TheKSA
S ampler
A companion to
The KSA Workbook
Now expanded to more than 75
examples of job-winning KSA responses
Fifth Edition
Federal Research Service
P.O. Box 1708
Annandale, VA 22003-1708
(703) 281-0200
... ABOUT FEDERAL RESEARCH SERVICE
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Today it is the recognized leader in the field of federal job information,
highly regarded by both the job hunter and by government agencies that
rely on FRS to help recruit the most qualified candidates for their critical
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COPYRIGHT © 2008 Federal Research Service
TheKSA
Sampler
A companion to
The KSA Workbook
Fifth Edition
All information contained in The KSA Sampler is protected by copyright law.
Reproduction of the information for the purpose of resale or general redistribution, even at no charge, is illegal.
COPYRIGHT © 2008, Federal Research Service. All rights reserved.
Federal Research Service, PO Box 1708, Annandale VA 22003-1708
Voice: 703-281-0200 FAX: 703-281-7639 E-Mail: info@fedjobs.com Web: http://www.fedjobs.com
CONTENTS
Introduction................................................................................................ 1
How The KSA Sampler Came To Be .................................................. 1
How To Use The KSA Sampler ........................................................... 1
KSAs Defined ....................................................................................... 2
The Most Common KSAs .................................................................... 3
Examples of KSA Responses .................................................................... 5
Transportation Security Screener (Lead & Supervisory), SV-019-F/G ...................................... 5
Environmental Protection Specialist, GS-028-12/14 .................................................................. 6
Security Specialist, GS-080-12 ................................................................................................... 7
Intelligence Analyst, GS-132-12 .................................................................................................
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Information Technology Specialist (Appsw), GS-2210-9/11 .................................................. 43
Supervisory Information Technology Specialist (Plcypln), GS-2210-14 ................................ 44
Custom Supplemental Statement Forms ................................................. 45
INTRODUCTION
When we introduced the first edition of The KSA Sampler, the federal government was rethinking the
whole approach to federal hiring. Many of the old-fashioned, tedious ways of applying for federal
jobs were being discarded while the number of available openings was declining in the name of
"downsizing." As a result, individuals needed to sharpen their job-hunting skills if they were to
succeed, and they found The KSA Sampler to be a valuable tool in helping them be competitive.
Because of the events of 9/11 and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, we've added
sample KSAs for Transportation Security Screeners and Intelligence Analyst positions. But, as we emphasize repeatedly, the value of The KSA Sampler is not in the occupations or the specific KSAs addressed,
but in the approach that each response illustrates.
How The KSA Sampler Came To Be
Most federal job hunters quickly realize that proficiency in responding to a position's KSAs is vital to
their hunting success. They aren't sure how to do it. For this reason, Federal Research Service first
published The KSA Workbook aimed at helping applicants present their experience and accomplishments
in ways that earn the most favorable attention. Through descriptions and examples, the Workbook showed
job hunters how to interpret and use information distributed throughout a vacancy announcement to
maximize the impact of their KSA responses.
Since its publication, the Workbook has been enthusiastically received by federal job hunters, but with
one request: they wanted more examples of KSA responses. This demand led to the introduction of
The KSA Sampler. In compiling this book, we reviewed hundreds of vacancy announcements that we
see every week and selected a sample that represent a range of occupations and responses that meet
the guidelines developed in The KSA Workbook.
While researching these books, we talked to a number of federal human resources specialists about
what they think makes a strong or weak KSA response. In some cases, applicants are encouraged to
work within a framework when drafting KSA statements. For example, when relating certain
accomplishments, the following abbreviated outline might be used:
(1)
(2)
(3)
describe the problem or objective;
what you actually did and, if pertinent, when, and
the outcome or results of your efforts.
The human resources specialists we talked to were virtually unanimous about one point: The applicant
must provide examples and they have to be specific! They cannot get away with mere declarations of
their capabilities: "Yes, I can do this" or "Yes, I am completely familiar with all aspects of that
program." Such vague statements just won't fly!
Hiring officials want details on where and when you learned and used a skill. They want evidence
that you are familiar with pertinent programs or regulations. And they want concrete examples of how
you have applied a particular ability and what the results were. As one federal official put it, "We're
giving you the opportunity to show us how you can do the job. Don't waste it!"
How To Use The KSA Sampler
While guidelines and structured formats are useful tools for developing KSA statements, many job
hunters prefer to have such advice illustrated. In The KSA Sampler, we concentrate on examples
although we do provide two formats on the last page for your use. On the following pages, you'll find
numerous ways that qualified candidates might respond to the identified KSAs for a range of occupations
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
Page 1
and grades. While the vacancies and the KSAs are drawn from actual, now outdated vacancy
announcements the responses are fictional and not intended to describe a current job hunter. Their value is
in showing how unique experience and accomplishments can be presented in ways that best respond to a
job's specific requirements.
Don't' let yourself get hung up on the specific occupational series that we use in our examples.
Instead review the KSAs themselves and identify those that, with the substitution of a few keywords,
are similar to the KSAs you encounter when applying for federal jobs. As we discuss on the
following page, many KSAs are very general with regard to subject matter. For instance, in one of our
examples, an auditor is asked to show the "ability to gather, assemble, consolidate and analyze facts,
draw conclusions and devise solutions." A mathematical statistician is asked to demonstrate an
"ability to formulate, plan and manage complex projects." In reviewing the suggested responses, focus
your attention not on what the applicant said but on how he or she said it. When you are faced with
this sort of KSA requirement, you'll be ready to formulate your response.
Other examples in this book may only seem specific. For instance, we include a KSA that calls for
"knowledge of government contracting laws and policies." Perhaps in your situation, a position might
call for "knowledge of federal leasing regulations." Review the approach and level of detail provided
in our suggested response and, if you like, pattern your KSA statement along these lines. We're not
trying to put words in your mouth ... we're helping you generate ideas and approaches that will work
well for you when responding to KSAs.
KSAs Defined
For those new to the federal job market, the term KSA refers to a job vacancy's identified
Knowledges, Skills and Abilities. These are more than just the basic qualifications necessary to
fill a job. These are unique requirements that the hiring agency wants to find in the person selected to
fill a particular job. A primary purpose of KSAs is to measure those qualities that set one candidate
apart from the others. How well an applicant can show that he or she matches the position's defined
KSAs determines whether that person will be seriously considered for the job.
In guidelines provided to federal staffing specialists, the Office of Personnel Management offers the
following interpretation of the terms, KSAs and Other Characteristics.
Knowledge statements refer to an organized body of information, usually of a factual or
procedural nature which, if applied, makes adequate performance on the job possible.
Skill statements refer to the proficient manual, verbal or mental manipulation of data or things.
Skills can be readily measured. An example of the proficient manipulation of things would be
skill in typing or skill in operating a vehicle. An example of manipulation of data might be
skill in computation using decimals, skill in editing for transposed numbers or skill in
distinguishing small differences in batches of cloth.
Ability statements refer to the power to perform an observable activity at the present time.
This means that abilities have been evidenced through activities or behaviors that are similar
to those required on the job, for example, ability to plan and organize work. Abilities differ
from aptitudes in that aptitudes are only the potential for performing the activity.
Other Characteristics statements refer to physical or mental characteristics that do not fall
under any of the other definitions. An example might be the ability to tolerate an unusually high
level of stress as would be required for a prison guard.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Page 2
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
The Most Common KSAs
A job hunter needs to review only a few announcements before realizing that there are certain KSA
requirements that pertain to nearly all federal vacancies. In our review of countless announcements,
we identified several requirements that are commonly encountered. Among these are: ability to work
with others; ability to manage complex programs and projects; and ability to conduct research,
compile data, conduct analyses and make recommendations. However, by far the most common are
two other KSAs: (1) the ability to communicate orally and (2) the ability to communicate in writing.
Because of the universal nature of these two requirements, we offer here a series of suggested
responses to these two KSAs at various grade levels.
1: Ability to communicate orally
Example of poor response: I am quite capable of oral communication as I have a lot of experience in
talking to my peers about a variety of subjects. You will see my skills at the interview.
At the GS-5/7 level: As a student at the University of Maryland, I completed course work in public
speaking and drama. I have received training in clear and concise communication of all types of
information, as well as training in persuasive presentation of views. During my summer vacations,
I worked for Landmark as a tour guide. In this position I conveyed information regarding the
Nation’s Capital to tourists from around the world. Enunciation and sentence structure were vital
for effective communication with persons for whom English was not a primary language.
At the GS-9/11 level: As a claims examiner with the Office of Workers Compensation, I am called
upon to explain highly technical information regarding the laws, policies, and regulations regarding
the Workers Compensation Program. I must gauge the comprehension level of the inquirer, and
deliver the required information using terminology appropriate to that level.
In addition to my duties as technical expert and point of contact, I must participate in the preparation
and delivery of presentations regarding the status of our program. I have delivered technical presentations to managers up to the associate director level.
At the GS-12/13 level: Throughout my federal career, skill in oral communication has been vital to my
success. As a staffing specialist, I have been required to present technical information in a variety of
settings. I chair meetings with managers of various departments, providing information and guidance
regarding changing policies and procedures. I prepare and deliver presentations to senior executives,
anticipating questions and objections, and addressing these issues in a thorough and favorable manner. I
have served as a training officer, conveying highly technical information regarding methods, policies, and
procedures in a manner that enables the audience to understand, retain, and utilize the knowledge
presented. I have received advanced training in public speaking, and have been designated as representative for my office during high-profile policy changes, representing the position of my organization to
all inquirers.
At the GS-14/15 level: As Director of Financial Management, I am responsible for representing my
organization in a variety of arenas, up to and including Senate Budget Hearings. I must convey
highly technical information regarding financial management policies and structures, budgetary
requirements and the overall mission of my agency in a manner that will foster support among
federal lawmakers. I must compile and review documentation and anticipate and address questions and objections.
My success rests in large part on my ability to consider and respond to questions under fire. This
requires an ability to coolly and logically consider the issues in light of available facts and concerns
(economic and political considerations, for example) and present clear and concise responses.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
Page 3
I have represented my organization in press conferences and before the media and am able to clearly
present our mission and objectives in a favorable manner.
2: Ability to communicate in writing
Example of a poor response: In my time as a student, I have written many, many papers and letters
which often communicate terribly complex information for the edification of the readership. I am
a good writer and have no trouble making sure that what I write says what I want it to.
Example of responses that convey specific information about an applicant:
At the GS-5/7 level: As an undergraduate student at the State University, I was required to produce a
minimum of 5 research papers per semester. These are technical papers which present and support a thesis statement, providing detailed documentation to justify my position. In my senior year,
I produced a 25-page paper which explored the issue of public health systems in Europe and their
possible application in this country. The paper received a grade of 98 and was published in the
School of Public Administration’s newsletter.
At the GS-9/11 level: For the past five years I have served as a free-lance writer, preparing text for
publication in technical manuals, magazines and other publications. I have written and edited
materials in such subject matter areas as medicine, the arts, politics and law enforcement. I am
able to conduct research and select the appropriate level of complexity for the target audience.
In addition to the technical writing and editing that I have performed, I have published a collection
of essays and several short stories. I am a member of the Washington Area Writers Guild and
have been a guest speaker for American University’s Professional Writer’s Seminar.
At the GS-12/13 level: As a program manager with the Maryland State Correctional Administration,
I have been required to prepare detailed written reports and regulations on development and
management of correctional programs throughout the state. I have created procedural manuals and
policy guidelines that are now accepted standards for all Correctional Administration operations.
These written materials are clear, concise and detailed and convey highly technical matter which
could be vital to the safety and well-being of the staff as well as the prison population.
My manual on the proper search of inmate living space (shakedown procedures) provides detailed
guidelines for securing individuals while safely searching for contraband. The manual provides
thorough descriptions of unusual and innovative methods of concealment and has resulted in a
72% increase in the seizure of contraband since its implementation.
At the GS-14/15 level: As Director of Development with General Dynacon, I was responsible for
directing the creation of all marketing materials for federal defense industry marketing. I created
complex technical proposals, often comprised of many volumes and thousands of pages of highly
technical data. I prepared the introduction and abstract portions of these proposals, synthesizing
the information to create an informative overview of the contents in order to convey the information to non-technical management officials. These proposals were instrumental in securing new
corporate business, and I consistently received bonuses based on my performance.
Examples of KSA Responses
Page five begins our specific KSA samples. To set the stage for each, we first present a brief job
description and then move on to some of the KSAs needed for the job. Note that the sample responses
use different approaches but always satisfy the need to be specific and give examples. Read through
the responses regardless of the occupation of the job or subject matter of the KSA. Let the examples
get your creative juices going and jot down ideas that you can use in your KSA responses.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Page 4
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
Position Title
Series/Grade
Transportation Security Screener (Lead) SV-0019-F
Transportation Security Screener (Supvy) SV-0019-G
Brief Job Description: Implements security-screening procedures that are central to Transportation
Security Administration (TSA) objectives that will serve to protect the traveling public by preventing deadly
or dangerous objects from being transported onto an aircraft.
KSA REQUIRED:
Knowledge of the theories, dynamics, and factors underlying the aviation screening process to
enable authoritative and independent handling of screening functions.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As an employee with the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) at the Trenton-Mercer Airport since
December 2002, I have received dual-certification in TSA Passenger and Baggage Screening policies,
procedures and equipment. This certification was received by completing 120-hours of classroom training
and 132-hours of on-the-job training (OJT) through the TSA.
