Government of India
Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises
-Course Material -
ESDP
On
‘Computer Hardware Maintenance
& Networking’
Prepared by:
34, Industrial Estate, Nunhai, Agra
0562- 2280879/ 2280882(F)
Website:- www.msmediagra.gov.in
E-mail:- dcdi-agra@dcmsme.gov.in
fo"k; lwph
dzekaad
fooj.k
ist la[;k
1
m|ferk ,oa m|eh ds xq.k
1
2
m|fe;ksa ds fy;s nl ea=
4
3
m-iz- m|ksx funs’kky;
8
4
Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad
9
5
m-iz- foRrh; fuxe
11
6
m-iz- jkT; vkS|ksfxd fodkl fuxe
12
7
jk"V~zh; d`f"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad
13
8
mRikn p;u ,oa volj vfHkKku
15
9
izcU/k ,oa foi.ku lw=
18
10
y?kq m|ksxksa esa dEI;wVj ,oa lwpuk rduhd
23
11
vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000
25
12
mRiknu izcU/k
27
13
fu;kZrd dSls cusa
29-31
Technical Notes -:
14
Assembling the PC
32-43
15
Troubleshooting
44-62
16
Networking
62-67
17
Questionnaire
68-71
m|ferk ,oa m|eh ds xq.k
vkids izR;sd O;ogkj ds ihNs dksbZ dkj.k vo'; gksrk gSA ;fn ge [kkus ds fy,s dqN <wa<
jgs gSa ;k [kk jgs gSa rks bldk vFkZ gS gesa Hkw[k yxh gS vkSj gekjs [kkus ds O;ogkj ds ihNs ,d
dkj.k gS & Hkw[k] Hkw[k I;kl tSlh dqN vko';drk,¡ gekjh nSfud vko';drk,¡ gSaA tc
vko';drkvksa dk tUe gksrk gS rks muds iwfrZ ds fy, gekjs vanj ,d cy dk;Z djrk gS tks gesa
fn'kk iznku djrk gS vkSj ;g cy rc rd jgrk gS tc rd gekjs mís'; ¼y{;½ dh iwfrZ u gks
tk;sA blh cy dks ge Lej.k ;k vfHkizsj.kk djts gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa] esa fdlh Hkh mís'; vFkok
vko';drk dh izkfIr ds fy, tks O;ogkj Hkkoukvksa ls vksr&izksr vkSj bPNkvksa ls Hkjiwj fn[kkbZ
iM+rk gS mls ge mRizsfjr O;ogkj djrs gSaA mijksä crkbZ xbZ vko';drk,¡ gekjh 'kkjhfjd
vko';drk,¡ dgrs gSa ijUrq bu vko';drkvksa ds vfrfjä O;fä lekt esa jgdj dqN vU;
vko';drk,¡ vftZr djrk gS tSls fdlh ls vPNs lEcU/k c<+kus dh vko';drk] nwljksa ij izHkwRo
cukus dh vkio';dr] thou esa dqN izkIr djus dh vko';drk bR;kfnA bUgsa vftZr vko';drk
;k lkekftd vko';drk dh laKk nsrs gSa vkSj budh iwfrZ ds fy, tks vkUrfjd cy dk;Z djrk gS
mls lkekftd mRizsj.kk dgrs gSaA
;g lkekftd vko';drk,¡ ekuo dks i'kqvksa ls vyx djrh gSA bl {ks=k esa fd, x;s 'kks/k
dk;ksZ vkSj vuqla/kkuksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd eq[; :i ls euq"; esa rhu izdkj dh
lkekftd mRiszj.kk,¡ gksrh gSa& miyfC/k] izHkqrk vkSj lEcU/kA
izR;sd O;fä ds thou esa fHkUu&fHkUu izkFkfedrk,¡ gksrh gSa dksbZ nwljksa ls vPNs laca/k cukus
dks izkFkfedrk nsrk gS rks dksbZ nwljksa ij izHkwrk cukus dks izkFkfedrk nsrk gS rks dksbZ thou esa
dqN izkIr djus dh izkFkfedrk nsrk gS vFkkZr~ gj O;fä esa ;s rhuksa vko';drk,¡ i`Fkd&i`Fkd
rhozrk rFkk izcyrk esa gksrh gSA fdlh esa miyfC/k vfHkizsj.kk lcls vf/kd gksrh gS rks fdlh esa
izHkqrk] fdUrq ,d lQy m|eh cuus ds fy, O;fäesa miyfC/k mRizsj.kk dk izcy gksuk vko';d gSA
;fn O;fäds vUnj thou esa dqN izkIr djus] lEcfU/kr fLFkfr;ksa esa mRÑ"Vrk ykus]= nwljksa
ls izfrLi/kkZ dh Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr dk;Z djus dh bPNk gksrh gS vkSj bldh iwfrZ ds fy, og
O;ogkj djrk gS rks mls miyfC/k mRizsj.kk ls vksr&izksr dk;Z djus dh bPNk gksrh gS vkSj bldh
iwfrZ ds fy, og O;ogkj djrk gS rks mls miyfC/k mRizsj.kk ls vksrizksr dgrs gSaA
izHkqrk mRizsj.kk dh igpku gesa O;fä dh nwljksa ij gkoh gksus] nwljksa dks izHkkfor djus rFkk
lewg esa og Lo;a fu.kZ; ysa bl vfHkyk"kk ls gksrh gSA izHkqrk mRizsj.kk okys O;fä nwljksa ij viuk
izHkqRo cuk, jgrs gSa] ;s vuq;kf;;ksa dh nqfu;ka esa jguk ilan djrs gSaA
lEcU/k vfHkizsj.kk dh vf/kdrk okys O;fä dh izFke vko';drk nwljksa ls HkkoukRed laca/k
cukus dh gksrh gSA ;s nwljksa ls lkSgknZiw.kZ laca/k cukus dks rRij jgrs gSa nwljksa ls Lusg ikuk vkSj
nwljksa dks Lusg nsuk budh izFke vfHkyk"kk gksrh gSA buds thou dk mís'; nwljksa ds fy, R;kx
djuk rFkk vkilh laca/kksa esa ruko ls cpdj jguk gksrk gSA
miyfC/k mRiszj.kk okys O;fä thou esa dqN izkIr djus dh izcy bPNk j[krs gSaA buds
vUnj nwljksa }kjk fu/kkZfjr ekin.Mksa esa Js"Brk ikus dh bPNk gksrh gSA ;s Lo;a iqjkuh miyfC/k;ksa
rFkk fu"iknuksa dks igys dh vis{kk csgrj cukus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA y{; dks izkIr djus gsrq dqN
u;k djus dh bPNk rFkk fujUrj dk;Z'khrk budh miyfC/k mRizsj.kk dks n'kkZrh gSA ijUrq ,d
m|eh esa miyfC/k vfHkizsj.kk ds vfrfjä vU; xq.k ,oa dkS'ky Hkh gksus pkfg,A ,d lQy m|eh esa
fuEufyf[kr xq.k gksus pkfg, bu xq.kksa ds vHkko esa mUgsa fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s xq.k gSa&
1.
y{; fu/kkZj.k o dk;Z izfrc)rk %
vxj vkidk y{; fuf'pr gksxk rks vki ml vksj dqN Bksl dke dj ldsaxsA y{; fuf'pr
gksus ds ckn vkidks yxkrkj mls iwjk djus ds fy, lksprs jguk gSA tc vki vius y{; ds fy,
lksprs jgsaxs rks og vkidh vko';drk dk :i ys ysxk rFkk vki mldh iwfrZ ds fy, dk;Z djus
yxsaxsA t:jr iM+us ij blds fy, viuh f'k{kk esa Hkh o`f+) djuh iM+sxhA vko';d izf'k{kM+
fyft, rkfd vki nwljksa ls de u jgsaA
1
le; izfrc)rk %
,d vPNs m|eh ds fy, le; ,d lalk/ku gSaA og vius le; dk vf/kdkf/kd lnqi;ksx
djrk gSA le; dk /;ku j[kus o bldk lnqi;ksx djus okyk O;fä gh vkxs pydj m|e dh
nqfu;k esa lQy gksrk gSA vkidks vius le; dk [kkl /;ku j[kuk gsA fdl pht ij fdruk le;
yx jgk gS rFkk fdruk yxuk pkfg, o dgk¡ ij le; dk lgh bLrseky gks ldrk gS ;g lc
ckrsa ,d lQy m|eh dks irk gksuh pkfg,A tks O;fä le; dk /;ku j[krk gS ogh vious dk;ksZ
dks O;ofLFkr rjhds ls dj ikrk gS rFkk ogh vkxs pydj m|e dh nqfu;k esa lQy Hkh gksrk gSSA
ogh nwjn'khZ gksrk gSA ßle; iSlk gSß ;g fopkj ges'kk cuk;s j[kuk pkfg,A
3.
n`<+ ladYi %
,d lQy m|eh cuus ds fy, vkieas n`<+ fu'p; vo'; gksuk pkfg,A ;fn vius fdlh
dk;Z dks iwjk djus dh Bku yh gS rks fu';p dj yhft, fd ijs'kkfu;k¡ vkus ij Hkh mls iwjk djuk
gSA
4.
yxu'khyrk %
;g xq.k vkidks ,d lQy m|eh cuk,xkA vkidks Hkys gh 'kq: esa dqN fnDdrsa vk,a ij
vki vius dk;Z esa yxs jgsaA 'kq: dh vlQyrkvksa dls fcYdqy u ?kcjk;sa] vlQyrkvksa ls gh vki
lh[ksaxs rFkk vxyh ckj ;g xyrh vki ugha gksus nsaxsA fgEer er gkfj,A tqVs jfg;sA xyfr;k¡ uk
nksgjkj,a] xyfr;ksa ls lh[ksa
5.
vk'kkoknh n`f"Vdks.k %
,d v|eh dks thou ds gj Hkys cqjs {k.kksa esa vk'kkoknh utfj;k j[kuk pkfg,A ;fn vkidk
utfj;k fujk'kkoknh gS rks vki mls cny Mkfy,A vk'kkoknh utfj;s ls ns[kus ij gh vki lQyrk
izkIr dj ldsaxsA ;fn fujk'kkoknh gS rks vki vkxs c<+us dh dksf'k'k gh ugha djsaxsA blfy;s ,d
lQy m|eh dk vk'kkoknh gksuk cgqr t:jh gSA
6.
lQy gksus dh bPNk %
gks ldrk gS fd vki bl 'kh"kZd dks i<+dj fcuk lksps le>s vkxs c<+sa ij ugh :fd;s]
vkidks lkspuk gS fd vki dSls lQy gksaxs\ vki esa D;k&D;k dfe;k¡ gSa mUgsa dSls iwjk fd;k tk
ldrk gS\ tc rd vki lQy gksus dh n`<+ b{Nk ugha j[ksaxs] vki lQy ugha gksaxsA
7.
vkRefo'okl %
vkidks vius esa fo'okl gksuk pkfg, fd vki bl {ks=k esa lQy gksaxsA vxj vkidks dksbZ
'kd gS rks vki vius vkRefo'okl dk fodkl dhft,A pkgusa ls D;k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA mfä
gSS ßtgka pkg ogk¡ jkgß ;fn vki ;kn j[ksa fd lQy m|eh Hkh ,d le; vki gh dh rjg lksprs
Fks rks vkidk vkRe fo'okl c<+sxk fd vki Hkh lQy gks ldrs gSaA
8.
lrdZrk o laosnu'khyrk %
,d lQy m|eh cuus ds fy;s vius fopkj ges'kk [kqys j[ksaA vius vklkikl dh tkudkjh
jf[k,A vkyl dks NksfM+;s] ltx jfg,A gks ldrk gS vkidks vpkud ,slk fopkj vk tk;s tks
vkids dke dk gks ;k dqN dke dh ckr gh irk py tk;sA blds fy, vkidks viuk fnekx 'kkar
o lrdZ j[kuk gksxkA
9.
uik rqyk tksf[ke ysus dh {kerk %
vki m|eh cu jgs gSa rks vki ;g dksf'k'k dhft, o vius dks bruk etcwr cukb, fd vki
fdlh Hkh tksf[ke ls u MjsaA Mjdj dke djus dh vknr NksM+ nsaA m|ksx yxkus esa fuf'pr tksf[ke
ysuk gh iM+rk gSA tks Hkh lQy m|eh gS mUgksaus tksf[ke fy;k Fkk rHkh os vkt ,, lQy
m|ksxifr cu lds gSaA
10. usr`Ro ds xq.k %
,d m|eh esa ,d usrk ds xq.k gksus pkfg,A tSls usrk ckrkssa ls nwljksa dks izHkkfor dj viuk
dke djok ysrk gS] nwljksa dks viuh ckrksa ls [kq'k dj ysrk gS rFkk fofHkUu tfj;s ls rjh&rjg dh
ckrksa dk irk j[krk gS mlh rjg vkidks Hkh ;g lc djuk iM+sxkA u,&u, fopkj ds fy, vki
ges'kk vious dks rS;kj j[ksaA ij mUgsa ij[k dj gh bLrseky esa yk,aA
2
2.
/kS;Z %
'kq: esa gks ldrk gS fd vkidks ,dne lQyrk u feys vkSj vkidks dkQh le; rd la?k"kZ
djuk iM+s] blfy, vkidks /kS;Z rFkk vk'kkoknh n`f"Vdks.k viukuk pkfg;sA gks ldrk gS fd igys
vki vlQy gks tk;sa ij /khjs&/khjs vki lQyrk vo'; izkIr djsaxsA
12. nwjnf'kZrk %
,d lQy v|eh dks nwjn'khZ o cqf)eku gksuk pkfg,A cqf) ls gh og tku ik,xk fd D;k
djus ls og lQy gksxk rFkk D;k djuk mlds fy,s gkfudkjd gks ldrk gSA
13. leL;k lek/kku dh {kerk %
vkidks viuh leL;kvksa ls vPNh rjg fuiVuk lh[kuk gksxkA mu ij /;ku u nsuk nwljksa
ij Vky nsuk vkidks NksM+uk gksxk tSls Hkh gks vki mUgsa lqy>kuk lhf[k,A
14. volj vfHkKku %
vkidks vc ;f lh[kuk gS fd vki vius fy, lgh voljksa dks igpku dj mudk iwjk&iwjk
ykHk fdl izdkj mBk,aA
15. O;oLFkk o xq.koRrk ds izfr lpsr gksuk %
vkxj vki vius dk;Z dks O;ofLFkr j[krs gSa rFkk vius mRikn dk Lrj Å¡pk j[kus dh
bPNk j[krs gSa rks vki vo'; lQy gksaxasA
16. Lora=krk dh bPNk %
D;k vki viuk Lokeh Lo;a gh cuuk pkgrs gSa rFkk fdlh ds v/khu dk;Z djuk ugha ilUn
djrs\ rks vkids fy, ;gh jkLrk Bhd gS ] mijksä xq.kksa dh lwph ns[kdj vki ?kcjkb;s reA vki
vius esa bu xq.kksa dk fodkl dj ldrs gSa A
17. vkRe izsj.kk %
D;k vki crk ldrs gSa fd vkius m|e yxkus dh ckr D;ksa lksph\ D;k vkius cpiu esa
dksbZ liuk ns[kk Fkk blfy, ;k fd vkids fdlh fe=k us QSDVªh yxkbZ gS] ;k lM+d ij pyrs gq,
ek:fr dkj esa cSBs yksxksa dks ns[kdj vkidk Hkh eu djrk gS fd vkids ikl Hkh ,d vkyh'ku
caxyk] dkj] Mªkboj vkfn gks ;k vkius fdlh if=kdk esa m|ksxifr;ksa ds ckjs esa i<+k vkSj muls
izHkkfor gq,\ lksfp;s /khjs&/khjs ?kVukvksa dks [kksyrs tkb;s] nsf[k;s ;kn vk;k u! gks] vc bllh
?kVuk ij /;ku nhft,A bldks iwjk 'kq: ls vUr rd lksfp;sA blls vkidh mRizj.kk c<+sxhA
vkidh dke djus dh f>>d nwj gksxh o vki og dk;Z djuk vkjEHk dj nsaxs tks vki okLro esa
djuk pkgrs gSaA
18. jpukRed xq.k %
m|eh esa ;g xq.k gksuk pkfg, fd og fdlh dk;Z dks uohu <ax ls dj lds o dk;Z dk
izorZu dj ldsA
19. mÙkjnkf;Ro dk cks/k %
m|eh dks vius mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk cks/k gksuk pkfg;s tSls lekt ds izfr] vius deZpkfj;ksa ds
izfr] i;kZoj.k ds izfr vius drZO;ksa dks le>us dk xq.k gksuk pkfg;sA
11.
3
m|fe;ksa ds fy, nl ea=
MkW0 jk0 R;kxjktu
Hkwfedk
vktdy ds i<+s&fy[ks ;qod vkSj ;qofr;k¡ ,slk le>rs gSa fd vxj mUgsa ukSdjh u feyh rks muds lj ij
vkleku gh VwV iM+sxkA rFkk] vxj] ljdkj mUgsa ukSdjh u fnyk;s rks vkSj dkSu mUgsa ukSdjh ;k jkstxkj nsxkA
D;k ;s lc ckrsa lp gSa\ D;k bu ckrksa esa dqN rF; gS\ vkSj vxj gS rks ge] bl ns[k ds ukxfjd] bu
ukStokuksa ds vkalw iksNus ds fy, D;k dj jgs gSa\
dgha&dgha ;s Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd] vki csjkstxkjh gVkus ds fy;s bu ;qod&;qofr;ksa dks izf'k{k.k nsdj
m|eh cuk;saA bldk eryc ;g gksxk fd ftu O;fä;ksa esa dke ikus dh ;ksX;rk ugha gS] mUgsa Hkh m|eh cuk;k
tk;sA bldk ;g vFkZ gksxk fd csjkstxkjksa dh la[;k vkSj c<+kbZ tk;s D;ksafd lekt] tks vc rd csjkstxkj
bathfu;j] MkDVj vR;kfn ds ckjs esa jks jgk Fkk] og vc ls csjkstxkj m|fe;ksa ds ckjs esa jksuk vkjEHk djsaA
pfy;s [kSj] ge flQZ csjkstxkjh ds ckjs esa fy[kuk ugha pkgrs gSaA ijUrq geus m|fe;ksa dh vkRe 'kfä dks
c<+kus ds fy;s viuh dye mBkbZ gSA
m|eh dh ---------x.ks'kk; ue%
,d iy ds fy, ge lkspsa fd gekjs ukStoku us m|eh cuus dk bjknk iDdk dj fy;k gSA gks ldrk gS fd
mlus blds fy;s dqN izf'k{k.k Hkh ik fy;k gks rFkk blds ckn gekjs bl m|eh us cSad ls isls ysdj viuk
dkjksckj Hkh LFkkfir dj fy;k gks] ;kfu eku yhft;s fd gekjs m|eh us ßx.ks'kk; ue%ß dj fy;k gksA
vc vk;h u ckr ! gekjk ;g izFke ih<+h dk m|eh vc m|fe;ksa ds ßeSnkus taxß esa dwn iM+k gSA
m|e dks LFkkfir djuk ,d ckr gSa] ysfdu mldks pykus] mlls iSlk dekuk vkSj c<+kuk oxSjg&oxSjg esa dqN vkSj
gh ckr gSA
D;k ge ,sls m|fe;ksa dks dqN ea=k fl[kk ldrs gSa \ pfy;s ns[krs gSaA
ea=ksa dks lefiZr djus ls igys gesa vius vki ls iwNuk gksxk fd&,slh D;k t:jr iM+h fd ge bl jkLrs
dh vksj /;ku nsus yxs \ [ksj] cgqr lky igys Hkr` gfj us dgk Fkk&
ßveU=ka v{kje~ ukfLr] ukfLr ewyeuks'/ke~A
v;ksX;% iq:"kksa ukfLr] ;kstd% r=k nqqyZHk %AAß
vFkkZr~ vki fdlh Hkh v{kj ls ,d ea=k fudky ldrs gSA bldk eryc ;g ugha gS fd ;g ys[kd Hkh
m|eh dgrs gq, blls nl ea=kfudkyus tk jgk gSA cfYd ;g Hkh lp gS fd vki xkfy;ksa ls Hkh ,d ea=k fudky
ldrs gSaA
egkdfo dkyhnkl ,d xM+fj;s dks jktk Hkkst ds njckj esa ysdj x;s vkSj ogk¡ mUgsa xq: dgdj mudk
ifjp; djok;kA tc ml xM+fj;ks dks dfo;ksa us dqN cksyus dks dgk] rks og O;fä ßog] ogß dj dqN cksyk rc
,slk eglwl gqvk fd xq: th cdjs dks cqyk jgs gksaA bl ij njckj ds lnL; gal mBs rks dkyhnkl ukjkt gksdj
dgus yxs fd lEekuh; lnL;ksa dks D;k bruh Hkh cqf) ugha fd os bruh NksVh lh ckr Hkh le> u ldsaA ;g
dgdj egkdfo dkyhnkl us mlh le; ßcg]cgß ij ,d dfork cukbZA Åij fyf[kr Hkr`Zgfj ds 'yksd dh nwljh
iafä dk vFkZ ;gh gS fd fdlh Hkh ikS/ks ls vki ,d vkS"kf/k cuk ldrs gSaA blesa rks dksbZ 'kd ugha gSA vxyh iafä
esa os dgrs gSa fd dksbZ Hkh iq:"k ;k L=kh ges'kk ds fy;s 'kSrku ugha gksrkA
4
ijUrq leL;k gS gh D;k\ vkidks dksbZ ;kstd&;kfu m|eh] izcU/kd oxSjg dh deh gSA pkgs Hkr`Zgfj ds fnu
gksa ;k orZeku dk le;] ;g iafä cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gSA
bu lcds dgus dk reyc ;g gS fd vxj vki esa m|ferk ds y{k.k gksa rks vki m|eh cu tkb;s vkSj
vius ekxZ ls er gfV;sA vc vk;k bl ea=kksa dk le;A vkb;s bu nl ea=kksa dh vksj ns[krs gSaA
igyk ea=k
ßtxr ls ,d gks tkvksß
gesa ;g ;kn j[kuk gksxk fd ge lc bl txr~ ds cgqr NksVs ls vax gSaA ge lc ds iSnk gksus ls igys
txr esa o`{k] ufn;k¡] igkM+] lkxj vkSj thojkf'k FksA vkSj bl 'kjhj dks NksM+dj ge tc pys tk;saxs rc Hkh txr~
,sls gh pysxkA vxj txr~ esa dksbZ ßifjorZuß gks] rc Hkh gekjh vkRek dks ;g 'kk;n gh ekywe gksxk fd dqN
ifjorZu gq, gSaA ifjorZu gksa ;k ugha] gekjh vkRek dks dksbZ vUrj ugha iM+sxkA
blfy;s gesa ;g ;kn j[kuk gksxk fd bl NksVh lh ßtUe ls ysdj e`R;q rdß dh ;k=kk esa ge D;ksa u
txr~ ds lklFk ,d gks tk;saA
vFkkZr~ vkidks mRiknu 'kq: djus ls igys ;s lkspuk gksxk fd D;k igys ls cktkj esa dqN yksx blh oLrq
dk mRiknu dj jgs Fks\ vxj ,slk gS rks vkidk blesa D;k ;ksxnku gS\ vr% tc Hkh ge fdlh fLFkfr dks cnyuk
pkgsa rks lcls igys gesa vius vkidks cnyuk gksxkA
nwljk ea=k
ßHkfä vkSj I;kj dks viukvksß
,sfrgkfld rkSj ij ns[kk tk;s rks Hkkjr ds egku iq:"kksa us Hkfä ls gh Hkxoku~ dks cka/k fy;k FkkA felky
ds rkSj ij Hkä izâkn] /kqzo] ehjk] xkSre cq)] egkohj] xq: ukud] jkeÑ".k ijegal] foosdkuUn bR;kfn] bR;kfnA
nf{k.k Hkkjr ds R;kxjkt uked ,d e'kgwj xk;d rsyqxq esa xkrs gSa ßlaxhr Kkueq HkfäfoukßA ge ;gh dguk pkgrs
gSa fd pkgs vki Hkxoku ls oj ekaxs ;k cSad izca/kd ls _.k] Hkfä dk jkLrk idfM+;sA
lkFk&lkFk ;g Hkh ;kn jf[k;s fd vk/kqfud nqfu;k esa ßO;kikj Kkueq ;qfä fcukAß
tc vki Hkfä vkSj I;kj Hkjh n`f"V ls vius dkjksckj ,oa mRikn dks ns[ksaxs rc vki eglwl djsaxs fd
vkidk [kkuk] ihuk] vkjke vkSj izflf) dqN Hkh ugha gSA vki vius dkjksckj ls fcYdqy ,d gks x;s gSa A tSls fd
vtqZu dks i{kh dh vka[k gh fn[kykbZ nh vkSj dqN Hkh ughaA
rhljk ea=k
ßgaluk lh[kksß
O;kikj ds lapkyu esa vkidks ;qfä ls dke ysuk gksxkA tc dHkh vkids xzkgd vk;sa mudk Lokxr gal dj
