Contenido
UNIDAD
Lección
Unidad
preliminar
Protagonistas
Unidad
1
Unidad
2
3
Unidad
4
5
6
Unidad
7
8
Unidad
9
vi
• Greetings • The verb llamarse • The Spanish alphabet • Questions for clarification • Leave-takings
¡Bienvenidos!
• Numbers 0–12 • Singular indefinite article un(a) • Interrogatives ¿qué?, ¿quién? • Interrogative ¿cómo?
• Interrogative ¿de dónde? • The verb ser (singular forms) • sí/no, no + [verb]
1B
Joan, un catalán políglota
• Talk about the languages you speak and study • Identify nationalities
• Indicate the languages spoken in a country • Talk about professions • Give opinions about
professions • Use numbers 12–100
• Regular -ar verbs • ser + [nationality] • en + [country/city/place] • se habla(n) + [language(s)] • ser +
[profession] • Plural of nouns • The verb ser (plural forms) • ser + [adjective] • Numbers 12–100
Flash Cultura: Encuentros en
la plaza
2A
Juan Tomás, un taxista
de Panamá
• Indicate places • Express quantities • Indicate distances and intensify
• Present and describe places • Talk about your place of residence • Express possession
• Interrogative ¿dónde? • The verb estar • Numbers 100–1000 • estar + cerca/lejos + de • muy + [adverb/
adjective] • Definite articles • ser vs. estar • Gender agreement with articles and adjectives • Regular -ir verbs:
vivir • The verb tener • Indefinite articles (plural) • Possessive adjectives (singular)
Estrategias y competencias
Lenguas
Entre el norte y
el sur
2B
Rosa, camarera del bar
“El rey de la tapa”
• Order and pay at a café • Talk about daily food specials • Express frequency
• Order and pay at a restaurant • Give your opinion on food
• Interrogative ¿cuánto? • Regular -er verbs: beber, comer • Adverbs of frequency
• Stem-changing verbs o ➔ ue: almorzar • otro/a • algo/nada más • estar + muy/poco + [adjective]
3A
Pablo Linares, dos ritmos
de vida
• Talk about schedules and days of the week • Talk about times of day and routines
• Express frequency • Compare
• Telling time • Days of the week • The verb ir • The contraction al • Time expressions • Verbs with irregular yo
forms: hacer, salir • Expressions of frequency • Comparatives: más/menos + que/de
3B
Centro comercial
Olga Piedrahita, la moda
en Colombia
• Identify and specify items • Express existence • Identify relative location • Indicate colors
• Talk about clothing • Request products • Refer to a previously mentioned object
• Request and grant permission
• Demonstratives and adverbs of location • The verb haber: hay • estar + [adverbs of location] • The contraction
del • Colors • The verb llevar • Stem-changing verbs e ➔ ie: querer • Direct object pronouns • Stem-changing
verbs o ➔ ue: poder • Infinitive constructions • Affirmative expressions
4A
Paco, amigo del Rastro
• Ask for and give opinions • Express tastes and preferences • Indicate quantities and
units of measurement • Ask and tell whose turn it is • Ask for a product • Ask and tell
how much something costs
• Stem-changing verbs e ➔ ie: pensar • The verb gustar • Indirect object pronouns • The preposition de with
quantities and units of measurement • Verbs used with object pronouns: tocar • Verbs with irregular yo forms: dar
and poner • Stem-changing verbs o ➔ ue: costar
Ritmo de vida
Barrios con
carácter
Lectura: Saludos y besos en los
países hispanos
Flash Cultura: Los estudios
Lectura: Real Madrid y Barça:
rivalidad total
Flash Cultura: Fútbol en España
Estrategias y competencias
Flash Cultura: Comprar en
los mercados
4B
Carmen Abreu, fundadora
de Caribe Propiedades
• Talk about houses and homes • Talk about prices • Identify which item you are
talking about • Describe objects, sizes, and characteristics • Talk about preferences
• Explain how things are used
• hay/estar • ¿cuántos/as? • Numbers 1,000 and higher • ¿qué? vs. ¿cuál(es)? • ser + (muy) + [adjective]
• Stem-changing verbs e ➔ ie: preferir • Stem-changing verbs e ➔ i: servir • servir + para + [infinitive]
5A
Salma Hayek, más que
una cara bonita
• Talk about the past • Give dates in the past • Specify with months and years
• Specify moments in the past • Express time sequence • Structure a narrative