On a daily basis, I utilize my knowledge of the screening methods as outlined in the TSA Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) manual to ensure airline passengers are properly screened. I currently lead other
TSA screeners, at both the individual and team levels, ensuring screening processes are properly followed,
such as screening equipment maintenance and TSA protocol. My extensive training and continual communications between supervisors and co-workers has enabled me to perform my job independently and with a
high level of confidence.
In addition to my day-to-day duties, I accepted a position on the Risk Mitigation Team. Working independently, I monitor security protocols at the airport and report my findings directly to the upper management
staff of the FAA and TSA. My work on this team has further enhanced my knowledge of airport security
enabling me to better serve the airport and it's passengers.
KSA REQUIRED:
Skill in working with the public to include resolving conflicts, communicating process and
procedures and enhancing understanding to the TSA mission, vision and values.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
Throughout my career in law enforcement and as a TSA screener, skill in working with the public has been
vital to my success. As a result of extensive training and knowledge of standard operating procedures
(SOP), I've been able to demonstrate my communication skills in an effective, efficient and concise manner,
without allowing situations to escalate or become confrontational.
As a TSA screener, I am required to convey both technical and non-technical information to airline passengers with diverse backgrounds. On a daily basis, I explain to passengers the screening process and answer
questions regarding TSA policies and mission. I communicate with passengers to relay information from
TSA management and airport officials during screening interruptions, in a swift and detailed manner.
A common occurrence in the screening process is when a passenger's carry-on baggage contains an item
that is not allowed on the aircraft When found, I'm required to confiscate the item, then communicate to the
passenger why the item has been confiscated, and what options are available to have the item returned. I
perform this task in a professional and expeditious manner, while maintaining control of the situation and
ensuring the uninterrupted flow of the screening process.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
Page 5
Position Title
Series/Grade
Environmental Protection Specialist
GS-0028-12/14
Brief Job Description: Serves as NEPA/environmental scientist for a defined set of projects, primarily in
the area of environmental restoration and waste management and is responsible for (1) the analysis and
definition of program and project NEPA/environmental review requirements; (2) timely quality control of
environmental impact statements, environmental assessments and other environmental documentation that
supports the NEPA review; and (3) identification and interpretation of other applicable environmental requirements that, in connection with NEPA, must be met before project implementation.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to evaluate and perform analyses on complex environmental issues.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
While working as Environmental Officer with the City of Fort Myers Beach, Florida, I was responsible for the
review of all development proposals to determine possible environmental impacts. I reviewed federal studies
regarding wetlands, water tables and beach erosion and designed and conducted local studies to obtain data
required for environmentally-sound city planning.
In one such project, I reviewed proposed development of a beachfront resort that would include several multilevel structures (including an underground parking facility), grading and landscaping, roads and surface parking,
a drainage field for septic systems and a concrete fishing pier. I reviewed and evaluated existing structures and
facilities to identify actual impacts, gathered soil samples (core samples) to determine drainage requirements and
projected the impact of beach development upon the shoreline. My study revealed a widespread deficiency in
soil content for the proposed use, indicating the potential for serious contamination of the water table. It was my
recommendation that the development not be approved, and the permit request was subsequently denied.
KSA REQUIRED:
Knowledge and technical understanding of nuclear and/or hazardous waste management activities and regulatory requirements.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a project manager with Waste Recovery and Disposal, Inc., I have had extensive experience in the management of hazardous substances such as toxic by-products of various industries, as well as medical waste products.
This has included the proper handling and disposition of by-products of nuclear medicine. I have developed an
in-depth knowledge of both the statutory requirements for hazardous waste management and their technical
and practical applications.
During my final three years in this position, I specialized in work in the environmental rehabilitation and recovery field, working under contract with the EPA and for companies found non-compliant with federal environmental protection regulations. I have worked closely with environmental engineers and environmental protection
specialists to facilitate the efficient and thorough rehabilitation of major environmental disasters due to improper
waste management.
In one such project, I was called in to evaluate and respond to a newly discovered unauthorized dumping site.
The site had been used illegally by a refuse company under contract to the City of New York, and exhaustive
testing determined the presence of numerous toxic substances, as well as medical wastes. These were diverse
hazards which required careful and precise planning in order to ensure a safe and effective cleanup effort. The
site was rehabilitated in accordance with EPA standards, and I received a letter of appreciation from the Regional
Director of EPA as a result of my efforts.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Page 6
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
Position Title
Series/Grade
Security Specialist
GS-080-12
Brief Job Description: Responsible for review and analysis of new or revised arms control treaty
requirements. Interprets, develops and revises operating procedures and recommends new procedures to
improve adequacy and efficiency of technical equipment inspections.
KSA REQUIRED:
Knowledge of technical and physical security directives.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a senior security officer with the US Air Force assigned to the Middle East, I was responsible for the design,
development, implementation, and administration of all security functions for an overseas military base in a
potentially hostile environment. I was responsible for interpretation and implementation of changing security
policies and procedures for physical security, electronic security, computer security and anti-terrorist programs.
During "Operation Enduring Freedom" in the Afghanistan conflict, I served as a technical expert facilitating the
rapid deployment of USAF assets. I interacted with NATO officials to identify potential base locations. Upon
site selection, I directed field security audits, identifying and assessing vulnerability to ensure the design of safe
and secure military installations. To facilitate compliance, I reviewed various security guidelines and directives
addressing the growing threat of terrorist and/or military attack, incorporating these systems and procedures
into overall security program designs. I was then tasked with briefing senior officers and officials regarding
security issues and concerns.
As conditions in the Middle East escalated into "Operation Iraqi Freedom", I served as a senior advisor,
working with security officers at the base level to ensure proper and effective interpretation and implementation of various policies and procedures. I advised regarding perimeter security, access control, electronic
security systems, computer security, staff security clearances and terrorist threats. Under my guidance, all
assigned bases were maintained in a safe and secure manner; no incidents of loss of property, data or personnel were attributable to inadequate security.
Position Title
Series/Grade
Intelligence Analyst
GS-132-12
Brief Job Description: Incumbent reviews all-source information on terrorist support, conducts research
and analysis on terrorist networks, responds to requests for information from Treasury Department leaders
and from other agencies, drafts and presents intelligence assessments and administrative records to support
implementation of economic sanctions and other Treasury Department authorities.
KSA REQUIRED:
Skill in researching, analyzing and developing assessments from multiple sources on international affairs, terrorism or financial topics.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
Throughout my career as an Intelligence Office/Analyst and Middle East Foreign Affairs Officer, I have
demonstrated proficient skills in analyzing and evaluating all-source political, economic, and military intelligence
information. Through my analysis, I've developed assessments of regional political, military and economic
trends for executive, legislative, and DoD agencies.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
Page 7
While serving as All-Source Intelligence Officer with the Department of Army, I translated intercepted foreign
language signals, scanning these translations for intelligence value and issuing reports to the upper echelons of
the intelligence community, making tactical recommendations based on my findings. I identified intelligence
gaps, specified collection requirements to fill these gaps, evaluated collected intelligence, and analyzed data
from multiple sources to assess the relevance and significance of military, political and economic intelligence
essential for briefings to senior leaders.
As an Intelligence Analyst for the Joint Analysis Center (JAC), I prepared intelligence articles, assessments,
threat analysis, special studies and briefings on 35 countries that were tailored to the needs of the European
theater. In addition, I published, updated and maintained Military Capabilities Studies (MCS) on 16 West
African countries, ensuring collection remained focused on key African problem sets.
Position Title
Series/Grade
Social Worker
GS-185-9/12
Brief Job Description: Plans, develops, implements, coordinates and evaluates the clinical social work
services for assigned service areas; provides medical, social and psychosocial diagnostic and treatment
services to individuals, couples, families and groups; provides leadership in developing policies and procedures related to clinical social work services.
KSA REQUIRED:
Knowledge of casework, group work theory, technique and application.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a psychiatric social worker employed by the county, I am assigned a caseload that reaches as high as 200
active cases at any given time. These are clients of all ages and all socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. I
direct intake and initial diagnosis and determine appropriate treatment plans. Treatment often includes group or
individual counseling, utilizing a variety of therapeutic techniques. These include family modeling, regression,
and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing to treat diverse diagnoses from substance abuse to severe
adjustment disorders.
As an employee of local government, I must maintain unusually stringent documentation of all operations, far
more comprehensive than industry standards. I prepare daily annotations to each case file and overall time
records for planning purposes.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to identify and obtain resources and/or services needed to assist others.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a social worker serving clients within the framework of a governmental organization, I have been required
to develop and utilize a network of service organizations within the community. I have developed good working
relationships with representatives of various social, medical, educational, legal and religious organizations to
provide necessary support and services. I have worked with nonprofit service organizations, grassroots
political and social action groups and various church sponsored associations, as well as federal, state and local
government programs and organizations.
I was responsible for compiling a comprehensive listing of programs serving substance abuse patients, interacting with representatives of more than 75 organizations that included for-profit rehabilitation centers, hospitals,
self-help groups, religious organizations and nonprofit medical and psychiatric facilities. This listing has been
updated on a quarterly basis and is still in use today.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Page 8
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
Position Title
Series/Grade
Human Resources Specialist
GS-201-12
Brief Job Description: Incumbent provides advice and guidance for a range of personnel functions
involving administrative, professional, engineering, scientific and clerical positions at all grade levels. Also
serves as the resident expert for position classification and administration of the pay and hours of duty
programs. Position classification duties will require approximately 40 percent of time.
KSA REQUIRED:
Knowledge of federal position classification sufficient to classify a variety of positions.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a human resource director with Southwest Airlines, I developed a comprehensive merit personnel management system based upon the system used by the federal government. I created detailed position descriptions
and a framework for the classification of new positions, utilizing the classification standards developed by
the Office of Personnel Management (OPM). In order to successfully complete this project, I studied this
massive document thoroughly and interacted with OPM’s Office of Standards Development to ensure a
precise understanding of the systems and procedures used by federal classification specialists. The system
was implemented in 2002 by the airline and remains in effect. Since its implementation, there have been no
successful challenges to its validity or integrity.
KSA REQUIRED:
Skill in written and oral communication to effectively provide direction to a variety of individuals and organizations regarding sensitive and controversial issues.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a consultant specializing in federal employment practices and procedures, I have developed communication
skills that enable me to convey highly complex information regarding trends and practices in federal employment to first-time federal job seekers. I have written detailed instructional manuals, prepared informational
materials and drafted correspondence to advise individual clients and organizations in matters regarding federal
personnel statutes, policies, regulations and procedures.
In addition to preparing and providing written products for my clients, I provide counseling and conduct seminars to explain the intricacies and mysteries of the federal application, evaluation and hiring processes.
I develop presentations to address the needs of the target audience and deliver up to eight-hour seminars to
large groups. I anticipate questions and provide necessary information and guidance.
I am often called upon to provide assistance in matters involving disciplinary actions, grievances, EEO complaints and illegal separation. I must provide advice and support for the individuals involved, explaining the
intent and the terms of the regulations in question in order to assist them in devising effective job search
strategies. I must utilize tact and diplomacy to provide practical advisory services in potentially volatile situations.
I currently serve as a consultant to several trade organizations and write a regular column for the foremost
trade publication in my field.
The KSA examples included here are intended as examples only. Use them
to pattern your own responses to KSAs in your field. You don't have to be
in the same occupational series to find the approach applicable. You should
never copy any example as though it were your own response.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
Page 9
Position Title
Series/Grade
Congressional Liaison Specialist
GS-301-12/13
Brief Job Description: Incumbent assists the Director of Congressional Affairs in conducting briefings
for Congressional leaders, committees and their staffs concerning departmental programs and initiatives.
Promotes favorable opinions of the department's legislative needs by providing statistical and narrative
information. Reviews, prepares reports and makes recommendations on draft legislation.
KSA REQUIRED:
Knowledge of legislative initiatives to include Congressional hearing agenda, legislation and
Congressional activities.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a lobbyist with the US Container Transport Association (USCTA), I developed a comprehensive understanding of the Congressional legislative process in order to support the interests of my organization. I monitored the
Congressional Record and other publications, tracking pending legislation and legislative processes to identify
issues of interest to the USCTA. I attended Congressional hearings and prepared detailed abstracts of all proposed legislative actions that might impact the industry.
In one instance, the House Committee on Interstate Transportation proposed legislation to restrict the size and
weight of container cars. I reviewed all related documents, spoke with staffers of key Committee Members and
prepared a report detailing the findings and recommending action. My proposed grassroots letter-writing campaign resulted in a vote in favor of our membership.
Position Title
Series/Grade
Legislative/Congressional Affairs Dir. GS-301-14/15
Brief Job Description: Assists in the development, coordination and implementation of National Park
Service legislative affairs programs, including Congressional relations and controlled correspondence. Assists
in managing a staff of technical experts involved in legislation and drafts legislation as required.
KSA REQUIRED:
Expertise in the field of legislation and legislative processes sufficient to manage a legislative
program.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a special assistant to Congressman Huey Long, I directed the design and management of complex legislative
programs for the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. I directed a team of legislative assistants
in research to obtain sufficient background regarding the potential impact of proposed legislation and modifications that might support the issues of import to the Congressman’s constituency. We collected technical and
statistical information and conducted polls of our constituents, compiling necessary data to make informed
decisions. I directed a team of technical writers in drafting proposed legislation for consideration by the Committee and provided necessary documentation to support and justify our recommendations.
During my tenure, we successfully proposed legislation to bring additional jobs and revenue to our constituency,
while opposing those proposals that might adversely impact our constituents. We have improved the standard of
living and reduced the number of households existing at or below the poverty level by 400%.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Page 10
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
Position Title
Series/Grade
Response Planning Officer
GS-301-13
Brief Job Description: Incumbent reviews and approves environmental response plans of onshore
pipeline operators as required by the Oil Pollution Act; supports development of compliance policy; facilitates risk priority planning program and develops national pipeline mapping system. Tasks include risk
assessment, data collection and analysis, and program information management; technical assistance to the
pipeline industry and development of operating guidelines; program coordination with other federal agencies; and design of simulation exercises to test response plans.