dhft;sA pkgs og xzkgd mnkl gh D;ka u gksa] vkidh eqLdqjkgV dks ns[kdj og izlUu gksxk vkSj lkFk gh lkFk
vki dh fcØh Hk c<+sxhA
ysfdu ge ,d psrkouh nsuk pkgrs gSaA og ;g gS fd lc O;fä;ksa ds lkeus vius iwjs nkar fn[kkuk
pkfg;sA vxj ,slk djsaxs rks vkidks cgqr lh dfBukbZ;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+sxkA og dSls\ vkxs if<+;s rksA
,d ckj geus ,d ukStoku m|eh dks ,slk gh cryk;kA og ukStoku iwjs /;ku ls bu ckrks dks vey esa
yk;kA tc ge bl ?kVuk ds ,d lku ds ckn ml m|eh ls feys] rc geus ns[kk fd og m|eh yEcs psgjs vkSj
mnkl eq[kM+s ds lkFk gesa xkfy;ka nsus yxkA geus iwNk&ßvjs HkkbZ] D;k gqvk\ß og dgus yxk&ßvkius crk;k u]
5
galks vkSj galrs jgksA bl lcd dks vey esa ykus ls eSa fnokfy;k gks x;k gwaA esjh gkyr ns[k jgs gSa u vki\ßgeus
iwNk fd D;k] galus ls FkksM+s gkyr [kjkc gks ldrh gS\ m|eh th dgus yxs&ßbruh rks vdy esjh Hkh gSA vkids
dgus ds eqrkfcd gj ,d ds lkeus geus vius nkarksa dks fn[kk;kA ,d fnu ,d vk;dj vf/kdkjh esjs ikl vk;kA
mlds lkeus Hkh eSA izlUu gksdj galus yxkA mlls D;k gqvk ns[krs gSa u esjh gkyr\ß
vr% ge ;g crkus pkgsaxs fd vkidks ßdc galuk gS vkSj dc jksuk gSAßtc dksbZ xzkgd vkids lkeus vk;s]
[kwc gafl;sA izlUu gks tkb;sA mlds vykok dksbZ vkSj vk tk;s vki mnkl gks tkb;sA vki mnkl psgjs ls mlls
ckr dfj;sA
pkSFkk ea=k
ßrkjhQ djuk lh[kksß
O;kikjh ges'kk nsljs yksxksa dh rkjhQ djrs gq, viuk iSlk cukrk gSA rkjhQ djr esa vkidh dksbZ rdyhQ
ugha gksuh pkfg;sA rkjhQ ls Hkxoku Hkh Mjrs gSa&D;ksa\ blfy;s fd ftldh vki rkjhQ djrs gSa og
vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk vius vki j j[ks gq, dkcw dks [kks cSBrk gS&jghe dk dguk gS&ßdjr djr vH;kl ls tM+er
gksr lqtkuA jljh vkor tkr rs fly ij gksrk fu'kkuAß blh rjg iRFkj ds Hkh fi?kyus dh mEehn gS] rkjhQ lsA
vkidh rkjhQ ls Mjrs gq, Hkxoku Hkh vkids lkeus ,slh dfBukb;ksa dks [kM+k djrs gSa fd iwfN;s erA
dfBukbZ;ksa dks ns[kdj dksbZ u dksbZ Hkxoku dks xkfy;ka rks nsxkA rHkh Hkxoku Hkh ftUnk jg ldrs gSa gS u\
iakpok ea=k
ßvkenq'eu dks igpkuß
tc dHkh fdlh ls dke djkuk pkgrs gSa] ml O;fä ls ckr izkjEHk djrs le; fdlh vke nq'eu dh
vksj utj Mkfy;sA vxj ekSle [kjkc gS] ekSle ds ckjs esa 'kq: dhft;sA vxj lM+ds a [kjkc gSa mlds ckjs esa
cksfy;sA vxj nwljs O;fä dh csVh dh HkrhZ fdlh e'kgwj Ldwy esa ugha feyrh ml Ldwy ds izcU/kdksa dks xkfy;k¡
nhft;sA
tc nks vaxzst yksx yUnu ;k vSj fdlh egkuxj esa feyrs gSa] vkil esa lcls igys xUns ekSle ds ckjs esa
gh ckr djrs gSaA
vke fe=k ls ßvke nq'eußds ckjs esa yksx ,dne ljy rjhds ls le> tkrs gSaA
NBk ea=k
ßvk/kqfud jkek;.k fy[kksß
lkjs ns'k esa xjhch js[kk gVkus dk vkUnksyu py jgk gSA ge Hkh D;ksa u ,d ukjk yxk;sa ßlc js[kkvksa dks
gVkvksA ß,sls ukjksa ls FkksM+h gh dksbZ xjhch gV tk,xh ;k vki js[kk dks ikj dj ldsaxs\
xjhch dks gVkus ;k js[kk dks ikj djus ds fy;s] D;k vkids ukjksa ls dke py tk;sxk\
ge lc tkurs gS fd jkek;.k dh iwjh dFkk] lhrk th ds ßy{e.k js[kkß ikj djus ls gh cuh ftls ckYehfd
th us jpkA ;g Hkh dguk lgh gS fd jkek;.k esa vxj ßy{e.k js[kk ugha] rks jkek;.k ughaAß;g dguk mfpr gh gS]
D;ksafd vxj lhrk th ml js[kk dks ikj ugha djrh] rks jko.k ls ;q) dSls gksrk] rFkk guqeku th tSls Hkä gedks
dgka feyrs\ blfy;s vki Hkh Lo;a ugha cfYd gekjs ns'k ds vU; xjhc vkSj fiNM+s oxZ ds yksxksa dks xjhch js[kk
ikj djus esa enn nhft;s vkSj ,d vk/kqfud jkek;.k] tks Hkkjr dh ,sfrgkfld uezrk] ohjrk vkSj lH;rk dks vkSj
Hkh Åps LFkku ij ys tk lds] fy[ksaA lkFk&lkFk vki Hkh ,d vk/kqfud ckYfefd cusaA
6
lkroka ea=k
ß[kpksZ ij dkcw djksß
;g ,d vke ckr gS fd u;s m|eh] tSls gh iSlk gkFk es vkrk gS mldks mM+kus dh dksf'k'k esa yx tkrs
gSaA gksrk ;g gS fd& ßvkenuh vëuh [kpkZ :i;kß vkSj vxj vkenuh de gks vkSj [kpkZ T;knk rks ;g dSls py
dlrk gSA
vkBoka ea=k
ßthou esa vkSj phtsa Hkh gSaß
tc vki m|eh cusaxs rks gesa iwjk ;dhu gS fd vki vkus ;qus gq, jkLrsa esa vo'; lQy gksaxs] ij ;g ;kn
jf[k;s fd ftUnxh esa iSls ds flok; vkSj Hkh cgqr lh phtsa gSa] ftudh vksj Hkh vkidks /;ku nsuk gksxkA
ftl uxjh esa vki jgrs gSa] mldh lqUnjrk] izxfr vkSj mUufr ds fy;s] vkidks Hkh lg;ksx djuk gksxkA
vki ftl lM+d ij jgrs gSa] ml lM+d dks lkQ vkSj lqUnj j[kuk gksxkA gekjs ns'k ds egku iq:"kksa ds ckjs esa]
ytksxksa dks le;&le; ij /;ku fnykuk gksxk] rkfd yksx fey tqydj ft;sa vkSj ,drk dh vksj c<+saA
uok¡ ea=k
ßvkalw iksaNksß
vxj vkidks iSlk cukuk gS vkSj vPNs <ax ls m|eh; thou fcrkuk gS] rks vki fiNM+s oxksZa ds yksxksa ds
ckjs esa o xjhcksa ds ckjs esa le;&le; ij lksfp;sA vkSj lkFk gh vius dkjksckj dh leL;kvksa dks Hkh nsj djus dk
iz;Ru dfj;sA D;ksafd vkids dkj[kkus ds vkl&ikl jgus okys xjhcksa dh ns[kHkky vkSj vPNs LokLF; ls gh vkids
dkj[kkus dk LokLF; vPNk gks ldrk gSA
dkyhnkl th dgrs gSa&ßotznfi dVksje~] e`nfu dqlqefn;fiAß&vFkkZr~] vkidks dke djrs le; otz tSls
dBksj gksuk pkfg;sA ysfdu deZpkfj;ksa ,oa vius O;fäxr thou esa ,d Qwy tSls eqyk;e Hkh gksuk pkfg;sA
nloka ea=k
ßdkjksckj gh ugha] cfYd vkSj Hkh phtsa ikuk gSaß
vkidk /;ku dkjksckj ij gh ugha cfYd edku cukus esa] ek:fr xkM+h gkfly djus esa] oxSjg&oxSjg ij Hkh
gksuk pkfg,A vkidks 'kk;n gh ekywe gksxk fd e'kgwj odhy ukuk ikydhokyk] vius cpiu esas] ,d vkbZlØhe
[kkuk gh LoxZ ikus leku le>rs FksA os lksprs Fks fd vxj ,d vkbZlØhe fey tk;s rks thou esa vkSj dqN ugha
pkfg;sA nsf[k;s u] vkbZlØhe ekaxus okyk yM+dk dgk¡ igqap x;k gS\ vFkkZr~&vki Hkh edku ;k ek:fr xkM+h
viukus ds ckjs esa lksfp;s vkSj nsf[k;s dSls Hkfo"; esa Åaps LFkku ij igqaprs gSa\
m|ferk gh vkidh meaxksa dks iwjk djus dk ,dek=k ekxZ gSA cs'kd vki ukSdjh <wa< ldrs gSaA ysfdu
ukSdjh nsxk dkSu\ vxj ukSdjh fey tk;s rks ukSdjh dk jkLrk viukb;sA ftl izdkj] vyx&vyx /keZ ds yksx
Hkxoku ls feyus ds fy;s fofHkUu ekxZ idM+rs gSa] mlh izdkj vki m|ferk dk ekxZ vius] ifjokj vkSj vius
ns'kokfl;ksa dh izxfr ds fy, idfM+;sA
jkT; ds gj ,d dksus esa] izxfr y?kq m|ksx djsaA
ns'k esa ,slh uhfr cus ] ,d leku fodkl jgsAA
ekuo] e'khu] leku] izca/k djs m|e ls lEcU/kA
Bhd ysuk budks tku] lalku./ku dk j[kuk /;kuAA
7
m0iz0 m|ksx funs'kky; ,oa ftyk m|ksx dsUæ dh Hkwfedk
Hkkjr tSls fo'kky ns'k ds lEiw.kZ vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa y?kq m|ksxksa] dqVhj m|ksxksa ,oa
xzkeks|ksxksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA blds fodkl ds fy, fodsfUær O;oLFkk dh vko';drk dks
ns[krs gq, Hkkjr ljdkj us o"kZ 1978 esa jkT; ljdkj }kjk m|ksx funs'kky;ksa ds vUrxZr ftyk
m|ksx dsUæksa dh LFkkiuk dhA fiNM+s o xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds dk;Z bu ftyksa ds
m|ksx dsUæksa }kjk fd;s tkrs gSA ukMy ,tsUlh ds :i esa ;g dsUæ ftyk Lrjh; vU; foHkkxksa ,oa
laLFkkvksa esa leUo; dk dk;Z djrs gSaA rglhy Lrj ij lgk;d izca/kd gksrs gSA bl izdkj ftyk
m|ksx dsUæ] m|ksx funs'kky; ds {ks=kh; vax ds :i esa izns'k ds vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds fy, dk;Zjr
gSA
y?kq m|ksxksa gsrq lqfo/kk;sa
1. ijke'kZ %
m|fe;ksa ds ekxZn'kZu gsrq ftyk m|ksx dsUæksa esa ijke'kZ foHkkx gksrs gSaA Hkkoh m|fe;ksa dk
lk{kkRdkj dj mldh i`"BHkwfe] vuqHko ,osa vfHk:fp ds vk/kkj ij m|ksx dh tkudkjh ,oa
ifj;kstuk rS;kj djus gsrq ijke'kZ fn;k tkrk gSA
2. iathdj.k %
ftyk m|ksx dsUæksa esa loZizFke nks o"kZ] ds fy, izLrkfor iathdj.k fd;k tkrk gS ftldk
uohuhdj.k vxys ,d o"kZ ds fy, egkizca/kd ftyk m|ksx dsUæ ds }kjk rFkk iqu% ,d o"kZ dk
uohuhdj.k m|ksx funs'kky; }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bdkbZ }kjk larks"ktud dk;Z gksus ij ljdkj
}kjk iznÙk lqfo/kk;sa fey ldrh gSA bdkbZ lapkfyr djus ds i'pkr~ LFkk;h iathdj.k Hkh fd;k
tkrk gSA
3. djksa esa NwV %
xjhc dkjhxjksa o nLrdkjksa gsrq vkS|ksfxd lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dk iathdj.k gksrk gSA bu
lfefr;ksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk ,oa fofHkUu djksa esa NwV dh lqfo/kk feyrh gSA
4. Hkwfe@Hkou %
gj ftys esa vkS|ksfxd vkLFkkuk gksrs gSa tgk¡ ij m|ksx yxkus ds fy, vko';d Hkwfe o
Hkou fnykus esa lg;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
5. fofHkUu foÙkh; laLFkkvksa ls _.k gsrq vkosnu %
ftyk m|ksx dsUæ ds ek/;e ls fofHkUu foÙkh; laLFkkvksa ls _.k ysus gsrq Hkh vkosnu fd;k
tk ldrk gSA ftyk m|ksx dsUæ }kjk iz/kkuea=kh jkstxkj ds vUrxZr _.k dh lqfr/kk Hkh miyC/k
djk;h tk jgh gSA
6. ,dy est O;oLFkk
,d Nr ds uhps ,dy est O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr LohÑfr;k¡ tSls%& fo|qr la;kstu] iznw"k.k
vukifÙk izek.k&i=k] bR;kfn] lEcfU/kr ftyk m|ksx dsUæ }kjk lqfuf'pr djkbZ tk jgh gSA bl
O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr ,d ^,dy vkosnu&i= ¼iqfLrdk½ rS;kj dh x;h gS] ftlesa lHkh lEcfU/kr
foHkkxksa ds vkosnu&i=kksa dks lekfgr fd;k x;k gSA iPphl :i;s ek=k uxn Hkqxrku djds ;g
iqfLrdk ftyk m|ksx dsUæ ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA bl O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr izR;sd ekg es ,d
ckj lEcfU/kr m|fe;ksa dks ftyk m|ksx dsUæ esa cqyk;k tkrk gS] mudh lgk;rk ds fy, lEcfU/kr
foHkkx ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dh enn ls okafNr vkosnu&i=k Hkjok fy;s tkrs gSa] blds mijkUr nks
lIrkg ckn lHkh okafNr LohÑfr;k¡ ogha ls fu/kkZfjr frfFk esa tek dj nh tkrh gSA ftlls m|eh
dks fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij tkus ds ctk, ,d gh LFkku ij lHkh vuqefr fey tkrh gSA bl O;oLFkk dk
ykHk :i;s 25.00 djksM+ rd fuos'k djus okys m|eh mBk ldrs gaSA
'kklu }kjk ;g vuqHko fd;k x;k fd u;s m|fe;ksa dks fo'ks"k :i ls y?kq m|fe;ksa dks fofHkUu
Lrjksa ij vuqefr;k¡@LohÑfr;k¡ izkIr djus esa cgqr le; yxrk gS] u, m|eh m|ksx yxkus esa grksRlkfgr
gksrsa gS] vr% bl lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;kA mDr lfefr dk v/;{k ftykf/kdkjh gksrk gSA
8
Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad
Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad dh LFkkiuk o"kZ 1990 esa y?kq m|ksxksa ds izorZu] foÙkiks"k.k ,oa
fodkl rFkk bu xfrfof/k;ksa esa layXu laLFkkvksa ds dk;ks± dks lefUor djus ds mís'; ls izeq[k foÙkh;
,aLFkk ds :i esa dh xbZ gSA
y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad }kjk ns'k Hkj esa LFkkfir okf.kT; cSadksa] xzkeh.k] cSadksa] jkT; foÙkh; fuxeksa]
jkt; vkS|ksfxd fodkl fuxeksa] jkT; vkS|ksfxd fuos'k fuxeksa] lgdkjh cSad dsd ek/;e ls iqufoZÙk ds :i
esa foÙkh; lgk;rk miyC/k djk;h tkrh gSA
y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad fuEu ;kstukvksa ds vUrxZr iqufoZr lgk;rk nh tkrh gS%&
1.
y?kq ,ao xzkeh.k m|ksxksa dks vkS|ksfxd _.k miyC/k djus grq iqufoZr ;kstuk %&
¼v½
dEiksftV _.k% ¼lfEeJ _.k½
f'kYih] xzkeh.k ,oa dqVhj m|ksx y?kq m|ksx bdkbZ] budks ;a=kksa] dk;Z'khy iawth rFkk dk;Z gsrq
:i;s 2,00,000 rd dk _.k myC/k djk;k tkrk gSA blesa izorZd va'knku 'kwU; gSA
¼c½
vuqlwfpr tkfr @ tutkfr ,oa fodykax gsrq ;kstuk
vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr ,oa fodykaxksa gsrq bl ;kstuk dsk ykxw fd;k x;k gS bl
;kstuk esa dk;Z'khy iwath ,oa e'khu ;a=ksa gsrq vf/kdre :i;s 50000 dk _.k fn;k tkrk gSA blesa
izorZd va'knku 'kwU; gSA
2.
fo'ks"k ;sktuk %&
leLr y?kq m|ksxksa gsrq bl ;kstuk dks ykxw fd;k x;k gS bl ;kstuk ds
vUrxZr fuEu enksa gsrq _.k izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS %&
¼v½
xq.koÙkk fu;a=kd lqfo/kk,¡
&
vko';drkuqlkj
¼c½
tujsVj lsV
&
&rnSo&
¼l½
iznw"k.k fu;a=k.k midj.k
&
&rnSo&
¼n½
dEI;wVj gsrq
&
vf/kdre :- 5.00 yk[k
¼;½
Lons'kh@vk;kr izfrLFkkiuk
&
&rnSo&
¼j½
oSdfYid ÅtkZ@ÅtkZ cpr dh LFkkiuk rFkk fuekZ.k gsrq vko';drk vuqlkj
3.
y?kq lM+d ifjogu ifjpkydksa dh lgk;rk %&
lkoZtfud okgu ;k lafonk okgu ds :i esa iathÑr u;s okgu [kjhnus ds fy, x;s lkof/k _.k
iqufoÙk lgk;rk ds ik=k gksaxsA bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr izfr ifjpkyd ekStwnk okguksa lfgr vf/kdre 20
okguksa ds fy, _.k miyC/k djk;s tkrs gSaA _.k dh lhek vko';drkuqlkj fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA
midj.k iqufoZÙk ;kstuk %&
bdkbZ fiNys pkj o"kks± ls dk;Zjr gks] rFkk 3 o"kks± ls cSad _.k ds Hkqxrku esas dksbZ fcyEc u
fd;k gksA bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr vidj.k@u;s ;a=kksa ds foLrkj bR;kfn gsrq _.k fn;k tkrk gSA mä
;kstuk foÙkh; fuxe@,l-vkbZ-Mh-lh- ds ek/;e ls iz;ksx esa yk;h tkrh gSA _.k dh lhek
vko';drkuqlkj fu/kkZfjr dh trh gSA
5.
is'ksoj oxZ gsrq ;kstuk %&
;g ;kstuk MkDVj]= bathfu;j] vkfdZVsDV] ,dkmaVslh] eSustesUV] f'k{kk izkIr oxZ gsrq gksrh gSA izFke ckj
viuh f'k{kk ij vk/kkfjr bdkbZ@ijke'kZ laLFkk [kksyus ij :i;s 20.000 yk[k rd _.k fn;k tkrk gSSA
blls Hkwfe ,oa Hkou dh dwy ykxr dqy ifjO;; ds 50: ls vf/kd u gksA
6.
foi.ku dk;Z gsrq ;kstuk %&
¼v½
foi.ku laxBu gsrq %& O;fäxr@lk>snkjh@izkbosV@ifCyd fyfeVsM laxBu dks tks
foi.ku {ks=k esa vuqHko izkIr gks] rFkk xzkeh.k ,oa y?kq m|ksx ds mRikn ds foi.ku gsrq :i;s vf/kdre
25.00 yk[k rd _.k izkIr dj ldrs gSaA
¼c½
fcØh ds fy, okgu gsrq %&
bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr leLr [kknh ,oa xzkeks|ksx vk;ksx
}kjk leFkZu izkIr izLrkoksa ij gh fopkj fd;k tk;sxkA bldk mís'; u;s okgu ds Ø; gsrq _.k miyC/k
djuk gSA _.k dh vf/kdre lhek :i;s 3.00 yk[k gSA
4.
9
fpfdRlk O;olk; gsrq ;kstuk %&
¼v½
vLirky@ufl±x gkse %&
;g ;kstuk mu m|fe;ksa gsrq gSa tks vLirky@ufl±x gkse
[kksyuk pkgrs gSaA blds fy, de ls de 10 'kS;k ,oa vf/kdre 50 'kS;k okys vLirkyksa@ufl±x gkse ds
fy, vko';drk vk/kkfjr _.k fn;k tkrk gS ftlesa ,d LukrdksÙkj MkDVj vo'; lEc) gksuk pkfg,A
¼c½
bySDVªksesfMdyh ,ao vU; midj.k gsrq ;kstuk %&
fpfdRlk
f'k{kk izkIr MkDVj tks bySDVªksesfMdy e'khu@midj.k dks LFkkfir djuk pkgrs gSa mudks vf/kdre :i;s
60.00 yk[k ykxr rd ds midj.kksa gsrq _.k iznku fd;k tk;sxkA
8.
i;ZVu vk/kkfjr ;kstuk,¡ %&
m|eh tks lkaLÑfrd euksjatd ikdZ] jsLVksjsUV] i;ZVu lsokvksa ds uohuhdj.k@foLrkj bR;kfn
djuk pkgrs gSa rFkk i;ZVu fodkl laLFkk ls vuqeksnu izkIr gks] vko';drkuqlkj _.k gsrq vkosnu dj
ldrs gSaA
9.
bfDoVh vk/kkfjr lgk;rk ;kstuk %&
¼v½
lhM dSihVy ;kstuk %& y?kq@y?kqÙkj v|fe;ksa gsrq tks izorZd va'k yxkus dh fLFkfr esa
ugha gksrs] mudks 10% ifj;kstuk dh ykxr vFkok vf/kdre 15.00 yk[k :i;s 1% dh nj ls C;kt
ik¡p o"kks± rd] rRi'pkr 10% dh nj ls C;kt yxsxkA
¼c½
jk"Vªh; bfDoVh QaM ;kstuk %& y?kq@y?kqÙkj bdkbZ tks ubZ LFkkfir vFkok iquZjhf{kr
¼fjgsfcysVsM½ gS rFkk egkuxjh; {ks=kksa ls fdlh {ks=k ea LFkkfir gks] mijksä bdkbZ ds bfDoVh xSi dks iwjk
djus ds fy, ifj;kstuk ykxr vf/kdre :i;s 10.00 yk[k gksuh pkfg,A lgk;rk dh jkf'k ifj;kstuk dh
ykxr dk 25% ftl ij ek=k lsok izHkkj 1% gksxhA
7.
efgykvksa gsrq ;kstuk,¡ %&
¼v½
efgyk m|e fuf/k ;kstuk %& ;g ;kstuk efgyk m|fe;ksa gsrq tks bfDoVh ds va'k dks
yxkus esa vleFkZ gSA ;fn ifj;kstuk dh ykxr vf/kdre 10% yk[k :i;s gks] rks efgyk m|eh 2.5
yk[k :i;s rd izkIr gksaxs C;kt dh nj 1% ckf"kZd gksxhA
¼c½
efgyk m|eh gsrq ;kstuk %& ;s ;kstuk efgyk m|fe;ksa gsrq gSa tks y?kq m|ksx LFkkfir
djuk pkgrh gSaA bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr izf'k{k.k ,oa foLrkj gsrq lgk;rk miyC/k gksrh gSA
10.
lsesQSDl ¼HkwriwoZ lSfud gsrq½ fo'ks"k ;sktuk %&
;g ;kstuk HkwriwoZ lSfudksa vFkok lSfudksa dh fo/kokvksa gsrq gSaA bldk mís'; y?kq
bdkbZ@lsok;sa@ifjoguksa gsrq ftudh vf/kdre ifj;kstuk ykxr :i; 15.00 yk[k gks] dk vf/kdre :2.25 yk[k _.k myC/k djkuk gSA bl _.k ij ek=kk 1% C;kt eksjVksfj;e rd ,oa blds i'pkr 6%
C;kt dh nj ykxw gksrh gSA
11.
