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1
CHAPTER
•
•
•
•
•
Date
Developed the sun-centered model of
the universe
Built astronomical observatory to
calculate the planetal orbits; supported
Copernicusís views
Developed telescope to view the planets
and confirmed Copernicus’s theory
1543
Called for new scientific method
Early 1600s
Developed new philosophy of
human reasoning
Early 1600s
Developed laws of gravity and motion;
invented calculus
Identified basic building blocks of matter,
opening the way for modern chemistry
Late 1600s
Robert Boyle
Cause and Effect
■
If students need more instruction on
analyzing timelines, have them read
the Skills Handbook, p. SH32.
■
When students have completed their
study of the chapter, distribute Chapter
Tests A and B.
Long-Term Causes
• Roman Catholic Church
becomes more worldly.
Immediate Causes
• Johann Tetzel sells
indulgences in Wittenberg.
• Humanists urge a return
to simple religion.
• Shift to more uncertain,
urban-based economies
causes people to look for
society that makes more
sense to them.
• Martin Luther posts
95 Theses.
• Luther translates the
Bible into German.
• The printing press spreads
reform ideas.
• Calvin and other reformers
• Monarchs and other
preach against Roman
leaders question the pope’s Catholic traditions.
authority and wealth.
Late 1500s
1600
The Protestant Reformation
Immediate Effects
• Peasants’ Revolt
• Catholic Reformation
• Strengthening of
the Inquisition
Late 1600s
• Luther’s calls for Jewish
expulsion result in
Jewish migration to
Eastern Europe
L3
Have students access Web Code nbp1361 for this chapter’s
timeline, which includes expanded
entries and additional events.
78
Achievement
Nicolaus
Copernicus
Francis
Bacon
René
Descartes
Isaac Newton
Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide
Note Taking Study Guide, pp. 34–35,
37, 39, 41, 43
Section Summaries, pp. 36, 38, 40,
42, 44
For Progress Monitoring Online,
refer students to the Self-test with
vocabulary practice at Web Code
nba-1361.
Person
Galileo
Galilei
Key Events of the Renaissance and
Reformation
Section 1, pp. 48–50, 52–53; Section
2, p. 56; Section 3, p. 63; Section 4, p.
67; Section 5, pp. 72–73
Teaching Resources, Unit 1,
pp. 16–21
■ Causes and Effects of the
Protestant Reformation
Importance of classical learning
Emphasis on the individual
Adventurous spirit and willingness to experiment
Focus on realism in art and literature
Questioning of traditional religious ideas
Tycho Brahe
and Johannes
Kepler
Causes and Effects of the Protestant
Reformation
Section 2, pp. 57–58; Section 3,
pp. 61–65; Section 4, pp. 66–71
■
For: Self-test with vocabulary practice
Web Code: nba-1361
■ Important Figures of the Scientific
Revolution
Important Figures of the Scientific
Revolution
Section 5, pp. 72–76
For additional review, remind
students to refer to the
Progress Monitoring Online
■ Major Themes of the Renaissance
Have students use the Quick Study
Guide to prepare for this chapter’s
tests. Students may wish to refer to
the following pages as they review:
Major Themes of the Renaissance
Section 1, pp. 48–50; Section 2,
p. 57
■
Quick Study Guide
1
Quick Study Guide
■
Page 78 Thursday, January 25, 2007 3:15 PM
Long-Term Effects
• Religious wars in Europe
• Founding of Lutheran,
Calvinist, Anglican,
Presbyterian, and other
Protestant churches
• Weakening of Holy
Roman Empire
• Increased anti-Semitism
■ Key Events of the Renaissance
and the Reformation
1300s
The Renaissance
begins in the
city-states of Italy.
Chapter Events
World Events
1434
The Medici family
gains control of
Florence’s government.
1300
1350
1324
Mansa Musa
makes hajj.
1400
1368
The Ming dynasty
is founded in China.
1450
The kingdom
of Songhai
emerges in
West Africa.
Solutions for All Learners
L1 Special Needs
L2 Less Proficient Readers
For students acquiring basic skills:
Adapted Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide
Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, pp. 34–35, 37,
39, 41, 43
Adapted Section Summaries, pp. 36, 38, 40,
42, 44
L2 English Language Learners
For Spanish-speaking students:
Spanish Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide
Spanish Note Taking Study Guide, pp. 34–35, 37,
39, 41, 43
Spanish Section Summaries, pp. 36, 38, 40,
42, 44
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AprilWednesday,
9, 2007 9:16 AM
30, 2007 12:18 PM
■ Cumulative Review
■ Connections to Today
Use your Concept Connector worksheets and the text to
help answer these questions. In addition, record information from this chapter about the following concepts.