KSA REQUIRED:
Demonstrated ability to conduct and present program analysis and develop solutions.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a program manager with Louisiana Oil, I was responsible for ensuring compliance with all federal, state
and local statutes, codes and guidelines regarding exploration, exploitation and transportation of petroleum
products. I developed and implemented diverse programs and procedures to meet changing environmental
protection guidelines and policies, quite often in response to potentially critical situations.
In one such instance, I directed the development of corporate pipeline systems to meet the needs of a new
importation source. I worked with the engineering staff to determine flow requirements and safety systems to
meet the needs of the diverse types of tankers that would be off-loading in the Gulf of Mexico. I reviewed
and evaluated the systems currently in use by our competitors and developed designs that would be responsive
to our unique requirements.
The resulting system was designed and implemented in a timely and cost-effective manner. It has required no
major modifications and has been in place for more than six years now, transporting in excess of 15 million
barrels per day, with no measurable loss of product and no adverse impact upon the environment.
KSA REQUIRED:
Knowledge of federal/state emergency response programs and capabilities.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
In my position as a special assistant to the Governor of Oregon, I acted as the emergency preparedness
officer and provided liaison with all emergency response organizations and agencies. I developed policies and
procedures to meet all types of emergency situations, creating scenarios to facilitate training exercises for my
staff. In all natural and man-made disaster situations, I ensured the concerted deployment of all available
resources, accessing federal, state and local government staff and equipment, as well as any private sector
assistance required. It was my job to ensure the safety of the population and, where practical, the protection
of personal property; I was ultimately responsible to the Governor and to the citizens of Oregon in all matters
regarding the public safety.
During the massive flooding in 1998, I worked with the Governor to access local government service, the
National Guard, the utility crews and volunteer firefighters and law enforcement officers. When devastating
rains continued, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and local military bases were contacted. Finally, after interacting with FEMA and the White House, the state was declared a federal disaster
area, which provided access to special loan programs and other emergency aid.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
Page 11
Position Title
Series/Grade
Program Assistant
GS-303-5/6
Brief Job Description: Presents classroom instruction in limited number of simple subjects using
established lesson plans. Course subjects include office automation for support staff, time-keeping and
correspondence. Assembles required materials, issues notices, schedules attendance and conducts
presentations. Also facilitates course presentations by in-house or contractor staff.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to formulate in-house training courses.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a training Non-Commissioned Officer with the US Army, I was responsible for the development and delivery
of technical training courses to enlisted personnel. I reviewed training requirements, standard curricula and
existing course materials. I evaluated test results and other indicators of course efficacy and identified deficiencies. I then participated in the development of improved lesson plans and accompanying materials.
During the late -1990s, I participated in the review and modification of anti-terrorist training programs for
perimeter guard staff. I reviewed existing programs in light of increasing terrorist threat and changing technology, and developed new training materials to improve readiness and competence. New lesson plans were
written and implemented, training exercises were created, examining tools were formulated, and I participated in
the testing and validation of the final program. This new program, with only minor modifications, is still in use
today.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to use an automated system to enroll employees in internal and external training.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a training Non-Commissioned Officer with the Army, I utilized a custom, in-house VAX-based system to
schedule training for a staff of 275 enlisted personnel. The system tracked course calendars, instructor availability, classroom availability, class size restrictions, and time and space requirements. External training course
databases integrated data regarding travel and accommodation requirements and availability. The system also
prioritized enrollment based on the rank and occupation/classification of the student.
The system was also utilized to track training statistics and produce technical reports to support planning. I
compiled and entered data regarding courses completed, grades received, additional training requirements and
technical career options, ensuring timely and effective implementation of training programs. The system
provided data regarding potential staffing shortages due to training activities and was useful in developing
scheduling alternatives to improve efficiency.
The KSA examples included here are intended as examples only. Use them to
pattern your own responses to KSAs in your field. You don't have to be in the same
occupational series to find the approach applicable. You should never copy any
example as though it were your own response.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Page 12
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
Position Title
Series/Grade
Secretary
GS-318-9/10
Brief Job Description: Plans, organizes and directs activities in the executive director's office; manages
office budget; maintains director's calendar, schedules appointments and manages travel requirements;
completes special projects that involve contact with administrative and management staff at all levels within
the agency.
KSA REQUIRED:
The ability to understand the interrelationships of agency and federal programs.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As the personal secretary to the president of a successful lobbying firm in Washington, DC, I was in a position
to observe interactions among a large number of diverse agencies and to learn a great deal about their respective
missions and functions. One part of my duties was to accompany my boss to meetings with agency officials to
discuss pending legislation. During those meetings, I took notes that were later used as the basis for action
bulletins to advise the firm's clients of ongoing developments. Examples of these sorts of meetings included
discussions with the Department of Commerce and the Marine Mammal Commission on proposed regulations to
limit the size of high-seas driftnets in the Bering Sea.
On other occasions I helped organize working luncheons for the environmental press and Congressional staff
members to explain the position of the firm's clients on such issues as offshore dumping and at-sea incineration
of wastes. I also drafted informal reports of these events for later use in correspondence.
Through such activities I have developed a good working knowledge of federal agencies and their respective
programs, and federal programs that impact on the individual agencies. I was also required to track federal
legislative activities, which provided a clear understanding of the interrelationships between the Executive and
the Legislative Branches of our government. I am aware of the various regulatory agencies such as the
General Accountability Office, the Office of Management and Budget and the Office of Personnel Management.
As secretary to a lobbyist, I was in constant contact with representatives of various agencies, regulatory
bodies and House and Senate offices and am well versed in the proper protocol and chain of command for
these organizations. In one recent incident, I was required to track policy and legislation that might adversely
impact the export of agricultural commodities to a client in South America. I interacted with representatives of
the Department of Agriculture, the International Trade Commission and the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, as well as with members of a task force composed of representatives of several federal agencies and
industry organizations. I reviewed existing and pending legislation, identifying one piece of proposed legislation
that would severely restrict such export activities. My resulting list of contacts was used to develop a network
to successfully represent our client’s interests.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to plan, organize and direct office activities to maintain efficient workflow.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As secretary to the president, I represented all administrative issues in senior level planning activities. I was
responsible for the design and implementation of organizational and administrative systems and structures to
ensure efficient and cost-effective administrative support systems.
I created a comprehensive filing system for use in all offices and coordinated with the automation department to
create automated systems to support administrative activities. This included a production tracking system that
allowed total control of all correspondence, reports and memoranda produced by my staff. I developed standards for timeliness and accuracy and incorporated this criteria into a database that would ensure production of a
quality product in a reasonable span of time.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
Page 13
Position Title
Series/Grade
Program Manager
GS-340-SES
Brief Job Description: Incumbent is responsible for providing leadership and guidance to federal agencies on government equal employment opportunity programs. Develops policies and implements approved
affirmative action policies and programs designed to ensure hiring, placement and advancement of minorities,
women and individuals with disabilities in the federal, state, county and municipal governments. This
position is responsible for the development of policy in a number of equal employment areas.
KSA REQUIRED:
Demonstrated experience in conducting and/or directing comprehensive and extensive investigations of employment discrimination.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As Assistant Inspector General for Civil Rights Enforcement with the State of Utah, I direct a staff of 12
attorneys and 35 investigators. My staff and I review all cases involving the possible violation of civil rights,
including allegations of discrimination based upon sex, race, religion, age or national origin. I have also directed
the conduct of cases involving sexual harassment issues in the work place.
As a divisional director, I am responsible for all planning actions. I direct my staff in the design of complex
investigations involving potentially volatile issues. I determine the scope of the investigation and provide guidance regarding sources and methodology. I personally directed the investigation of alleged employment discrimination within the Salt Lake City School System based upon religion. During my time in this office, no case has
been compromised due to deficiencies or errors in the investigatory process.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to coordinate program efforts with other internal and external offices, represent the
Commission to key individuals and groups outside the immediate work unit, as well as serve as
spokesperson for the organization.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As Assistant Inspector General with the State of Utah, I am at the Division Director level in a regulatory agency.
As such, I am responsible for representing the mission of my office to numerous senior executives throughout
the state government. I am also called upon to provide guidance regarding documentation to support the
investigation of civil rights litigation. I often advise managers regarding preparation of documentation to support
their cases, as well as provide claimants with guidance on related statutes and policies.
As a representative of the Office of the Inspector General, I am frequently called upon to address diverse
audiences, conveying the mission of my office to a wide variety of groups and individuals. I have given testimony in court as well as before the State Legislature, acting as a technical expert in matters regarding civil rights
investigations. I have held press conferences and addressed the media, appearing on news programs and talk
shows to present the position of my office. During recent high-profile investigations regarding discrimination
based upon religion, I was contacted by the networks and gave interviews for broadcast on nationwide news
programs.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Page 14
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
Position Title
Series/Grade
Program Analyst
GS-343-13
Job Description: As a Program Analyst, you will serve as technical program expert and advisor relative
to recruiting new participants for the Energy Star Programs. More specifically, you will be responsible for
developing marketing strategies, designing and executing outreach efforts, meeting and establishing a
relationship with potential partners, and explaining the environmental and cost benefits of energy efficient
technologies.
KSA REQUIRED:
Skill in managing marketing activities, including maintaining a client base from large and small
corporate decision-makers.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As Regional Marketing Manager for Rhom/IBM, I was responsible for directing all marketing efforts within
the Mid-Atlantic Region. I directed a team of marketing representatives in the sale of microcomputer hardware, software and services to private sector clients in diverse industries within assigned territories.
When I was assigned to this position, the Mid-Atlantic Region was dominated by Dell Computers, and initiating
contact with prospective customers was a difficult proposition. I directed market studies, evaluated the
marketing programs of our competitors, reviewed and analyzed competitive products and developed a winning
program combining service incentives with technological advancements. I then researched prospective
customers and devised strategies for successfully initiating contact. Within the first year we had increased
sales by 100% and increased our client base by 23 companies, most of which were listed in the Fortune 500.
KSA REQUIRED:
Skill in developing marketing plans and initiatives for major programs.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
In the course of my duties as Regional Sales Manager, I participated in senior sales planning conferences,
including annual week-long sessions at corporate headquarters in which goals were established and corporatewide programs and policies were developed. We reviewed statistical data from market studies and industry
research, and created overall programs which included marketing strategies, incentive programs
and performance standards for implementation throughout the US and Canada.
As Regional Manager, I directed the development of marketing strategies and programs at the local level.
I devised methods and procedures for implementation of corporate programs and policies within my assigned
region and provided guidance to my sales staff for implementation within their specific territories. It was
necessary to incorporate demographic and market data, as well as cultural considerations in order to develop
responsive and effective programs. I developed systems and procedures for prospecting, proposal development and pricing and contract negotiations. I also established quotas and reporting standards to support
statistical tracking and to support the marketing incentive programs originating at the corporate level.
In my first year as Regional Sales Manager, 82% of my staff exceeded their sales quotas and received trips
and bonuses as a result of corporate incentive programs. I personally exceeded my quota by 52% and was
named Sales Manager of the Quarter (2002) and consistently named to the President’s Club throughout my
tenure with Rhom/IBM.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
Page 15
Position Title
Series/Grade
Supv. Logistics Management Officer GS-346-15
Brief Job Description: The incumbent is directly responsible for assuring that the activities within the
Office of Ship Operations and the various regional ship operations and reserve fleet programs conform to
meet program objectives in the most efficient and cost-effective manner possible. These functional areas
report to the incumbent on those events and situations impacting on program accomplishment.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to manage financial and personnel resources in such a manner to ensure fulfillment of
established goals and objectives.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a senior noncommissioned officer (Sergeant Major) in the US Army, responsible for logistics management
for the entire Pacific Theater of Operation, I led a staff of 25 logistics specialists in the design and execution of
plans to support and effect the mobilization of all US Army assets west of the Mississippi River. I was responsible for all program planning including the identification of goals, priorities and standards to support logistics
efforts. I created comprehensive plans for all conceivable situations, determining required supplies and detailing all costs and methodologies. I determined the most cost-effective mode of transportation (land, sea or air)
and evaluated alternative sources including transportation assets of the other branches of the military, as well
as commercial carriers.
At the outbreak of hostilities in the Middle East, I directed the transportation of more than 1,000,000 tons of
goods, supplies and equipment, not to mention the troops themselves. I coordinated the mobilization and
transportation of high-tech infantry units, ensuring proper support and supply. I utilized established contracts
with commercial carriers, as well as commercial airlines to ensure timely and safe transport of troops and
supplies. I received a commendation for my service in this conflict and was recommended for a special
service medal for my actions to ensure the combat-readiness of my charges.
KSA REQUIRED:
Expert knowledge of concepts, principles and practices in the various elements of integrated
logistics management as exercised within the federal government in order to design, implement
and monitor a logistics support system.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a senior NCO with the US Army, I directed a large staff in the execution of an integrated logistics management program to support all US Army operations within the Pacific Theater. I administered the assemblage,
storage and transport of all materiel and equipment required to ensure the readiness and efficiency of US Army
assets, both capital and human.
In support of Operation Just Cause, I directed the deployment of six light infantry and two special forces
battalions in a humanitarian relief project that had definite combat overtones. I oversaw the transport of all
troops with required support materiel including provisions and preparation/distribution systems; modular housing
systems; mobile medical, laundry and sanitation facilities; automated systems to control administrative functions
as well as more advanced computers to control weapons systems. I managed the transport and deployment of
weapons systems, small arms and ammunition, as well as all tactical equipment required by troops in the field.