,dy óksr ;kstuk %&
u;h vfr y?kq o y?kq bdkb;ka ftudh ifj;kstuk ifjO;; 100 yk[k :i;s ls vf/kd ugha gS vkSj
lkekU; Lrj ij ifjpkyu ds fy, ftudh dk;Z'khy iawth dh vko';drk 10 yk[k :i;s rd gS] bl
;kstuk ds vUrxZr lglk;rk dh ik=kk gSa o'krsZ vpy ifjlaifÙk;ksa ds fy, lkof/k _.k o dk;Z'khy iwath
gh laLFkk }kjk eatwj dh xbZ FkhA
12.
fcy iquHkqZukbZ ;kstuk&e'khu gsrq %&
bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr e'khu fuekZrk iwfrZdrk@Øsrk tks Lons'kh] e'khuksa dks ysrs gSa] bdkbZ ds
foLrkj vk/kqfudhdj.k] izfrLFkkfir djrs gSa] jk"Vªh;Ñr cSad ds ek/;e ls _.k izkIr dj ldrs gSaA bl
;kstuk ds vUrxZr vYikof/k ds fy, y?kq bdkbZ iwfrZdrkZ Hkh ykHk mBk ldrk gSA
13.
14.
izR;{k fcy HkqukbZ ;kstuk %&
izR;{k ;kstuk ls y?kq bdkbZ@fuekZrk ykHk mBk ldrs gSaA
10
mÙkj izns'k foÙkh; fuxe
mís'; %
vkS|ksfxd fodkl gsrq foÙkh; lgk;rk miyC/krk djkukA
dk;Zdyki %
jkT; ds lHkh e.My;h ¼jktLo½ eq[;ky;ksa rFkk vU; cksl {ks=kh; dk;kZyk;ksa ds ek/;e ls
izns'k ds vkS|ksfxd fodkl dk lrr~ iz;klA
foÙkh; lgk;rk dh fofHkUu ;kstuk;sa % y?kq o e/;e Lrjh; vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ;ksa ds fy, :- 3 djksM+
rd pqdrk iwath ¼isM vi dSfiVy½ o eqä lap; ¼Qzh fjtoZ½ okyh dEiuh;ksa dh ifj;kstukvksa dh
LFkk;h lEifr;ksa dh ¼vFkkZr~ Hkwfe] ¼LVkEi o jftLVªh [kpZ½ Hkou] e'khujh o la;=k fuekZ.k vof/k ds
C;kt rFkk rduhdh ijke'kZ½ ds fy;s :- 90 yk[k rd dh foÙkh; lgk;rk :- 5 djksM+ rd dh
;kstukvksa ds fy, fidi rFkk vuqlwfpr cSadksa ds lkFk feydj lgk;rkA
fczftax _.k% ;kstuk ds Rofjr fØ;kUo;u gsrq LohÑr _.k ds fo:) fczftax&yksu dh O;oLFkkA
vk/kqfudhdj.k %LFkkfir bdkbZ;ksa dks viuh mRiknu {krek c<+kus] mRiknu ykxr de djus ;k
rduhdh vk/kqfudhdj.k gsrq foÙkh; lgk;rkA
midj.k iqufoZÙk lgk;rk % 4 o"kZ ls vf/kd le; ls dk;Z dj jgh o 2 o"kZ ls ykHk vftZr dj
jgh bdkbZ;ksa dks vk/kqfudhdj.k@foLrkj@iqjkuh e'khuksa ds LFkku ij Lons'kh@vk;frr e'khuksa ds
fy;s Rofjr foÙkh; lgk;rkA
i;ZVu m|ksx % gksVy] eksVsy] jsLVksjsUV] Vsªosy ,tsUlh] euksjatu ikdZ vkfn ds fy;s foÙkh;
lgk;rkA
ufl±x gkse tk¡p midj.k %NksVs vLirky@ufl±x gkse dh LFkkiuk rFkk@vFkok fpfdRlky; tk¡p o
mipkj ds fy;s fo|qr midj.kksa dh [kjhn ds fy;s foÙkh; lgk;rkA
NksVs m|fe;ksa ds fy;s ,dy fcUnq ;kstuk % 50 yk[k rd dh ;kstuk ykxr okyh NksVh bdkb;ksa ds
fy;s LFkkbZ lEifÙk;ksa ds lkFk ds fy;s
lkof/k _.kA
xzkeh.k@dqVhj bdkb;ksa ds fy;s dEiksftV _.k ;kstuk % dk;Z'khuy iwath lfgr :- 50 :- gtkj
rd ;kstuk ykxr okyh xzkeh.k dqVhj o y?kqÙkj bdkbZ;ksa dks LFkk;h lEifÙk o dk;Z'khy iwath
lgk;rkA
HkwriwoZ lSfud@efgyk m|fe;ksa % fo'ks"k izksRlkgu ds :i esa lkof/k _.k ds lkFk&lkFk cht iawth
lgk;rkA
O;olkf;d % MkDVj] bathfu;j] pkVsZM ,dkmUVsUV] vkdhZVsDV] dkLV ,dkmUVsUV vkfn dks foÙkh;
lgk;rkA
y?kq m|ksxksa ds mRiknu dk foi.u % xzkeh.k] dqVhj] y?kqÙkj ,oa vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ;ksa dh fcØh ds
fy;s u;s 'kks&:ie@fcØh dsUæksa dh LFkkiuk rFkk LFkfir 'kks&:e@fcØh dsUæksa ds
foLrkj@vk/kqfudhdj.k ds fy;s lgk;rkA
eps±UV cSfdax o vU; lsok;sa %
izkstSDV ewY;kadu] gk;j&ijpst o yhftax ds :i esa lgk;rkA
11
mÙkj izns'k jkT; vkS|ksfxd fodkl fuxe
mís';
lqfu;ksftr ,oa Rofjr vkS|ksfxd fodklA
dk;Zdyki
vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa dk fodkl] va'kiw th Hkkxhnkjh] va'kd vfHkxksiu ,oa la;qä@lgk;frr
{ks=kksa esa m|ksxksa
dk izoZruA lLrh njksa ,oa vklku fd'rksa ij Hkw[k.M viyC/k djkukA m|ksxksa
dh vfu;fer LFkkiuk esa deh ykus rFkk fiNM+s tuinksa esa vf/kdkf/kd iwath fuos'k dks izksRlkgu
dj vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa dh LFkkiuk ,oa vU; ljdkjh foHkkxksa rFkk miØeksa ds fy, fuekZ.k dk;ZA
la;qä@lgk;frr {ks=kksa esa LFkkfir dh tkus okyh ifj;kstuk;s%
larqfyr vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds mís'; ls fofHkUu m|fe;ksa] vkS|ksfxd lewgksa dh lgk;rk ls
e/;e ls o`gn v|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dks izksRlkguA ifj;kstukvksa dh rduhdh@foÙkh; vko';drkvksa
ds vuq:i ;Fkk&lEHko fiNM+s {ks=kksa esa LFkkfir djus dk iz;RuA
va'kiwath Hkkxhnkjh ;kstuk %
fu/kkZfjr va'kiwath dk fuos'k u dj ldus dh n'kk esa izoZrdksa dks fu/kkZfjr v'kaiwath o
mlds }kjk fd;s x;s fuos'k ds vUrj ds vk?kkj ij va'kiw th lgk;rkA fiNM+s tuinksa]
fu;kZrksUeq[k@vk;kr izfriwjd m|ksxksa o vizoklh Hkkjrh;ksa dks ojh;rkA
Hkw[k.M vkoaVu@ava'k vfHkxksiu i=k %
izns'k esa yx jgh lkoZtfud dEiuh dks iwath cktkj ls va'k iawth tqVkus gsrq va'k
vfHkxksiu }kjk vkfFkZd lgk;rkA lgk;rk jkf'k lkekU;r% fuxZfer iawth ds 15% rd fuxe }kjk
fodflr vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa esa Hkw[k.M vkoaVu ds bPNqd m|eh fu/kkZfjr vkosnu i=k ij izLrkfor
ifj;kstuk ds laf{kIr fooj.k] Hkwfe mi;ksx] izLrkfor ekufp=k ,oa ck¡fNr /kujkf'k rhoz ,oa eUn
xfr vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa ds fy;s Øe'k% :- 550 o :- 1000 izfr ,dM+ ¼:- 100 vkosnu 'kqYd ds
lkFk½ vkosnu dj ldus dh lqfo/kkA fuxe ds rhozxkeh ,oa eUn xfr vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa Hkw[k.M ds
dqy ewY; dh Øe'k% 25% o 10% /kujkf'k vkoaVu dh frfFk ls 30 fnu esa ns;A fdlh foÙkh; laLFkk
ls vkfFkZd lgk;rk izkIr u djus dh n'kk esa Hkw[k.M dks vo'ks"k /kujkf'k dk Hkqxrku vkoaVu ds
ckn 10 Nekgh fd'rksa esa 20% C;kt lfgr esa rhoz o eUn xfr vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa eas Øe'k% 2% o 4%
dh NwVA
12
jk"Vªh; Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad
ukokMZ dh LFkkiuk ,d 'kh"kZd xzkeh.k fodkl cSad esa fjtoZ cSad }kjk dh x;hA jk"Vªh; cSad okf.kT; cSadks]
Hkwfe fodkl cSadksa }kjk fofHkUu ifj;kstukvkas ds fy, iquZfor ;kstuk vUrxZr] vYikof/k e/;kof/k o nk?kkZof/k _.kksa
dh lgk;rk iznku dh tkrh gSA jk"Vªh; cSad }kjk vuqlU/kku o fodkl ds {ks=k esa ,oa fofHkUu izdkj ds izf'k[k.k
dk;ZØeksa gsrq Hkh lgk;rk miyC/k djkrk gSA
jk"Vªh; cSad dh nk?kkZof/k _.k ¼;kstukc)½
¼d½
ik=k laLFkk;sa
¼1½
vuqlwfpr okf.kT; cSadA
¼2½
{ks=kh; okf.kT; cSadA
¼3½
ftyk e/;orhZ lgdkjh cSadA
¼4½
ftyk e/;orhZ Hkwfe fodkl cSadA
¼[k½ vof/k &
¼1½
3 o"kZ ls de u gksA
¼2½
25 o"kZ ls vf/kd u gksA
¼x½
ik=k dk;Zdyki
Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k dk;Zdyki tSls& y?kq flapkbZ] Hkwfe fodkl] catj Hkwfe fodkl] ckxokuh] js'ke mRiknu]
i'kq ikyu] eRL; ikyu] lesfdr xzkeh.k fodkl ifj;kstuk] Ñf"k e'khuhdj.k] Hk.Mkj.k foi.ku ekMZ] ok;ks rduhdh
ifj;kstuk bR;kfnA
M~okdjk ;kstuk ¼xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa efgykvksa ,oa cPpksa ds fodkl ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj dh ;kstuk&
;g ;kstuk xk¡o dh efgykvksa o cPpksa ds fy, gSaA fo'ks"k dj xzkeh.k {ks=k esa xjhch js[kk ls uhps jgus okys
xzkeh.k ifjokjksa dh efgyk lnL;ksa dks vk; izkfIr rFkk Lojkstxkj ds volj iznku djus ds mís'; ls rS;kj dh
x;h gSA
Ñf"k;sÙkj {ks=k
xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa dqVhj] y?kq m|ksxksa gLrf'kYiksa rFkk vU; xzkeh.k f'kYiksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, iznku fd;s
x;s _.kksa ij jk"Vªh; cSad l siqufoZr ysus dh ik=krk gSA m|ksxksa dks 22 eq[; lewgksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gS]
fodkl vk;qÙk ¼y?kq m|ksx½ Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk vuqeksfnr dksbZ Hkh m|ksx lgk;rk izkIr djus dk ik=k gSA
eq[; fo'k"krk,¡ &
(1) vkVkseksfVd iqufoZr lqfo/kk & (i) lafeJ vksj lesfdr _.k ds fy, lkekU; iquZfo±rA (ii) lskyj dqdj]
ok;ksxSl la;=k] ifjpkydksa }kjk NksVs okgu dh [kjhn] odZ'kSM] dPps eky ds dsUæ] 'kks :e] xksnke forj.k okgu
bR;kfn dh lqfo/kk;saA (iii) ifj;kstuk rSlkj djkuk ,oa ijke'kZ lsok,a
(2)
xSj vkVkseSfVd iuqfoZr lqfo/kk & js'ke m|ksx gFkdj?kk] y?kq m|ksx bdkb;ksa] iathÑr] leL;kvka] lgdkjh
lfefr;ksa gsrq lkof/k _.kA
(3)
vU; ;kstukvksa &
(1) m|fe;ksa dks ekftZu euh gsrq O;kt Hkqxrku _.k] iwoZ lSfudksa] fo/kokvksa]
fodyk¡x iwoZ lSfud vkfn ds fy, lSEQSDl&II ;kstukA
mä leLr ;kstukvksa ds fy, xzkeh.k f'kYidkj] gLrf'kYi] NksVs m|eh] lfefr;ksa] laLFkkvksa bR;kfn mi;qä
ek=k gks ldrs gSaA
(4)
iquZfoÙk dh lhek &
(i) lfeJ _.k & :i;s 50.000 (ii) lesfdr _.k& 10 yk[k] vkVkesfVd iquZfoÙk
lqfo/kk ds vUrxZrA
(5)
ekftZu euh & :i;s 50 gtkj rd ds fe{k _.k ds fy, ekftZu euh jkf'k vko';d ugha& :i;s 1 yk[k
rd ds _.kksa ds fy, 5 % & :i;s 1 yk[k ls vij ds _.kksa ds fy, 10%
(6)
vnk;xh vof/k &
3 ls 10 o"kZ
13
(7)
C;kt dh nj& (1.0394 ls izHkkfor½ :i;s 25 gtkj dh jkf'k rd & 12% :i;s 25 gtkj ls Åij &
14% :i;s 2 yk[k ls Åij & 15%
izkFkfed cqudj lfefr;ksa ds mRiknu vkSj foi.ku dk;Zdyki&
izkFkfed cqudj lfefr;ksa dh mRiknu vkSj foi.ku xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, foÙkh; lgk;rk miyC/k djkus gsrq
ftyk e/;orhZ vkS|ksfxd lgdkjh cSadksa ds fy, jkT; lgdkjh cSadksa jk"Vªh; cSad ls vYiof/k _.k lhek miyC/k gSA
cqudjksa }jk odZ'ksM ds fuekZ.k] dj?kksa ds vtqZu vkfn ds fy, lkof/k _.k dh lgk;rk iznku dh tkrh gSA us'kuy
VsDlVkby dkiksZjs'ku ds ,sls deZpkjh] ftUgksaus ikojywe dk;Zdykiksa dks viukus ds fy, LosPNk ls lsokfuo`Ùk gksus
dh bPNk tfgj dh gS% muds iquZokl ds fy, Hkh iqufoZr lqfo/kk iznku dh tkrh gSA
efgykvksas ds Lo;a lgk;rk lewg vkSj jk"Vªh; cSad dh izk;ksfxd ifj;kstuk
xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa ferO;f;rk vkSj opr dks izksRlkfgr djus rFkk cSafdax iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls mudh _.k
vko';drkvkas dks iwjk djus ds mís'; ls o"kZ 1992 esa Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa dks cSadksa ds lkFk lgc) djus dh
izk;ksfxd ifj;kstuk izkjEHk dh xbZ Fkh] blesa eq[; ckrsa fuEu gSaA
(i)
Lo;a lgk;rk lewg tks de ls de fiNys 6 efguksa ls lfØ; :i ls dk;Zjr gS rFkk vius lnL;ksa
dks _.k nsus rFkk mudh cprksa dks izksRlkfgr djus dk dk;Z djrs gSA
(ii)
Lo;a lgk;rk lewg vkSipkfjd vFkok vuksipkfjd lewg gks ldrs gSaA lewg ds lnL;ksa dh la[kk
10 ls 20 gks ldrh gSSA
(iii)
lewg }kjk laxzfgr cprksa ds vuqikr ds vuqlkj cSad mUgsa foÙkiks"k.k iznku djsaxsA _.k vkSj
cprksa dks vuqikr cSad ds ewY;kadu ds vk/kkj ij 1:4 ls 1:4 ds chp gks ldrk gSA
(iv)
Lo;a lgk;rk lewg dks _.k lgk;rk esa C;kt dh 12% r; dh x;h gSA
xzkeh.k ekbØks vksj ?kjsyw m|eksa dh lgk;rk iznku djus ds fy, xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa dks c<+h ek=kk esa _.k
;kstuk dh eq[; ckrsa %&
(1)
,slh okyafV;j ,tsafl;ksa@xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa dks _.k miyC/k djok;k tkrk gS tks xzeh.k xjhcksa dks
oS;fäd :i ls vFkok NksVs lewgksa dh ekiZr _.k lgk;rk iznku djrs gSa vkSj muesa feO;f;rk dks izksRlkfgr djrs
gSaA
(2)
,tsUlh vius _.k dk;ZØe gsrq 1ls 3 o"kksZ dh vof/k ds fy, viuk dk;ZØe ¼izkstsD'kUl½ rS;kj djsxhA
(3)
,tsUlh dk fgLlk blesa 25% jgsxkA
(4)
cSad ls LoSfPNd laxBuksa dks 9% dh C;kt nj ij _.k miyC/k gksxkA
(5)
vfUre _.k drkZ dks O;SfädA lewg _.k nsus ds fy, foÙk dk vkadyu] ewY;kadu] izfrHkwfr vko';drk;saA
C;kt dh nj] pqukSrh vof/k vkSj vU; 'krsaZ] cSadksa ls dkQh ek=kk esa _.k ysus okyh LoSfPNd laxBuksa }kjk fu/kkZfjr
dh tk;sxhA
(6)
vfuok;Z 'krZ ;g gS fd _.kdrkZ us viuh {kerk ds vuqlkj fu;fer :i ls nSfud lkIrkfgd vFkok ekfld
vk/kkj ij dqN jkf'k tek dh gksA bl rjg dh opr dh jkf'k LoSfPNd laxBu ;k xSj ljdkjh laxBu }kjk
,dfyr dh xbZ gS vkSj izR;sd lnL; ds fy,s vyx&vyx O;Sfäd [kkrs [kksys x, gSsA
14
mRikn p;u ,oa volj vfHkKku
vki Lo;a ;g lksfp, fd vki dkSu lk m|ksx yxkuk pkgrs gSaA lkcqu cukuk pkgsaxs ;k nok;sa cukuk\
vPNk! vc vki ;g lksfp, fd m|ksx pykus ds fy, fdu&fdu phtksa dh t:jr gksxh tSls lkcqu ds m|ksx ds
fy, FkksM+h lh txg dqN IykfLVd ds iSdsV] lksfM;e flfydsV] ,UghMªl lksi ikmMj] lksfM;e DyksjkbM] VsVªk
lksfM;e] ik;jk QkLQsV] vkIVhdy Cyhp vkfn dh t:jr gksxhA
;fn vkius m|ksx dk pquko lgh <+ax ls ugha fd;k gS rks vki lnSo vleatl dh fLFkfr esa jgsaxsA blfy,
cgqr gh lksp le>dj dne mBkuk pkfg, D;ksafd vxj blesa dksbZ Hkwy gks x;h rks u dsoy vkidk /ku o le;
cckZn gksxk] cfYd ckn esa bldk izHkko vkids vkRefo'okl o Hkfo"; ij Hkh iM+sxk ,oa dq.Bk mRiUu gksxhA vr%
lksp fopkj dj gh dksbZ dne mBkuk pkfg,A blds fy, fuEu ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A
1.
viuh {kerk
vkidks m|ksx pquus ls igys ;g ns[kuk pkfg, fd vkiesa fdl izdkj ds dk;Z djus dh {kerk gS tSls fd
vkiesa rqjUr lgh fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk gS\ fdl {ks=k esa vki vf/kd dk;Z dj ldrs gSa ,oa fdu {ks=kksa esa vki
vius dks detksj le>rs gSa \ vki t;knk nkSM+&/kwi dj ik;saxs fd ugha \ vkiesa lgu'khyrk gS\ vki gkj dks
lgu dj nksckjk dke mlh yxu ls dj ik;saxs\ vkidh lsgr bl dke ds fy, vuqdwy gS\ bR;kfn igyqvksa ij
Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ls fopkj djuk gksxkA
2.
/kS;Z
dgha ,slk rks ugha fd vki fdlh ijs'kkuh esa ,dne ?kcjk tkrs gksa\ vkidks /khjt j[kuk pkfg,A
dHkh&dHkh ,slk gksrk gS fd dksbZ ,slh leL;k vk {kM+h gksrh gS ftl ij igys lkspk gh ugha x;k gksrkA ,sls le;
esa vkidks /kS;Z ls dke djuk vkuk pkfg,A vDlj vkidk dke vkidh vk'kkvksa ds foijhr Hkh gks ldrk gSA ;k
fdlh dk;kZy; esa ckj&ckj iz;Ru djds Hkh vkidk dke ugha gks jgk gS ,slh fLFkfr esa vkidks xqLls ls dke ugh
ysuk gSA cfYd /kS;Z ls vius bjkns dks iDdk djrs gq, fLFkfr dks le>uk gS vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk gSA
3.
lkgl
m|e yxkus ds fy, lkglh gksuk Hkh t:jh gSA fcuk lkgl ds dksbZ dne ugha mBk;k tk ldrkA vkids
eu esa ;g loky mBsxk fd eSa dSls tkuw fd eSa fdruk lkglh gwwaA blds fy, vkReniZ.k fl)kUr ds vuqlkj vkidks
vksj yksxksa ls vius okjs esa jk; ysuh gksxh fd yksx vkids ckjs esa D;k lksprs gSa\ vki [kqn gh lksfp, fd vki Lo;a
dks r4st] prqj] /kS;Zoku ;k dqN vkSj le>rs gSaA vkils yksx dSlk O;ogkj djrs gS\ D;k vki fdlh Hkh dfBukbZ
dks ljyrk ls lqy>krs gSa\ fdlh nwljs dh ftEesnkjh dks Hkh ysrs gSa vkSj mls iwjk djokrs gSsaA
4.