1.
1.
2.
3.
Cultural Diffusion During the Middle Ages, many European peoples were cut off from each other as trade broke
down and disease ravaged populations. With the Renaissance, renewed trade and increased curiosity about the
world led to great cultural diffusion. For example, art techniques developed in Italy spread to northern Europe, and vice
versa. Compare the cultural diffusion of the Renaissance to
the spread of Islam from about 750 to 1200. Consider:
• cultural achievements
• trading centers
• economic growth
• religious expression
Science Many people disputed Copernicus’s heliocentric
view of the universe, because it challenged the belief of the
Earth-centered universe that both made sense to them and
was taught to them by the Church. Compare the reaction of
people to Copernicus’s ideas with the reaction of people to
the ideas of Isaac Newton. Why were Newton’s theories not
seen as controversial?
Technology: The Communications Revolution During
the Renaissance, new technology like the printing press revolutionized life. Consider the various impacts that the printing
press had during the Renaissance, in areas ranging from literacy to religion. Then choose a modern technology that has
had a comparable effect. Write two paragraphs explaining
why the technology you chose is as important in terms of its
impact today as the printing press was in Renaissance times.
Cumulative Review
2.
Cultural Diffusion The European Renaissance ushered in
a period of great cultural achievements that would eventually influence people far beyond Europe. Compare the
achievements of Europe during the Renaissance with
achievements of the Tang and Song dynasties of China.
Consider the following: architecture, print technology,
literature, and painting.
Science: Its Global Impact The Scientific Revolution
transformed technology, government, economy, and society in
Europe. Use of the scientific method allowed Europeans to
improve farming techniques and ways of manufacturing
goods. It helped them to improve mapmaking and navigation
techniques and to sail across oceans. European governments
found that these changes increased their income and their
power, and so many of them supported scientific research. As
you will read in the next two chapters, Europe’s improved sea
power, military technology, and economic might allowed it to
conquer parts of Africa and Asia and most of the Americas.
Considering these developments, explain how the world today
is different from the world before the Scientific Revolution.
For: Interactive timeline
Web Code: nbp-1361
1512
Michelangelo
completes
the Sistine
Chapel frescoes.
1456
The Gutenberg
printing press
produces the
first printed Bible.
1500
1453
Constantinople
falls to the
Ottoman Turks.
1492
Christopher
Columbus
reaches the
Caribbean islands.
1534
English
Parliament
passes the
Act of
Supremacy.
1517
Martin
Luther
posts his
95 Theses.
Tell students that the main concepts for
this chapter are Cultural Diffusion and
Science and then ask them to answer the
Cumulative Review questions on this
page. Discuss the Connections to Today
topics and ask students to answer the
questions that follow.
1550
1633
Galileo is tried
before the
Inquisition for
his theories.
1600
1532
Spanish forces defeat
the Incan empire of
South America.
1620
Pilgrims found the
Plymouth Colony
in Massachusetts.
1. Responses should show an understanding that like the spread of the Renaissance, the spread of Islam was due in
part to the importance of trade and the
rise of wealthy trade centers. European
Renaissance merchants, like Muslim
traders, spread both wealth and ideas.
2. Responses should note that Newton’s
ideas, while new and dramatic, did not
directly challenge Church teachings.
Students should also point out that
Newton published his ideas more than a
hundred years after Copernicus; people
were more used to radical ideas and
more likely to give them serious thought
rather than simply reject them.
3. Responses should note that both
Europe and China during these periods
made great cultural and technological
achievements. Students should also
understand that the Chinese achievements came earlier and in some cases
paved the way for later European
developments. For example, the Chinese invention of movable type made
possible the later European invention
of the printing press.
Connections to Today
1. Answers will vary. The invention chosen by the student should have a clear
and wide-ranging impact similar to
that of the printing press.
2. Answers will vary. Students should draw
on chapter content and background
knowledge to explain how the Scientific
Revolution changed the world.
Solutions for All Learners
L1 Special Needs
L2 Less Proficient Readers
Use the following study guide resources to help
students acquiring basic skills:
Adapted Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide
Adapted Concept Connector, pp. 249, 309
L2 English Language Learners
Use the following study guide resources to help
Spanish-speaking students:
Spanish Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide
Spanish Concept Connector, pp. 249, 309
For additional review of this
chapter’s core concepts, remind
students to refer to the
L3
Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide
Concept Connector, pp. 245, 290
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PM
Chapter Assessment
Terms, People, and Places
1. patron
4. compromise
2. vernacular
5. heliocentric
3. predestination
Main Ideas
6. Artists and writers adopted both a
new realism and an emphasis on
humanity.