I ensured proper configuration of all components to allow for efficient access to all services. I reviewed
documentation to ensure current and accurate support documents for all equipment and materiel. I acted as
point of contact and expedited shipment of all emergency supplies to support US military operations.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Page 16
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
Position Title
Series/Grade
Supv. Equal Opportunity Specialist
GS-360-15
Brief Job Description: The incumbent provides program leadership, sets priorities, coordinates action,
approves major program changes and evaluates accomplishments in a wide variety of civil rights regulatory
functions; develops or tests new policy and develops compliance procedures for application nationwide;
takes leadership in advising and informing the regional director on civil rights policy development; and is
accountable for expenditures of all Office of Civil Rights regional funds.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to administer and develop a comprehensive civil rights compliance program for a human
resources institution/agency receiving federal funds.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As Human Resources Director for the University of Iowa during the 1960s and 1970s, I was responsible for
the interpretation and implementation of new and changing civil rights legislation and affirmative action policies. When the Civil Rights Act was passed, there were no existing structures and very few experts in the
field. I was selected by the administration to go to Washington, DC, and participate in federally sponsored
training programs, becoming the “resident expert” in equal employment statutes and regulations.
I was called upon to design training and compliance programs for the university, as well as for local businesses
and governmental offices. I developed equal employment opportunity (EEO) and affirmative action programs
for the university, local school districts, local fire and police departments and city governments. I managed
these programs during their development and modified and upgraded them to meet changing demographics and
regulatory requirements. I served as a technical expert, providing input at the state government level in the
interpretation and implementation of these laws.
After serving for 11 years as a resource person specializing in equal employment, I began acting as an independent consultant, providing private sector organizations with guidance in legal requirements and ramifications
of the law. I developed innovative EEO programs for such clients as Monsanto, Zenith and General Dynamics, creating programs that ensured compliance in all aspects of corporate operations.
During my career, both as a human resource director within a major university and as an independent consultant, I have developed and maintained a comprehensive and complete knowledge and understanding of applicable legislation at the local, state and federal levels. I have reviewed these statutes and devised programs for
private-sector corporations of all sizes and within most industries, as well as for nonprofit and governmental
entities.
KSA REQUIRED:
Skill in selling and/or promoting acceptance of regulations to top level officials of federal, state
and local governments.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a technical expert in the realm of EEO policies and regulations, I was often required to present modifications to standard operating procedures in a manner that would encourage their acceptance and implementation.
While I never had to present these policy changes to federal officials, I was responsible for state and local
governmental programs within my region. I became quite adept in the drafting and presentation of major
modifications in a manner that would be positive and non-threatening.
In one instance, I was working with the Iowa City Fire Department, which was at that time entirely male. It
was necessary that I explain the provisions regarding discrimination based upon gender to senior managers
(continued on the next page)
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
Page 17
who were quite hostile to the concept of women within their department. After providing a detailed explanation
of applicable laws and regulations, I designed and conducted workshops for all management employees. I
successfully facilitated the hiring of the first fire cadet class that included women and provided support for both
the employees and management throughout the transition period.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to work with management officials to develop policy and guidelines on affirmative actions.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As the Human Resource Director for the Santa Fe School District (1972 - 1984), I was responsible for the
design and development of complex and comprehensive programs to meet the changing public policies and
guidelines supporting the implementation of the civil rights legislation of the 1960s, including the Equal Employment Act.
I worked with executives within the School administration, as well as managers within city government, serving
as a technical expert in the field of equal employment opportunity and affirmative action programs. I explained
the intent and the requirements of the law, as well as the various proposed programs. I prepared and delivered
presentations to senior government officials and aided in the development and implementation of programs to
meet EEO requirements..
One such program involved the retraining of cafeteria and janitorial staff within the schools, providing
educational opportunities in communication skills and administrative techniques and procedures. I participated
in needs assessments and curriculum development. Courses in business english, writing, typing and other
clerical skills were provided after school hours utilizing school resources. Placement assistance was provided,
transferring these individuals into office positions throughout local government and schools. More than 80%
of the participants in the first class received higher paying jobs within a year of their graduation.
Position Title
Series/Grade
Telecommunications Specialist
GS-391-12
Brief Job Description: Incumbent is responsible for providing technical advice, assistance, and direction
to senior management staff at both the Central Office and Field locations on electronic and communication
systems to ensure adequate and uniform service throughout all agency operations.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to perform technical and analytical work in the planning, development, integration,
utilization or modification of communications systems
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a program manager with the General Services Administration, I was responsible for working with other
federal agencies to develop voice and data communication systems to support national and international operations. I coordinated with federal managers to facilitate their planning, directing studies, needs assessments
and operational audits to identify deficiencies and opportunities for improvement. I have used the Northern
Telecom SL-1-XT and FTS2001 to perform technical and analytical work to reflect overall agency communication activity.
In one such study supporting a $5.2-million, 3-year contract with the Department of Agriculture, I utilized the
FTS2001 to obtain accurate voice and data communications traffic to support design for the total conversion
and upgrade of their communication systems We compiled data regarding current traffic, reviewed planned
expansion and technological advances and created models to project future traffic. The resulting communication system plan is currently in the final year of installation and will be operational in Fiscal Year 2006.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
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Position Title
Series/Grade
Supervisory Biologist
GS-401-14/15
Brief Job Description: Incumbent serves as Chief of the Wildlife and Vegetation Division, responsible
for planning, coordination, policy formulation and implementation of wildlife and vegetation programs of
service-wide importance. Includes development of indices, data collection and analyses. Oversees development of vegetation, wildlife and related policies, standards and guidelines to assess the status of park
resources; identifies key service-wide natural resource issues and priorities. Oversees management and
policy direction for research coordination and resource management activities; responsible for insuring equal
opportunity for all employees supervised, in the selection of employees for training, promotion, awards and
recognition and other career development opportunities.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to establish and maintain relationships with field and headquarters managers, scientists,
resource managers and members of private institutions for the purpose of consulting on matters
in the field of wildlife and vegetation.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As Director of the Department of Physical Sciences, Bayou University, I was responsible for program management functions for numerous research projects in the biological sciences. I directed staffing operations, assembling teams to meet program requirements and chairing weekly team meetings. Project teams were often called
upon to serve as consulting bodies, advising legislators to support the development of new laws and industry
executives to facilitate environmentally responsible corporate planning.
In one such project, I was tasked with the design and execution of leading-edge research into land-use and
environmental impacts to support the expansion of plant operations. I assembled the project team, secured
personnel (graduate students, post-doctoral fellows and faculty) and negotiated consulting contracts with a local
environmental engineering firm. Weekly project meetings were used to maintain clear communication and focus
on the mission. I served as primary point of contact, providing advice and guidance to team members and
apprising client representatives of project status.
I coordinated with senior executives and staff scientists from the client corporation to develop a clear and concise
statement of work. Upon completion of the research project, a 750-page report was prepared. This was used to
support planning and document potential environmental impacts as required by state regulations.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to supervise, plan and direct the work of a subordinate staff.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As Environmental Controls Manager for a large chemical manufacturer, I was responsible for directing a scientific staff of 12 and an administrative support staff of 24. I managed planning efforts, devising organizational
structures to support quality control, task management, technical operations and administrative functions. I
established work schedules, assigned tasks, advised subordinates on proper techniques and procedures and
prepared annual performance reviews.
I directed teams throughout the project life cycles, establishing agendas, objectives, standards, systems and
procedures, calendars, milestones and deliverables. I devised internal controls and quality assurance systems and
directed my staff in troubleshooting and evaluation and assessment functions. I created detailed project plans at
the outset and directed the production of status reports on a regular basis.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
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Sample Vacancy Announcement — Examples of KSAs Follow
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
United States Forest Service
San Bernardino National Forest
ATTN: Personnel Management
1824 S. Commercenter Circle
San Bernardino, CA 92408
Announcement #: 05-R5BDFSO-0124DP
Title: INTERDISCIPLINARY: Environmental Specialist, GS-401-12/13; or Environmental
Scientist, GS-1301-12/13; or Environmental Engineer, GS-819-12/13
Grade: GS-401/1301/0819-12/13
Location: San Bernardino National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, San Bernardino, CA
Number of Positions: One (1); subject to change
Salary: The position receives the special salary rate for San Bernardino County.
Appointment Information: This is a permanent, full time, career-conditional appointment. Selectee will be eligible for health and life insurance, annual and
sick leave and will be covered under the Federal Employees Retirement System.
Who Can Apply: Any U.S. Citizen 18 years or older. All male applicants born after
December 31, 1959, must have registered for the selective service. If selected for
this position, the applicant must sign a statement certifying this registration.
Current or former Federal employees certified as surplus or displaced in the
commuting area of the vacancy and covered under the Forest Service’s Career Transition Assistance program (CTAP) or the Interagency Career Transition Assistance
Program (ICTAP) may be entitled to receive special priority selection.
Description of Duties: The incumbent is responsible to promote and evaluate technical environmental data concerning particularly air quality but also biota,
soils, sediments, archaeological, hydrogeological, water, waste and natural resource damage assessment to achieve integrated programs designed for preserving,
protecting, mitigating, enhancing, restoring, and conserving the environment.
Provides expert advice and assistance to management regarding air quality, water
point-source programs, and other environmental policy. Conducts appraisals,
inspections, and informal on-site visits to determine the adequacy and efficiency
of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve Project Management Office (SPRPMO) and the
contractor in complying with environmental protection requirements. Develops
basic strategies and schedules for the acquisition, modification, maintenance
activities. Represents the SPRPMO in public hearings, in technical negotiations
with Federal and State environmental regulatory agencies, and in meetings with
quasi-governmental and private interveners to gain acceptance of compliance plans.
Appraises the performance of the Management and Operating contractor, the SPRPMO
environmental services contractor(s), and/or other contractors engaged in environmental surveillance/monitoring activities.
Qualification Requirements: Applicants must meet qualification requirements specified in the Office of Personnel Management’s Qualification Standard Handbook.
Applicant must have at least 1 year of specialized experience equivalent to the
GS-11 grade level. Applicant must also have an Engineering; Physical Science or
Biological Science degree or related discipline appropriate to the position.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
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Sample Vacancy Announcement — Examples of KSAs Follow
Specialized experience is experience that equipped the applicant with the
particular Knowledges, skills and abilities (KSA’s) to perform successfully the
duties of the position that is related to the position being filled.
Ranking Factors: Applicants who meet the basic qualification requirements will
be further evaluated according to the degree to which they possess or have the
potential to acquire the knowledges, skills, and abilities described in the
factors listed below. Applicants must address each of the following factors in
an attachment to their application materials.
1.
Knowledge and skill in planning for, the collection of, and interpretation of scientific data as it relates to impacts of air and water effluent, terrestrial and aquatic organisms and their environs.
2.
Knowledge of, and skill in interpretation and application of environmental protection regulations, practices and techniques.
3.
Knowledge and skill in environmental program planning, overview, evaluations, and appraisals.
4.
Knowledge and skill in establishing and maintaining effective working
relationships.
5.
Experience and skill in written and oral communications.
Applicant will be evaluated based on the quality and extent to which their
experience and education show possession of the qualifications required. Credit
is given for the percentage of time that you have spent on those specialized
duties listed. Please provide those percentages if your position involves mixed
duties, i.e., where not all your work experience would be creditable for this
position. Evaluation will be based upon information submitted in the application forms received or postmarked on or before the closing date of this announcement.
How to Apply: The following information MUST be submitted to evaluate applicant
qualifications and to determine if applicants meet legal requirements for
Federal employment.
1. OF-612, Optional application for Federal Employment Form which shows the
vacancy announcement number in block #1 - Resume - Curriculum Vitae - or any
other written format you choose.
***When preparing your application, be sure to describe any experience you
might have which is directly related to the duties of this position.
***Provide percentages of time if your position is a mixed duties position
where not all your work experience would be creditable for the position. Credit
is given for the percentage of time that you have spent on those specialized
duties listed.
Incomplete, unsigned, ineligible, or inaccurate forms may result in you not
being considered for this position. Please fill out the application carefully
and be sure to sign and return the forms within the assigned timeframe.
To receive consideration for this position, applications must be postmarked to
the address below on or before the closing date. Applications postmarked after
the closing date will not be considered. Faxed must be received by 4:30 pm the
day the vacancy closes.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
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Position Title
Series/Grade
Environmental Specialist
Environmental Engineer
Environmental Scientist
GS-401-12/13
GS-819-12/13
GS-1301-12/13
Job Description: (See reproduction of vacancy announcement on preceding pages.)
NOTE: Occasionally, a position advertised in a vacancy announcement is classified as interdisciplinary.
That is, candidates from more than one occupational series are eligible to apply. This is often seen with jobs
involving engineering and the physical sciences, such as in this example, and with jobs in the social services
and health fields. The three KSAs addressed below illustrate responses from each of the three occupational
areas.
KSA REQUIRED:
Knowledge of, and skill in interpretation and application of environmental protection regulations, practices and techniques.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE (As a Specialist):
As Corporate Safety and Compliance Officer with Union Carbide, I was responsible for the development of
programs and procedures to ensure compliance with all applicable local, state and federal environmental
protection statutes and regulations. I was placed in this position in 2001, following implementation of the
Superfund program. My assignment was to ensure compliance with CERCLA and other related statutes and
regulations.