viuh ifjokfjd ifjfLFkfr
m|e LFkkfir djus ds fy, vkidks viuk djhc&djhc lkjk le; mlh vksj yxkuk gksxkA vr% vki vius
ifjokfjd nkf;Ro] [kpksZ ,oa fudV Hkfo"; dh vko';drkvksa dks /;ku esa jf[k,A
5
'kkjhfjd {kerk
m|e pqurs le; vki ;g Hkh nsf[k;s fd vki fdruk dk;Z dj ldrs gSA vki ,d LoLFk uo;qod gSa ;k
vf/kd mez ds fjVk;MZ O;fä gSa\ ;fn vki nwljh Js.kh ds gSa rks Bgfj;s\ vki ,slk m|ksx pqfu, ftlesa vkidks
T;knk esgur u djuh iM+sA
15
6
ijEijxr O;olk;
D;k vki fdlh O;olk;h ifjokj ls vkrs gSa\ ;fn gka rks vki ds fy, ;gh t;knk Bhd gksxk fd vki vius
ifjokj ds O;olk; dks gh djsa ;k mlls tqM+k gqvk m|e yxk;sa rkfd vkids ifjokj dk o"kkZsa ls pyk vk jgk
vuqHko] ifjp; vkfn vkids dke vk ldsA ,d ckj dk;Z dk vuqHko gks tkus ds ckn vU; fdlh dk;Z dks Hkh
vkjEHk dj ldrs gSA
7
cktkj dh fLFkfr
vki tks m|e pqu jgs gSa mldh [kir ds ckjs esa irk dj yhft,A cktkj esa ;g pht lky Hkj mi;ksxh
gksrh gSA ;k dwqN gh le; mldk mi;ksx gksrk tgS\ mldh [kir lkekU; cktkj esa gksrh gS ;k ef.M;ksa esa\ blds
lkFk gh ;g Hkh ns[kuk gksrk gS fd vU; m|fe;ksa }kjk cukbZ xbZ pht dk D;k Lrj gS\ dgha ,slk rks ugh fd
vmids eky dk Lrj cgqr [kjkc gks\ bl ckjsa esa vkidks cktkj dk Hkjiwj losZ{k.k djuk gksxk vkSj vf/kd ckrsa
tkuus ds fy, cktkj losZ{k.k v/;k; dks i<+saA
8
dPps eky dh miyC/krk
m|e dk pquko djus ls igys vkidks ;g Hkh ns[kuk gksxk fd cktkj esa dPpk eky gS ;k ughaA dgha ,slk
rks ugha fd m|ksx LFkkfir gksus ds dqN fnu ckn cktkj ls dPpk eky xk;c gks tk, vkSj vkidks viuk m|ksx
cUn djuk iM+sA vki ;g Hkh nsf[k, fd dPp-k eky QSDVªh rd ykus esa vkidk fdruk [kpZ gksrk gSA dgha ,slk rks
ugha dqN fnu ckn vkidks dgha cgqr nwj ls dPpk eky ykuk iM+s blesa vkidk /ku rFkk le; vf/kd yxsxkA
9
foÙkh; fLFkfr
vius cSad cSaysal dh fLFkfr Hkh ns[kuh gksxhA bl ckr dks utj vankt djds vkxs c<+uk cgqr cM+h Hkwy
gksxhA ;g lp gS fd vkiudks m|e yxkus ds fy, _.k feyrk gS ij mlds ckn vkids ikl lUrqfyr jkf'k dk
gksuk t:jh gSA blds vykok [kpZ ,oa ?kkVs dh laHkkokuk dk vankt yxkuk gksxkA fdlh ykyp esa viuh {kerk ls
T;knk cM+s m|e dks u yxk ysaA /khjs&/khjs viuh foÙkh; fLFkfr dks lq/kkjrs gq, m|ksx dk foLrkj djsaA m|e p;u
esa dqy ifj;kstuk dh ykxr dk yxHkx 25-30 izfr'kr rd bfDoh@va'knku vo'; gksuk pkfg,A
10
m|ksx LFkkiuk esa fopkj %&
m|ksx LFkkiuk esa O;fä dh tYnckth gkfudkjd gksrh gSA dgha ,slk rks ugha fd vki m|ksx LFkkiuk esa
cgqr tYnh dj jgs gSaA vxj lansg gS rks Bgfj;sA bl dke ds ckjs esa vki ,d ckj fQj Hkyh izdkj ls lksp ysa fd
vki m|ksx lEcfU/kr my>uksa ls dSls fuiVsaxsA
11
e'khu dh miyC/krk %&
m|ksx p;u dh izfØ;k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw e'khu p;u dk Hkh gksrk gS D;ksafd ;fn e'khu Lons'kh gS rks
fu'p; gh mldh ykxr vk;frr e'khu ls de gksxh rFkk Hkfo"; esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh VwV&QwV gksus ij mldh
ejEer djokus esa vf/kd le; O;; ugna djuk iM+sxk] lkFk gh lkFk ykxr de gksus ls ifj;kstuk dh ykxr Hkh
de gks ldrh gSSA
12
lajpukRed miyC/krk%&
ifj;kstuk p;u esa lajpukRed miyC/krk dk viuk ,d fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gS D;ksafd Hkwfe] fctyh] ikuh]
lM+d] cSad o vU; ewyHkwr lqfo/kk,¡ bdkbZ LFkkiuk LFky ij ekStwn ugha gS rks bdkbZ dks Hkfo"; esa fdlh Hkh izdkj
16
dh leL;k dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gS] lkFk gh lkFk ;g lHkh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa ds miyC/k gksus ij
vko';d Hkkx&nkSM+ ls Hkh m|eh cp ldrk gS rFkk ifj;kstuk dh ykxr Hkh de dh tk ldrh gSA
13
ekuo 'kfä dh miyC/krk
mRikn@m|e p;u izfØ;k esa mi;qä ekuo 'kfä ¼dq'ky½ p;u] Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ izfØ;k gS D;ksafd ;fn
vki p;u djrs gSa phuh feêh ds crZu] ihry] fufdy vFkok 'kh'kk mRikn dk] rks fu'p; gh vkidks dq'ky
dkjhxj dk p;u djuk iM+sxkA dq'ky dkjhxj mUgha {ks=kksa esa miyC/k gksaxs] tgk¡ fuekZ.k@mRikn izpqj ek=kk esa
gksrs gSaA vr,c ekuo 'kfä dk p;u] mRikn p;u izfØ;k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrk gSSA
m|ksx
LFkkfir djuj m|eh ds O;fäRo ls dkQh xgjkbZ ls tqM+k gqvk gSA tc vki viu fy, fdlh m|ksx dk p;u djsa
rks viuh rkdrksa] detksfj;ksa ,oa vius lEeku dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, gh fdlh m|ksx volj dk p;u djsaA vkidks
,sls gh voljksa dk p;u djuk gksxk ftldk rkyesy lh/kk vkids O;fäRo ls gks lds D;ksafd lgh m|ksx dk p;u
u gksus ds dkj.k vkidh iwjh 'kfä xyr fn'[kk dh rjQ yxus dh laHkkouk gSA u;s m|eksa ds fy, mRikn dk
p;u djuk bruk ljy ugha gS vkSj mlds eu esa vfUre fu.kZ; ysus ls igys vusd 'kadk;sas mRiUu gksrh jgsxhA
14
ljdkjh uhfr;k¡
mRiknksa m|e p;u izfØ;k ds mijksä fcUnqqvksa ij xagu fopkj ,oa dk;Z djus ds lkFk&lkFk m|eh dks
ljdkjh uhfr;ksa dk Hkh v/;;u djuk gksxk fd p;fur m|ksx izfrcaf/kr lwph esa rks ugha gS D;ksafd ;fn p;fur
m|ksx izfroaf/kr lwwph esa gS rks ml m|ksx@mRiknu dk p;u djuk mi;qä ugha gksxkA izfrcaf/kr lwph dh
tkudkjh ftyk m|ksx dsUæ@cSad@m-iz- foÙkh; fuxe ls miyC/k gks ldrh gSA
p;u ds pj.k % vkS|ksfxd volj igpku &
vkidks Lo;a dh dq'kyrk ,oa dk;Zdq'kyrk] vPNkb;ksa ,oa dfe;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, okrkoj.k esa ekStwn
voljksa dks <wz<+us dh dksf'k'k djuk gS vksj vfaUre fu.kZ; ysus ls igys nksuksa dk rqyukRed fo'ys"K.k djds vius
mRiknu dk p;u djuk gSA dkSu lk mRikn yxk;k ik;s blds ckjs esa dqN fopkj vkidks fey ldrs gSa ;fn vki
vius {ks=k esa mu u;s mRikn@lsokvksa ds ckjs esa tks fd ml {ks=k esa miyC/krk ugha gS ;k orZeku
mRikn@lqfo/kkvksa esa lq/kkj ykdj ;k fodkl djds u;s mRikn dk vkjEHk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
;fn
u;s mRiknu esa dqN Hkh lUnsg yx jgk gks rks tks mRikn ,oa lsok,a yksx igys ls dj jgs gSa mlh esa ;s vius fy,
dksbZ mRikn lk lsok dk p;u djsaA lgk;d m|ksx ds :i esa Hkh vki viuh ifj;kstuk 'kq: dj ldrs gSsaA u;s
m|eh ftuds ikl vuqHko dh deh gS muds fy, ;gh Bhd gksxk fd u;h orZeku bdkbZ;ksa esa ls fdlh mRikn dk
p;u djsa ;k mlesa lq/kkj ykdj dksbZ u;k mRikn cukus dh ps"Vk djsaA
cktkj ek¡x
m|ksx dk p;u ,d vR;Ur egRoiiw.kZ ,ao dfBu dk;Z gS bldk fu.kZ; ysus ls igys vkidks&
1
okrkoj.k esa miyC/krk lk/kuksa dh iwjh tkudkjh ysuh pkfg,A ml {ks=k dh tula[;k ogk¡ ds O;olk; ,oa
lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd n`f"Vdks.k dk iw.kZ vkHkkl gksuk pkfg,A
2
vkidks pkyw O;olk; fLFkfr] vUr{ks=kh; ysu&nsu ,oa LFkkuh; miHkksäk dh vko';drk dh iw.kZ tkudjh
ysuh pkfg, vkSj okrkoj.k dh ek¡x ,oa iwfrZ dk vuqeku gksuk pkfg,A
óskr
vius m|e dk p;u vki miyC/k lk/kuksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkh dj ldrs gSa tSls Ñf"k] [kfut inkFkZ] leqæh
lk/ku ,oa lu ls lfEcfU/kr lk/ku ,oa vof'k"V inkFkZ ij vk/kkfjr mRiknA c<+rh gqbZ vkoknh ,oa miHkksäk vkSj
vkSj vkS|ksfxd mRiknksa] lsokvksa esa c<+rh ek¡x ds vk/kkj ij Hkh vius m|ksx dk p;u dj ldrs gSaA mijksä lk/kuksa
dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, vki vius m|ksx dk leqnk; r; dj ldrs gSaA tSls& baftfu;fjax] jlk;u] IykfLVd
bR;kfnA
17
izcU/k
vkids m|e dh iw.kZ :ijs[kk cu pqdh gSA vc vkidks ;g tkuuk gS fd vki viuk m|e dSls pyk,a o
vkus okyh fnDdrksa dk lkeuk dSls djsaA leqfpr <ax ls m|e pykus ds fy, t:jh gS fd vki vPNk izcU/k djsaA
izcU/k D;k gS\ vPNs izcU/k ds pkj eq[; vax gksrs gSaA
1
;kstuk
2
laxBu
3
usr`Ro
4
lapkyu
dqN ladsrksa dks ns[kdj vkidks ekywe py tk;sxk fd vkids m|e ds izcU/k esa xM+cM+h gS ;k ughaA
1
tc fcuk fdlh ;kstuk ds dke gks jgk gksA
2
tc vki ns[ksa fd vkids deZpkjh [kq'k ugha gS ;k dke ugha djuk pkgrsA
3
tc vkids m|e esa y{; vkSj dk;Z djus dk rjhdk fuf'pr u gks
4
tc vki vius Åij lkjk dke ys ysrs gksaA
5
tc vf/kdrj fnDdrsa gh lkeus vkrh gksaA
vxj Åij fy[kh ckrksa esa fdlh Hkh nks ls vkidk ekuk iM+rk gSA rks bdk eryc gS fd vkids m|e dk
izcU/k Bhd ugha gSA ysfdu D;k vki tkurs gSa fd izcU/k D;k gksrk gS\ ,d m|ksx ds flyflys esa izcU/k dbZ rjg
ds gksrs gSsa tSls fd deZpkjh izcU/k ¼ilZuy eSustesUV½] mRiknu izcU/k ¼izksMD'ku eSustesUV½] iwath izcU/k ¼dSihVy
eSustesUV½ l;e izcU/k ¼Vkbe eSustesUV½] lEidZ izcU/k ¼dE;qfuds'ku eSustesUV½ vkfnA
foÙkh; izcU/k
foÙk] mRiknu ,oa fcØh izR;sd m|ksx ds vk/kkj LeEHk gSA buesa igys vki';drk iM+rh gS foÙk izcU/k ls rkRi;Z
ek=k /ku ,df=kr djuk gh ugha gS] vfirq mldk mi;ksx ,oa forj.k dq'kyrk ls djuk gSA for izcU/k dks Li"V
djus ds fy, foÙkh; dk;ksZ dk vkoaVu fuEu izdkj ls fd;k tk ldrk gS%%&
foÙk izcU/k
m|ksx dh LFkkiuk ds fy, vkidks fdlh ,d óksr ls lkjh jkf'k ugha izkIr gks ldrhA fofHkUu óksrksa ls
bldk izcU/k vf/kd vklku vksj ykHkizn gksrk gSA vkxs nh x;h lfj.kh }kjk ;g óksr Li"V gksrs gSaA
,d vPNs izcU/kd ds fy, vki';d gS fd mls foÙkh; lgk;rk djus okys lHkh óksrksa dk mfpr Kku gksA
Åij nh xbZ lkfj.kh esa ,sls vusd óksr fn;s x;s gSa] tks vkids m|ksx dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk iznku djrs gSaA ijUrq
;g Hkh fofo/krk fy, gq, gksrs gSaA ;kfu dksbZ óksr fdlh fo'ks"k izdkj dh vko';drk ds fy, gh ykHkizn gksrs gSa
tSls& yEch vof/k okys _.k] m|ksx dh LFkk;h iwath ds fy, iz;ksx fd;s tkus ij vf/kd ykHkizn gksrs gSaA tcfd
dk;Z'khy iwath ds fy, vYi vof/k ds _.k vf/kd mi;ksxh gksrs gSa vkidh tkudkjh ds fy, ;gk¡] un lHkh ds xq.k]
nks"k ,oa miyC/krk dh tkudjh nh tk jgh gSA
fuos'k %
;gk¡ fuos'k ls rkRi;Z ml iwath ls gS tks vki vius ikl ls yxkrs gSaA ;g fuosf'kr iwath lerk jkf'k
(Equity)ds :i esa iz;qä gksrh gSA vU; óksrksa ls _.k izkIr djus ds fy, dqN jkf'k vkids ikl myC/k gksuk
vko';d gksrk gS] ml jkf'k dk izcU/k fuEu óksrksa ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
O;fäxr
tSlk fd uke ls gh Li"V gS fd ;g óksr vki gh gSaA ;kfu vkidks futh lEifÙk ftlesa vkidh vHkh rd
cpkbZ xbZ jkf'k 'kkfey gSA m|ksx vkjEHk djus ds fy, ;g iwath cgqr vko';d ,oa egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS D;ksafd blh
dh miyC/krk ij vkidks vU; _.k feyrs gSaA m|ksx dk dk;Z vkjEHk gks tkus ij mlls feyus okyk ykHk Hkh
vkidk O;fäxr foÙk óksr gks tkrk gSA
1.
18
'ks;j
lerk jkf'k izkIr djus dk ,d ókr gS 'ks;j cspukA ijUrq 'ks;j cspus dk vf/kdkj izR;sd dEiuh dks ugha
gksrkA blds fy, ljdkjh vuqefr ysuk t:jh gSA O;fä ftrus ewY; dk 'ks;j [kjhnrk gS] dEiuh ds mrus Hkkx dk
ekfyd gks tkrk gS ,oa dEiuh vius ykHk dk dqN izfr'kr va'k ¼fuos'k ds vuqlkj½ 'ks;j /kkjd dks nsrh gSA 'ks;j
/kkdj dks fn;s tkus okys bl Hkkx dks ykHkka'k dgrs gSaA dEiuh ykHkka'k dk forj.k fdlh fuf'pr le; esa djus ds
fy;s dkuwuh :i ls ck/; ugha gksrh] cfYd vius lfo/kuqdwy le; ij forj.k dj ldrh gSA ykHkka'k forj.k ds
vk/kkj ij 'ks;j /kkdjd izeq[kr% nks oxksZa esa foHkkftr fd;s tk ldrs gSa %&
2.
¼v½
izkFkfed
izeq[k 'ks;j /kkjdksa ds ykHkka'k dh nj fuf'pr gksrh gS ,oa ykHkka'k vkoaVu esa mudks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh
gSA
¼c½
lkekU;
lkekU; 'ks;j /kkjdksa ds ykHkka'k dh nj fuf'pr ugha gksrhA dEiuh ds izcU/kdksa ,ao funs'kdksa }kjk fy,
x;s ykHkka'k fu.kZ;ksa ds vk/kkj ij gh ykHkka'k dh nj vkSj vkoaVu dk Øe fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA viuh dEiuh ds
'ks;j cspus ds lkFk gh vki dqN vU; dEifu;ksa ds 'ks;j [kjhn Hkh ldrs gSa] ftuls vkidks le;&le; ij /ku
feyrk jgsxk vkSj m|ksx esa lgk;d fl) gksxkA
vYidkyhu _.k óksr ¼dk;Z'khy iawth½
,sls O;; ftudh okj&ckj vko';drk iM+rh gS tSls dPpk eky vkfn ijA bu fujUrj gksus okys O;;ksa ds
fy, vkidks dqN ,slh iawth dk izcU/k j[kuk iM+rk gS ftldk vki rqjUr mi;ksx dj ldsA bldks dk;Z'khy iwath
dgrs gSaA dk;Z'khy iawth ds fy, vkidks vYidkyhu _.k ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA buds izeq[k óksr bl izdkj
gS%&
1.
O;olkf;d m/kkj
fdlh Hkh y/kq m|ksx dh mRiknu izfØ;k esa ;gka óksr cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA ;g Lo;a
mikftZr gksrs gSa] blds fy, vkidks fdlh ls iSlk m/kkj ugha ysuk iM+rk gS] cfYd vki iznk;dksa ls dPpk eky ys
ysrs gSa vkSj mldk Hkqxrku ckn esa djrs jgrs gSaA bl izdkj ds _.k dk lcls vf/kd Qk;nk ;g gksrk gS fd u rks
vkidks vf/kd vkSipkfjdrk,¡ iwjh djuh iM+rh gS vkSj u vf/kd C;kt nsuk iM+rk gS] lkFk gh bleas vkidks lkeku
dh uhykeh ;k fnokfy;k gksus dk [krjk Hkh ugha gksrkA lkeku dk _.k ysdj cph gqbZ uxn jkf'k dk mi;ksx vki
vU; oLrqvksa esa dj dlrs gSaA
bl izdkj ds m/kkjksa dh miyC/krk iznk;dksa esa vkidh llk[k ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA ;fn vkidh lk[k
fu;fer :i ls m/kkj pqdkus okys O;fä ds :i esa gS rks vkidks lkeku ljyrk ls m/kkj fey tkrk gSA ;kfu fd
;fn iznk;d dks vki ;g fo'okl fnyk lds fd vki islk fu;fer le; ls pqdk nsaxs rks og vkidks m/kkj lkeku
ns nsxkA u;s m|fe;ksa dks cktkj ea lk[k u gksus ds dkj.k vkjEHk esa ;g m/kkj feyus esa ijs'kkuh gksrh gS vr% mUgsa
uxn iSlk Hkh vf/kd ysuk iM+rk gSA ijUrq ,d ckj lEcU/k LFkkfir gks tkus ij blesa dksbZ fo'ks"k leL;k ugha vkrh
gSA
2.
cSad
dk;Z'khy iawth ds :i esa _.k iznku djus okys cSad vkids vYidkyhu _.k óksr gSA ;g _.k vkidks
vkidh lEifÙk ds vk/kkj ij feyrk gSA cSad }kjk vkidh izLrqr lEifÙk ds vk/kkj ij vkidks feyus okys _.k dh
lhek fuf'pr dj nh tkrh gSA bleas ls vki viuh vko';rkuqlkj iSlk fudky ldrs gSaA vf/kdrj ;g _.k
mRiknu vkSj fcØh dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, feyrs gSsA ijUrq tc rd vki ;g _.k ugha pqdk nsrs
rc rd izLrqr lEifÙk] dPpk eky bR;kfn dk vf/kdkjh cSad dks gh ekuk tkrk gSA y?kq m|ksx dh mRiknu {kerk
de gksrh gS vkSj mUgsa muds Hkqxrku feys esa vf/kd le; yxrk gS vr% mUgsa bl izdkj ds _.k vf/kd jkf'k ds
ysus iM+rs gSsaA dHkh&dHkh O;olkf;d gkfu gksus ij Hkh m|ksx dks pyw j[kus ds fy;s vkidks cSad ls _.k fey
ldrk gS] ysfdu blds fy, lEcfU/kr cSad ls vkids O;olkf;d lEcU/k vPNs gksus vfr vko';d gSA
3
lkekftd
m|eh dks dqN _.k ,sls feyrs gSa tks og lfØ; mÙkjnkf;Ro ds fofo/k :iksa esa pqdkrk gSA ;g _.k
m|ksx ,oa m|eh ds vuqkj cnyrs jgrs gSaA ;g _;m fuEu óksrksa ls fy, tk ldrs gSa%&
19
¼v½
xzkgdksa ls vfxze HkqxrkuA
¼c½
fe=kksa ;k fj'rsnkjksa ls m/kkj ysukA
¼l½
funs'kd] deZpkfj;ksa vkfn ls vLFkkbZ iwath tek djokukA
nh?kZ dkyhu _.k óksr ¼LFkk;h iawth½
m|ksx dks LFkkfir djus esa nhz/kZ dkyhu _.k dkQh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA bl jkf'k dk iz;ksx m|ksx
dh LFkk;h iwath tSls Hkwfe] e'khu] Hkou vkfn ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g _.k fuEu laLFkkvksa ls izkIr fd;s tk
ldrs gSaA
¼v½
jkT; ljdkj
jkT; ljdkj }kjk ;g _.k m|ksx foHkkx ds ek/;e ls fn;s tkrs gSaA bldks feyus esas yxHkx ,d
o"kZ dk le; yx tkrk gSA
¼c½
jkT; foÙk fuxe
bl fuxe }kjk vf/kdrj xSj lgHkkxh m|ksxksa dks gh _.k fn;k tkrk gSA ftldk iz;ksx m|ksx dh vpy
o LFkk;h iwath ds fy, fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vko';drk iM+us ij blesa ls dqN va'k dk iz;ksx dk;Z'khy iawth ds
fy;s Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
¼l½
jkT; y?kq m|ksx fuxe
ns'k esa y?kq m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsus ds mís'; ls bl fuxe dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSSA bl fuxe ls y?kq
m|ksxksa dks _.k ds vfrfjä vU; dbZ izdkj dh lgk;rk Hkh izkIr gksrh gS tSls& ljdkjh dk;kZs dk dqN fgLlk bu
m|ksxksa dks fnykuk] vkMZj dh iwfrZ ,oa rduhdh lg;ksx] cktkj ds dk;Z tSls fcØh vkfn ,oa e'khu] midj.k
mtyC/k djokukA
¼n½
cSad
cSad ls feyus okyk nh?kZdkyhu _.k vkidh vpy lEifÙk vFkok fdlh izfrf"Br O;fä }kjk tekur ds
vk/kkj ij feyrk gSA ;g _.k ,d fuf'pr nj ij fu;r le; esa pqdkuk gksrk gS ,oa ewyr% LFkk;h iawth tSls&
e'khu] Hkou vkfn ds fy, fn;k tkrk gSA
blds vfrfjä vki vius fj'rsnkjksa ,oa fe=kksa] futh laLFkkvksa vkfn ls Hkh yEch vof/k ds _.k izkIr dj
ldrs gSaA
fuos'k ;kstuk
;kstuk cukus ls igys vki vius m|ksx ds O;;ksa dk Hkyh izdkj ls fo'ys"k.k dj ysa vki';drkuqlkj
fuos'k djsaA
LFkk;h iawth ds fuekZ.k ;kfu mudk izcU/k ,d ckj gks tkus ls ckj&ckj ugha djk gksrk ,ao dk;Z'khy O;;
mu vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrs gSa tks ,d ckj iwjh gksus ds ckn fQj ls mRiUu gksrh gSS] tSls& dPpk eky
[kjhnuk] deZpkfj;ksa dks osru vkfn dk HkqxrkuA
mi;qZä fofHkUu O;;ksa esa fuos'k izcU/k djds ifj;kstuk ds Bhd izdkj ls izkjEHk gks tkus ds ckn vius
m|ksx dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks etcwr cukus ds fy, le;&le; ij u;h ;kstukvksa dks yxkuk Hkh vko';d gSA ;g
lkspuk xyr gksxk fd ,d ckj m|ksx LFkkfir gks tkus ds ckn mlh Lrj ij mRiknu ,oa fcØh esa /ku fuosf'kr
djus ls ykHk gksrk jgsxkA e'khuhdkj.k] vk/kqfudhdj.k] u;k mRiknu 'kq: djuk] m|ksx dk foLrkj vkfn ,slh gh
;kstuk,¡ gSa] ftudk lQy dk;kZUo;u m|ksx dks vkfFkZd lEcy iznku djrk gSA bu ;kstukvksa esa iwath fuos'k djus
ls igys mudk ewY;kadu djuk vfr vko';d gSA
Ø;&foØ; dks lHkh izfØ;k;sa mnkgj.kkFkZ foØsrk rFkk miHkksäk ds chp ds lEcU/k dk fo'ys"k.k djuk]
;kstuk cukuk] vldks dk;ZfUor djuk fu;fU=kr djuk vkfn foi.ku izcU/k ds vUrxZr vkrs gSaA mi;qä lHkh dk;ksZa
esa fo'ks"k /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd miHkksäk dks iw.kZ lUrks"k feys rHkh O;kikj ds mís'; dh iwfrZ gksrh gSA foi.ku ,d
fopkj/kkjk gS] ,d ikB~; lkexzh gS ,oe~ ,d fuiq.k laLFkkxr dk;ZØe gSSA
20
foi.ku lw=
mRoknu ,oe~ foØ; dk dk;Z izkjEHk djus ls iwoZ mRiknd dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le> ysuk pkfg, fd dkSu lh
oLrq dk mRiknu fd;k tk; tks orZeku cktkj esa miHkksäk }kjk ije larks"k ls Ø; fd;k tk ldsA
;g lw=k mRiknd dks lgh fopkj djus dh {kerk ,oe~ ijke'kZ nsrk gSA og miHkksäk ,oe~ mldh
vko';drk dks le>us esa leFkZ gks tkrk gS rnqijkUr og lgh oLrq dk mRiknu dj foØ; djus esa lQy gksrk gSA
miHkksäk tks oLrq Ø; dj jgk gS] mlds :i dks egRo u nsdj ;g fujh{kd djksfd mls ml oLrq ls D;k
ykHk gks jgk gSA
bl fujh{k.k vkSj v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij vkidks uohu oLrqvksa ds mRiknu ds laHkkfor volj izkIr gksaxsA
yksx xfeZ;ksa esa igkM+ksa ij D;ksa tkrs gSa\ mUgsa D;k ykHk izkIr gksrk gS\
'khry okrkoj.k
gfj;kyh Hksj n`';
izkÑfrd lkSUn;Z
lLrs Qy
xzh"e dkyhu mRlo
ekufld 'kkfUr
euksjatu
jksekafpr okrkoj.k
ifjorZu
mnkgj.kkFkZ Hkkjro"kZ esa dwyj dk fodkl gqvk D;ksafd cgqr yksxksa dks mlls 'khry okrkoj.k feykA dwyj]
igkM+ ij tkus ds vfrfjä dgha vf/kd lLrk gh ugha iM+k] oju~ os vf/kd le; rd 'khry okrkoj.k dk mi;ksx
dj ldsA
foi.ku esa lQyrk rHkh izkIr gksxh tc m|eh ;g le> ys fd miHkksäk D;ksa Ø; djrk gSSA
lgh foi.ku dk vFkZ gS] mu oLrqvksa dk cukuk ftldh miHkksäk dks vko';drk gS] u fd og oLrq,a cspuk tks
m|eh cuk ldrk gSA
orZeku ,oa Hkkoh cktkj esa vkids m|ksx ds lk/ku miHkksäkvksa dks lUrq"V djus esa] fdl lhek rd izHkko'kkyh gS
bl ij vkidh lQyrk vk/kkfjr gSA
cktkj dk ewY;kadu
cktkj esa fofHkUu izdkj ds miHkksäk gksrs gSaA vr% mudh vko';drk,¡ Hkh fofHkUu gksrh gSa loZizFke u;s
m|eh dks le>uk gS fd mlds }kjk mRikfnr oLrq dh cktkj esa ek¡x dSlh gSA lkFk esa ;g Hkh tkuuk vko';d gS
fd izfrLi/kkZ fdruh gSA m|eh vius lk/kuksa dh miyC/krk ,oe~ fdruk ykHk mls izkIr gks ldrk gS ;g le>dj
gh og vius miHkksäkvksa dk pquko dj ldrk gSA
cktkj
1.
