newton
- (1642-1727) English mathematician and
natural philosopher; he discovered the law of
gravity as well as laws on the physics of
objects., English mathematician and scientist
who invented differential calculus and
formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a
theory about the nature of light, and three laws
of motion. His treatise on gravitation,
presented in Principia Mathematica (1687),
was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling
apple.
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universal
law of
gravitation
- explains why planetary bodies stay in orbit
around the sun
- one of the three rules of motion governing the
planetary bodies set forth by Sir Isaac Newton
in his Principia; it explains that planetary
bodies do not go off in straight lines but instead
continue in elliptical orbits about the sun
because every object in the universe is attracted
to every other object by a force called gravity
William
Harvey
- discovered the circulation of blood and the role
of the heart in propelling it. Harvey developed
an accurate theory of how the heart and
ciculatory system operated. He speculated that
humans and animals reproduced through the
joining of an egg.
Robert
Boyle
- (1627-1691) Irish chemist who conducted
experiments on gases at different temperatures.
He is sometimes known as the "Father of
Chemistry."
Antoine
Lavoisier
- invented a system in the 18th century that
named the chemical elements (which is still, for
the most part, in use today)
Margaret
Cavendish
- was not taken seriously because she was a
woman
- like many scientists of the Enlightenment,
published some work anonymously because
scholarship was considered the domain of men
- educated scientist and astronomer; excluded
from English Royal Society, regardless of her
many accomplishments; wrote several books
contrasting her knowledge with the knowledge
of other scientists.
Rene
Descartes
- 17th century French philosopher; wrote
Discourse on Method
- set aside everything he learned because he
doubted everything he had learned
- 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed
mind and matter were completly seperate;
known as father of modern rationalism
rationalism
- a system of thought expounded by Rene
Descartes based on the belief that reason is the
chief source of knowledge
- strict rationalism consists in judging
everything solely and exclusively according to
philosophical or scientific reason. Thus, there
is no room for faith; any faith is deemed
superstition.
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Francis Bacon
- believed that scientists should use
reasoning
- English politician and writer, advocated
that new knowledge was acquired through
an inductive reasoning process (using
specific examples to prove or draw
conclusion from a general point) called
empiricism; rejected Medieval view of
knowledge based on tradition, believed it's
necessary to collect data, observe, and draw
conclusions. This was the foundation of the
scientific method.
scientific
method
- a series of steps followed to solve problems
including collecting data, formulating a
hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and
stating conclusions
- grew out of the belief that the world is best
understood through direct observation
inductive
reasoning
- Baconian empiricism. Based speculations
on other situations.
- type of logic in which generalizations are
based on a large number of specific
observations
- process that includes looking for patterns
and making conjectures
Chapter 8,
Lesson 2 - The
Ideas of the
Enlightenment
1. reason
2. Isaac Newton (again)
3. philosophe
4. Baron de Montesquieu
5. separation of powers
6. Voltaire
7. deism
8. Diderot
9. Adam Smith
10. laissez-faire
11. social contract (REALLY IMPORTANT)
12. arbitrary
13. salons
14. Versailles, built by King Louis XIV
15. rococo
16. Mozart
reason
- is the basis provided by the argument
maker to show that the claim is true or
probably true.
- clear and ordered thinking
- MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT: argued that
women reason also use reason--not just
men
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Isaac
Newton
(again)
- (1642-1727) English mathematician and
natural philosopher; he discovered the law of
gravity as well as laws on the physics of
objects., English mathematician and scientist
who invented differential calculus and
formulated the theory of universal gravitation,
a theory about the nature of light, and three
laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation,
presented in Principia Mathematica (1687),
was supposedly inspired by the sight of a
falling apple.
philosophe
- a thinker who uses logic and reason to
investigate the nature of the universe, human
society and morality
- esp. to refer to somone during the period of
the Enlightenment
Baron de
Montesquieu
- French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal
absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging
that power be separated between executive,
legislative, and judicial branches, each
balancing out the others, thus preventing
despotism and preserving freedom (separation
of powers). This greatly influenced writers of
the US Constitution. He greatly admired
British form of government.
- introduced checks and balances
- popularized the word feudalism
separation
of powers
- constitutional division of powers among the
legislative, executive, and judicial branches,
with the legislative branch making law, the
executive applying and enforcing the law, and
the judiciary interpreting the law
- introduced by Baron de Montesquieu
Voltaire
- championed religious philosophy of deism
which was based on reason and natural law
- (1694-1778) French philosopher. He
believed that freedom of speech was the best
weapon against bad government. He also
spoke out against the corruption of the French
government, and the intolerance of the
Catholic Church (freedom of religion)
- "I do not agree with a word you say, but I will
defend to the death your right to say it"
deism
- a concept of God during the Scientific
Revolution; the role of divinity was limited to
setting natural laws in motion
- a popular Enlightenment era belief that there
is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's
lives or in revealing truths to prophets
- championed by Voltaire
Diderot
- Published work of many philosphes in his
Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people
think more rationally and critically (it was used to
attack religious superstition)
- (1713-1784) The chief editor of the Encyclopedia
published between 1751-1772. Said that "All
things must be examined, debated, investigated
without exception and without regard to one's
feelings." and "We will speak against senseless
laws until they are reformed; and, while we wait,
we will abide by them."