After completing a 90-day training course provided by the State Office of Environmental Protection (SOEP), I
reviewed and evaluated all plant operations to identify vulnerabilities and deficiencies. I then contacted representatives of the SOEP and the US EPA and obtained their input to ensure the accuracy of my interpretation of
involved laws and regulations. I then coordinated with the engineering staff to review technical requirements
and develop alternatives that would correct problems in the most cost-effective manner.
KSA REQUIRED:
Knowledge and skill in environmental program planning, overview, evaluations and appraisals.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE (As an Engineer):
As an engineer with Dow Chemical, I was responsible for the development of environmental protection
programs, reviewing all operations to identify potential deficiencies and ensure compliance with both the letter
and the intent of the law. In this position I participated in senior plant planning activities, representing environmental issues at all stages of the development of operational plans.
I served as a member of a planning and evaluation team that monitored changes in the manufacturing process
to identify vulnerability to accident, noncompliance with standards and statutes and inefficiency or quality
deficiencies. In the course of these duties, I was called upon to review the proposed storage and disposition of
toxic and hazardous materials to ensure safe and legal handling. I reviewed federal and state policies, procedures and statutes, as well as the operations of other Dow plants and the facilities of our competitors, to ensure
that all new systems were designed with maximum efficiency in light of regulatory requirements.
Program evaluation and appraisal was a major portion of my responsibility with Dow. I prepared weekly,
monthly, quarterly and year-end reports for use in senior planning. I utilized internal control systems inherent in
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
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all such programs to obtain statistical data regarding efficiency and safety. I reviewed accident and incident
reports and coordinated with special interest groups within the community to develop accurate and responsive
status reports. During my time in this position there were no major mishaps or environmental accidents.
KSA REQUIRED:
Knowledge and skill in planning for the collection of and interpretation of scientific data as it
relates to impacts of air and water effluent, terrestrial and aquatic organisms and their environs.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE (As a Scientist):
During my tenure as Parish Health Inspector for Bayou Parish, I was often called upon to investigate allegations
of violation of federal and local environmental protection laws and industrial safety standards. In this capacity, I
utilized my skill and experience as a graduate student and research assistant (MS, Biology, University of Florida,
1987) to gather samples of potentially contaminated water, soil and air. I ensured the implementation of recognized scientific techniques to safeguard the integrity of the samples and ensured proper transport and storage of
samples prior to analyses in the state laboratory.
I coordinated with the laboratory staff to obtain data in a timely manner and interpreted that data in light of
established standards regarding toxicology and acceptable levels of contaminants.
In addition to the collection and evaluation of samples of soil, water and air, I conducted studies of local plant
and animal life. I coordinated with local veterinarians and park service personnel to identify trends that might
indicate environmental problems.
While in this position, I identified and investigated only one major environmental mishap, which had been
brought to my attention by a local hunter. The problem involved the illegal dumping of a toxic substance in a
wilderness area. The substance, a by-product of a petroleum processing plant, seeped into the groundwater and
affected both plant and animal life in the district. This incident altered an entire ecosystem and required hundreds of thousands of dollars to correct. This case is currently in the court system, and the prosecution is basing
much of its case on evidence I collected during the initial investigation.
The KSA examples included here are intended as examples only. Use them to
pattern your own responses to KSAs in your field. You don't have to be in the same
occupational series to find the approach applicable. You should never copy any
example as though it were your own response.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
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Position Title
Series/Grade
Systems Accountant
GS-510-14
Brief Job Description: The incumbent develops and installs financial management accounting and
reporting systems; solves controversial problems in financial reporting; analyzes program operations for
impact upon the accounting or financial management systems; analyzes trends or anomalies in accounting
transactions and their significance to ongoing programs or commercial operations; advises managers on
satisfying regulatory requirements, saving money, reprogramming funds or improving operations.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to modify and adapt conventional accounting techniques to solve a variety of accounting
problems.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a senior accountant with the American Association of Retired Servicemen, I am responsible for the design,
modification and maintenance of all accounting systems, both automated and manual. I began this position
shortly after the founding of the organization and was a participant in the start-up phases of operation. I worked
with senior management and the comptroller to develop ledgers, journals and procedures to support all financial
management and accounting functions. I devised policies and procedures to meet the needs of an expanding
membership services organization. I created systems and procedures for financial reporting, banking, payroll,
accounts payable and receivable, tax deposits and reporting and benefits and insurance. I directed efforts to
procure computer hardware and software to support accounting functions and am constantly modifying and
upgrading the system to meet the changing needs of the organization.
I direct all day-to-day accounting operations for my staff of three accountants and five technicians. I direct the
preparation of monthly, quarterly and end-of-year reports and present financial statements to the governing
board as a representative of the comptroller.
All current systems have internal control components that enable me to evaluate their accuracy and efficiency at
any given time. As these quality control reviews identify deficiencies or anomalies, I design modifications to
correct problems, creating new journals, new controls and new procedures as required.
KSA REQUIRED:
Skill in analyzing accounting transactions and systems.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
During my five-year tenure as a CPA with Coopers & Lybrand, I was responsible for the design and execution
of financial and operational audits for numerous client corporations. I conducted an initial operational audit and
developed an audit plan that would obtain the required information while causing minimal disruption of productivity. These audits involved the in-depth review of all manual and automated operations that impacted upon
financial management and accounting functions.
I examined available documents including journals, ledgers, banking records, asset acquisition and disposition
actions, leases, bank confirmations and other financial documentation to ensure and evaluate the integrity of the
books. I reviewed and analyzed operations to determine compliance with applicable guidelines, standards and
legislation.
As a CPA, I uncovered numerous instances of waste, fraud and abuse. In one case, in analyzing computer
payroll programs, I discovered computer fraud that resulted in the loss of hundreds of thousands of dollars
within a one-year period. In response to my audit findings, criminal investigation and prosecution followed. As
a result of my recommendations, the vulnerability was eliminated and further loss prevented.
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Position Title
Series/Grade
Auditor
GS-511-11/12
Brief Job Description: The incumbent performs examinations and appraisals of financial records,
management controls, policies and practices. Plans and organizes a variety of separate audit studies and
reviews the findings of the audit teams. Conducts, coordinates and integrates activities as well as programs. Assignments span functional areas such as regulatory, procurement, ADP, financial, contractors
and grantees.
KSA REQUIRED:
Knowledge of federal accounting principles, auditing standards and techniques.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a certified public accountant with McMann and Tate, I was assigned to the Government Auditing Division,
tasked with the design and execution of audits performed on federal contractors. These audit projects required
a specialized knowledge of federal auditing standards, policies and procedures (Yellow Book and Generally
Accepted Government Auditing Standards [GAGAS]), as well as a comprehensive understanding of accounting
standards, guidelines and policies. I directed financial audits for federal contractors serving many diverse
agencies and became well versed in the guidelines and policies unique to the specific agencies.
One major project involved the annual financial review of a large aerospace contractor working for the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The company held a multi-year, multimillion- dollar contract to
develop components for the Space Shuttle. I designed and conducted financial and performance audits, directing field teams in the review of operations in four satellite facilities and headquarters. I evaluated the accuracy
and integrity of all financial documentation and reviewed operational efficiency and compliance with contract
terms and specifications. These reviews were conducted in compliance with the guidelines set forth in the
Government Accountability Office’s “Yellow Book.”
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to gather, assemble, consolidate and analyze facts, draw conclusions and devise solutions
to problems.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a CPA, it has been essential that I develop a consummate skill in the design and management of financial and
performance audits. These tasks require an ability to review and evaluate complex operations, identifying
sources of accurate and responsive information, gathering raw data, compiling and consolidating data from
diverse sources, determining relative import and relevance. My success has depended upon my ability to
analyze information and determine issues of significance or concern. I develop reports of findings and deliver
these in the form of a briefing to senior executives of client corporations.
In a recent audit of a nationwide microcomputer distributor I identified figures that indicated some form of abuse
probably due to internal malfeasance. I reviewed internal control systems and identified sources of information.
In this instance, I accessed telephone bills and shipping information and discovered a systematic misdirection of
product, resulting in a substantial loss to the company. I developed comprehensive documentation, identified
deficiencies in internal controls and devised corrective measures to regulate future distribution operations. These
procedures were implemented in 2003 and reduced corporate losses by 15%.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
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Position Title
Series/Grade
Clinical Nurse
GS-610-9/10
Brief Job Description: Complex bedside nursing care is provided, focusing on the patient as a whole,
with an understanding of the bio/psycho/social/age specific nursing principles involved. Care is given to
patients with life threatening illnesses or with illnesses that have a high potential to be life threatening.
Incumbent manages complex patient care situations involving multiple IV lines, hemodynamic monitoring
equipment, abdominal drains, and ventilator equipment.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to provide professional nursing care to patients. Nurses must be able to use all phases of
the nursing process to care for patients and to make nursing judgments based on data such as
collecting assessment data, planning, implementing and evaluating patient care.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a clinical nurse in the Cardiology Unit of INOVA Fairfax Hospital in Fairfax, Virginia, I provide comprehensive nursing care to critically ill patients according to both the physician's plan and the physical and psychosocial needs of the patients. I observe and assess each patient's clinical condition utilizing chart data from
monitor equipment, ventilators, IV infusion devices and respiratory equipment.
Due to the seriousness of a patient's condition in the Cardiology Unit, their care requires complex bedside
nursing care. These conditions are usually life-threatening, requiring constant monitoring of vital signs, multiple
IV lines, hemodynamic monitoring, abdominal drains and ventilator equipment. I administer medications,
oxygen, and prescribe oral, subcutaneous, intra-muscular and IV medications. When a physician orders a test,
I follow the appropriate procedures to ensure the test is completed and the results get back to the doctor in a
timely manner. I must be ready at all times to make immediate decisions concerning a patient's health and
well-being and must act on them without delay.
Previously, I held a nursing position in the Ambulatory Care Clinic of the Armed Forces Retirement Home in
Gulfport, Mississippi. There, I provided professional nursing care to geriatric residents in an ambulatory care
clinic setting. This position required an understanding of the unique health care problems faced by the elderly
and the ability to provide acute, intermediate and chronic care for them. Since it was required that I work
independently, it was necessary that I have the skill and knowledge to recognize serious situations and decide
immediately on the action to be taken.
An important part of nursing is educating the patient and their family members, making certain they are aware
of the seriousness of their medical condition and that they understand special instructions concerning health
care after release from the hospital. Due to my expertise in the educational aspect of nursing, it has been my
privilege to provide on-the-job training to other members of the nursing staff so that they too can assist patients
with their health care needs after being released from the hospital.
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Position Title
Series/Grade
General Engineer
GS-801-11/12
Brief Job Description: Serves as energy conservation coordinator for the regional area. Plans and
implements park energy management program; develops innovative financing and implementation strategies. Prepares multi-year and special-purpose plans; makes preliminary investigations and analyses for
both existing and future facilities. Prepares scopes of work documents; participates on development
concept plan teams; develops reports, costs estimates and funding proposals; recommends priorities and
plans of action.
KSA REQUIRED:
Management knowledge and experience (Ability to scope and negotiate contracts. Experience in
project management, project supervision and construction management. Ability to establish
program and project plans and budgets. Ability to prioritize.).
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a staff engineer with Greenhorne and O’Marra, I manage design and construction efforts in the development
of real properties, both in the US and abroad. I am responsible for all phases of operations from initial proposal
development, through contract negotiations, planning and design and construction. I work with the customer
throughout the project, facilitating planning and supporting operations through punch-list, assisting in build-out
and renovation work.
While working in Saudi Arabia in 2000, I was one of three engineers assigned to manage a project for the
design and construction of all aspects of a new oil drilling facility. This required the construction of a total
infrastructure system including utilities and water access, transportation, communication and housing and
support facilities for the work force and their families. In short, this required the design and creation of a small
city.
While the contract had been tentatively awarded prior to the technical planning stages, I participated in the
development of a 2,500-page technical and financial proposal package. I worked with Saudi representatives to
develop specifications and requirements and created a detailed Statement of Work (SOW). I coordinated with
architects, engineers, representatives of the local utilities companies and local governmental officials to create
project plans. These included street grids and landscaping/drainage features, water and sewage systems and
utilities access, blueprints and schematics, architectural drawings and a scale model.
I then created a feasible construction calendar and identified deliverables to support tracking and timely completion for each stage of development. I established priorities and modified plans to ensure efficient and focused
operations. I conducted cost analyses and reviewed pricing and labor charts to create an accurate line-item
budget for the project which included labor, material and equipment requirements. These financial projections
were presented to the client with detailed documentation to justify costs. During the construction phase, all
modifications and change-orders resulting in increased costs were documented and delivered to the client
organization with recommendations for modifications to stay within stated financial budgets.
During the construction phase, I monitored all activities, ensuring compliance with contract terms and industry
standards. I resided on-site for seven months, first in a trailer and then in one of the housing facilities. I
received a cash bonus for completing the project on time and within budget. I also received an official commendation for my efforts.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
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Position Title
Series/Grade
Mechanical Engineer
GS-830-5/7
Brief Job Description: Incumbent conducts experiments to measure the mechanical, optical and sensory
properties of agricultural commodities; assists in data handling and analysis; assists in assembling or modifying instruments to measure desired attributes according to specifications; assists with sensory evaluation
panels and programs personal computers or minicomputers to control, collect and extract data.
KSA REQUIRED:
Basic laboratory and record-keeping skills.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a student at Georgetown Polytechnic, I averaged nine credit hours in laboratory classes per semester while
maintaining a grade point average of 3.75. The high grades I received were due, in large part, to my performance and the technical documentation that I maintained.