2.
3.
dk eY;kadu rhu rF;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA
ek¡x dk fo'ys'ky
izfrLi/khZ dh lhek dks le>uk
O;kikj fof/k;k¡
ek¡x dk fo'ys"k.k
miHkksäkvksa dh bPNk ,oe~ lkeF;Z dks /;ku esa j[kuk gSA
1.
;fn miHkksäk x`gLFkh dk lkeku Ø; dj jgk gS rks izR;sd ?kj tkuk lEHko ugha] vr% m|eh dks ,d
nqdkunkj ls gh lEidZ djuk pkfg,] ;fn miHkksäk laLFkkxr gS rks m|eh Lo;a laLFkkvksa esa tkdj lEidZ dj
ldrk gSA
2.
;fn miHkksäk fofHkUu izns'kksa ds gSa] fofHkUu vkfFkZd Lrj ds gSa rc mfpr vkdM+s ,df=kr fd;s tk,a rHkh
lgh cktkj ewY;kadu gks ldrk gSA
3.
;fn miHkksäk vR;Ur foLr`r {ks=-k esa QSys gSa vkSj la[;k esa Hkh vf/kd gS rc mfpr gksxk] Mkd }kjk
i'ukoyh Hkst dj izfrfØ;k;sa yh tk;saA
ek¡x yksp
;fn FkksM+s ls ewY; esa vUrj ds QyLo:i miHkksäkvksa dh ek¡x ls cgqr vUrj vk tk, rks ek¡x esa
yphykiu gSA blds foijhr ;fn ewY; esa ifjorZu ls ek¡x esa fo'ks"k vUrj ugha vkrk rc ek¡x esa yphykiu ugha gSA
bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fuiq.k ijke'kZ dh vko';drk gS ftlls ewY; esa LFkkf;Ro jg ldsA
izfrLi/kkZ dh fLFkfr dks le>uk
1.
fdruh dEifu;k¡ vkids tSls mRikn dk foi.ku dj jgh gS\
2.
mudh cktkj ek¡x fdruh gSA
3.
muds }kjk mRikfnr lkexzh esa D;k xq.k vFkok =kqfV gS\
4.
izR;sd czkUM ds izfr miHkksäkvksa dh /kkj.kk D;k gS\
21
vkids izfr}Unh dkSu lh cktkj uhfr dk iz;ksx djrs gSa\
eq[; miHkksäk dkSu gS\
mi;qZDr rqyukRed pkVZ ls m|eh dks viuh mRikn dh =kqfV] deh] 'kfä Hkkoh volj vkSj ,oe~ ladV vkSj
gkfu dk Kku gksrk jgsxkA rHkh og vius iz;klksa esa miHkksäk lUrks"k vkSj mudh mi;ksfxrk dk /;ku j[k i;sxkA
5.
6.
forj.k ek/;e
O;kikj ds vH;kl ls m|eh vius miHkksäk rd lgh :i ls igqapus dh fof/k le>rk gSA dqN ifjfLFkkfr;ksa
esa m|eh lh/ks miHkksäk rd ugha igqap ldrk] cgqr e/;LFk iz;qä gksrs gSaA vr% izkjEHk esa m|eh dh fofHkUu izdkj
ds e/;LFkksa ds lEidZ ls gksus okys ykHk&gkfu dk Kku izkIr djuk vfr vko';d gSA
mRiknd
miHkksäk
mRiknd
nqdkunkj
miHkksäk
mRiknd
nqdkunkj
miHkksäk
nqdkunkj
miHkksäk cktkj oxhZdj.k
cktkj fofHkUu izdkj ds vo;oksa ls feydj curk gSA ftuds vyx&vyx xq.k gksrs gSa tks fd f'k{kk
jkstxkj] vk;]fLFkfr] ilUn] ukilUn] vkSj fopkjksa esa ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gSaA muesa ls lHkh yksx fdlh ,d mRikn
ds [kjhnnkj ugha gks ldrsA
cktkj oxhZdj.k }kjk xzkgdksa ds lewg dks muds leku xq.kksa }kjk foHkä fd;k tkrk gS tks fd mRikn ds
y{; lewg gksrs gSaA
oxhZdj.k ds vk/kkj
(i)
HkkSxksfyd xzke] uxj] jkT;] ns'k] Hkkx] igkM+h ?kkVh] xzkeh.k] 'kgjh bR;kfnA
ftyk ftlesa m|e LFkkfir gSA
HkkSxksfyd foHkktu
(ii)
tula[;k vk/kkfjr
vk;q% cPpk] ;qok] o;Ld] cw<+k] fyax%] iq:"k] L=kh
vk;% mPppoxhZ;] e/;e oxhZ;] xjhch js[kk ls uhpsA
O;olk;% vf/kk'kk"kh] O;olk;h]
f'k{kk% izkFkfed b.VjehfM,V] Lukrd
Hkk"kk%
tula[;k vk/kkfjr foHkktu
(iii)
euksfoKku foHkktu
:f<+oknh vFkok] vk/kqfud vfHko`fr] LokoyEch ukSdjh is'kk ifjJeh] ekSth izo`fÙk
blh rjg ls cktkj foHkktu ds vU; vk/kkj Hkh gks ldrs gSaA mnkgj.kr;k Hkwzeiku u djus] okys bR;kfnA
,d igpkuk gqvk Hkkx vo'; gh vU; Hkkxksa ls vyx gksuk pkfg, rHkh mls cktkj dk fgLlk dgk tk dlrk gSA
og oxhZdj.k mRikn@lsokkvksa dh foØh c<+kus] ewY; fu/kkZj.k] ,oa iSfdax ds mfpr mik;ksa dks iz;ksx djus esa
lgk;d gksrk gSA
foi.ku ds euds
m|fe;ksa dks ftu egRoiw.kZ leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS muesa ls foi.ku lEcU/kh leL;k;sa izeq[k
gsa A foi.ku ,oa fcØh ds QdZ ds lEcU/k esa LFkkfir m|fe;ksa o f'k{kkfonksa ¼tu lk/kkj.k dh rks ckr gh ugha½ ds
e/; dbZ vLi"V vo/kkj.kk;sa gSA
0.1
;qok m|eh vius foi.ku iz;klksa ds Qy 'kh?kz pkgrs gSaA mudk dguk gS fd ;fn cM+h dEifu;k¡ vius
mRikn cgqr ljyrk ls cpSuh gSa rks os D;ksa ugha csp ldrsA
foi.ku cuke foØ;
0.2
foØ; lkekU;r% lsok@mRikn dks /ku ds cnys esa nsus dh izfØ; gSaA ge yksx cl] jsy ;k=kk ds nkSjku
,sls lsYleSu ds lEidZ esa vkrs gSa tks ckyisu] dye ;k Qyksa dh Vksdjh ;k blh rjg dh dbZ oLrq;sa csprs gSa ij
tc ,d ckj gekjs gkFk ls iSlk fudy tkrk gS rks bu lsYleSau dk dgha irk ugh pyrk gSA og xk;c gks tkus dh
pkky py ysrk gSA
0.3
;g rF; gS fd foØ; foi.ku dk gh eq[; vax gS ij foi.ku foØ; ls T;knk egRoiw.kZ gSA foi.ku xzkgd dh larqf"V
ds fy;s fd;k x;k ,d yxuiw.kZ dk;Z gSA egkRek xk¡/kh us bl fi"k; esa tks dgk gS og lgh gS%& gekjs dk;kZy; esa vkus
okyksa esa xzkgd cgrq egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA og ge ij fuHkZj jgrk gS] ge ml ij fuHkZj jgrs gSaA og gekjs dke esa :dkoV
mRiUu ugha djrkA gekjk dk;kZy; mlh ds fy;s gS] xzkgd mldk ,d Hkkx gSA ge lc mldk dke djds ml ij dksbZ
,glku ugha dj jgs gSaA og ge ij ,glku djds gedks oSlk djus dk ekSdk ns jgk gSA
0.4
blhfy;s ,d foØrk ds fy, xzkgd ,d ^^bZ'oj^^ ds leku gksuk pkfg,A^^bZ'oj^^ ls 'kk;n dfBu gksxkA
22
y/kq m|ksxksa esa dEI;wVj ,oa lwpuk rduhd
izkjafHkd nkSj esa dEI;wVj dks oSKkfud ,oa lka[;dh; x.kuk djus ds fy, ,d mi;ksxh lk/ku ek=k ds :i
esa ns[kk tkrk FkkA rRi'pkr ik;k x;k fd dEI;wVj dks lwpuvksa o vkadM+ksa ds LVksjst] izkslsflax ,oa iqu% mi;ksx
gsrq Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;EI;wVj vkSj lapkj iz.kkyh dks tksM_dj bl izdkj dh lwpuk,a o vkadM+s ,d
LFkku ls nwljs LDkku ij Hkstk tkuk Hkh laHko gks x;kA okn esa bldh mi;ksfxrk dk nk;jk oSKkfud leqnk; ds
c<+dj O;kikfjd laxBuksa vkSj ljdkjh ra=k QSy x;k D;ksafd blds }kjk dkQh o`gn lwpukvksa dh izkslsflax ,oa fQj
bls izca/kdh; mi;ksx gsrq vko';d :ikksa esda ifjofrZr djuk vlaHko ugha FkkA vkt] thou dk izk;% dksbZ Hkh {ks=k
f'k{kk] fpfdRlk] euksjatu] O;kikj] 'ks;j cktkj] iz'kklu] cSfsadx vkfn dEI;wVj o lwpuk rduhd ds izHkko ls
vNwrk ugha jg x;k gSA
lwpuk rduhd
Hkkjr fo'o esa lepuk rduhsd] fo'ks"kdj] lk¶Vos;j ds {ks=k d fodkl o mRlkg ds fy, dsUæ ljdkj
}kjk ,d u, lwpuk rduhd ea=kky; dh LFkkiuk 15 vDVwcj 1999 dks dh xbZA rhoz xfr ls fodkl gsrq lwpuk
rduhd dh vke turk rd igq¡p lqfuf'or djus ds fy, bl ea=kky;dh Hkwfedk lg;ksxh izsjd ijke'kZnkrk dh
gksxhA Hkkjr esa lwpuk rduhd Økafr dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, lqfu;ksftr iz;klksa dh vko';drk gS fo'ks"kdj] bl
{ks=k ls tqM+h lsok,a] f'k{kk] izf'k{k.k] dEI;wVj gkMZos;j o lkW¶os;j fuekZ.k ,oa fu;kZr] bySDVªfud dkelZ vkfn
{ks=kksa esaA
lwpuk rduhd {ks=k ds fodkl gsrq vuqdwy okrkoj.k rS;kj djkus ds fy, ljdkj }kjk Hkh vusd uhfr;k¡
cuk;h xbZ gSa] ftuesa ls dqN izeq[k bl izdkj gS% lWk¶Vos;j VsDukykth ikdZ esa LFkkfir lwpuk rduhd m|kksxksa dks
nl o"kZ rd ds fy, dj esa NwV] 'kks/k ,oa fodkl ds {ks+=k esa LFkkfir m|ksxksa@bdkb;ksa dks 10 o"kZ rd ds fy, dj
esa NwV }kjk izksRlkfgr djuk] lk¶Vos;j m|ksx gsrq dk;Z'khy iw¡th @foÙk vyx fn'kk&funsZ'k] dEI;wVj ij âkl nj
dh o`f)] lepuk rduhd gsrq osapj dSfiVy QaM dh LFkkiuk] fu;kZrksUeq[kh ;kstukvksa ds fØ;kUo;u gsrq ,dliksVZ
o baiksVZ ikfjlh dk ljyhdj.k o mnkjhdj.kAHkkjr fo'o dk lkrok¡ ns'k gS tgk¡ lepuk rduhdh ds fy, vyx
dkuwu gS ¼vkbZ-Vh-fcy2000½ ftlesa bl {ks=k dh xfrfof/k;ksa] cqfu;knh <k¡ps ds fodkl] varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj] lacaf/kr
midj.kksa ds vk;kr&gu;kZr vkSj lkbcj vijk/kksa ij jksd yxkus ds fy, vusd izkfo/kku lfEefyr gsA u, dkuwu us
O;olkf;d dk;kZs ds fy, fMftVy gLrk{kj dks Hkh ekU;rk ns nh gSA
izns'k ljdkj }kjk Hkh bl {ks=k esa m|fe;ksa dks vlhfer volj miyC/k djk, tk jgs gSaA lepuk
rduhdh m|ksx ds leqfpr fodkl gsrq vko;';d cqfu;knh <k¡pk Hkh folfdr fd;k tk jgk gSA lk¶Vos;j ds
fuekZ.k o fu;kZr esa m-iz- dk ns'k esa nwljk LFkku gsA vdsys uks,Mk esa 1999-00 esa LFkkfir lk¶Vos;j bdkb;ksa dh
la[;k 600 FkhA
uks,Mk] y[kuÅ] dkuiqj] vkxjk] bykgkckn] okjk.klh] xksj[kiqj] esjB] cjsyh] QStkckn] xkft;kckn]
vyhx<+] o >kalh ftyksa ds fy, izns'k ljdkj }kjk ^LekVZfldVh^ ifj;kstuk pyk, tkus dh ;kstuk cukbZ tk jgh
gSA vkxjk] dkuiqj] okjk.klh o eqjknkckn esa O;olkf;d ^go^ rFkk mi;qDr fu;kZr dsUæksa esa bZ&dkWeklZ dh lqfo/kk
hkh nh tk jgh gSA ;gh ugha vkxjk] dkuiqj] uks,Mk o xzsVj uks,Mk esa ^bySDVªkfud fldVh^ o ^lwpuk rduhd ikdZ^
Hkh fodflr fd, tk jgs gSA
;s lHkh iz;kl bl {ks=k esa fuos'k ,oa cktkj ds fy, izpqj volj miyC/k djkus esa lgk;d gksaxs vkSj blh
ds lklFk gkMZos;j] lk¶Vos;j nksuksa gh {ks=kksa esa izf'kf{kr dq'ky o n{k Je 'kfDr dh vko';drk dks ns[krs gq,
lwpuk rduhd ds {ks=k esa f'k{kk o izf'k{k.k gsrq lEHkkouk,a vf/kd ifjyf{kr gks jgh gSA
bySDVªkfud o lepuk rduhd dh bl ØkfUr ds nkSjku tks uohu vk;ke lkeus vk, gSa] muesa baVjusV o
bySDVªksfuDl dkelZ ¼bZ&dkelZa½ esa izR;sd {ks=k esa O;kikj ds ijaijkxr rjhdksa dks ,dne cny fn;k gSA
baVjusV%
Hkkjr esa baVjusV lsok dk izkjEHk fons'k lapkj fuxe fyfeVsM ¼ch-,l-,u-,y-½ us 1995 esas dh FkhA yxHkx
rhu o"kZ i'pkr ucEcj 1998 esa futh lsok iznk;dksa dks bl {ks=k esa vkus dh NwV nh xbZ vkSj bldks rqjar ckn gh
50 ls vf/kd dEifu;ksa us vkbZ-,l-ih- ¼baVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj½ ykblsal ds fy, vkosnu fd;k vkSj vkt budh
la[;k 400 ls vf/kd gks xbZ gSA blh ls bl {ks=k esa laHkkoukvkas@voljksa dk vkadyu fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl
le; usV vkSj bySDVªksfud O;kikj esa yxHkx 1 ykk[k ykssxksa dks jkstxkj feyk gSA ljdkjh iz;klksa vkSj futh
Hkkxhnkjh ds lkFk&lkFk gh Hkkjrh; cktkj dk vkdkj Hkh c<+rk tk jgk gSA
baVjusV oLrqr% dEI;wVjksa dk ,slk latky gS ftls ^bUQkesZ'ku gkbos^ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl rduhd ds
tfj, fo'o ds djksM+ksa dEI;wVj ijLij tqM+dj lwpukvksa dk vknu&iznku dj ldrs gsaA baVjusV dh lgk;rk ls
O;fDr fo'o ds fdlh Hkh dksus esa fLFkr O;fDr ls dEI;wVj ds ek/;e ls ckr dj ldrk gS] byhSDVªkgud esy
¼bZ&esy½ Hkst ldrk gs] ohfM;ks dkaQzsflax dj ldrk gSA baVjusV us vikj lwpukvkas ds bjokts [kksy dj dqN gh
23
le; esa yksxksa dh thou 'kSyh dks cny Mkyk gSA ;gh ugha] fofHkUu O;olk;ksa esa yksxksa dks dke djus ds rjhdksa
dks Hkh izHkkfor O;olk;ksa esa yksxksa dks dke djus ds rjhdksa dks Hkh izHkkfor djus ds lkFk gh m|fe;ksa ds fy,
vusdksa O;kikfjd lqfo/kk,a Hkh bl rduhd us iznku dj nh gSA vkt gj jkst u, m|ksx LFkkfir gks jgs gSaA
mÙkjksÙkj ykHk vftZr djus ds fy, vkSj ,d u, cktkj ds fuekZ.k ds fy, m|eh bu rduhdksa dk mi;ksx dj jgs
gSaA baVjusV dk mi;ksx djds m|eh vius mRikn dj jgs gSa A baVjusV dk mi;ksx djds m|eh vius mRikn o
fMtkbu dks vR;ar de ykxr o le; esa nqfu;k Hkj esa igq¡p ldrs gSa vkSj ekax ds vuqlkj vkMZj izkIr dj ldrs
gSaA ;g baVjusV ;k lwpuk rduhd Økafr dk ,d egRoiw.kZ o v/kqukru vk;ke gS ftls ^bySDVªkfud dkelZ^ ;k
^bZ&dkelZ^ dgk tkrk gSA
bZ&dkelZ esa O;fDr baVjusV }kjk fo'o ds fdlh Hkh dksus ls fdlh Hkh oLrq dh [kjhn Qjks[r ,oa Hkqxrku
dj ldrk gSA bZ&dkelZ O;olk; laxr dks u, cktkj miyC/k djkus ds lkFk gh mRikn ds izpkj ,oa forj.k gsrq
vf/kd volj] ykHk Hkh ^miyC/k djkrkgSA ijUrq blds lkFk gh izfr;ksfxrk esa gqbZ c<+r dks Hkh udkjk ugha tk^
ldrkA vc O;olkf;d izfrf}Unrk HkkSxksfyd lhekvksa dks ihNs NksM+ pqdh gSA mRikn dh xq.koRrk] uohurk] vfpr
o de nke vkSj csgrj lsok,a gh lQyrk ds ekud cu x, gSa D;ksafd ;gh os ekud gSaA ftuds vk/kkj ij nqfu;k
ds fdlh Hkh dksus esa fLFkr vkidk izfr}Unh] ftls vki laHkor% tkurs Hkh ugha] vkils vkxs tk ldrk gSA lwpukvksa
dh vklkuh ls myC/krkA dEI;wVj ij ,d cVu nckrs gh fuekZrk@xzkgd dks lacaf/kr mRikn ds fMtkbu] óksrksa]
ewY; o miyC/krk vkfn ds fo"k; esa lkjh tkudkjh gks tkuh pkfg,A bZ&dkelZ ds pkj izdkj bl izdkj gSa %
1.
2.
3.
4.
O;kikj cuke O;kikj ¼ch 2 ch½(
O;kikj cuke xzkgd ¼ch 2 ch½(
xzkgd cuke O;kikj ¼ch 2 ch½(
xzkgd cuke xzkgd ¼ch 2 ch½(
uSldke ds ,d losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj 2001-02 esa Hkkjr dk bZ&dkelZ O;kikj :- 10,000/- djksM+ gksus dk
vuqeku gSA
bZ&dkelZ ds ykHk
bldk lcls cM+k ykHk dkxt foghu vknku&iznku dh lqfo/kk iznku djuk gA æqr xfr] ux.; fcpkSfy,]
de lapkj [kpZ] de forj.k dsUæ vkfn m|fe;ksa dks mRiknu@O;kikj ykxr esa deh o ykHk esa o`f) ds volj
miyc/k djkrs gSaA
m|fe;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk miHkksDrkvksa@xzkgdksa dks Hkh vusdksa ykHk gS tSls% vklku Ø; izfØ;k o
lqfo/kk] fofHkUu forjdksa o mRiknksa rd igq¡p] de nke dh lqfo/kk] p;u ds vf/kd fodYi o volj vkfnA
bZ&dkelZ esa ,d fo'ks"k ckr ;g Hkh gSS A
24
vkbZ- ,l- vks- -9000
orZeku le; esa thou ds lHkh vk;keksa rFkk Lrjksa ij xq.krÙkk dh ckr dh tk jgh gSA fo'ks"kdj vkt ds
cnyrs ifjos'k esa xq.koÙkk dk egRo vkSj Hkh c<+ x;k gsA fo'o ds yxHkx lHkh fodflr ,oa fodkl'khy ns'k pg
eglwl djrs gSa fd iwjs fo'o esa xq.koÙkk dk Lrj ,d leku gksuk pkfg,A blh ds vuq:i] lkjs fo'o dks ,d {ks=k
ekurs gq, ^DokfyVh eSustesUV flLVe^ ¼QMS½ fodflr djus dh izfØ;k] izkjEHk dh xbZ gSA rduhdh ,oa mRikn
fofuZfn"Vksa ds mís'; dh izkfZIr ds fy;s] ^^U;wure ykxr ,oa izcU/kdh; izfØ;kvksa^^ ds ekudhdj.k ds fy,] o"kZ 1978
esa fczVsu xfBr ,d desVh }kjk dk;Z ;kstuk cukgbZ xbZA blds ckn lu~ 1987 esda rS;kj fd;s x;s xq.koÙkk ekud
orZeku esa vkbZ-,l-vks- vFkkZr -9000 lhjht ds uke ls tkus tkrs gSaA vkbZ-,l-vks- vFkkZr International
organisation for Standardistaion.
fo'o leqnk; esa mRikn&xq.koÙkk ekudksa ds fu/kkZj.k gsrq Hkkjrh; ekud C;wjks Bureau of Indian standards (BIS)
Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA
vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 uked ek=kk mRikn dh xq.koRrk ij fo'ks"k cy ugah nsrs gS] cfYd izfØ;k ls lEcfU/kr
ekud izLrqr djrs gSaA D;ksfd fdlh laxBu ¼m|ksx] O;olk;] lsok,a ,oa vU;½ dh dk;Z i)fr ;fn O;ofLFkr ,oa
lqpk: gks tk; rks mRikn dh xq.koÙkk vius vki Bhd gks tk;sxhA
vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 ds mn~ns'; %
vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 dk eq[; mn~ns'; vUrjkZ"Vªh; Loj ij xq.koÙkk ekudksa esa lkeatL; cukuk rFkk ,d:irh
iznku djuk gSA vFkkZr ge laxBu esa tks Hkh dk;Z dj jgs gSA ml dk;Z dks djus ds fy, vUrjk"Vªh; fu/kkZfjr
ekudksa ds vuq:i izfØ;k dk fu/kkZj.k dj ysa A bl ekud izfØ;k dks Øec) dj ,d nLrkost dk :i nsdj
izfØ;k ds vuq:i fØ;kUo;u djuk gh vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 gSA
vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 esa xq.koÙkk dk rkRi;Z
vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 ds vUrxZr xq.koÙkk dk ekud ,slk gksuk pkfg;s tks laLFkk] foHkkx vFkok bdkbZ dh vko';drkvksa
ds vuq:i ,oa mís';ksa dh iwfrZ mi;qDr gksA mi;ksx gsrq mi;qDr rFkk miHkksxdrkZ dh vis{kk vuqlkj gksA
vkbZ-,l-vks- ds vUrxZr xq.koÙkk ds ekud fu/kkfZjr djus gsrq ftu fcUnqvksa ij /;ku j[kus dh vko';rk gS os
fuEuor~ gS %&
1.
miHkksDrk dh vko';drk dks tkuukA
2.
ml vko';drk dh vkiwfrZ gsrq dk;Z iz.kkyh ,oa izfØ;k fodflr djukA
3.
pwd jfgr fuekZ.kA
4.
iwoZ dk;Zuf"iknu ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu óksrksa ls izkIr lwpuvksa ,oa vuqHkoksa dk Hkfo"; esa dk;Zuqlkj gsrq
iz;ksxA
5.
izHkfor dk;Z izn'kZu ,oa lq/kkjA
6.