Adam
Smith
- 1723- 1790; Scottish; "Wealth of Nations"; first
economist; "laissez-faire capitalism"; not
completely against govt regulation; pro free trade;
let individuals pursue own interest; attacks
mercantilism- peep do thinks out of self interest
(baker); prices should be fluctuated on just supply
& demand- not what gov't say it is; philosophe;
not hard-core conservative (gov't does have part);
didn't trust businessmen; economics should have
an economic (not military) end goal; skilled
workforce and strong infrastructure determines
power of country- not how much stacks of gold
you have; colonization is dumb
laissezfaire
- hands off, no government intervention in
business
- idea that government should play as small a role
as possible in economic affairs
social
contract
- a voluntary agreement among individuals to
secure their rights and welfare by creating a
government and abiding by its rules
- Thomas Hobbes: absolute monarchy
- John Locke: limited constitutional monarchy
- Rosseau: a society agrees to be governed by its
general will
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arbitrary
- determined by chance or whim rather than by
reason or necessity
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salons
- private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian
(Paris) women would have intellectual
discussions with aristocrat
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Versailles
- a palace built for Louis XIV near the town of
Versailles, southwest of Paris. It was built around
a chateau belonging to Louis XIII, which was
transformed by additions in the grand French
classical style
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rococo
- a popular style in Europe in the eighteenth
century, known for its soft pastels, ornate
interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed
lovers protected by hovering cupids
- depicted pleasure, happiness and love
- emphasized grace and charm
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Mozart
Chapter 8,
Lesson 3 Enlightened
Absolutism
and the
Balance of
Power
- (1756-1791) An Austrian composer famous for
his string quartets. Wrote for noble patrons but
his works were also performed in concert halls
and published many Italian Operas.
- "The Marriage of Figaro," "Don Giovanni,"
and "The Magic Flute"---child prodigy whose
successful life started at six and he wrote his
first opera at age 12. He excelled, but died at age
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1. enlightened absolutism
2. Prussia
3. Frederick William I
4. Frederick II, a.k.a. Frederick the Great
5. Austrian Empire
6. Maria Theresa
7. War of Austrian Succession
8. Joseph II
9. successor
10. Russia
11. Peter the Great
12. Catherine II, a.k.a. Catherine the Great
13. The Seven Years' War (REALLY
IMPORTANT)
14. American Revolution
enlightened
absolutism
- European rulers who embraced many of the
philosophes' reforms, monarchical government
dedicated to rational strengthening of central
absolutist administration at cost of lesser
political power centers
- ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTIST - ruler who
tried to apply Enlightenment ideas to the
governing of his/her country while
maintaining his/her full royal powers
Prussia
- former kingdom in north-central Europe
including present-day northern Germany and
northern Poland.
Maria
Theresa
- (Ruled 1740-1780) Daughter of Charled VI,
who's inheritance of the Austrian throne
sparked the War of the Austrian Succession. She
survived the war only by giving Silesia to
Frederick II of Prussia. Became heiress of
Austria and her husband became Holy Roman
Emperor. Mother of Joseph II.
War of
Austrian
Succession
- This war was over the inheritance of the throne
by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a
woman from solely ruling the state
- Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
- Prussia refused to return Silesia to Austria
- helped set the stage for the 7 Years' War
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Silesia
- Austrian province in eastern Germany that is
later seized by Frederick II of Prussia from Maria
Theresa in December of 1740, provoking the
War of the Austrian Succession.
- Austrian and Prussian battle for control of
Silesia set the stage for the 7 Years' War (Prussia
remained in control after 7 Years' War)
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Joseph II
- (Ruled 1780-1790) Son of Maria Theresa; Holy
Roman Emperor of Austria. Ordered a new
unified code of laws; applauded suppression of
the Jesuits; required Austrian bishops to swear
submission to him;launched ambitious
educational reforms; pushed for religious
toleration; tried to remove the burdens of
serfdom in his lands; and encourage agricultural
innovation. (Most of his reforms fell apart after
his death; resistant nobles pushed his brother to
revoke them.) (Example of an enlightened
despot.)
- wanted to safeguard the welfare of the sate
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successor
- a person who inherits a title or office
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Russia
- country in Eastern Europe ruled by tzars, whose
reign ended when the Romanavs were ousted
Peter the
Great
(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He
enthusiastically introduced Western languages
and technologies to the Russian elite, moving
the capital from Moscow to the new city of St.
Petersburg.
Catherine
II (a.k.a.
Catherine
the Great)
- an enlightened despot who ruled over Russia.
She is responsible for many positive changes in
Russia, as well as securing the country a warm
water port (increased territory).
- strengthened Russia
- made life worse for the serfs
- wanted to safeguard the welfare of the state
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Frederick
William I
- son of Frederick I who became king of Prussia
in 1713
- spent a lot of money on the military
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Frederick
II (a.k.a.