• Interrogative ¿cuándo? • The preterite of regular verbs • Dates • en + [month/year] • Time expressions
• de... a... • Transition words
5B
Juanita y Bernardo, dos
abuelos muy activos
• Talk about marital status • Talk about family relationships • Introduce family and friends
• Talk about trips and experiences at specific times
• estar + [marital status] • Possessive adjectives (plural) • Irregular verbs c ➔ zc • a personal • desde, desde
hace, hace + que • Irregular preterites: ir, ser, estar
6A
Domingo Buendía,
maestro de yoga
• Express quantity • Express negation • Ask about and indicate frequency
• Describe your day • Give advice • Compare experiences
• Adverbs of quantity • Double negatives • Expressions of frequency • Present perfect • Expressions of time
• Expressions to give advice • Comparatives: adjectives/adverbs
Estrategias y competencias
6B
Julia y Felipe, amor a
distancia
• Make plans • Talk about trips and means of transportation • Begin and end a letter
• Request information or services • Suggest a plan and accept a suggestion
• ir + a + [infinitive] • saber • .Prepositions with verbs of movement • Formulas for written correspondence
• Formulas of courtesy • Expressions for phone conversations • ir + a + [noun/infinitive]
Flash Cultura: ¿Estrés?
¿Qué estrés?
7A
Jorge Drexler, cantautor
uruguayo
• Talk about work • .Describe daily habits • Talk about actions that are happening
right now • . Talk about interests • Describe ongoing actions
• dedicarse a + [noun/infinitive] • Verbs with irregular yo forms: traducir, conducir • Reflexive verbs:
despertarse, acostarse, vestirse • The present progressive • Verbs like gustar: encantar, interesar,
preocupar • Adverbs
Lectura: Beneficios en los empleos
Experiencias
personales
El arte de vivir
Amor a distancia
Hoy por hoy
7B
Guadalupe Rodríguez,
una nueva etapa
• Talk about recent experiences •.Make hypotheses • Ask for and offer help
• Express possibility
• Irregular participles • .Present perfect with direct object pronouns • Creo que sí/no; quizás; es posible
• poder + [infinitive]; ayudar; necesitar • (no) se puede
8A
Justo Gallego, manos
a la obra
• Talk about abilities • Make plans to meet up • Suggest plans: accept and reject
suggestions • Give instructions • Talk about objects and materials • Talk about
unspecified people or things
• saber (de) •.Adverbs of quantity and negation • quedar + a/con/en/para • Si quieres/puedes...
• De acuerdo./Lo siento, es que... • Regular imperative (tú) • ser + de + [material] • alguien/nadie, algo/nada
8B
• Talk about experiences • .Indicate duration • Express intentions • Compare lifestyles
• Preterite of irregular verbs • .Prepositions of duration • querer + [infinitive] • Comparisons of equality
Horizontes
Fernanda y Alberto,
dueños de un negocio
salvadoreño
9A
Luis Soriano, creador de
Biblioburro
•.Describe habits and situations in the past • Compare the past with the present
• Refer to undefined quantities • Express preferences • Talk about length of time
• The imperfect of regular verbs • The imperfect of irregular verbs • algún; ningún; alguno/a(s); ninguno/a
• Superlatives: adjectives • .llevar + [length of time]
Lola, la del quiosco
del barrio
• Identify with a characteristic •.Give directions • Narrate in the past •Tell anecdotes
• Express the beginning of an action
• el/la/los/las + de/que • .Affirmative imperative (singular forms) • The preterite vs. the imperfect
• Questions and interjections •.empezar + a + [infinitive]
Cambio de vida
Unidad
• Greet people • Introduce yourself • Spell • Ask for clarification • Say good-bye
Avance
• Use numbers 0–12 • Identify and specify • Spell • Talk about where people are from
• Answer yes-or-no questions
Mi gente
Unidad
Gramática funcional
Benicio del Toro, un actor
puertorriqueño
Con vistas al mar
Unidad
Funciones comunicativas
1A
Especialidad de
la casa
Unidad
Protagonista
Hecho a mano
Etapas de la vida
9B
Historias de
la calle
VISIT protagonistas.vhlcentral.com/demo to access the media and resources that accompany this lesson.