Li"V ,oa fyf[kr funZs'kA
7.
mi;qDr iSdsftaxA
8.
fuf'pr le; ij vkiwfrZA
9.
vkiwfrZ mijkUr dq'ky lsokA
10.
mfpr ek/;eksa dk iz;ksxA
11.
mfpr izf'k{k.kA
12.
fofHkUu ?kVdksa ds chp lketaL;A
vkbZ-,l- vks- 9000 ds fØ;kUo;u dh izfØ;k
fdlh Hkh laxBu esa vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 dk fØ;kUo;u ,d Øec) ;kstuk ds ek/;e ls ikØp pj.kksa esa
fd;k tkrk gSA
izFke pj.k %&
;kstuk cukuk %& izFke pj.k esa leL;k dk vkadyu djus gsrq laxBu ds fo'ks"k lewgksa rFkk O;fDr;ksa }kjk
fd;s tk jgs dk;kZs dh izfØ;k dks tks pyu esa gSa] mls tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA bl vk/kkj ij bu
izfØ;kvksa ,oa vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000ekudksa ds chp ds vUrj dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA blh vUrj ds vk/kkj
ij laxBu esa vkbZ-,l-vks- ds fØ;kUo;u gsrq ;sktuk cuk;h tkrh gSSA
f}rh; pj.k %&
1.
lkekU; izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe %& bl pj.k ds vUrxZr izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa ds ek/;e ls bl iwjh ;kstuk ds
laca/k esa leLr lsodksa dh foLr`r tkudkjh iznku dh tkrh gSA ftlls laxBu fo'ks"k ds leLr lsodksa dks bl dk;Z
gsrq O;ogkfjd :i ls rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA bl vk/kkj ij gh Hkfo"; esa vkbZ-,l-vks- ds izHkkoh fØ;kUo;u lEHko
gksrk gSA
25
2.
xq.koÙkk ;kstuk fØ;kUo;u izf'k{k.k %& bl dk;ZØe esa fofHkUu O;ogkfjd igyqvksa ij izf'k{k.k iznku fd;k
tkrk gSA blds ek/;e ls fdlh laxBu fo'ks"k esa vkbZ-,l-vks- dsd izHkkoh fØ;kUo;u gsrq fdl izdkj ds ifjorZu
dh vko';drk gS rFkk xq.koÙkk ;kstuk ds lQy lapkyu gsrq fdl izdkj ds izi=k] izk:i] fu;e rFkk vU; rkSj
rjhds cukus dh vko';drk gS ij tkudkjh iznku dh tkrh gSA
3.
vkUrfjd vkads{kd (Internal Auditor) izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe %&
xq.koÙkk ekin.Mksa dks bl ;kstuk
fØ;kUo;u ds ek/;e ls fu/kkZfjr ekin.Mksa dk ifjikyu lqfu'fpr djkus gsrq le;&le; ij vkUrfjd vkads{k.k
(Intarnal Auditor) djk;s tkus dh O;oLFkk gSA vr% bl O;oLFkk ds lqpk: :i ls lapkyu gsrq fofHkUu vkfMV
fu;eksa rFkk ekin.Mksa dk fu/kkZfj.k Hkh bl ;kstuk esa djuk gksrk gSA ftlds fy;s laxByu fo'ks"k esa dqN fpfUgr
vkUrfjd vkfMVjksa dks] vkfMV laca/kh fofHkUu fo"k;ksa tSls fd vfMV dh ;kstuk cukuk] vkfMV djuk] vkfMV djkuk
rFkk vkfMV ds O;ogkfjd igyqvksa ij izf'k{k.k iznku fd;k tkrk gSA
4.
vkfMVj@yhM vkfMVj izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe %&
vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 fu;e ds vuqlkj izR;sd 100 lsodksa
ds mij ,d yhM vkfMVj dk gksuk visf{kr gsSA yhM vkfMVj ,d ;k T;knk gks ldrs gSa budks laxBu fo'ks"k ds
vfrfjDr fo"k; ij vfrfjDr izf'k{k.k iznku fd;k tkrk gs rkfd vkUrfjd vkfMV izHkko'kkyh rjhds ls fd;k tku
lEHko gksA
r`rh; pj.k %&
bl pj.k esa ;kstuk fØ;kUo;u lEcU/kh fofHkUu izys[kksa dks fodflr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk fØ;kUo;u dh
izfØ;k ds izys[kksa dks mi;qDr ,oa izHkko'kkyh rjg ls ykxw djus gsrq fo'ks"k ijke'kZ l=k vk;ksftr fd;s tkrs gSaA
prqFkZ pj.k %&
fØ;kUo;u %& r`fr; pj.k esa LFkkfir dh tk jgh izfØ;k dk ,d iwoZ vkads{k.k (Audit) bl pj.k esa
fd;k tkrk gSA
iape pj.k %&
bl pj.k esa izek.khdj.k laLFkk ds p;u ds ckjs esa ijke'kZ fn;k tkrk gsA p;fur izek.khdj.k laLFkk }kjk
izek.k i=k iznku fd;s tkus ds iwoZ dksbZ vU; dk;Z vFkok lq/kkj] ;fn vko';d gS rks muds ckjs esa Hkh ijkek'kZ
fn;k tkrk gSSA
blds mijkkUr lHkh eukdksa dks mi;qDr ik;s tkus ij laxBu dks vkbZ-,l-vks- -9000 ds fu;ekuqlkj izekf.kr fd;k
tkrk gSSA
vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 izfØ;k dks ykxw djus ds ykHk %&
fdlh Hkh laLFkk laxVu esa vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 izfØ;k ykxw djus ls laxBu dks fuEu ykHk gksrs gSa%&
1.
xkzgd dks %&
& fo'oluh; ,oa HkjkslseUn mRikn
&
mUur vkiwfrZ
&
ek¡x ds vuqlkj lQyrk iwoZd vkiwfrZ dh lEHkkoukA
&
izfr;ksxh ewY;A
&
ifjorZu ds vuqdwy izfrfØ;kA
2.
laxBu dks %&
&
xq.koRrk ds vk/kkj ij mRikn ds vLohd`r gksus dh nj esa dehA
&
ifjpkyu ds mUur ifj.kkeA
&
izfrQy esa lkeatL;A
&
xzkgd dks csgrj larqf"VA
&
cktkj dh fgLlsnkjh esa o`f)A
&
fofu;kstu ds csgrj ykHkA
3.
deZpkfj;ksa dks %&
&
fu/kkZfjr dk;Z ;kstuk ,oa ftEesnkfj;kaA
&
fu/kkZfjr dk;Z esa larqfyr Lrj esa o`f)A
&
eukscy esa o`f)A
&
csgrj dk;Z djus dk okrkoj.k A
&
yxu 'khyrkA
&
vkRe xkSjo dk cks/kA
4.
vkiwfrZdrkZ ,oa lk>snkjksa dks %&
&
fLFkjrkA
&
fujUrj fodklA
&
lk>snkjh ds chp esa csgrj vkilh lkeatL;A
5.
lekt dks %&
&
fu;e ,oa dkuwuksa dk csgrj ifjikyuA
26
&
&
lqj{kk ,oa LokLF; dh lEHkkoukvksa esa o`f)A
i;kZoj.k ij gksus okys dqizHkkoksa esa dehA
vkbZ-,l-vks- ,oa ch-vkbZ-,l- esa vUrj
1.
vkbZ-,l-vks- b.Vjus'kuy LVS.MMZ vkxsZukbts'ku gS vFkkZr~A
2.
vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 DokfyVh flLVe dk LVs.MMZ gS ;g ekud dsoy mRikn dh xq.koRrk rd gh lhfer ugha
gS cfYd e'khuksa dh l{kerk eSVhfj;y dh DokfyVh] cukus dk rjhdk ,oa cukus okys lsodksa dh dk;Zdq'kyrk ij Hkh
/;ku nsrs gSa A
3.
;g laLFkk] laxBu ,oa bdkbZ dh ^dk;Ziz.kkyh^ dk ekud gSA
4.
vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 LVS.MMZ dh 'kq:vkr 1987 esa dh xbZA
5.
vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 izek.k i=k izkIr djus ds i'pkr Hkh le;&le; ij fu/kkZfjr ,oa ekU; izfØ;kvksa dk
ifjikyu fd;k tk jgk gS vFkok ugha] tkuus ds fy,] vkfMV fd;k tkrk gSA
6.
vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 izek.k i=k izkIr gksus ij gekjk mRikn ,oa laxBu xq.koRrk esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ekU;
gksrk gSA
1.
Hkkjrh; ekud O;wjks jk"Vªh; Lrj dh ekud fu/kkZdjd laLFkk gSA
2.
ch-vkbZ-,l- ds ekud ddsoy mRikn dh xq.koRrk cuk, j[kus rd gh lhfer gSA
3.
;g mRikn fo'ks"k dh xq.koRrk dk ekud gSA
4.
vkbZ-,l-vkbZ- dk izek.khdj.k ^vf/kfu;e 1952' ds vUrxZr cus fu;eksa ds vuqlkj eatwj fd;k tkrk gsA
¼iwoZ esa ch-vkbZ-,l- dks- vkbZ-,l-vkbZ- ds :i esa tkuk tkrk FkkA½
5.
vkbZ-,l-vkbZ- esa xq.koÙkk lqfuf'pr djus gsrq le;&le; ij mRikn dk vkdfLed fujh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA
6.
ch-vkbZ-,l- }kjk izekf.kr mRikn U;wure jk"Vªh; Lrj ij vo'; ekU; gksrk gSA
vkbZ-,l-vks- izek.khdj.k izkIr djus ds óksr %&
vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 ds ekudksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, izekf.kr lykgdkj (Consultant) dh vko'drk gksrh gSA ;s
lykgdkj laxBu ds dk;Zuqlkj 'kqYd ysrs gSaA ;s lykgdkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; xq.koRrk ekudksa ds vqulkj fo'k"k:i ls
izf'kf{kr gksrs gSa rFkk blh ds vk/kkj ij lykgdkj ds :i esa izekf.kr gksrs gSaA eq[; izek.khdj.k laLFkk bUgha ds
ek/;e ls vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 iznku djrh gSA Hkkjr esa ,sls vusd lykgdkj miyC/k gSA
mRiknu izcU/k
fdlh Hkh mRiknu fØ;k esa ik¡p ^,e^ dk lkeatL; gksrk gS& eSu ¼O;fDr½] e'khu] eSVhfj;y ¼inkFkZ½ euh
¼/kuh½] ekdsZV ¼cktkj½ bu ik¡pksa dk lgh lapkyu vPNk izcU/kd gh dj ldrk gSA bu ik¡pksa ckrksa ds vykok nwljh
ckrsa tks mRiknu ij izHkko Mkyrh gS] og gS mRiknu dk fMtkbu] dkj[kkus dh O;oLFkk] lkexzh dk izcU/k vkSj
ns[kHkky vkfnA bu lcdks ge bl rjg ls Øe okj j[k ldrs gSaA
1.
mRiknu dk fMtkbu
2.
e'khu dk pquko o ns[kHkkyA
3.
dkj[kkusa dh O;oLFkkA
4.
eky dk izcU/kA
5.
deZpkjh izcU/kA
6.
ns[kHkky vkfnA
1.
mRiknu dk fMtkbu
fMtkbu pqurs lr; rhu ckrksa dk /;ku vkidks j[kuk gS %&
¼v½
fMtkbu ,slk gksuik pkfg, tks lqfo/kkiwoZd cu ldsA
¼c½
fMtkbu cukus ls lEcfU/kr lkexzh vklkuh ls miyC/k gksA
¼l½
mRiknu izfØ;k ljy gksA
gks ldrk gS fd ,d fMtkbu esa lkjh ckrsa gks ysfdu yEcs le; ds nkSju og fMtkbu cukus esa ijs'kkuh
gks] vr% bu lc ckrksa dk /;ku igys ls gh j[kuk pkfg,A
2.
e'khu dk pquko o ns[kHkky
vius m|ksx ds fy, izR;sd m|ksx o midj.k dk pquko ,oa [kjhnkjh djrs le; lEcfU/kr e'khu ds
tkudkj dh enn vo'; ysaA e'khu fo'ks"k ls lEcfU/kr yksxksa dks gh e'khuksa dk pquko djuk pkfg,A
gj ,d e'khu dks ns[kHkky dh t:jr gksrh gSA izfrfnu@lkIrkfgd@ifj{kd@ekfld@okf"kZd
vko';drkuqlkj mudh lQkbZ ,oa ejEer dh tkuh pkfg,A fdlh VwV&QwV dks QkSju Bhd djkuk pkfg,A vki [kqn
27
gh vUnktk yxkb;s fd dkSu&dkSu ls vfrfjDr iqtsZ vkids m|e dh e'khuksa ds j[k&j[kko gsrq vko';d gSaA bldh
iwoZ O;oLFkk dj ysus ls vkidk le; cpsxk vksj e'khuksa dh dk;Z {kerk c<+sxhA
dkj[kkus dh O;oLFkk
,d gh LFkku esa e'khuksa dks dbZ izdkj ls j[kk tk ldrk gSA vkidks mRiknu dh izfØ;k dks /;ku esa j[krs
gq, og rjhdk <wa<uk gksxk ftlls fd le; o ÅtkZ cp lds o lkeku dks b/kj ls m/kj j[kus esa fnDdr Hkh u gks
vkidh bdkbZ esa iz;qDr izfr oxZ LFkku dh dher vkidks nsuh gksrh gSA vr% LFkku dk vf/kdre lnqi;ksx djuk
pkfg;sA lHkh e'khu ,oa midj.k bl izdkj j[ks tkus tk;sa fd os de ls de LFkku ysa o dk;Z ljyrk ls gksa ldsA
3.
eky dk izcU/k
mRiknu ds fy, vkidks ftruh Hkh oLrqvksa dh vko';drk gksxh] mu lc dh ,d lwph cuk ysa ,oa mudh
ek=kk o la[;k Hkh fu/kkZfjr dj ysaA blds ckn eky [kjhnus ls igys mldks j[kus ds fy, mfpr LFkku ,oa
lkt&lkeku dh O;oLFkk dj ysaA ,sls lkekuksa ds fy, fo'ks"k izcU/k djsa ftuds [kjkc gksus dh rfud Hkh lEHkkouk
gksA eky [kjhnrs le; mldh xq.koRrk dk vo'; [;ky j[ksaA
mijksä lHkh ckrksa dk /;ku j[kus ds lkFk&lkFk vkidks bl ckr dk Hkh /;ku j[ku gksxk fd cktkj dh
ek¡x ds vuqlkj vkids mRiknu dh iwfrZ gksrh jgsaA blds fy, lHkh vko';d dPps eky dk Hk.Mkj mfpr ek=kk esa
mo'; gksuk pkfg,A vki lkejk dPpk eky lekIr gks tkus dk bUrtkj u djsa] cfYd ftruh ekl=kk esa eky yxrk
tk;s mruh ek=kk esa eky vki [kjhnrs tk;saA bu lHkh NksVh&NksVh ijUrq egRoiw.kZ ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[ksaxsa rks
vkidk mRiknu o m|ksx lQyrkiwoZd pyrk jgsxkA
5.
le; izcU/k
vkius Lo;a dks mRiknu dsd lHkh izcU/kksa ds fy, ekufld o HkkSfrd :i ls iw.kZr;k rS;kj rks dj fy;k
gS] ysfdu D;k vki viuh ;kstuk dks iw.kZr;k ykxw ugha dj ik jgs gSa\
D;k vkids t:jh dke NwV tkrs gSa\
;fn gk¡ rks lef>, fd ;g le; dk mfpr izcU/k u gksus ds dkj.k gSA vc vki ;g lef>, fd le;
izcU/k D;k gS] ,oa izcU/k ds vUrxZr bldk D;k egRo gS\
le; dk vPNk izcU/k ,d m|e@O;olk; gsrq cgqr t:jh gS D;ksafd ,d fnu esa pkSchl ?kUVs gksrs gsa u
rks vki cps le; dkds xksnke esa j[k ldrs gSA vkSj u gh le; dh deh gksus ij vki bls dgha ls [kjhn ldrs
gSaA le; ds vPNs izcU/k ls vki og lHkh dke Bhd izdkj ls dj ldsaxs tks vki pkgrs gsaA
vkids fy, le; ds izcU/k dh t:jr vkSj Hkh T;knk gsS D;ksafd vki ,d u;k dk;Z 'kq: dj jgs gSaA le;
izcU/k mfpr u gksus ls&
1.
vki vius dk;kZs dks izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij ugha dj ikrs gSaA
2.
dHkh&dHkh ;g lkspdj Hkh fd veqd dke vkidks tYnh djuk gS fQj Hkh vki og dk;Z le; ls ugha dj
ikrsA
3.
dHkh&dHkh vki Ø; egRoiw.kZ ckrksa ij T;knk /;ku nsrs gSaA vkSj egRoiw.kZ dke NwV tkrs gSaA
4.
dHkh&dHkh vki fofHkUu dk;kZs ds fy, vius vki dks iwjh rjg ls rS;kj ugha dj ikrsA
5.
vki dHkh&dHkh lksp ugha ikrs fd dkSu lk dke vkidks Lo;a djuik pkfg, vkSj dkSu lk dke nwljksa ls
djokuk pkfg,A
vkids lHkh dk;Z le; ,oa izkFkfedrk ds vuqlkj gksa blds fy, mfpr gksxk fd vki vius fy, ,d le;
lkfg.kh cuk;sa yfdu le; lkfj.kh cukus ls igys vkiudks viuh xfrfrf/k;ksa dk v/;;u djuk gksxkA vr% vki
de ls de rhu fnu esa fd;s x;s lHkh dk;kZas dks fy[k yhft;sA
bruk djus ds ckn vki izkFkfedrkvksa ds vuqlkj vius dk;ksZ ds fy, le; lkfj.kh cukb;sA le;
lkfj.kh cukrs le; vki vius dks vko';rkuqlkj cnfy, ,oa fuEu ckrksa dk /;ku jf[k;sA
lcls igys izkFkfed dk;ksZ dks j[ksaA
NksVs&NksVs dkeksa esa cgqr vf/kd le; u nsaA
dksbZ vko';d ,oa egRoiw.kZ dk;Z bl lkfj.kh esa uksV djuk u HkwysaA
vpkud dksbZX egRoiw.kZ dke vk tkus ij fdlh de egRoiw.kZ dke dh txg mldks igys djsa A
le; chrus ds lkFk&lkFk izkFkfedrk,a Hkh cnyrh jgrh gSaA vr% gj g¶rs ;k iUæg fnu esa viuh
izkFkfedrkvksa dk ewY;kadu djrs jgsa] ,oa mUgha ds vuqlkj le; lkfj.kh esa ifjorZu Hkh djrs jgsaA
le; thou dh xfr gS bls O;FkZ er tkus nksA
4.
28
fu;kZrd dSls cusa
fu;kZr gsrq opuc)rk] dqN lalk/kuksa] iawth rFkk mlds tksf[keksa ds ckjs esa ,d vPNh lw>cw> dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA pfy, ns[ksa fd fu;kZr gS D;k\ ,d fu;kZrd fofuekZrk ¼,d fofuekZrk tks fd mRiknksa dks
mRikfnd djrk gS vkSj fu;kZr djrk gS½ gks ldrk gS ;k O;kikjh fu;kZrd ¼,d O;fDr tks fd fofuekZrkvksa ls
mRiknksa dh [kjhn dj fu;kZr djrk gS½
fu;kZr djuk^ Hkkjr esa fcØh djus tSlk gh gSA nksuksa ds ekSfyd dne yxHkx ,d tSls gh gS] vFkkZr~
mRikn ;k lsok dh fcØhA Hkkjr esa fcØh djus rFkk Hkkjr ds ckgj fu;kZr djus ds chp dwN izeq[k vUrj gS tSls
fd izR;sd ns'k esa fu;kZrd miHkksäkvksa dks lh/ks fu;kZr u dj ^b.VjehfM;sV Iys;lZ^ ds ek/;e ls djrs gSaA lcls
igys bl ;kstuk esa vnk;xh fds fy, eqæk&fofu;e dh t:jr gksrh gS] fofHkUu vnk;xh fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx blesa
gksrk gS] lkekU;r;k vkn;xh dh izkfIr vkids rFkk vk;krd ds ns'k esa cSadks }kjk fu/kkZfjr izfØ;k }kjk lapkfyr
gksrh gSA blds vyko] vkidk mRikn varjkZz"Vªh; cktkj] ogka ds okrkoj.k ¼i;kZoj.k&tyok;q½ miHkksDrkdh :fp]
ifjos'k bR;kfn ds vuqlkj ^mfpr^ gksuk pkfg,A blds vykok] fu;kZr djus esa izk;% ukS&ifjogu ds fy, vk;krd
ns'k esa eky ds ches ds laca/k esa vfrfjDr ykxrsa 'kkfey gksrh gSaA fu;kZr ij lheh 'kqYd rFkk vk;kr djus okys
ns'kksa ds dj Hkh ykxw gksrs gSaA
fu;kZr djus esa D;k tksf[ke
mRikn ds fu;kZr esa dbZ izdkj ds tksf[ke gsa] tSls fd] foÙkh; tksf[ke¼eky ds ukS&ifjogu ds ckn
xSj&vnk;xh½] O;kikj tksf[ke] fof/kd tksf[ke ¼fofHkUu O;kikfjd fof/k;ksa rFkk fofu;eu ls lacf/kr½] jktuSfrd
tksf[ke ¼jktuSfrd vfLFkjrk] vFkZ O;oLFkk uhfr esa izeq[k cnyko yk ldrh gS½] jk"Vªh;dj.k] oS;fDRo vf/kdkjksa dh
deh] bR;kfnA Hkkoh fu;kZrd dks bu lHkh izdkj ds tksf[ke dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, rFkk ,sls tksf[keksa dks de
djus ds fy, mfpr dk;Zuhfr viukuh pkfg,A
fu;kZr ds fy, ekdsZfVax ;kstuk
fu;kZr djus esa nwljk dne ekdsZfVax ls lacaf/kr ;kstuk dks fodflr djuk gSA cgqr fons'kh ekdsZV Hkkj ds
cktkj ls cgqr vyx gSA fHkUurkvksa ds eq[; dkj.kksa esa tyok;q rFkk i;kZoj.k] lkekftd rFkk laklÑfrd ifjos'k]
dPps eky dh LFkkuh; miyC/krk] mRikn [kjhn djus dh {kerk esa varj] fons'kh eqæk dh miyC/krk rFkk ljdkjh
vk;kr&uhfr bR;kfn 'kkfey gSA bu fHkUurkvksa dks le>dj fu;kZr gsrq ,d ekdsZV fjlpZ ij vk/kkfjr ;kstuk
fu;kZrdksa dks mfpr ykHk iznku djrh gSaA
fu;kZr ds fy, ekdZZsV fjlpZ
vius mRikn dk lQyrkiwoZd fu;kZr djus ds fy, vkidks fons'kh cktkjksa ds v/;;u dh vko';drk gS
rkfd fu;kZr djus ds voljksa rFkk ^ck/kkvksa^ dk irk yxkus ds lkFkk&lkFk Hkkoh [kjhnnkjksa rFkk miHkksDrvksa dk Hkh
irk yxk;k tk ldsA ekdsZV fjlpZ ;g r; djus esa lgk;rk djrk gS fd dkSu ls fons'kh cktkj esa mRiknksa ds
csgrj fu;kZr dh laHkkouk gSA ,d pj.kc) ekdsZV fjlpZ esa ewyr% Hkkoh cktkj dh LØhfuax] yf{kr cktkjksa dk
ijh{k.k dj mfpr fu"d"kksZ ij igqapuk bR;kfn 'kkfey gSA blesa fu;kZr] vk;kr] ekax] vkadM+s] cktkj 'ks;j] ck/kk,a
¼VSfjQ rFkk ukWu VSfjQ½ fu;kZr gsrq Hkkjrh; rFkk fons'kh izksRlkgu] bR;kfn dk fo'ys'k"k.k 'kkfey gSA laca) vkadM+ksa
dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds ckn gh ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyuk ljy gks tkrk gS fd fdlh fof'k"V mRikn ds fu;kZr ds fy,
varjkZZ"Vªh; txr esa dkSu&dkSu ls mfpr ekdsZV gSaA
fu;kZr ekdsZfVax izos'k gsrq dk;Zfufr;k¡
izR;sd pqus x;s ekdsZV esa izos'k ikus gsrq ,d fof'k"V dk;Zfufr viukus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vki ,d
fof'k"V dk;Zuhfr ds vHkko esa pqus x;s cktkj dh miyC/krk {kerk dk iwjk Qk;nk vius fu;kZr gsrq ugha mBk ldsaxs
;k vki ,slh xyfr;ka dj ldrs gSA tks vkidks egaxh iM+sA fu;kZr ekdsZV esa izos'k dk;Zfufr ds rgr pkj eq[;
fcUnqvksa dks /;ku esa t:j j[kk tkuk pkfg,A
1.