In addition to my education, I served two successive summers as a lab technician supporting the maintenance,
calibration and utilization of highly sensitive scientific equipment used by the San Diego Police Forensic Laboratory. I reviewed all systems schematics and designs and conducted regular testing to ensure that all equipment
performed within established parameters. These tests and the resulting documentation and reports were vital to
ensure the integrity of equipment used in the prosecution of criminal cases, specifically capital murder cases.
Position Title
Series/Grade
Mechanical Engineer
GS-830-12/13
Brief Job Description: Incumbent provides engineering advice for the improvement and advancement of
railroad safety in areas related to the design, construction, inspection, testing, maintenance, repair and use of
all types of railroad rolling equipment; conducts investigations and develops resolutions of unique problems;
maintains liaison for mechanical and safety problems with high-level agency officials, system operators and
manufacturers and technical personnel.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to find solutions to persistent mechanical engineering problems.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a mechanical engineer with Cheshire Systems, I was responsible for directing all mechanical engineering
operations within the Baltimore/Frederick district. I directed a team of two engineers and four technicians in the
evaluation of problems and design and implementation of solutions to ensure the safe and efficient operation of a
rail-guided transportation system. This included review and evaluation of track and other support structures, as
well as the vehicles and equipment that move on the tracks.
In my second year on this job, we had a recurring problem regarding a flange found on all track repair engines.
The system involved a minor design error that resulted in system failures at an unacceptable level of frequency.
I conducted an analysis of the problem system, identified the specific flange in question and redesigned the part
to increase efficiency and reliability. The redesigned part was fabricated and placed on all our equipment,
resulting in a significant reduction in downtime and a measurable savings to the company. The new design was
patented and has been incorporated in new equipment by the manufacturer.
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Position Title
Series/Grade
Attorney Advisor
GS-905-13/14
Brief Job Description: Incumbent will serve as attorney-advisor in the Office of Legal Counsel to
provide guidance on issues relating to the conduct of audits, investigations and other initiatives to prevent or
detect fraud and mismanagement in agency programs; conduct legal research, prepare legal documents,
provide training in legal matters and represent the organization in meetings with departmental officials,
other federal agencies and various boards and committees. Incumbent will coordinate reviews of existing
or proposed legislation, regulations, policies and procedures and provide recommendations.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to assist in directing activities in support of federal civil and/or criminal prosecutions.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As Assistant District Attorney, I directed the prosecution of felony and misdemeanor crimes for the City of
Madison WI. In this position, I carried a caseload of up to 150 cases simultaneously, directing all management
functions, prioritizing tasks to maximize utilization of my time and resources. I prepared and presented cases in
state court jury trials and bench trials and served as prosecuting attorney representing the state in criminal cases,
as well as in civil litigation and other legal actions. These cases involved larceny, violent crimes, drug distribution, domestic violence and white-collar crime. I researched and drafted legal briefs, memoranda and motions
and prepared the required documentation.
I directed a staff of investigators and paralegals to conduct research and investigations. We identified and
interviewed witnesses, researched to identify precedents and compiled evidence and related data. I directed the
preparation for prosecutions, preparing motions, briefing witnesses and ensuring that all members of the prosecution team were prepared for litigation. I ensured the integrity of the prosecution’s case, reviewing and
evaluating compliance with rules of evidence and other guidelines and requirements. I conducted jury selection
activities, interviewing prospective jurors and developing strategies to promote the selection of jurors favorable
to the prosecution.
During my time as District Attorney, I achieved a conviction record of 92%, the highest success rate ever
achieved.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to interpret statutory, regulatory and other legal issues concerning OIG programs.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As an attorney with the American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE), I provide legal counsel to
federal employees in diverse situations that might require legal representation, including investigations by the
Office of the Inspector General (OIG). It has been my responsibility to represent my clients in these proceedings and in all subsequent litigation. In my interactions as opposing counsel, I have developed a comprehensive
knowledge and understanding of the statutes, regulations and guidelines that govern OIG operations, which has
enabled me to interpret and apply these issues to support the interests of my client. In one case, I was able to
have all actions against my client dropped as a result of a violation of administrative due process. Because of
my in-depth understanding of the legal processes and regulations of the OIG, I was able to quickly achieve the
objectives of my assigned case.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
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Position Title
Series/Grade
Museum Curator
GS-1015-13/14
Brief Job Description: Incumbent serves as museum curator for Japanese art with duties related to the
identification, acquisition, preservation, exhibition and interpretation of objects in the collection. Incumbent
develops plans to expand the collections, design exhibitions and related programs and performs scholarly and
original research in the field; participates with other museum staff in developing plans for exhibition catalogues and scholarly and commercially oriented publications; serves as expert advisor to colleagues, scholars,
the general public and professional research and educational institutions.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to conceptualize and develop museum exhibitions in areas of expertise.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As Assistant Curator with the Denver Museum of Art, I directed all exhibit planning actions for two-dimensional
art forms. I remained current in all developments in the art world, interacting with dealers, collectors and
scholars to identify areas of possible interest to our patrons. I administered a budget in excess of $2 million
dollars annually, directing financial planning for proposed exhibits.
I was responsible for selecting themes and subjects, specific artists, as well as the individual works of art. I
designed layouts for new exhibits and coordinated with building maintenance staff for lighting and structural
modifications. I created text, selected illustrations and coordinated production of exhibit materials including
brochures and catalogues. In order to support public awareness of museum offerings, I developed marketing
strategies and interacted with local media to promote new exhibits. Finally, I coordinated opening events,
directing planning for formal gatherings to celebrate major exhibit openings.
I was responsible for all aspects of the Asian Arts Exhibit from conception through opening. I coordinated with
collectors to secure valuable works of art; I worked with decorators to redesign galleries to support an “oriental”
motif and supervised contractors in renovations to prepare for exhibit displays. I appeared on local television
and radio programs to announce the exhibit and secured prime placement of ads in local print media. My 75page, full-color catalogue received the Denver Star’s Artistic Achievement Award and the exhibit itself received
glowing reviews, as well as breaking existing attendance records.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to develop collections in specific areas of art.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
While with the Denver Museum of Art in the 1980s, I initiated a collection of American Indian Art. At this time
this was considered a craft industry, not art. I prepared a proposal and received authorization to begin a collection that has since grown to become a standard for the industry. To support collection development, I prepared
a comprehensive acquisition plan that detailed types of works ranging from pre-Columbian through the modern
works of Indian artists. I secured a budget for this collection, defining financial requirements and documenting
all expenditures.
I interacted with private collectors, national museums, academic institutions and corporate collectors to identify
potential sources and secure works of art. I began the painstaking collection of pieces, tracing the development
of the Indian culture from prehistory to today. The resulting exhibit was mentioned favorably in the Journal
of American Art Museums and I was promoted to Assistant Curator in recognition of my contribution and
capabilities.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
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Position Title
Series/Grade
Supervisory Public Affairs Specialist GS-1035-15
Brief Job Description: Incumbent serves as Director of Office of Public Affairs and is responsible for
planning, developing and directing programs to inform the public and interested groups about the agency's
programs and activities; plans, develops and directs the selection, production, release and distribution of all
written materials to the media; plans, organizes and manages the broadcast, audiovisual, speech-writing and
other aspects of public information programs; directs special events and serves as focal point for responding
to public or special interest groups regarding the organization's programs and performance.
KSA REQUIRED:
Skill in developing written materials to convey information concerning complex programs and
functions to public groups having diverse levels of understanding.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As the media director for the American Dairy Association, I have been responsible for directing a team of
scientific subject matter experts (physicians and nutritionists) and advertising professionals in the development
of a comprehensive educational and marketing program to combat recent public opinion regarding the relative
healthfulness of eggs and dairy products. This program has included materials aimed at health-care professionals, as well as consumer-targeted broadcast and print advertising campaigns.
I have been a contributing author, performed technical editing and interacted with the editorial staffs of journals
and trade papers, including the New England Journal of Medicine, in order to promote the publication of studies
favorable to our campaign. I have written and reviewed materials prepared by my staff for use in educational
programs for health-care professionals. In these materials, we convey leading-edge data regarding the nutritional
value of eggs and dairy products in a manner that is appropriate to the technical level of the targeted audience. I
review and ensure the accuracy of highly technical graphic illustrations and charts providing detailed information
in a format familiar to our intended readers.
To convey our message to the general public, I have drafted text for advertising campaigns, incorporating
demographic data to ensure the development of responsive and easy to understand materials. This text is for
use in broadcast and print media and for point-of-sale distribution. As a result of these programs, the overall
sale of our products (which in 1996 hit an all-time low) increased by 12% in fiscal year 1998. Surveys have
shown a direct corollary between the increased sales and our media and educational campaigns.
KSA REQUIRED:
Mastery of the pertinent laws, orders and regulations that govern the public information program to effectively coordinate work of the office and to develop FTA policies and guidelines.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
In my position as Information Officer with the Internal Brotherhood of Non-Commissioned Law Enforcement
Officers, I was responsible for the design, development and implementation of a comprehensive media/public
inquiry response program. I reviewed all applicable statutes and interacted with our legal department in order to
develop written policies that would guide our many chapters nationwide.
I reviewed such statutes as the Freedom of Information Act and the Privacy Act and developed policies and
procedures to ensure compliance with these federal statutes. I interacted with executives of other associations in
order to obtain their input and developed systems and approaches to effectively safeguard our membership,
while reducing our risk and exposure to legal action.
I served as a technical expert in the application of this program, coordinating seminars and workshops to train
Association staff and membership at the local level. This program and the accompanying training actions
resulted in a marked decrease in legal actions as a result of our communication/public information activities.
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KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to plan, organize and direct team study work.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As regional sales manager for Health-Stride Ltd., I directed a team of 17 marketing representatives in all
aspects of marketing computer hardware and related systems within the Mid-Atlantic Region. While each
individual was assigned a specific territory, we met weekly to coordinate planning and develop strategy. Team
planning consisted of compilation and review of statistical data on the market and the industry, available data
reflecting our existing programs and data from feasibility studies on proposed programs.
As regional manager, I served as team leader, making determinations regarding proper and effective procedures. I designed studies, identified potential sources for reliable and responsive information and assigned
tasks to my marketing representatives. I obtained software and developed programs to support the review and
analysis of market data and coordinated training for team members. I established reporting standards and
schedules and reviewed incoming data for completeness. As a result of these studies, we were able to
determine marketing program deficiencies and identify potential new markets, thus increasing our sales
volume.
Position Title
Series/Grade
Visual Information Officer
GS-1084-12/13
Brief Job Description: Incumbent is responsible for planning the design, production and dissemination of
national marketing and advertising materials and publications to communicate with the volunteers, staff and
the public. Serves as the agency's creative director responsible for coordination and management of all
creative functions and as technical representative on contracts involving writing design, printing, etc.
KSA REQUIRED:
Comprehensive knowledge of and skill in desktop publishing, graphic design and other design
techniques for printed materials and production methods for audiovisual projects in order to
conceptualize and develop projects through final production.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As creative director for Greensleeves International, I am responsible for directing a staff of graphic artists and
designers, as well as photographers and video production professionals in support of all internal marketing
functions. I administer an annual budget in excess of $700,000 to ensure the development of professional,
aesthetically pleasing products.
I direct the production of several quarterly newsletters, which are produced in four-color on glossy stock, as well
as numerous marketing reports and brochures. I work with a graphic staff and photographers to select and
prepare illustrations for production. All products are prepared using QuarkXPress for the Mac. I also have a
similar level of experience using QuarkXPress for DOS.
In this position, I was tasked with the acquisition of automated systems to support the design process. In doing
this, I researched all commercial software available for IBM and Apple products and made a decision to purchase Mac equipment on the basis of company need and competitive pricing. Through this research, I have
become familiar with the capabilities, restrictions and requirements of most of the desktop publishing and
graphics design systems currently in use. These include Adobe PageMaker, Framemaker, and InDesign,
Virtua PowerPublisher, AutoCAD, and Macromedia FreeHand, to name only a few.
Past marketing projects have included several 15-minute industrial films to support funds acquisition and
business development. One video that received much play was a 30-minute presentation that featured the
environmental awareness and protection aspects of our manufacturing operations. This piece was used in a
community relations program to foster grassroots support for plant expansion.
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Sample Vacancy Announcement — Examples of KSAs Follow
United States Department of the Interior
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Vacancy Announcement Number: CO-94-60
Title of Position: Contract Specialist
Pay Plan/Series/Grade:
GS-1102-12
Promotion Potential: GS-13
Salary: GS-12: $62,886 - $81,747
How Many Vacant Positions: One
Duty Location: Arlington, Virginia (Ballston Metro, Orange Line)
Who May Apply: Any qualified U.S. citizens.
Brief Statement of Duties: The incumbent evaluates contract price
proposals, and/or advertising, negotiating, administering, and/or
terminating contracts for the procurement of supplies and services
using formal acquisition procedures. Reviews procurement requests
to assure clarity, adequacy and completeness. Prepares contracts
and contract specifications for development, demonstration models,
and/or preliminary design when new or innovative concepts or
techniques are involved. Reviews contract terms and technical
specifications to identify any special requirements. Interprets and
implements policy designed to assure uniform application with
respect to subordinate programs for small and disadvantaged
businesses. Also performs Contract Management Reviews and conducts
studies of problem areas.
Qualifications Required: Applicant must have one year of
specialized experience equivalent to the next lower grade, which has
equipped the applicant with the particular knowledge, skills, and
abilities to successfully perform the duties of the position.
Experience is typically in or related to the work of the position
described. Status applicants must also meet time-in grade and/or
time after competitive appointment requirements by the closing date
of this announcement.
Knowledges, Skills and Abilities Required/How You Will Be Evaluated:
1. Knowledge of procurement regulations, program objectives,
scheduling, and interrelationships with other programs,
disciplines and functions involved in the systems acquisition
process.