7. It quickly spread the works of humanists and other Renaissance writers to
a large audience.
Page 80 Thursday, May 3, 2007 5:33 PM
Chapter Assessment
Terms, People, and Places
Complete each sentence by choosing the correct answer
from the list of terms below. You will not use all of the
terms.
indulgence
predestination
compromise
patron
humanism
vernacular
utopian
1.
2.
3.
4.
ghetto
heliocentric
hypothesis
Lorenzo de’ Medici was a _____ of the Florentine arts.
Rabelais and Shakespeare wrote in the _____ to appeal to
the common people.
Calvin’s belief in _____ set him apart from Catholics.
Elizabeth’s sensible _____ helped keep England unified in
the face of religious conflict.
Copernicus’s _____ theory of the universe challenged the
accepted teachings of the Church.
8. Artists developed new techniques to
paint more realistically; writers
addressed the themes of humanism
and wrote in the vernacular.
5.
9. Renaissance thinkers began to question the Church as the sole source of
truth, opening the way for people to
question the Church on more specific
issues as well.
Section 1 (pp. 48–54)
6. How did the new Renaissance worldview shape the work
of Italian Renaissance artists and writers?
Section 2 (pp. 56–59)
7. What was the role of the printing press in spreading
Renaissance ideas?
8. How did northern European artists and writers apply
Renaissance ideas in their work?
Section 3 (pp. 61–65)
9. How did the Renaissance open the door to the Protestant Reformation?
Section 4 (pp. 66–71)
10. Why did the Church respond with its Catholic Reformation?
Section 5 (pp. 72–76)
11. How were the scientists of the Scientific Revolution influenced
by Renaissance ideas?
10. It needed to prevent large numbers of
people from embracing Protestantism
and thereby weakening the authority
of the Church.
11. Scientists began to question accepted
teaching, relying instead on their own
observations and reasoning to get to
the truth.
12. Renaissance thought was profoundly
affected by a new worldview that
embraced curiosity, exploration, and
the importance of humanity. Renaissance people remained religious, but
they no longer accepted religious
authority unquestioningly. Instead,
they used their expanding knowledge
in other fields to shape their own religious thinking.
● Writing About History
Writing a Persuasive Essay European history from
1300 to the 1600s was a time of great change, discovery, and religious upheaval. Write a persuasive essay
that presents your position on either the Renaissance,
the Reformation, or the Scientific Revolution. Consult
page SH16 of the Writing Handbook for additional
help.
Prewriting
• Choose a topic and decide what your main position
will be.
Critical Thinking
14. It broke with medieval times by questioning religious authority and by
emphasizing the importance of the
human world. It continued medieval
ways by highly valuing religion and
a sharply defined social structure.
80
Critical Thinking
13. Geography and History How did Italy’s geography
encourage the spread of the Renaissance?
14. Analyze Information In what ways was the Renaissance
a break with medieval times? In what ways was it a continuation of medieval times?
15. Predict Consequences Under what circumstances are
religious beliefs likely to inspire anger or violence?
16. Analyze Visuals What Renaissance theme does the basrelief below express?
Main Ideas
Chapter Focus Question
13. Italy’s Mediterranean location,
between Europe and the East, encouraged trade. Trade, and with it a flow of
new ideas and wealth, encouraged the
development and spread of the
Renaissance.
Chapter Focus Question
12. How did the Renaissance shape European art, thought, and
religion?
17. Test Conclusions The Renaissance and Scientific Revolution are often described as eras of human progress. Evaluate
whether this is an accurate description.
18. Recognize Cause and Effect Why did England escape
the kinds of religious wars that tore apart other European
nations?
19. Synthesize Information An English author wrote, “The
preaching of sermons is speaking to a few of mankind, but
printing books is talking to the whole world.” How does this
statement suggest a relationship between two of the key
events discussed in this chapter?
• Think of arguments that both support and oppose your position,
and answer them.
• Gather evidence that supports your position.
Drafting
• State your position in a thesis statement.
• Organize your arguments into a draft outline.
• Write the introduction, body text, and closing arguments. Be
sure to support your arguments with a variety of points, including facts, comparisons, and statistics.
Revising
• Use the guidelines for revising your report on page SH17 of the
Writing Handbook.
80
15. Sample: When there is great uncertainty—
whether financial, social, or religious—
people are more likely to feel threatened by
those with different religious beliefs or
ways of life.
16. the importance of education
17. Answers may agree with this description
because great discoveries were made,
advancing science and enriching art.
Other answers may suggest that most
people did not benefit greatly from the
period’s advances and still lived in poverty.