forj.k dk;Zuhfr
mRikn forj.k dls fy, eq[; fodYi gS%&
miHkksDrkvksa dkd lh/ks fcØhA
,tsaVksa ;k forjdksa ds ek/;e ls fcØhA
fons'kh lsYl LVkWQ dh lsok,sa ysukA
fons'kh lsYl vkQWlksa dh LFkkiukA
29
fons'kh la;qDr miØe ;k NwVksa dh LFkkiukA
^LFkkuh; ,tsaVksa rFkk forjdksa^ ;k ^lh/ksfcØh^ dk izdkj vf/kdrj iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA
11.
izpkj dh dk;Zuhfr
;fn vki igys ls fons'k esa ugha tkus tkrs gSa rks vkidks daiuh rFkk mlds mRiknksa ds izpkj djus dh
vko';drk gksxhA lkeU;r% ftruk vki izpkj&izlkj djsaxs] mruk gh vf/kd vkids fu;kZr ij vuqddwy izHkko
gksxkA vkidks yf{kr cktkjksa esa vius mRiknksa dks ifjfpr djokus ds laca/k esa izpkj&izlkj dh vko';drk gksxhA
fons'k esa fodYi lkekU;r% ogh gS tks fd ?kjsyw rkSj ij gS& daiuh dk csctst]
lh/ks i=kkpkj ¼fu;fer ;k
bZ&esy½ VsyhekdsZfVsax] izsl fjyht] l'kqYd foKkiu] VsªM 'kks esa Hkkx ysuk rFkk lsYl nkSjs] fu;kZr Mk;jsDVªht esa
lwphc) fd;k tkuk bR;kfnA
ewY; fu/kkZj.k uhfr
fu;kZr cktkj esa ftl ewY; ij vki viuk mRikn cspuk pkgrs gSa] mlesa vkn'kZ :i ls lHkh ykxrsa 'kkfey
gksus ds lkFk&lkFk og izfrLi/kkZRed Hkh gksuh pkfg,A lkFk gh lkFk ;g [kjhnnkjksa dks vkdf"kZr djus okyh rFkk
ykHk iznku djus okyh gksuh pkfg,A ;g t:jh ugha fd ,d cktkj ds fy, mi;qDr ewY; vU; cktkjksa esa Hkh lgh
gksaA cktkj pkgs dqN Hkh gks] ewY; fu/kkZj.k izfØ;k ^mRiknu dh ewy bdkbZ ykxr^ ds llkFk 'kq: gksuh pkfg,A
ykxr ls uhps ewY; r; djuk vkfFkZd :i ls le>nkjh ughsa gSSA tc vkius ,d ckj ewy bdkbZ ij ykxr r; dj
yh gS] rks mlls vf/kd ewY; dk r; djuk cktkj ds viukus ij fuHkZj gS vFkkZr~ og ewY; ftls cktkj eatwj
djsxkA lkekU;r% ;g cktkj fof'k"V xq.k tSls u;k vFkok ,dek=k ] Js"B xq.koRrk] czk.M vf/kekU;rk bR;kfn tSlh
ckrksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA
III.
LFkkfud uhfr
vf/kla[; ns'kksa esa Hkk"kk,a] lkaLÑfrd ewY;] :fp;ka] dkjksckjh i)fr;ka] vk;s Lrj] i;kZoj.k laca/kh fLFkfr;ka]
mRiknu ekud] fof/kd vko';drk,a bR;kfn fHkUu gksrh gSaA bu lHkh ls izeq[k fcØh izHkkfor gksrh gSaA fofHkUu
cktkjksa esa lQy gksus ds fy, vkidks mu ckrksa dk /;ku j[krs gq, vious mRiknu vFkok lsok dks LFkkuh; ?kVdksa
ds vuq:i <kyuk gksxkA
IV
fons'kksa xzkgd cukuk
laHkkfor ,oa u;s xzkgdksa dks fu;kZr djus ds fy, og vko';d gS fd vki vius Lo;a ds vuqHkoksa tks fd
vkius fons'k Hkze.k d nkSjku izkIr fd, gSaA ;k vkids fons'kh izfrfuf/k;ksa us vkids fy, igpku fd, gSa] dh vksj
/;ku bnsaA vki varjkZ"Vªh; O;kij esayksa esa Hkkx yss ldrs gSa] ftlesa vki varjkZ"Vªh; Øsrk&foØsrk cSBdksa esa Hkh Hkkx
ys ldrs gSa] blls vkidks Øsrkvksa d lkFk vf/kd O;fDrxr fopkj&foe'kZ dk volj feysxkA vki vk;krd
funsZf'kdk ls izeq[k vk;krdksa ds irs ,oa laidZ laca/kh O;kSjk izkIr dj ldrs gSaA baVjusV lfQZax] VsªM eSxthu dh
Hkh lgk;rk yh tk ldrh gSA ijarq bu lwpuvksa sdk 'khZ?kzrk ls vuqlj.k djus dh vko';drk gksxhA fons'kh xzkgd
dh igpku djus ds vU; óksr] fu;kZr lac/kZu ifj"knksa] deksfMVh cksMZ] Mh-th-lh-vkbZ-,.M,l-] Hkkjrh; nwrkoklksa esa
okf.kfT;d izfrfuf/k] mPpk;ksx] pSEclZ vkWQ dkWelZ ,.M VsªM] lh vkbZ vkbZ] ,lkspSe] fQDdh bR;kfn tSls laa/k gks
ldrs gSa
lqiqnZxh gsrq eky dks rS;kj djuk
fons'kksa esa eky Hkstus ds fy, vkidks ;g bs[k ysuk pkfg, fdd mRiknu dh ukS&ifjogu ls iwoZ iSfdax]
yscy] nLrkost lgh gSA vkSj mldk chek djok fy;k x;k gSA blesa ls dqN rS;kfj;ka eky dks [kjkc gksus] pksjh
gksus vFkok ukS&ifjogu esa foyac gksus ds laca/k esa lqj{kk iznku djus ds fy, gSA leqæh ukS&ifjogu ds fy, tgka
rd laHko gks vius eky dks dUVsuj esa HkstsaA
O;kikj vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djuk %
fu;kZrd cuus ds fy, ewy vko';drk vk;krd&fu;kZrd dksM¼vkbZ bZ
lh½ la[;k izkIr djuk gSA vkbZ bZ lh ds cfuk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr fu;kZr vFkok vk;kr ugha dj ldrk gS c'krsZ fd
mls fo'ks"k :i ls NwV u nh xbZ gksA vkbZ bZ lh dksM dh izkfIr fons'k O;kikj egkfuns'kky; ¼Mh th ,Q Vh½ dh
fof'k"V izfØ;k ds vuqlkj vkosnu djus ij dh tk ldrh gSA dksbZ Hkh fu;kZrd vkbZ bZ lh ^lhek la[;k izkIr djus
ij ik=k cu tkrk gSA vius eky dk fu;kZr vko';d gS] ftlds fy, dbZ nLrkrst t:jh gSA fof'k"V mRikn ds
fu;kZ rd fy, ljdkj dbZ izksRlkgu Hkh nsrh gSA lHkh vko';drkvksa] dkuwuh vkSipkfjdrkvksa ,oa izfØ;kvksa dh iwjh
tkudkjh gsrq vkidks Mh th ,Q Vh }kjk izdkf'kr ^fons'k O;kikj uhfr^] ^izfØ;kvksa dh gLr&iqfLrdk ¼[k.M-1½^ rFkk
^vkbZ Vh lh ¼,p ,l½ vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr oxhZdj.k^ iqLrd ds uohure vadks dks i<+uk pkfg,] tks mudh
osollkbV http://dgft.delhi.nic.in ij Hkh miyC/k gSA fu;kZr ,oa vk;kr ij dksbZ ikoanh ugha gS] fook,
mu ekeyksa ds tgka mudh fons'kh eqæk xfrfof/k;ksa fofu;fer gksrh gsA enokj fu;kZr ,oa vklkr uhfr dks vkbZ Vh
lh ¼,p- ,l-½ iqLrd esa frfufnZ"V fd;k x;k gSA ;fn vki Hkh mu ykHkksa dks ikuk pkgrs gSa tks ifj"kn@izkf/kdj.k
rFkk ljdkj }kjk lnL;ksa dks fn, tkrs gS] rks vki dks lacaf/kr ifj"kn@izkf/kdj.k ds lnL; ds :i esa iathÑr
gksuk pkfg,A
30
fu;kZr dks ljy cukuk ek=k HkkM+k QkjoMZj
fu;kZr nLrkost ,oa ukS&ifjogu vko';drkvksa dk vuqikyu djus gsrq fu;kZrd ekyHkkM+k QkjoMZj dks
vius ,tsUV ds :i esa fu;qfDr dj mudh lsokvksa dks izkIr dj ldrs gSaA ,d varjkZ"Vªh; ekyHkkM+k QkjokMZj og
gsS] tks fdlh leqæikj ns'k dks eky Hkstus dk dke djrk gSA ;s ,tsUVksa fons'kksa d fu;kZr fu;esks ,oa fofu;eksa]
Hkkjr ljdkj ds fu;kZr fu;eksa] ukS&ifjogu ds <ax rFkk fons'k O;kikj ls lacaf/kr nLrkost ds tkudkj gksrs gSa
bLrkost] vko';drkvksa] fou;eksa ifjogu ykxr rFkk cSad laca/kh i)fr;ksa ds ckjsa esa QkjoMZj ds ikl miyC/k
tkudkjh ls fu;kZr izfØ;k ljy gks tkrh gSA ekyHkkM+k QkjoMZj ykxr] iRru izHkkj] fo'ks"k nLrkost dh ykxr]
chek ykxr rFlkk lapkyu 'kqYdksa ds laca/k esa mfpr ijke'kZ iznku dj fu;kZrdksa ds fy, mfpr ewY; nj fu/kkZfjr
djus esa lgk;rk iznku dj ldrs gSaA ekyHkkM+k QkjoMZj dh lsok,a ,d tk;t ykxr gS ftls fu;kZrd dks vius
mRikn ds ewY; esa 'kkfey djuk pkfg,A
ekyHkkM+k QkjoMZj fcy vkWQ ykSfaMax rFkk vU; t:jh nLrkost Hkh rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA rFkk ukSogu ds
ckn os nLrkost dks foØsrk &Øsrk vFkok vnk djus okys cSad dks Hkst ldrs gSaA ekyHkkM+k QkjoMZj fons'kksa esa
dLVe czksdj ds lkFk O;oLFkk dj ldrs gSa ftlesa fd ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk lds fd eky lhek&'kqYd fu;kZr
nLrkost ds laca/k esa dbZ izdkj dh vkSipkfjdrkvksa dks Lo;a u iwjk dj mudh lgk;rk izkIr dj busd dfBukb;ksa
ls cp ldrs gSa
eky dk fu;kZr djus dd ckn vnk;xh izkIr djuk
eky jokuk gksus dsckn vkidks vnk;xh izkIr djus ds ckjs esa lquf'fpr gksuk pkfg,A blds fy, vkidks
fu;kZr laca/kh ysu&nsuksa ds fy, iz;qDr fd, tkus okys vnk;xh <ax dh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A ;s ?kjsyw rhj ij
iz;qDr rjhdksa ls vyx gksrs gSaA vkSj dqN rjhdsa nwljksa dh vis{kk tksf[ke okys gSaA fons'kh Øsrk vk'kk djrs gSa fd
os eky igaqpus vFkok mlds ckn vnk;xh djsaA dsoy dqN gh fons'kh Øsrk vfxze vnk;xh djuk pkgsaxsA varjk"Vªh;
O;kikj ysus&nsus esas nLrkost dh LohÑfr (Document against acceptance-D.A), vnk;xh ij nLrkost
(Document a gainst payment-D.P.), lk[k i=k ¼ysVj vkWQ ØsfMV½ dk lkekU;r% fu;kZr vnk;xh esa iz;ksx
gksrk gSA ysVj vkWQ ØsfMV ds }kjk cSad vkidks vnk;xh djrk gS ftlds fy, cSad vk;krd ls Lora=k :i ls dqy
vk;kr dk ewY; izkIr djrk gSA
ysVj vkWQ ØsfMV nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA igyk ftlesa nLrkrstksa dh izLrqfr ij rqjar Hkqxrku vkSj nwljk
le; ,oa fnukad ij vk/kkfjr ysVj vkWQ ØsfMV ftlesa Hkqxrku fdlh Hkkoh frfFk ij fd;k tkr gSA ysVj vkQW
ØsfMV dh lHkh 'krksZ dks iwjk djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA vkidks ysVj vkQW ØsfMV dh /;kuiwoZd leh{kk djuh pkfg, vkSj
;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd ewY; ,oa 'krsZ ogh gSa] ftu ij nLrkost esa lgefr O;Dr dh xbZ gSA vxj ,slk ugha
gS rks cvSa vnk;xh ugha dj ldrk gSA cSad Hkh jf'k dh vnk;xh] ysVj vkWQ ØsfMV ds vuqlkj gh djsxk] pkgs
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31
Assembling the PC
After buying all the computer components they must be put together. This process is called assembling. It
usually takes about fifteen minutes(installing not included). Although easy, it must be done carefully so as
to avoid unnecessary damage to the system.
Materials Required
Make sure that you have all the below materials before starting.
1. All the necessary components(Although the all the below components are preferable, not all are
necessary. Then necessary ones are marked with a *)
- Processors *
- Motherboard *
- Hardisk *
- RAM *
- Cabinet *
- Floppy Drive *
- CD Drive *
- Cards
- Display Card (Not needed if On-board display is available on Motherboard)
- Sound Card (Not needed if On-board sound is available on Motherboard)
- Modem
- Other Cards(If Any)
- Monitors *
- Keyboard *
- Mouse *
- Speakers
- UPS
- Other Components(If Any)
- Also keep the cables that came with thee components close by
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Philips head Screwdriver (Or Star Screwdriver)
Flat head Screwdriver
Forceps (for pulling out jumpers and screws)
Magnatized Screwdriver
Multi meter (Testing)
Required Environment
Make sure that the following things are true of the room in which the computer is assambled/kept.
•
•
•
•
Make sure that a flat surface of a good area is available when the system is assembled. Make sure
that the room has enough space to move.
See that the place where the Computer is kept is dust free as dust can harm the system.
Make sure that the room has good ventilation and won't be very hot.
Check the grounding in the plug to make sure that earthing is done properly.
Precautions
Before Starting the actual assembly of the PC System, the following precautions would help you to avoid
any mishap during the assembly process:
•
While the motherboard has to be fitted at a fixed place inside the PC cabinet, the locations of addon cards (as and when used) and the drivers (hard disk drive, floppy disk drive, and CD-ROM
drive) within the drivers bay of the cabinet can be changed within certain limits. But it is better to
place them far away from each other. (The length of the cable provided for interconnections to the
motherboard has to be taken into account, as there must be some slack after these are installed
32
•
•
and connected.) This will improve the cooling and reduce the chance of electro-magnetic
interference between them.
The motherboard contains sensitive components, which can be easily damaged by static
electricity. Therefore the motherboard should remain in its original anti static envelope until
required for installation. The person taking it out should wear an anti static wrist strap that is
properly grounded. In the absence of a proper wrist strap, you must make one on your own, using
a peeled of multi-stranded copper cable and ground it properly. Similar handling precaution are
also required for cards.
Be sure to handle all the components with great care. If a small thing like a screw is dropped on
the MB, it can damage the delicate circuitry, rendering the MainBoard useless.
Procedure
Installing Motherboard
You need to determine if the case has
the appropriate risers installed. Risers,
or spacers, keep the motherboard from
touching the metal surfaces of the case
after it is installed, avoiding a shortcircuit and a wrecked computer.
Any new case will include some form of
riser, metal or plastic. See the picture on
Side for typical examples. They may or
may not be pre-installed into the case.
Keep the cabinet panel on the table and
fix the motherboard on it. A gentle
pressure is enough to mount the
Motherboard on it. There will be a
mechanism to lock the motherboard in
place. Identify its working and mount the
motherboard accordingly. Tighten the
screws on the motherboard to the panel.
Fixing the Processor
Now gently lower the
CPU into the ZIF(Zero
Insertion
Force)
Socket. No pressure
is required. If the CPU
is placed properly, it
will slide into the
socket. Make sure
that the Number 1 pin
is placed correctly. If
you cannot get the
CPU to sit evenly DO
NOT force it. After
placing the CPU, lock
the socket using the
Locking lever.
33
Apply the IC paste that comes with the
processor to the bottom of the heatsink. Only
a thin layer is necessary. This lets the heat
that is produced in the processor to be
conducted to the heatsink which cools it. After
applying the paste, fix the heatsink on the
processor. Make sure that the locks of the
heat sink are in place.
Installing RAM
Keep the RAM module in the slot in the proper way and
press downwards. Be careful not to jerk the RAM while
pushing it down. See that the lock get hold of the RAM
and
stay
in
the
locked
position.
The ways of inserting the RAM will vary with different
kinds of RAM. There are different kinds of RAM like
SDRAM, DDRAM, RDRAM, etc. Please refer to the
section on RAMS for more details.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF MEMORY
Some people like to know a lot about the computer systems they own - or are considering buying - just
because. They're like that. It's what makes them tick. Some people never find out about their systems and
like it that way. Still other people - most of us, in fact - find out about their systems when they have to when something goes wrong, or when they want to upgrade it. It's important to note that making a choice
about a computer system - and its memory features - will affect the experience and satisfaction you derive
from the system. This chapter is here to make you smarter about memory so that you can get more out of
the system you're purchasing or upgrading.
MODULE FORM FACTORS
The easiest way to categorize memory is by form factor. The form factor of any memory module describes
its size and pin configuration. Most computer systems have memory sockets that can accept only one form
factor. Some computer systems are designed with more than one type of memory socket, allowing a
choice between two or more form factors. Such designs are usually a result of transitional periods in the
industry when it's not clear which form factors will gain predominance or be more available.
SIMMS
The term SIMM stands for Single In-Line Memory Module. With SIMMs, memory chips are soldered onto
a modular printed circuit board (PCB), which inserts into a socket on the system board.
The first SIMMs transferred 8 bits of data at a time. Later, as CPUs began to read data in 32-bit chunks, a
wider SIMM was developed, which could supply 32 bits of data at a time. The easiest way to differentiate
between these two different kinds of SIMMs was by the number of pins, or connectors. The earlier modules
had 30 pins and the later modules had 72 pins. Thus, they became commonly referred to as 30-pin SIMMs
and 72-pin SIMMs.
Another important difference between 30-pin and 72-pin SIMMs is that 72-pin SIMMs are 3/4 of an inch
(about 1.9 centimeters) longer than the 30-pin SIMMs and have a notch in the lower middle of the PCB.
The graphic below compares the two types of SIMMs and indicates their data widths.
34
4-1/4" 72-Pin SIMM
3-1/2" 30-Pin SIMM
Comparison of a 30-pin and a 72-pin SIMM
DIMMS
Dual In-line Memory Modules, or DIMMs, closely resemble SIMMs. Like SIMMs, most DIMMs install
vertically into expansion sockets. The principal difference between the two is that on a SIMM, pins on
opposite sides of the board are "tied together" to form one electrical contact; on a DIMM, opposing pins
remain electrically isolated to form two separate contacts.
DIMMs come in various form factors and are specific to different DRAM technologies.
168-pin DIMM: EDO and PC66/100/133 SDRAM
184-pin DIMM: DDR 200/266/333/400 DDR SDRAM
240-pin DIMM: DDR2 400/533/667/800 DDR-2 SDRAM
DIMMs transfer 64 bits of data at a time and are typically used in computer configurations that support a
64-bit or wider memory bus. Some of the physical differences between DIMMs and 72-pin SIMMs include:
the length of module, the number of notches on the module, and the way the module installs in the socket.
Another difference is that many 72-pin SIMMs install at a slight angle, whereas DIMMs install straight into
the memory socket and remain completely vertical in relation to the system motherboard. The illustration
below compares a 168-pin DIMM to a 72-pin SIMM.
4-1/4" 72-Pin SIMM
5-1/4" 168-Pin DIMM
Comparison of a 72-pin SIMM and a 168-pin DIMM.
SO DIMMs
A type of memory commonly used in notebook computers is called SO DIMM or Small Outline DIMM. The
principal difference between a SO DIMM and a DIMM is that the SO DIMM, because it is intended for use
in notebook computers, is significantly smaller than the standard DIMM. The 72-pin SO DIMM is 32 bits
wide and the 144-pin SO DIMM is 64 bits wide. 144-pin and 200-pin modules are the most common SO
DIMMs today.
35
2.35" 72-pin SO DIMM
2.66" 144-Pin SO DIMM
Comparison of a 72-pin SO DIMM and a 144-pin SO DIMM.
MicroDIMM (Micro Dual In-Line Memory Module)
Smaller than an SO DIMM, MicroDIMMs are primarily used in sub-notebook computers. MicroDIMMs are
available in 144-pin SDRAM, 172-pin DDR and 214-pin DDR2.
RIMMS AND SO-RIMMS
RIMM is the trademarked name for a Direct Rambus memory module. RIMMs look similar to DIMMs, but
have a different pin count. RIMMs transfer data in 16-bit chunks. The faster access and transfer speed
generates more heat. An aluminum sheath, called a heat spreader, covers the module to protect the chips
from overheating.
A 184-pin Direct Rambus RIMM shown with heat spreaders pulled away.
An SO-RIMM looks similar to an SO DIMM, but it uses Rambus technology.
A 160-pin SO-RIMM module.
FLASH MEMORY
Flash memory is a solid-state, non-volatile, rewritable memory that
functions like RAM and a hard disk drive combined. Flash memory
stores bits of electronic data in memory cells, just like DRAM, but it
also works like a hard-disk drive in that when the power is turned off,
the data remains in memory. Because of its high speed, durability, and
low voltage requirements, flash memory is ideal for use in many
applications - such as digital cameras, cell phones, printers, handheld
computers, pagers, and audio recorders.
Flash memory is available in many different form factors, including: CompactFlash, Secure Digital,
36
SmartMedia, MultiMedia and USB Memory
PC CARD AND CREDIT CARD MEMORY
Before SO DIMMs became popular, most notebook memory was developed using proprietary designs. It is
always more cost-effective for a system manufacturer to use standard components, and at one point, it
became popular to use the same "credit card" like packaging for memory that is used on PC Cards today.
Because the modules looked like PC Cards, many people thought the memory cards were the same as PC
Cards, and could fit into PC Card slots. At the time, this memory was described as "Credit Card Memory"
because the form factor was the approximate size of a credit card. Because of its compact form factor,
credit card memory was ideal for notebook applications where space is limited.
PC Cards use an input/output protocol that used to be referred to as PCMCIA (Personal Computer
Memory Card International Association). This standard is designed for attaching input/output devices such
as network adapters, fax/modems, or hard drives to notebook computers. Because PC Card memory
resembles the types of cards designed for use in a notebook computer's PC Card slot, some people have
mistakenly thought that the memory modules could be used in the PC Card slot. To date, RAM has not
been packaged on a PCMCIA card because the technology doesn't allow the processor to communicate
quickly enough with memory. Currently, the most common type of memory on PC Card modules is Flash
memory.
On the surface, credit card memory does not resemble a typical memory module configuration. However,
on the inside you will find standard TSOP memory chips.
TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE
This section presents the most common memory technologies used for main memory: This road map
offers an overview of the evolution of memory.
YEAR INTRODUCED
TECHNOLOGY
SPEED LIMIT
1987
FPM
50ns
1995
1997
1998
EDO
PC66 SDRAM
PC100 SDRAM
50ns
66MHz
100MHz
1999
1999/2000
2000
RDRAM
PC133 SRAM
DDR SDRAM
800MHz
133MHz (VCM option)
266MHz
2001
2002
2003
DDR SDRAM
DDR SDRAM
DDR SDRAM
333MHz
434MHz
500MHz
2004
DDR2
2005
DDR2
2006
DDR2
2007
DDR3
MAJOR CHIP TECHNOLOGIES
SDRAM
SDRAM
SDRAM
SDRAM
533MHz
800MHz
667 - 800MHz
1066 - 1333MHz
It's usually pretty easy to tell memory module form factors apart because of physical differences. Most
module form factors can support various memory technologies so, it's possible for two modules to appear
to be the same when, in fact, and they’re not. For example, a 168-pin DIMM can be used for EDO,
Synchronous DRAM, or some other type of memory. The only way to tell precisely what kind of memory a
module contains is to interpret the marking on the chips. Each DRAM chip manufacturer has different
markings and part numbers to identify the chip technology.