Lectura: Gaturro
Flash Cultura: La casa de Frida
Flash Cultura: El mundo del trabajo
Estrategias y competencias
Flash Cultura: Arquitectura
modernista
Lectura: Semana Santa:
vacaciones y tradición
Flash Cultura: Las fiestas
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vii Contenido
UNIDAD
Unidad
10
Lección
Protagonista
Funciones comunicativas
Gramática funcional
Avance
10A
Carlos Salazar, médico de
familia en La Habana
• Talk about weather • Express pain and symptoms • Ask for advice • Give advice
• Express obligation
• hace; llueve; nieva; está nublado • doler; encontrarse + bien/mal; tener + [noun]; estar + [adjective]
•.¿Qué puedo/debería hacer?; ¿Qué me aconseja(s)? • The imperative with pronouns • deberías + [infinitive]
• hay que + [infinitive]
Estrategias y competencias
Al mal tiempo
buena cara
10B
Jorge Edwards, recuerdos
de un escritor
• Talk about memories •.Express temporal relationships in the past • Ask for and
give opinions • .Express agreement and disagreement • Express what you remember
• Preterite, imperfect, and present perfect • antes/después de + [infinitive/noun] • creer/opinar + que; para
mí/en mi opinión • (no) estar de acuerdo; (no) tener razón; (no) ser verdad; también, tampoco • recordar,
acordarse de
11A
José Carlos, encantado
de ayudarlo
• Give recommendations • .Communicate other people’s words • Express objection
• Express satisfaction • .Welcome someone and wish them well
• Affirmative imperative: irregular formal forms • recomendar + [infinitive/noun] • Reported speech
• decir • .estar/parecer + bien/mal • estar contento/a, encantado/a
• alegrarse de • ¡qué + [adjective/adverb]! • bienvenido/a(s) • desear with object pronouns
11B
Iniciativas
Héctor y Gabriela,
propietarios de Patagonia
Natural
• Present a counterargument • Talk about changes • Express the highest degree
• Express wishes • Add information
• pero • cambiar de, seguir • .ya no • The absolute superlative • me, te, le... gustaría/encantaría + [infinitive]
• además, sobre todo
12A
Ricardo Hernández, padre
cien por ciento
• Describe character and physical traits • Express mood • Talk about personal
relationships • Assess importance and express affection • Talk about resemblances
• ser, tener, usar • sentirse, estar • enamorarse, separarse, llevarse bien/mal, and other relationship
expressions • .es importante + [noun/infinitive] • estar enamorado/a de; te quiero • parecerse a
• ser/tener... como
12B
Marifé, vendedora de
ilusiones
• Talk about future commitments • Express opinions • Talk about desires and hopes
• Make requests and express consequences • Express well wishes
• Simple future (regular forms) • .a partir de... • querer/desear/esperar + [infinitive] • pedir • por eso
• buen viaje; buena/mucha suerte
13A
Señores pasajeros
Nelson Morales y Edgar
Hugo Torrico: una
aventura diaria
• Request and confirm information • Describe a trip • Give recommendations
• Express well wishes
• .¿Sabe, Puede/Podría, Le importaría decirme + si/dónde/cuándo...? • Preterite vs. imperfect • The preterite to
give opinions •.(no) te/se lo/la recomiendo • yo que tú/yo en tu lugar + [conditional] • que tengan/disfruten...
13B
Cristina Rubio, asesora
laboral
• Describe situations in the past • Relate conflicting ideas • Express possession
• .Offer consolation and encouragement • Give structure to information
• Review of past tenses; porque + [imperfect] • a pesar de, aunque, sin embargo • Possessives • siento +
[infinitive]; te entiendo, no pasa nada, no te preocupes • por un lado/una parte... por otro/a...