2. Ability to determine the best contractual method for the
procurement of a variety of specialized equipment or service
requirements.
3. Ability to serve as a team leader over program managers,
auditors, cost accountants, attorneys, and cost analysts and
serve as the lead negotiator.
4. Knowledge of contract administration principles, policies,
regulations, practices, and procedures for contracts with
technical specifications and special contract provisions to
administer contracts.
5. Knowledge of Government contracting laws and policies including
techniques of contracting operations, and detailed procedures of
department contracting requirements.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
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Position Title
Series/Grade
Contract Specialist
GS-1102-12
Job Description: (See reproduction of vacancy announcement on preceding page).
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to serve as a team leader of program managers, auditors, cost accountants, attorneys and
cost analysts and to serve as lead negotiator.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a program manager with Ziebeck Ltd., I was responsible for coordinating all business development and
contract administration activities for my organization. I coordinated proposal efforts, led negotiation teams and
chaired status meetings with all disciplines involved in complex, high-dollar-value computer design and development projects.
As a program manager, I assembled project teams for the proposal effort. I gathered specialists from throughout
the organization, supervising the activities of other program managers, engineering staff, accountants and
auditors, financial analysts and legal counsel in the development of technical and financial proposals. We
reviewed RFPs and created competitive and responsive offers.
Upon award of contract, I led teams in the design, implementation, testing and validation stages of development.
I coordinated with technical and engineering staff, end-users, senior executives within the client organization and
federal contract managers to ensure timely development in compliance with all terms of the contract and the
Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR). I worked with these diverse individuals to create cohesive plans and
strategies, incorporating the often-divergent objectives of the many disciplines.
I successfully directed contracting efforts (from cradle to grave) for four multi-year, multimillion-dollar automated systems for federal customers.
KSA REQUIRED:
Knowledge of government contracting laws and policies including techniques of contracting
operations and detailed procedures of department contracting requirements.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a marketing representative with NRC Federal Systems, I direct all federal contracting efforts with the Department of Defense and its subordinate commands. In this position, I have become a technical expert in the field
of federal contracting regulations (Federal Acquisition Regulations [FAR] and the DOD appendices [DFAR]). I
advise senior executives and technical staff in all phases of the contracting cycle from pre-award through
negotiation and contract administration. I coordinate with technical staff on issues relating to proposal development, reviewing Requests for Proposals (RFPs), identifying appropriate contracting opportunities and compiling
the necessary technical and financial data in the proper format.
I represent the company in solicitation conferences, interacting with client representatives and federal contracting
officers to ensure clear communication regarding specifications and requirements. I review statements of work
and ensure the delivery of technically and financially competitive proposals.
One recent contracting project involved the sale of a complex wide-area network serving 300 users in 46
locations worldwide. I successfully guided my company through the contracting process to secure a lucrative
multi-year design and maintenance contract.
I established standard evaluation systems and techniques, creating standardized questionnaires for use in all
divisional programs. Each student was asked to fill out this form on program completion. Data were evaluated
and used in modification of existing programs and in new program development.
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Position Title
Series/Grade
Procurement Technician
GS-1106-6
Brief Job Description: Serves as procurement technician on multifunctional team; is assigned a group
of the less complex contracts for which certain duties are performed; assists the ACO or contract administration on portions of the more difficult assignments.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to interpret and apply procurement procedures and regulations.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As an administrative technician in a small National Park Service (NPS) office, I am responsible for procurement of all office supplies and materials utilizing established sources and developing innovative sources for
unique or unusual items. I review procurement guidelines as defined by Departmental documents, GSA
guidelines and the Federal Acquisition Regulations. I interpret regulations to determine appropriate purchasing
vehicles and authorization. I prepare requisitions and purchase orders, review invoices for accuracy and
initiate requests for payment. I interact with contract specialists and purchasing agents on appropriate interpretation of regulations, policies and procedures. In preparing for maternity leave, I drafted detailed guidelines
to facilitate procurement actions during my absence. This manual is currently in use in the office.
I have participated in larger procurement actions for office machinery and computer equipment. Through
these actions, I have become well versed in the guidelines and procedures that cover these higher-dollar-value
items. In procurement actions for microcomputer hardware and LAN software and peripherals for the NPS
Region, I assisted in source selection activities, obtaining cost and specification data for numerous vendors. I
compiled requirements data and participated in the preparation of solicitation documents. Upon receipt of
sufficient bids, I served on the review panel to evaluate the technical responsiveness of each proposal.
Position Title
Series/Grade
Financial Analyst
GS-1160-13/14
Brief Job Description: Provides advice on credit union investments; participates on corporate credit
union examinations; assesses investment risks and provides guidance on investment portfolio management;
studies investment markets to ensure greatest yield.
KSA REQUIRED:
Knowledge of financial economics, accounting, money and banking theories.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As an investment counselor with TD Waterhouse, I developed a comprehensive understanding of the theories
and techniques vital to financial planning as they pertain to the creation and maintenance of investment portfolios for large organizations. I maintained a client list that included corporate self-insurance funds, nonprofit
organizations and foundations with portfolios made up of diversified investments in the 7 to 10-figure range. I
conducted detailed analyses of the financial operations of the investor to determine liquidity needs and risk
tolerance. I reviewed available investments and conducted risk analyses relative to potential benefits. I then
conducted research and analyzed financial reports and other financial data on current and potential investments and made recommendations regarding the most productive investment of available capital. In this
position I consistently made the Million Dollar Winners Club based on the performance of my investments.
As an investment planner with City Bank, I gained an in-depth knowledge and understanding of banking
theory. I participated in senior staff planning, providing technical input to support the development of overall
management strategies and operations plans.
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Position Title
Series/Grade
Supervisory Librarian
GS-1410-13/14
Brief Job Description: Manages the collections care program, including preventive conservation and
construction of protective enclosures. Determines goals, policies, procedures and techniques related to
physical treatment and storage of collections. Analyzes procedures for protection, security and economy.
KSA REQUIRED:
Knowledge of preservation treatment techniques and technologies as applied to library materials.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a materials preservation specialist with the University of Virginia Library, I was responsible for the management of preservation activities for a collection of rare and antique materials in print, manuscript, audio recording
(foil, wax, tape and CD), film and video. I am aware of the variables that might impact on the condition of
potentially fragile items within the collection, including exposure to light, heat, humidity or atmospheric pollutants. My duties require that I develop systems and procedures to safeguard materials from potential damage or
destruction. This includes the development and maintenance of facilities with stringent environmental controls,
the introduction of protective sleeves and covers, and the decision to remove materials from general circulation
(or to greatly restrict access and exposure to possible harmful elements).
In addition to preventive systems and procedures, I have served as a technical expert in the field of repair and
preservation. I am familiar with the application of adhesives and fabrics to restore aging and damaged books
and manuscripts. I have successfully restored materials from the 16th and 17th centuries, employing techniques
that safeguarded the historic significance of the material.
Position Title
Series/Grade
Librarian/IT Specialist
(Automation Planning)
GS-1410-13/14
GS-2210-13/14
Brief Job Description: Plans and administers the automation infrastructure for constituent services,
including mainframe and personal computer hardware, software, communications and applications; analyzes operations and proposes application of automation to improve efficiency.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to analyze library operations.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As Director of Library Services for the University of Michigan, I was responsible for the design, development
and administration of library programs for both graduate and undergraduate library facilities for all schools of the
university. In order to create responsive and efficient programs, I conducted detailed operational audits of
existing facilities. This included the review and analysis of all phases of the libraries’ operations including
collection development systems and procedures, cataloging and automation, material preservation and repair,
facility design and space management, access control and circulation management, and other diverse user
services.
Based on my review, I developed a detailed proposal that recommended several alternative methods for the
upgrade or improvement of library services. This proposal included comprehensive cost/benefits analyses for
each alternative solution, as well as clearly defined potential impacts, disadvantages or limitations. I presented
my proposal to the Board of Trustees, defending my recommendations by anticipating questions and objections,
and providing sufficient justifying documentation to support my position. The Board of Trustees accepted my
recommendations in toto, and the Library Program currently follows my design.
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Position Title
Series/Grade
Mathematical Statistician
GS-1529-13
Brief Job Description: Develops cost-effective management strategies; develops estimation techniques
consistent with concepts to be measured for the CPI; provides technical guidance and assistance to lowergrade statisticians; provides expert advice to senior-level managers on all aspects of the CPI.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to formulate, plan and manage multiple complex projects.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As the senior statistician with the Northeastern Region of the Resolution Trust Corporation, I am responsible for
designing and directing all actuarial and statistical projects to support Corporation planning. I review all proposed projects, determine resource requirements versus availability (this includes financial, human and computer
time) and make determinations regarding priorities and objectives. I then create complex schedules and calendars, assigning human and automation assets to maximize productivity.
Each project plan includes a comprehensive calendar, identifying milestones and deliverables and projecting
dates for completion. All projects have assessment components inherent in their design, allowing constant
monitoring for quality and accuracy. I am responsible for monitoring all departmental projects for timeliness and
accuracy, and must develop modifications or corrective procedures to ensure compliance with all standards and
objectives.
Timeliness in completing projects is essential in light of the Corporation's scheduled termination as a federal
agency. I consistently complete projects on time and under budget and have received performance bonuses on a
regular basis.
Position Title
Series/Grade
Assoc. University Fellows Coordinator GS-1701-11/13
Brief Job Description: Incumbent assists the Director of the Office of Domestic Programs in program
planning and development and evaluation of 15-20 programs to recruit and prepare returned volunteers to
teach in challenging schools in the US. Oversees external evaluation of the programs; encourages university
coordinators to develop special teacher education curricula preparing former volunteers to teach; coordinates
recruitment of former volunteers for enrollment in university programs and will be responsible for documenting and disseminating information on all aspects of the fellows program.
KSA REQUIRED:
Experience in program evaluation, such as design of research studies and construction of questionnaires and analysis of data.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As Director of Special Studies for Gallaudet University, I was responsible for all program design and management functions for nontraditional educational activities. I developed comprehensive program plans for all
aspects of major programs, including the ongoing evaluation of all operations within my division.
All educational programs included inherent evaluation and quality assurance systems. I devised these procedures based upon the complexity of the proposed program and the need for internal controls. I determined
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data requirements, identified criteria and indices and identified sources of information including grades, job
placement statistics and student attitudes and opinions. I devised automated systems to evaluate data, designing and creating database screens and system parameters to support program evaluation/analysis.
I established standard evaluation systems and techniques, creating standardized questionnaires for use in all
divisional programs. Each student was asked to fill out this form on program completion. Data were
evaluated and used in modification of existing programs and in new program development.
One program that was greatly altered by internal evaluation was the Educational Interpreters Program. This was
a special program to train American Sign Language Interpreters for employment in higher education. Upon
review of placement data and student input, it was discovered that more emphasis was required in the areas of
highly technical terminology as well as in interacting with hearing instructors to ensure clear communication prior
to class and lectures. Systems were developed to improve these shortcomings and the Division is now the
foremost trainer for technical/educational interpreters in the world.
Position Title
Series/Grade
Criminal Investigator
GS-1811-12
Brief Job Description: Plans and conducts criminal investigations of alleged or suspected violations of
US laws affecting the conduct and integrity of personnel and resources; interviews/interrogates witnesses
and suspects; examines records and files; prepares written reports of investigations; performs undercover
assignments; maintains surveillance, and testifies in hearing and trials. Applies a wide range of computer
techniques, requirements, methods and procedures, modifies standard practices and adapts computer
systems to solve a variety of computer software problems; prepares design criteria for long-range database
management systems in support of critical joint federal investigations.
KSA REQUIRED:
Knowledge of rules of evidence, criminal procedures and court decisions concerning admissibility
of evidence, constitutional rights, search and seizure, apprehension and detention of suspects and
related investigative and law enforcement matters.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As an undercover officer for the Narcotics and Organized Crime Bureau, I was responsible for the design and
execution of long term undercover narcotics investigations to detect and apprehend narcotics smugglers and
distributors. In this position I developed extensive knowledge and skill in the development of cases for prosecution, interacting with the US Attorney’s office to ensure clear understanding of the statutes and guidelines
involved. I completed training in the legal aspects of law enforcement, graduating in the top 10 percent of my
class and returning to serve as an instructor on more than one occasion. The topics included search and
seizure, rules of evidence, probable cause, reasonable force and constitutional rights.
In all my cases, I was responsible for compliance with applicable statutes including the arrest and detention of
suspected perpetrators. I ensured the appropriate use of force and the proper notification of rights. In the
development of cases, I determined the legality of search and seizure (obtaining warrants when required) and
applied standard rules of evidence to ensure the integrity of evidence in support of criminal prosecution. I
reviewed and monitored all evidentiary operations to ensure proper and careful collection, preservation, documentation, storage, transportation and courtroom presentation of evidence. In the investigation of organized
crime, I was often required to obtain evidence from computer files. I utilized my knowledge of computer
security procedures, as well as current statutes regarding the proper search and seizure of automated data, to
obtain incriminating evidence without breaking the chain of custody or in any other manner jeopardizing the
integrity of the evidence. In my 10 years with the police force, I never compromised a case based upon improper police procedures.
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Position Title
Series/Grade
Quality Assurance Specialist
GS-1910-7/11
Brief Job Description: Assists in sampling, testing, analyzing and quality evaluation of a group of commodities; studies contracts, specifications and shipment orders to understand quality requirements and define
permissible limits of acceptance. Visits storage sites, prepares routine reviews and reports findings.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to interpret technical information relating to physical and chemical efforts.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a lab technician with the Environmental Protection Agency, I was responsible for design and implementation
of quality assurance policies and procedures to determine the quality and shelf life of several volatile chemical
compounds. I conducted testing and analyses of batch samples from chemical and mineral storage lots, identifying trends in quality deficiency or degradation. I utilized state-of-the-art scientific equipment, and reviewed
resulting data, comparing it with the specifications found in the shipping documents, as well as with the standards established for the product.