18. Queen Elizabeth’s efforts to make compromises satisfied both Protestants and
Catholics and averted religious warfare.
19. The Protestant Reformation could not
have spread so quickly nor had such a
great impact without the invention of the
printing press.
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Document-Based Assessment
The Impact of the Printing Press
In a time when new ideas and discoveries were commonplace, the
invention of the printing press was no less than astonishing in its
impact. Documents A, B, and D describe the spread of printing
during the Renaissance. Document C, written by a historian in the
1500s, describes its impact at the time.
Document A
“In 1455 all Europe’s printed books could have been carried in a
single wagon. Fifty years later, the titles ran to tens of thousands, the individual volumes to millions. Today, books pour off
presses at the rate of 10,000 million a year. That’s some
50 million tons of paper. Add in 8,000 to 9,000 daily newspapers, and the Sundays, and the magazines, and the figure rises
to 130 million tons . . . It would make a pile 700 meters
[2,297 feet] high—four times the height of the Great Pyramid.“
Document-Based
Assessment
Document C
“As if to offer proof that God has chosen us to accomplish a
special mission, there was invented in our land a marvelous
new and subtle art, the art of printing. This opened German
eyes even as it is now bringing enlightenment to other countries. Each man became eager for knowledge, not without
feeling a sense of amazement at his former blindness.“
—From Address to the Estates of the Empire
by Johann Sleidan
■
To help students understand the documents on this page, give them the following TIP: As you read each
document, try to identify the
writer’s point of view.
■
To provide students with further
practice in answering DocumentBased Assessment Questions, go to
Document-Based Assessment,
pp. 41–53
■
If students need more instruction on
synthesizing information, have them
read the Skills Handbook, p. SH35.
Document D
The Spread of Printing in Renaissance Europe
10˚ W
0˚
B alt ic S
ea
Printing presses before 1471
Printing presses 1471–1500
—From Gutenberg: How One Man Remade
the World with Words by John Man
Leipzig
Cologne
50˚ N
Mainz
Document B
“Printing spread from Mainz to Strasbourg (1458), Cologne
(1465), Augsburg (1468), Nuremberg (1470), Leipzig (1481), and
Vienna (1482). German printers, or their pupils, introduced the
‘divine’ art to Italy in 1467, Switzerland and Bohemia in 1468,
France and the Netherlands in 1470, Spain, England, Hungary,
and Poland between 1474 and 1476, Denmark and Sweden in
1482–1483. By 1500 the presses had issued about six million
books in approximately forty thousand editions, more books,
probably, than had been produced in western Europe since the
fall of Rome . . . Now individuals could afford to own books,
where before they had normally been owned almost exclusively
by institutions—monasteries, cathedral chapters, and colleges.“
Paris
Nuremberg
Strasbourg
Vienna
Augsburg
At l a n t i
c
Ocean
Venice
Florence
Rome
N
E
W
Toledo
40˚ N
S
0
Conic Projection
200
400 mi
0
200
400 km
—From The Foundation of Early Modern Europe, 1460–1559
by Eugene F. Rice, Jr.
Analyzing Documents
Use your knowledge of the Renaissance and Documents A, B, C, and D to answer questions 1–4.
1.
According to Document B, the increased supply and lower
cost of books had what effect?
A More people became teachers.
B More people became printers.
C More people bought books.
D More people bought printing presses.
3.
What does German historian Sleidan, in Document C, imply is
the most important role of the printing press?
A spreading the Protestant religion
B teaching German history to other countries
C making books cheaper
D giving Germans more knowledge
2.
What information about printing can be found only on
Document D?
A specific dates when printing presses were introduced
B areas where the concentration of printing presses was
densest
C numbers of printing presses introduced into selected cities
D countries where printing presses were introduced
4.
Writing Task How did the invention of the printing press
affect the spread of the Reformation? Use specific evidence
from the documents above, along with information from this
chapter, to support your answer.
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● Writing About History
As students begin the assignment, refer them to
page SH16 of the Writing Handbook for help in
writing a persuasive essay. Remind them of the
steps they should take to complete their assignment,
including prewriting, drafting, and revising. For help
in revising, remind them to use the guidelines on
page SH17 of the Writing Handbook.
Students’ essays should make a clear argument,
supported with specific details and facts. Essays
should have a clear structure, with an introduction,
a body, and a conclusion. They should show evidence that the student has considered opposing
points of view. For scoring rubrics for writing assignments, see Assessment Rubrics, p. 8.
Answers
1. C
2. B
3. A
4. Responses should show a clear understanding
that the printing press had a dramatic impact
on the spread of the Reformation, and should
be supported with specific examples from the
chapter and the documents.
81