14A
Acacio Maye Ocomo,
una vida en el mar
• Talk about situations and habitual actions in the past • Express order and degree
• Talk about actions prior to a past action • React to new information
• Express possible conditions
• .Use of the imperfect; solía + [infinitive], siempre, de vez en cuando, cada día • Ordinal numbers • Past perfect
•.no sabía que, creía que, pensaba que... • si + [present], present/future
Memorias
Unidad
11
Unidad
12
De viaje
Segunda
oportunidad
Sin límites
Unidad
13
Mundo
tecnológico
Unidad
14
Un idioma común
Unidad
15
• Situate events in the past •.Talk about ongoing past actions • Convey messages
• Refer to a topic • Express unfulfilled intentions
• cuando + [preterite/imperfect] • estar (past ) + [gerund] • indirect discourse • lo que + [verb], lo de + [noun/
infinitive] •.quería/pensaba + [infinitive], pero + [verb]
15A
Evaristo Acebedo,
Casa Vera
• Express probability • Make suggestions • Talk about goals • Express hope
• Express necessity
• .Review of simple future; irregular simple future • lo mejor es/sería + [infinitive/noun] • esperar/querer/desear
+ [subjunctive] • .Regular present subjunctive • ojalá (que) + [subjunctive]; a ver si + [indicative] • es necesario
+ [infinitive]; es necesario + que + [subjunctive]
15B
Marina Sánchez, un genio
de los números
• Express anger and frustration •.Express purpose • Express fear and worry
• Express surprise • .Emphasize opinions
• .no gustar/molestar/no soportar + que + [subjunctive] • para que + [subjunctive] • preocupar/dar
miedo + que + [subjunctive] •.sorprender/extrañar/parecer raro + que + [subjunctive] • ¡Qué va!; no pienso
eso; no... sino...
16A
Ingrid Betancourt, una
luchadora
• State an opinion • Show skepticism • Convey information
• Ask for something for a reason
• creer/pensar/parecer + que + [indicative] • dudar + que + [subjunctive] • Indirect discourse (futureconditional) • pedir + que + [subjunctive], porque + [indicative]
Rebeldes con
causa
Unidad
16
Embajadores de
la paz
16B
Estela y Mario,
publicistas
• Incite people to act • .Refer to known people and objects •Talk about habits and customs
• Make comparisons • .Express that something is about to happen
• .Affirmative and negative imperatives; es mejor que + [subjunctive] • double object pronouns • se + [3rd pers.
verb form]; la gente...; [3rd person plural verb form] • igual de/que... • estar a punto de + [infinitive]
17A
Salvador Moncada,
ciencia para la vida
• Make predictions • Express probability • Express certainty and evidence
• Express continuity
• Irregular simple future • .es probable + [subjunctive]; a lo mejor + [indicative] • (no) estar seguro de que;
(no) es evidente que; (no) está claro/demostrado que + [indicative/subjunctive] • seguir + [gerund];
seguir + sin + [infinitive]
17B
Amanda y Rubén, la vida
es un tango
• .Express enjoyment and boredom • Express reciprocal actions • Express tastes, interests,
and preferences • Talk about skills
• .reírse, pasárselo bien; divertirse/aburrirse + [infinitive]/que + [subjunctive] • conmigo, contigo...
• Reciprocal reflexives: tutearse, entenderse, comunicarse... • gustar/interesar/preferir + que + [subjunctive]
• ser bueno en/para/con + [noun]; no lo hago (nada) mal
18A
Nuevos retos
Rafa Nadal,
un número uno
• Identify people and things • .Express admiration • Relate events in time • Talk about
future challenges
• .[preposition] + quien / el/la/los/las + que • admirar a, estar impresionado/a con; es increíble cómo
• .antes/después de que + [subjunctive] • cuando + [subjunctive]
18B
Marián Rico, ¡pura vida!
• Express feelings • .Offer congratulations • Assign value to experiences
• Express conditions •.Talk about actions that are repeated
• .alegrarse de / dar pena + que + [subjunctive] • ponerse contento/a + cuando/si + [indicative] / al +
[infinitive] •.felicidades, enhorabuena; feliz + [noun]; que + [subjunctive] • (no) es buena idea + [infinitive] /
que + [subjunctive] •.si + [present/imperative] • volver a + [infinitive]
Típicos tópicos
Unidad
17
El futuro por
delante
Aficiones
comunes
Unidad
18
viii VISIT
Mejor imposible
Flash Cultura: Machu Picchu:
encanto y misterio
Estrategias y competencias
Flash Cultura: Las relaciones
personales
protagonistas.vhlcentral.com/demo to access the media and resources that accompany this lesson.