In one case, I reviewed analyses data from a series of shipments of sodium chloride. I determined methods for
random sampling, and monitored sampling to ensure the integrity of the quality assurance system. Over a period
of months I detected a marked deterioration of the quality of the product. I identified the cause as improper
storage and stock rotation, and recommended modification of warehousing methods to address these problems.
When these modifications were implemented, deterioration was halted and substantial losses to the company
were averted.
Position Title
Series/Grade
Quality Assurance Specialist
GS-1910-11
Brief Job Description: Incumbent is responsible for developing methods and using analytical tools
associated with implementing in-house quality evaluations as a product line specialist with the overall
technical responsibility for identifying, understanding, proofing, measuring and analyzing contractor processes to verify process capabilities and promote continuous process improvement.
KSA REQUIRED:
Knowledge of quality assurance principles, practices and procedures.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a project manager with Lockheed Corporation, I was responsible for devising administrative management
phases of technical research and development projects for Federal customers. This included the creation and
monitoring of internal controls and quality assurance (QA) systems for the design and manufacture of aerospace
components. I reviewed, interpreted, and implemented corporate QA policies, developing procedures to ensure
efficient and effective application in specific and unique circumstances.
While working on the design of the navigational system for the newest suborbital program, I developed standards and procedures for the testing and subsequent tracking of all stress-related statistics (metal fatigue and
vibrational degeneration). I initiated random sampling of all components and identified a major systemic error.
Because this problem was identified early in the design process, it could be corrected at a minimal cost in both
time and resources. I received a Special Service Award and cash bonus as a result of this project.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
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Position Title
Series/Grade
Supv. General Supply Specialist
GS-2001-13
Brief Job Description: Supervises inventory management and distribution functions including planning,
evaluating and determining requirements, provisioning for new platforms and providing life cycle supply/
program support for all aircraft and related systems.
KSA REQUIRED:
Knowledge of inventory management models and forecasting methods for both consumable and
reparable items.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As the Senior Supply Manager for AMTRAX’s Northeastern Region, I was responsible for planning and
administering the provisioning program for a railway system dedicated to interstate passenger transportation. I
devised and utilized state-of-the-art systems and procedures for the control of an inventory of equipment,
machine parts, fuel oils, lubricants, and related materials. Automated systems were used to consolidate
statistical data on current supplies and usage trends, and to create forecasts of future requirements.
I directed a team of supply specialists and logistics managers to track the inventory on a continuous basis.
Perpetual inventory techniques were utilized to ensure all data was current and accurate, and goods-specific
formulae were employed to help determine ordering requirements. These same systems were utilized to
identify areas of shrinkage, waste or loss. I directed investigations in response to shrinkage, determining cause
and contacting law enforcement officials when required. To combat waste and spoilage, I instituted material
life-cycle management procedures, including stock rotation and disposal of perishable goods.
I directed the design and installation of a leading edge computer-controlled inventory system, directing the bar
coding and tracking of thousands of items valued at more than $12 million. I worked with systems analysts as
a subject matter expert, utilizing my expert knowledge to ensure the development of a responsive system. I
also worked with architects and engineers to develop warehouse facilities and underground tank facilities to
safeguard goods and materials. This system incorporated robotics and other advanced technology to support
the inventory control and distribution process.
During my tenure with AMTRAX, supply costs were reduced by 22 percent in the first year. This was due
directly to the introduction of innovative technologies and techniques for inventory control. As new systems
became available, upgrades were implemented as funding allowed, and improvements continued accordingly.
The KSA examples included here are intended as examples only. Use them to
pattern your own responses to KSAs in your field. You don't have to be in the same
occupational series to find the approach applicable. You should never copy any
example as though it were your own response.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
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Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
Position Title
Series/Grade
Supply Technician
GS-2005-5/7
Brief Job Description: Maintains stock levels for authorized supplies. Identifies replenishment needs to
meet customer requirements and projected depletion. Requisitions items to maintain stock levels. Maintains property accounts and records, completing individual transactions, screening reference files, conducting data searches and distributing processing of supply transactions.
KSA REQUIRED:
Knowledge of supply regulations, policies, procedures, techniques and methods.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a Supply Technician with the Department of Veterans Affairs in Charleston, South Carolina, I utilize an
automated inventory system to maintain over 4,000 items of supplies and equipment for the numerous
medical, surgical and administrative programs throughout the Medical Center. Although most requisitions are
handled with a computer-generated purchase order, some purchases are made by phone or fax with a
government credit card depending upon the dollar amount of the purchase.
I prepare and input purchase requisitions, monitor delivery schedules, and inspect deliveries to insure that
correct quantities of the proper items have been received and that goods are not damaged. One time a
vendor delivered an order of critical surgical supplies through a third party delivery company. The order was
not only late, but filled incorrectly. I was required to pick up the correct items from a vendor's place of
business to fill this urgent need.
I am responsible for delivery of received supplies and equipment to the appropriate department/unit within
the Medical Center and for updating the inventory system records to reflect this information.
Position Title
Series/Grade
Transportation Specialist
GS-2101-7/9
Brief Job Description: Supports preparation of notices on adoption of changes to the Manual on Uniform
Traffic Control Devices and other standards and guidance; assists in writing technical responses to inquires
regarding traffic control devices.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to research and analyze information and data in devising sound solutions and recommendations to a variety of problems and issues.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a traffic control specialist with the City of Buffalo, NY, I participated in a statewide program to develop
standard traffic control systems and guidelines. I served on a inter-jurisdictional task force to review the
potentially divergent objectives of the various counties, cities and municipalities in order to create a cohesive and
responsive 427-page standards manual.
In order to develop these standards, an in-depth study and analysis of existing systems and procedures was
conducted. I developed sources of information including road usage statistics, traffic accident statistics, trends in
moving violations, repair costs and techniques and recurring maintenance problems. This data was compiled
and consolidated, and I developed alternative systems and procedures. I conducted cost/benefits analyses for
each recommended alternative, and prepared comprehensive supporting documentation. I then attended team
meetings to present and defend my proposals before the assembled task force.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
Page 41
One such recommendation involved the utilization of automated signal controls to increase efficiency and
timeliness of street-based mass transit systems. I researched and evaluated similar existing systems throughout the United States, and prepared detailed analyses of the costs and benefits involved in the implementation
of this program. My recommendations are currently under consideration and acceptance is probable.
Position Title
Series/Grade
Railroad Safety Project Coordinator GS-2101-15
Brief Job Description: Coordinates and facilitates a range of programs, policies, projects and initiatives
that impact the Office of Safety; serves as multi-skilled management and safety generalist; participates in
planning, directing and evaluating programs related to field endeavors; performs special studies, independently or as team leader or a team member, that may be of an intra- or inter-regional scope.
KSA REQUIRED:
Experience which demonstrates the ability to establish, maintain and conduct multifaceted
teams to handle inter-regional issues.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As Senior Safety and Security Officer with the US Park Police, I was responsible for directing a security staff
in the development and implementation of safety and security policies and procedures for all National Park
facilities. I was responsible for the development of this staff, determining staffing requirements and initiating
recruiting efforts to secure the required expertise. Members included law enforcement officers, electronics
technicians, communication specialists, historians and preservation specialists, architects and maintenance
engineers.
I directed the efforts of this team, assigning tasks, setting priorities, determining methods and establishing
schedules. Efficient program/team management required the integration of the diverse goals and objectives of
the divergent fields represented. Effective operations on a nationwide basis required the identification and
integration of the circumstances and requirements unique to each region, state and location.
The 1990s presented modification requirements that tested the abilities of my staff. First was the Americans
with Disabilities Act, which required structural changes to enable access for the disabled. Ramps were
installed, doors were widened, and other peripheral changes were implemented to meet the terms of the Act.
These actions were complicated by the fact that many of these facilities are of historic value, and proposed
structural changes were controversial. Modification designs were drawn up and approved within six months,
and renovations are still underway.
Another major factor for change was the increase in terrorist activities, both from internal and external
organizations. Vulnerability assessments were conducted, and responsive safety programs were developed.
Local terrorist threats were identified, and relative risk was determined. Programs were developed to meet
the unique needs of the site. This varied from minor restriction on access or parking, to the installation of
state-of-the-art electronic security systems. There have been no successful terrorist actions within facilities
since the implementation of these programs.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Page 42
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
Position Title
Series/Grade
Information Tech. Specialist (Custspt) GS-2210-7
Brief Job Description: Provides technical support for on-line computer system for automated payroll and
personnel information; serves on project team responsible for system operation and maintenance; participates
in selecting computer equipment, monitoring performance and developing specialized software.
KSA REQUIRED:
Knowledge of automated data processing and its application to personnel action processing and
the production of human resources management information.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As an Information Technology Specialist in the Admissions Office of The Johns Hopkins University, I provided
technical support for the University's Intranet system that controlled financial management and course scheduling applications. These programs traced regular payment of financial aid funds and other recurring financial
actions, and coordinated personal data on the student body, not unlike a human resources management system.
I participated in system upgrades, writing and modifying code to meet the changing needs of the University
and changing technology, and to address system errors. These actions required system design efforts, and my
ability to interact with end users and management to determine system parameters and requirements. New
programs were designed, implemented, tested and validated so as to cause minimal disruption of productivity. I
was responsible for database maintenance functions, editing and aging data, and creating taped backup
materials for data removed from the system. Regular reports were compiled and published, and programs
were created to generate special reports as requested by senior University officials.
Position Title
Series/Grade
Information Technology Specialist (Appsw) GS-2210-9/11
Brief Job Description: Performs basic computer programming; provides technical, general equipment,
operating system and allocations software support; trains branch personnel in the operation of commercial,
mission-critical application software, operating systems and special-purpose computer hardware.
KSA REQUIRED:
Experience designing and performing computer and software training programs.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As a senior computer programmer with the State of Vermont, I am responsible for providing training for endusers in various custom and commercial software applications. I determine training requirements based on
assessments to identify deficiencies through such indicators as error trends and recurring system support
questions. Lesson plans and course materials are then created, including detailed training manuals providing
step-by-step guidance for system operations and system-based tutorials to accustom students to sample
operations.
The largest and most complex training program that I undertook involved training a large percentage of
professional and administrative staff in support of conversion to a Linux-based environment. I developed more
than 20 courses to address the new program requirements. Twenty-two training manuals (each containing
more than 50 pages of text and diagrams) were assembled and lesson plans and graphic materials were
created. Graduated tutorials were created for each program to allow users to select their level of competency.
These courses were first delivered to test classes, resulting competence was evaluated, and course modifications were devised and implemented. New programs were installed and staff training was completed in a
three-week period; full competency was reached by 87 percent of employees within a 90-day period.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
Page 43
Position Title
Series/Grade
Supervisory IT Specialist (Plcypln)
GS-2210-14
Brief Job Description: Incumbent supervises and directs the work of IT specialists assigned to the
Technical Services Division, including the mainframe and PC support branch, the computer operations
branch and the information services branch. Performs long and short-range planning, making work assignments and adjustments to accomplish the mission of the division. Interviews applicants, recommends
selection or non-selection, develops performance standards and recommends training and awards. Participates in management groups formed to evaluate and determine which work processes are to be considered
for automation or to plan extensive revisions to current system.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to develop, evaluate and implement ADP plans, projects and procedures.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As program manager with ENDYNE Federal Systems, I coordinated contracting projects with the Government
Printing Office, assisting senior executives of that organization in the planning and implementation of a multiyear, multi-million-dollar project to upgrade their automated indexing system.
As a representative of the contractor, I facilitated client planning operations, working with executives to define
system requirements and parameters, while incorporating financial and technological restrictions.
It was also necessary to design systems anticipating increasing work load and ensuring the capacity for upgrades
to include changing technology. The system plans included quality control features, security features, and
testing and validation components. The contract specified documentation and training requirements to ensure
the delivery of a system that would be on-line and functional in the minimum time possible.
I was the point of contact for this program, coordinating the activities of the systems engineers, the field engineers, documentation development staff and training staff. It was necessary to create comprehensive plans for
all of these activities prior to contract award and to modify plans throughout the implementation process. The
contract was successfully completed and the system is currently in use.
KSA REQUIRED:
Ability to establish and maintain liaison with a variety of individuals.
EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSE:
As Director of Systems Development with the Persian Carpet Company (PCC), I was responsible for the initial
automation of all corporate operations. I directed the design and procurement of the first mainframe system to
support accounting, manufacturing, marketing and human resource management, and coordinated all subsequent
upgrades and maintenance operations. In order to succeed in this task, it was necessary that
I develop a good and productive working relationship with managers throughout the organization. I was the
primary automation specialist, working with them to develop responsive automated support systems, and
provide advice and guidance regarding the capabilities and limitations of their computer systems.
In the initial automation stage, I met with senior corporate executives to determine the extent of automation and
the level of funding available. I then met with working groups from each department, interacting with managers
and end-users to determine system requirements and establish specifications and parameters.
I developed detailed system designs and coordinated with managers and end-users to schedule installation.
The systems were on-line within 18 months, staff training was successful and system acceptance was high.
I received a $5,000 cash award for fiscal year 2000 as a result of this project.
The examples here illustrate an approach to addressing KSAs; actual text is fictional.
Page 44
Copyright © 2008, Federal Research Service
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