Frederick
the Great)
- (1740-1786) - The Prussian ruler who
expanded his territory by invading the duchy of
Silesia and defeating Maria Theresa of Austria
- promoted greater freedom of speech, the press,
and religion
- did not improve the lives of serfs
- wanted to safeguard the welfare of the state
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Austrian
Empire
- after the defeat of the Turks in 1687 Austria
took control of all of Hungary, Transylvania,
Croatia, and Slovenia, thus establishing the
Austrian Empire in southeastern Europe. It
remained a collection of territories held
together by the Habsburg emperor, who was
archduke of Austria, king of Bohemia, and king
of Hungary.
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The Seven
Years'
War
- (1756-1763) This was an eighteenth-century
war fought in Europe, India, and North America.
One of the major outcomes was England beating
France to become the world's leading colonial
power. The North American part of the war is
called the French and Indian War.
- The 1763 Treaty of Paris that ended this war
granted Great Britain most of France's
possessions in North America and the West
Indies.
- new alliance: former rivals France and Austria
became allies
- impacted the the future United States
Treat of
Paris
(1763)
- signed on 10 February 1763, by the kingdoms of
Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal
in agreement. It ended the French and Indian
War/Seven Years' War.
- GB claimed all land eat of Mississippi including
Florida, which they claimed from their ally,
Spain; Spain gained French land west of the
MIssissippi including New Orleans; France kept
control of a few small islands near
Newfoundland and in the West Indies
- France forced to withdraw from India
French
and
Indian
War
- (1754-1763) War fought in the colonies
between the English and the French for
possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English
won. Both sides were aided by Native Americans
- part of the Seven Years' War
American
Revolution
- The war between Great Britain and its
American colonies, 1775-83, by which the
colonies won their independence.
- France, Spain, and Dutch Republic wanted to
help the colonies because they disliked the
British because they had previously lost wars
Chapter 8,
Lesson 4 The
American
Revolution
1. Glorious Revolution
2. Stamp Act
3. Articles of Confederation
4. First Continental Congress
5. Second Continental Congress
6. Declaration of Independence
7. Thomas Jefferson
8. General Cornwallis
9. George Washington
10. Treaty of Paris
11. The Constitution
12. federal system
13. Bill of Rights
14. amendments
15. guaranteed
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Glorious
Revolution
- 1688; the parliament deposed King James
II, a Roman Catholic who had asserted royal
rights over the rights of Parliament.
Parliament gave the crown to the Protestant
King William III, a Dutch prince, and his
British wife, Queen Mary II (daughter of
James II), as joint rulers. When the crown
was offered to William and Mary, they
agreed to a Bill of Rights that severely limited
the king or queen's power. The British Bill of
Rights is often regarded as a forerunner to
the United States Bill of Rights.
Stamp Act
- 1765; British law that taxed printed goods,
including: playing cards, documents,
newspapers, etc.
Articles of
Confederation
- 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788
(weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no
power to tax, no power to regulate trade) failed
- reflects the colonists' fear of a strong
central government
First
Continental
Congress
- 1774; response to Intolerable Acts; 55 men
from 12 colonies (not Georgia) meet on
Philadelphia; called for complete halt in
trade with Britain; important step towards
independence.
Second
Continental
Congress
- 12 delegates meet in Philadelphia to
express their growing dissatisfaction with
King George and his lack of response to the
Declaration of Rights
Declaration of
Independence
- the document recording the proclamation
of the second Continental Congress (4 July
1776) asserting the independence of the
colonies from Great Britain
- officially delared their right to choose their
own government
Thomas
Jefferson
3rd President of the United States, chief
drafter of the Declaration of Independence;
made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and
sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to
explore it (1743-1826); head of the
Democratic Republicans; believed in strong
state government/power (NOT national);
believed in a strict interpretation of the
Constitution
General
Cornwallis
- 1783 - 1805, British military and political
leader. Was a member of Parliament and
even opposed the tax measures that led to the
American Revolution. Led British forces
during the American Revolution. The British
defeat culminated with Cornwallis's
surrender at Yorktown. in 1781.
George
Washington
- 1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (17321799)
Treaty of
Paris
- (1783) peace agreement that officially ended the revolutionary war and established Britian's formal recognition of the
US
The
Constitution
- the nation's basic law; It creates political institutions, assigns or divides powers in government, and provides certain
guarantees to citizens
- admired by European intellectuals because ideas came from the natural rights proposed in the Enlightenment
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federalism
- a system of government in which a written constitution divides power between a central, or national, government and
several regional governments
- a form of government in which power is shared between national and state governments
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Bill of Rights
- Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights
would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by
a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil
rights of American citizens.
- ten amendments that guarantee certain freedoms
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amendments
- additions to the Constitution
- 2/3rds of Congress proposes; 3/4ths of States Legislatures ratify (26 out of 27 done this way) OR Proposal by
convention of states (2/3rds), ratification by state conventions or legislatures (3/4ths)
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guaranteed
- a promise or assurance, especially one in writing
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