Flash Cultura: Inventos argentinos
Estrategias y competencias
Macarena Berlín,
Hablar por hablar
De la madre tierra
Lectura: El Camino inca
Lectura: Formularios (Millás)
14B
Programas de
siempre
Flash Cultura: La salud
Flash Cultura: La comida latina
Lectura: Oda al tomate (Neruda)
Flash Cultura: Las alpacas
Estrategias y competencias
Flash Cultura: Puerto Rico
¿nación o estado?
Lectura: El viaje (Fernández Cubas)
Flash Cultura: Lo mejor de
Argentina
Estrategias y competencias
Flash Cultura: Palacios del arte
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ix Contenido
PROTAGONISTAS Grammar Appendix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 P
RONUNCIATION, INTONATION,
AND SPELLING
A full grammar
appendix provides
students with a
reference tool for
all the grammar
introduced in
Protagonistas.
1.1 The alphabet
1.2 Intonation and written accents
1.3 Linking
1.4 Upper and lower case letters
1.5 Question marks and exclamation points
2 NOUNS
2.1 Gender
2.2 Formation of the plural
3 ARTICLES
3.1 Definite articles
3.1.1el/la de + [noun]; el/la que
+ [verb]
3.1.2[preposition] + [definite article]
+ que
3.2 Indefinite articles
3.3 The neuter article lo
3.3.1 lo + [adjective]
3.3.2lo de + [noun/infinitive]; lo que
+ [verb]
3.4 Generalizing
4 ADJECTIVES
4.1 Gender
4.2 The plural
4.3 Position of adjectives
4.4 The comparative and the superlative
4.4.1 Regular forms
4.4.2 Irregular forms
4.4.3 Comparisons of equality
4.5 The absolute superlative
4.6 Shortened adjectives
x
VISIT protagonistas.vhlcentral.com/demo to access the media and resources that accompany this lesson.
5 VERBS
5.1 The present
5.1.1 Regular verbs
5.1.2 Irregular verbs
5.2 The preterite
5.2.1 Regular verbs
5.2.2 Irregular verbs
5.2.3 Use of the preterite
5.3 The present perfect
5.3.1 The participle
5.3.2 Irregular participles
5.3.3The position of direct object
pronouns
5.3.4 Use of the present perfect
5.4 The imperfect
5.4.1 Regular verbs
5.4.2 Irregular forms
5.4.3 Use of the imperfect
5.5 The past perfect
5.5.1 Conjugation
5.5.2 Use of the past perfect
5.6 Contrasting past verb tenses
5.7 Reflexive verbs
5.7.1 Reflexive pronouns
5.7.2 Reciprocal verbs
5.7.3 ponerse
5.8 ser/estar
5.8.1 Comparison of uses
5.8.2 ser/estar + [adjective]
5.8.3 es mejor que + [subjunctive]; lo
mejor es/sería + [infinitive/noun]
5.8.4es necesario + [infinitive] / que
+ [subjunctive]
5.8.5 es probable/posible que +
[subjunctive]
5.8.6 (no) es evidente que + [indicative/
subjunctive]
5.8.7ser bueno/malo + en/para/con
+ [noun]
5.8.8 es increíble cómo + [verb in
indicative]
5.8.9(no) es (una) buena idea +
[infinitive] / que + [subjunctive]
5.9 hay/estar
5.10 Verbs used with the infinitive
5.11 Gustar and similar verbs
5.11.1Verbs with indirect object
pronouns
5.11.2 doler
5.12 Third person verbs
5.12.1 se + [third person verb]
5.12.2Impersonal third person verbs
used in weather expressions
5.12.3 ser
5.13 Impersonal forms of verbs in infinitive
5.14 The gerund
5.14.1 estar + [gerund]
5.14.2 Irregular forms of the gerund
5.15 Verbal periphrasis
5.16 The future
5.16.1 ir a + [infinitive]
5.16.2 The simple future
5.16.2a Regular forms
5.16.2b Irregular forms
5.16.2c Use of the simple future
5.16.2d Time expressions
5.17 The simple conditional
5.17.1 Regular forms
5.17.2 Irregular forms
5.17.3 The use of the simple conditional
5.18 The affirmative imperative
5.18.1 Use of the imperative
5.18.2 Regular forms
5.18.2a Singular commands
5.18.2b Plural commands
5.18.3 Irregular forms
5.18.3a Singular commands
5.18.3b Plural commands
5.18.4 Commands with reflexive verbs
5.18.4a Singular commands
5.18.4b Plural commands
5.18.5The imperative with direct object
pronouns
5.18.5a Singular commands
5.18.5b Plural commands
5.18.6The imperative with direct and
indirect object pronouns
5.18.6a Singular commands
5.18.6b Plural commands
5.19 Negative commands
5.19.1Formation of the negative
imperative
5.19.2Use of the negative imperative
with pronouns
5.20 Present subjunctive
5.20.1 Regular forms
5.20.2 Irregular forms
5.21 Use of the subjunctive
5.21.1Use of the subjunctive to express
desires, requests, interests, and
feelings
5.21.2Use of the subjunctive to express
purpose
5.21.3Use of the subjunctive to
compare two events in time
5.21.4Use of the subjunctive to express
opinion, certainty, evidence, or
skepticism
5.21.5Use of the subjunctive to
express assessments: es (una)
buena/mala idea que and
es mejor que
5.21.6Use of the subjunctive to express
necessity
5.21.7Use of the subjunctive to express
probability
5.21.8Use of the subjunctive to express
conditions
5.22 Present perfect subjunctive
5.22.1 Conjugation
5.22.2Use of the present perfect
subjunctive
6 PRONOUNS
12 THE SENTENCE
6.1 Subject pronouns
6.2 Object pronouns
6.2.1 Direct object pronouns
6.2.2 Indirect object pronouns
6.2.3 Stressed object pronouns
6.2.4 The position of object pronouns
6.3Using direct and indirect object
pronouns together
6.4 Reflexive and reciprocal constructions
6.5 Indefinite pronouns and adjectives
6.6 With the preposition con
6.7Impersonal constructions with se
+ [third person verb]
6.8 The neuter pronoun lo
6.9 Relative pronouns
7 DEMONSTRATIVES
13.1 Cardinal numbers
13.2 Ordinal numbers
13.3 Other quantifiers
7.1 Demonstrative adjectives
7.2 Demonstrative pronouns
7.3Use of demonstrative adjectives
and pronouns
7.4 Neuter demonstrative pronouns
8 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND
PRONOUNS
8.1 Possessive adjectives
8.2 Possessive pronouns
9 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
10 PREPOSITIONS
10.1 a
10.2 a partir de
10.3 antes de
10.4 con
10.5 de
10.6 dentro de
10.7 desde
10.8 desde hace
10.9 desde que + [verb]
10.10 después de
10.11 en
10.12 entre
10.13 hace
10.14 hasta
10.15 para
10.16 por
10.17 Prepositions and prepositional
phrases of place
12.1 The affirmative sentence
12.2 The negative sentence
12.3 The double negative
12.4 The interrogative sentence
12.5 The exclamatory sentence
12.6 The subordinate clause
12.7 The comparative sentence
12.8 Conjunctions
12.9 The conditional sentence
12.10 Indirect speech
12.11Subordinating conjunctions
of concession
12.12 Use of expressions of frequency
12.13 Expressing purpose
13 NUMBERS AND QUANTIFIERS
14 S
TRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING
COMMUNICATION
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
Discourse connectors
Giving examples
Generalizing and clarifying
Introducing an explanation
and encouraging
14.5 Reformulating ideas
14.6 Gaining time while one is thinking
14.7 Calling someone’s attention
14.8 Asking for repetition
14.9 Adding information in a conversation
14.10 Minimizing disagreement
14.11 Softening an opinion
14.12 Putting information in order
14.13 Showing interest in the conversation
14.14 Confirming a plan
14.15 Adding your opinion
14.16 Giving an explanation
14.17 Emphasizing a piece of information
14.18 Maintaining contact
14.19 Reinforcing arguments
14.20 Introducing a topic
14.21 Diminishing generalizations
14.22 Expressing consequences
14.23 Reinforcing a negation
14.24 Intensifying meaning
14.25 Summarizing main ideas
14.26 Fixed expressions
11 ADVERBS
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of affirmation and negation
Adverbs of inclusion
Adverbs of amount
Adverbial phrases and adverbs of doubt
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs and expressions of frequency
Adverbs of exclusion
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