FAST PAGE MODE (FPM)
At one time, FPM was the most common form of DRAM found in computers. In fact, it was so common that
people simply called it "DRAM," leaving off the "FPM". FPM offered an advantage over earlier memory
technologies because it enabled faster access to data located within the same row.
37
EXTENDED DATA OUT (EDO)
In 1995, EDO became the next memory innovation. It was similar to FPM, but with a slight modification that
allowed consecutive memory accesses to occur much faster. This meant the memory controller could save
time by cutting out a few steps in the addressing process. EDO enabled the CPU to access memory 10 to
15% faster than with FPM.
SYNCHRONOUS DRAM (SDRAM)
In late 1996, SDRAM began to appear in systems. Unlike previous technologies, SDRAM is designed to
synchronize itself with the timing of the CPU. This enables the memory controller to know the exact clock
cycle when the requested data will be ready, so the CPU no longer has to wait between memory accesses.
SDRAM chips also take advantage of interleaving and burst mode functions, which make memory retrieval
even faster. SDRAM modules come in several different speeds so as to synchronize to the clock speeds of
the systems they'll be used in. For example, PC66 SDRAM runs at 66MHz, PC100 SDRAM runs at
100MHz, PC133 SDRAM runs at 133MHz, and so on. Faster SDRAM speeds such as 200MHz and
266MHz are currently in development.
DOUBLE DATA RATE SYNCHRONOUS DRAM (DDR SDRAM)
DDR SDRAM, is a next-generation SDRAM technology. It allows the memory chip to perform transactions
on both the rising and falling edges of the clock cycle. For example, with DDR SDRAM, a 100 or 133MHz
memory bus clock rate yields an effective data rate of 200MHz or 266MHz. Click here for more on DDR.
Click here for more on DDR.
DOUBLE DATA RATE 2 SYNCHRONOUS DRAM (DDR2 SDRAM)
DDR2 is the second generation of Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM memory. It is an evolution of DDR
memory technology that delivers higher speeds (up to 800 MHz), lower power consumption and heat
dissipation. It is an ideal memory solution for bandwidth hungry systems and the lower power consumption
is a perfect match for today's mobile users. Click here for more on DDR2.
DOUBLE DATA RATE 3 SYNCHRONOUS DRAM (DDR3 SDRAM)
DDR3 is the third generation of Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM memory. Similar to DDR2, it is a
continuing evolution of DDR memory technology that delivers higher speeds (up to 1600 MHz), lower
power consumption and heat dissipation. It is an ideal memory solution for bandwidth hungry systems
equipped with dual and quad core processors and the lower power consumption is a perfect match for both
server and mobile platforms. DDR3 modules will be available in the second half of 2007.
DIRECT RAMBUS
Direct Rambus is a DRAM architecture and interface standard that challenges traditional main memory
designs. Direct Rambus technology is extraordinarily fast compared to older memory technologies. It
transfers data at speeds up to 800MHz over a narrow 16-bit bus called a Direct Rambus Channel. This
high-speed clock rate is possible due to a feature called "double clocked," which allows operations to occur
on both the rising and falling edges of the clock cycle. Also, each memory device on an RDRAM module
provides up to 1.6 gigabytes per second of bandwidth - twice the bandwidth available with current 100MHz
SDRAM.
In addition to chip technologies designed for use in main memory, there are also specialty memory
technologies that have been developed for video applications.
MEMORY TECHNOLOGIES FOR VIDEO OR GRAPHICS PROCESSING
VIDEO RAM (VRAM)
VRAM is a video version of FPM technology. VRAM typically has two ports instead of one, which allows
the memory to allocate one channel to refreshing the screen while the other is focused on changing the
images on the screen. This works much more efficiently than regular DRAM when it comes to video
applications. However, since video memory chips are used in much lower quantities than main memory
chips, they tend to be more expensive. So, a system designer may choose to use regular DRAM in a video
subsystem, depending on whether cost or performance is the design objective.
WINDOW RAM (WRAM)
38
WRAM is another type of dual-ported memory also used in graphics-intensive systems. It differs slightly
from VRAM in that its dedicated display port is smaller and it supports EDO features.
SYNCHRONOUS GRAPHICS RAM (SGRAM)
SGRAM is a video-specific extension of SDRAM that includes graphics-specific read/write features.
SGRAM also allows data to be retrieved and modified in blocks, instead of individually. This reduces the
number of reads and writes that memory must perform and increases the performance of the graphics
controller by making the process more efficient.
BASE RAMBUS AND CONCURRENT RAMBUS
Before it even became a contender for main memory, Rambus technology was actually used in video
memory. The current Rambus main memory technology is called Direct Rambus. Two earlier forms of
Rambus are Base Rambus and Concurrent Rambus. These forms of Rambus have been used in specialty
video applications in some workstations and video game systems like Nintendo 64 for several years.
Connections
Next, affix the cables that are provided to the necessary places on the
motherboard. The cables and the place to fix them are given. Be careful to fix
the cables properly and not damaging the pins or the motherboard in the
process. Make sure that the red part of the IDE cables (the no 1 pin) is in proper
position.
These are the list of cables that needed to be connected to the motherboard...
Name of Cable
Device connector of...
No of Pins
IDE
Hardisk, CD-ROM
40
Floppy IDE
Floppy Drive
34
Power Cable For
Motherboard
From SMPS to Motherboard
6x2 in AT and 20 in
ATX
Front Panel Display
Speaker, HDD Indicator LED, Power LED, Restart
Different for each
Backside Connections
PS/2, USB, LPT, COM 1, COM 2, etc.
Different for each
Card Connectors
CDROM Audio cable, Onboard display to backside
cable, etc
Different for each
Besides the cables that are shown here there are other cables like Processor Fan power supply, Power
supply for devices like HDD, FDD, CD-ROM etc which are not connected to Motherboard, etc. All must be
connected properly.
Pin Configuration on Motherboard
There are many places to fix cables in the motherboard. The following are the pin numbers for all the slots
on the motherboard.
Device/Slot Name No of pins
LPT
26
COM
10
IDE
40
IDE Floppy
36
39
Now fix the motherboard to the Cabinet or the Case. Place your mother
board inside the case and fasten it in. Every Case fastens mother boards
in different ways. Some use plastic pegs, some use metal screws. See
Picture for an example
Their might be metal coverings covering the holes in
the computer case were the parallel ports and serial
ports on the mother board should poke through. Poke
those out with a screw drive so you can fit the mother
board in snuggly. Make sure that all the connectors
that come out of the motherboard is in its correct
places on the back.
Expansion Cards
Now the expansion cards must be inserted. Insert your Video Card if it is
not onboard. There are presently about 3 different forms of slots on your
mother board - PCI, ISA, and AGP. Video Cards are presently made for
all 3 of them. AGP stands for "Accelerated Graphics Port" Video Cards
made for this slot are generally more high tech/performance. AGP slots
more than likely is the only small, brown, slot on your mother board. PCI
you probably have the most of these their white and little longer than
AGP. ISA, these are long and black. Insert your Video Card and snug it
in there firmly. Make sure that the other side of the card can be come
out of the motherboard's backside. Screw the card in that place. Similar
fit the other cards in its respective places.
Floppy Drive
Ensure that one of the 3.5-inch bays in your case is
open. If your case came with rails for the floppy drive,
attach them to the sides of the drive and slide the drive
into the front of the computer until it clicks into place.
Rails are small metal pieces which clip or screw on to
the sides of the drive and allow it to be inserted and
removed from the case with minimal effort.
Otherwise, slide the drive into the front of the computer
until the faceplate of the floppy drive is flush with the
front bezel of the case and the screw holes along the
side of the drive line up with the case. When everything
lines up, screw the floppy drive in securely on both
sides.
Plug in the power cable (see picture to left) carefully,
since it is quite possible to miss one of the connectors,
40
which will quite possibly cause some damage when the
computer is powered on. Floppy drive power
connectors are keyed in most cases, but if not, the red
wire should be connected to the pin designated as 1 on
the surrounding PCB.
Ensure that the power connector is correctly lined up
with all 4 connectors. The floppy (data) cable is keyed
to only fit one way. Note that it is keyed the opposite
way to the IDE hard drive and CD drive, so that the red
stripe on the cable should be facing the floppy drive
power cable.
Floppy drive cables(IDE) are solid ribbon on one end,
and the other has a small section of the ribbon cut and
twisted around. Ensure you only attach the floppy
cable as shown in the picture to the right.
Installing Hardisk
Ensure that the hard drive is set up to be the master drive
on its IDE cable. Each IDE cable can support up to two
IDE devices, such as hard-drives, CD-drives, Zip Drives,
etc., but in order for this to work, one IDE device must be
designated as a master device, and one must be
designated as a slave device. You cannot have two
master devices or two slave devices on a single cable.
This must be later configured in the BIOS.
Examine the top of your hard-drive. There should be a chart there depicting
the necessary jumper settings to make the drive a master or slave device.
Otherwise, the chart will be somewhere on the body of the drive. The set of
jumpers will be on the back end of the drive. Ensure that they are set
correctly to enable the drive as a master. You may need a set of tweezers to
move the jumpers.
Insert the hard drive into the 3.5" drive-tray and screw it in securely on both
sides.
Installing Optical Drive (DVD/CDROM)
Ensure that at least one full sized 5.25" bay is open in the case. Examine the
jumper settings on the top of the drive, as you did with the hard-drive. Ensure that
the drive is set to 'master'. If your case came with rails, screw them to the sides of
the CD drive and insert it into the front of the case until it clicks into place.
Otherwise, slide the drive into the front of the computer until the faceplate of the
drive is flush with the front bezel of the case and the screw holes along the side of
the drive line up with the case. Then, screw it in securely on both sides. Attach the
power cable (same as the hard-drive power cable) to the drive. Attach your
secondary IDE cable to the drive. Note that generally this should be a regular 40wire IDE cable, not the 80-wire UDMA IDE cable that is used for the hard-drive.
Some
DVD
drives
will
use
the
80-wire
cable,
however.
Set the jumper on the CD-ROM drive. Here you have a choice. You can either:
•
•
Attach the CD-ROM to IDE connector 1 and make the CD-ROM a slave.
In this case, you will set the jumper on the CD-ROM to "Slave" and attach
the CD-ROM drive to the same IDE cable as the hard drive. Or,
Attach the CD-ROM to IDE connector 2 and make the CD-ROM a master.
41
In this case you will set the jumper on the CD-ROM to "Master" and
attach the CD-ROM drive with a separate cable to IDE slot 2. In order to
use this method, you will need a second IDE cable.
Connect the Sound Cable of the CDROM to the Sound Card so that the Audio
CDs can work properly.
Power Supply
There are two main kinds of motherboards and Cabinets
available today with reference to Power Supply - AT and
ATX. The have different connectors. They are shown below.
These wires come from the SMPS of the Cabinet. The figure
on the right shows the Power cables coming out of the
SMPS.
Different Types on Power Supply Connectors
Power Spply Type
No Of Pins
ATX
20
AT
2x6 (12)
Picture
Power Connections
Identify the type of power supply and insert it into the right place. The AT
cables must be connected in such a way that the black cables of both plugs
should be facing each other (See Figure to the left).
Final Connections in the Cabinet
Connect the wires coming out from behind the face of your computer
case to your mother board. They control the on, off, reset, hard disk
activity, and power switch. Every mother board is different (See picture
to the right).
Refer the manual with your mother board. Most specify with 2 or 3
character paraphrases like "PWR SWT" which means Power Switch
and "RST SWT" which means Reset Switch, etc.
42
Closing the Cabinet
After all the connections are made inside the Cabinet, double-check all the wiring. Make sure
all connections are firmly attached, and ensure that no wires are running close to the top of
the CPU heat sink fan. Then close the cabinet and screw it tight. Set it in an upright
position(assuming it is a tower type cabinet).
Connecting other peripherals
Now plug the data cable of the monitor to the display card. It
will be marked on the back of the cabinet. If not, refer the
manual to see where it is. Connect Keyboard, Speakers,
Mouse to the back of the cabinet in the correct places. See
that the Mouse is connected properly. If it is a PS/2 Mouse it
must be connected to the PS/2 port. If it is a USB mouse,
USB port must be used. Similarly for the COM mouse.
Connect all other peripherals that you may have like Printer,
External Modem, UPS, etc. to the back of the cabinet in their
respective places.
Power Cables
After all these connections, connect the power cable of the Monitor to its place. Then plug in the power
cable into its jack. Give the other end to a plug nearby. If a UPS is available, plug the power cable to the
UPS and the power cable of the UPS to the Power plug.
Powering the System
Plug in the power cord and switch the power supply switch to the on position. Press the power button. If
everything is connected as it should be, all system fans should start spinning, you should hear a single
beep, and after about 2-5 seconds the computer start to boot.
Depending on the manufacturer of the Motherboard, you may get a splash screen, or just a memory check.
The system will then halt with an error because we have yet to install an operation system. Now check the
front LEDs to see if you plugged them in correctly. Also test the reset button. Power off and fix the LEDS if
there are any problems.
Configurations
At the first screen press the Delete key to enter the BIOS setup. Review the BIOS settings. Here are a few
that you may want to pay attention to:
•
•
•
Time and date.
IDE devices - Hardisk and Floppy Drive.
Boot Order.
Finished
If there are no troubles, the system is ready. The operating system can be installed now. If some problems
have appeared, read the troubleshooting guide for instructions to solve the problem.
43
Troubleshooting
The Troubleshooting section here is not intended as a comprehensive guide to troubleshooting computer
systems, but rather as a quick checklist to point you in the right direction.
If you hit the power button and nothing happened:
Is the power cord plugged in? Is it plugged in the other end too? Check the switch at the back of the case.
Make sure that you connected the wire from the case power button to the right connector on the
motherboard. Make sure the power connector to the motherboard is in correctly. Check the floppy power
cable. Double-check all connections.
If none of this makes a difference, next step is to unplug everything from the motherboard with the
exception of the power cable, power button wire, video card, memory and processor. If it still will not power
up, it's likely that you have one or more defective components. The most likely culprits are the
motherboard or the case power supply.
If the system turns on, but does not beep or begin to boot up:
First, double check all connections and try again. Otherwise, the best thing to do in this circumstance is to
unplug everything from the motherboard with the exception of the power button wire, video card, memory
and processor, then test it again.
If the computer successfully starts at this point, power off and reconnect one component at a time until you
find the problem. If you cannot get it to boot up successfully, it is likely that you have one or more defective
parts.
System turns on, beeps intermittently, does not boot up:
Check that your memory (RAM) chip is installed correctly. Remove it and re-install it if necessary.
System turns on, gives a sequence of quick beeps, does not boot up:
Check that your video card is correctly seated in its AGP or PCI slot. The AGP slot especially can be
unforgiving of a card that is a tiny bit out of position.
There are a number of other error codes indicated by patterns of beeps from the motherboard speaker, but
the two above are the most commonly encountered.
If you have got the system up and running, but are experiencing some problems installing an operating
system, here are a couple of common issues:
Your system freezes intermittently while installing the OS:
Could well be a heat issue, especially with AMD processors or older Intel ones. Check that the heat sink
fan is spinning and that the heat sink itself is firmly mounted and parallel to the surface of the processor.
Assuming you are using a stock heat sink from the manufacturer of the processor, it should be more than
adequate to cool the system if properly applied.
You are having problems fully installing the OS due to errors copying files and blue screens:
Errors while copying the setup files, especially with Windows 2000 or XP, are a common indicator of
problems with your memory (RAM). It's possible it could also be a hard-drive problem, but if you are getting
blue-screens also, especially any ones indicating that a 'page-fault' has occurred, it's time to pop the
memory out and haul it back to the store to be tested. And don't leave it there for the night either.
Beep codes are used by the BIOS during the POST to report certain initial system errors.
44
If you're hearing beep codes after you turn your computer on, it typically means that the system has
encountered some kind of problem before it was able to display any kind of error information on the
monitor.
Follow the steps below to determine what system problem the beep code is representing.
Here's How:
1.
Power on the computer or restart it if it's already on.
2.
Listen very carefully to the beep codes that sound when the computer begins to boot.
Restart your computer if you need to hear the beeping again. You're not likely to make whatever
problem you have worse by restarting a few times.
3.
Write down, in whatever way makes sense to you, how the beeps sound.
Important: Pay close attention to the number of beeps, if the beeps are long or short and if the
beeping repeats or not. There is a big difference between a "beep-beep-beep" beep code and a "beepbeep" beep code.
This is all important information that will help determine what issue the beep codes are representing.
4.
What steps you take to solve a particular beep code will differ depending on the BIOS manufacturer.
Choose the correct beep code troubleshooting guide below based on your motherboard's
BIOS manufacturer:
• AMI Beep Code Troubleshooting (AMIBIOS)
AMIBIOS is a kind of BIOS manufactured by American Megatrends (AMI). Many popular motherboard
manufacturers have integrated AMI's AMIBOS into their systems.
Other motherboard manufacturers have created custom BIOS software based on the AMIBIOS system.
The beep codes from AMIBIOS-based BIOS may be exactly the same as the true AMIBIOS beep codes
below or they may vary slightly. You can always reference your motherboard's manual if you think this
might be an issue.
Note: AMIBIOS beep codes are short, sound in quick succession, and usually sound immediately after
powering on the PC.
1 Beep
A single beep from an AMI based BIOS means there has been a memory refresh timer error. The solution
is often to replace the RAM in the computer.
2 Beeps
Two beeps means there has been a parity error in base memory. This is an issue with the first 64KB block
of memory in your RAM. The solution is usually to replace the memory.
3 Beeps
Three beeps means there has been a base memory read/write test error. Replacing the RAM usually
solves this AMI beep code.
4 Beeps
Four beeps means that the motherboard timer is not working properly. A hardware failure with an
expansion card or the motherboard itself could be the cause of this beep code.
5 Beeps
Five beeps means there has been a processor error. A damaged expansion card, the CPU, or the
motherboard could be prompting this AMI beep code.
6 Beeps
Six beeps means that there has been an 8042 Gate A20 test error. This beep code is usually caused by an
expansion card that has failed or the motherboard that is no longer working.
7 Beeps
45
Seven beeps indicate a general exception error. This AMI beep code could be caused by an expansion
card problem, a motherboard hardware issue, or a damaged CPU. Replacing the faulty hardware usually
fixes the cause of this beep code.
8 Beeps
Eight beeps means that there has been an error with the display memory. This beep code is usually
caused by a faulty video card. Replacing the video card usually clears this up.
9 Beeps
Nine beeps means that there has been an AMIBIOS ROM checksum error. Literally, this would indicate an
issue with the BIOS chip on the motherboard. However, since replacing a BIOS chip is sometimes
impossible, this AMI BIOS issue is usually corrected by replacing the motherboard.
10 Beeps
Ten beeps means that there has been a CMOS shutdown register read/write error. This beep code is
usually caused by a hardware issue with the AMI BIOS chip. A motherboard replacement will usually solve
this problem, although it could be caused by a damaged expansion card in rare situations.
11 Beeps
Eleven beeps means that the cache memory test has failed. Some piece of failing hardware is usually to
blame for this AMI BIOS beep code.
• Award Beep Code Troubleshooting (AwardBIOS)
AwardBIOS is a kind of BIOS manufactured by Award, now owned by Phoenix Technologies. Many
popular motherboard manufacturers use Award's AwardBIOS in their systems.
Other motherboard manufacturers have created custom BIOS software based on the AwardBIOS system.
The beep codes from an AwardBIOS-based BIOS may be the same as the original AwardBIOS beep
codes (below) or they may vary a little. You can always reference your motherboard's manual if you to be
sure.
Note: AwardBIOS beep codes sound in quick succession and usually immediately after powering on the
PC.
1 Short Beep
A single, short beep from an Award based BIOS is actually an "all systems clear" notification. In other
words, this is a beep code you want to hear and that you've probably been hearing each time your
computer comes on since the day you purchased it. No troubleshooting necessary!
1 Long Beep, 2 Short Beeps
One long beep followed by two short beeps indicates that there has been some kind of error with the video
card. Replacing the video card is usually the most you'll have to do to fix this one.
1 Long Beep, 3 Short Beeps
One long beep followed by three short beeps means that either the video card isn't installed or the memory
on the video card is bad. Reseating or replacing the video card will typically fix the cause of this Award
beep code.
1 High Pitched Beep, 1 Low Pitched Beep (Repeating)
A repeating high pitched / low pitched beep pattern is an indication of some kind of CPU problem. The
CPU could be overheating or malfunctioning in some other way.
1 High Pitched Beep (Repeating)
A single, repeating, high pitched beeping sound means that the CPU is overheating. You'll need to figure
out why the CPU is getting too hot before this Award beep code will go away.
Important: Turn your computer off immediately if you hear this beep code. The longer your CPU is running
hot, the higher the chance that you'll permanently damage this expensive part of your system.
All Other Beep Codes
Any other beep code pattern you hear means that there has been some kind of memory problem.
Replacing your RAM is the most you'll need to do to fix this problem.
46
• Phoenix Beep Code Troubleshooting (PhoenixBIOS)
Phoenix BIOS is a kind of BIOS manufactured by Phoenix Technologies. A majority of modern
motherboard manufacturers have integrated Phoenix Technologies' Phoenix BIOS into their systems.
Several custom implementations of the Phoenix BIOS system exist in many popular motherboards. The
beep codes from Phoenix-based BIOS may be exactly the same as the true Phoenix beep codes below or
they may vary. You can always check your motherboard manual to be sure.
Note: Phoenix BIOS beep codes are short, sound in quick succession, and usually sound immediately
after powering on the PC.
1 Beep
A single beep from a Phoenix based BIOS is actually an "all systems clear" notification. Technically, it's an
indication that the Power On Self Test is complete. No troubleshooting necessary!
1 Long Beep, 2 Short Beeps
One long beep followed by two short beeps indicates that there has been a checksum error. This means
that there is some kind of motherboard issue. Replacing the motherboard should fix this problem.
1-2-2-3 Beep Code Pattern
A 1-2-2-3 beep code pattern means that there has been a BIOS ROM checksum error. Literally, this would
indicate an issue with the BIOS chip on the motherboard. Since replacing a BIOS chip is often not
possible, this Phoenix BIOS issue is usually corrected by replacing the entire motherboard.
1-3-1-1 Beep Code Pattern
A 1-3-1-1 beep code pattern on a PhoenixBIOS system means that there has been an issue while testing
the DRAM refresh. This could be a problem with the system memory, an expansion card, or the
motherboard.
1-3-1-3 Beep Code Pattern
A 1-3-1-3 beep code pattern means that the 8742 keyboard controller test has failed. This usually means
that there is a problem with the currently connected keyboard but it could also indicate a motherboard
issue.
1-3-4-1 Beep Code Pattern
A 1-3-1-1 beep code pattern on a PhoenixBIOS system means that there is some kind of issue with the
RAM. Replacing the system memory usually fixes this problem.
1-3-4-3 Beep Code Pattern
A 1-3-1-1 beep code pattern indicates some kind of issue with the memory. Replacing the RAM is the
usual recommendation for solving this problem.
1-4-1-1 Beep Code Pattern
A 1-4-1-1 beep code pattern on a PhoenixBIOS system means that there is an issue with the system
memory. Replacing the RAM usually fixes this problem.
2-1-2-3 Beep Code Pattern
A 2-1-2-3 beep code pattern means that there has been a BIOS ROM error, meaning an issue with the
BIOS chip on the motherboard. This Phoenix BIOS issue is usually corrected by replacing the
motherboard.
2-2-3-1 Beep Code Pattern
A 2-2-3-1 beep code pattern on a PhoenixBIOS system means that there has been an issue while testing
hardware related to IRQs. This could be a hardware or misconfiguration problem with an expansion card or
some kind of motherboard failure.
Troubleshooting Tips for New Monitors Here is some basic trouble shooting tips for new monitors:
1. The picture does not appear
47
• Check to make sure the signal cable is firmly connected in the socket.
• Check to see if the computer system's power is ON.
• Check that the Brightness Control is at the appropriate position, not at the minimum.
2. The Screen is not synchronized
• Check to make sure the signal cable is firmly connected in the socket.
• Check that the output level matches the input level of your computer.
• Make sure the signal timing of the computer system is within the specification of the
monitor.
3. The position of the screen is not in the center
• Adjust the H-Size, H-Phase or V-Size, V-Center controls.
• Check if the signal timing of the computer system is within the specification of the monitor.
4. The screen is too bright or too dark
• Check if the Brightness or contrast control is at the appropriate position, not at the
maximum or minimum.
• Check if the specified voltage is applied
• Check if the signal timing of the computer system is within the specification of the monitor.
• Especially, check the horizontal frequency.
5. The screen is shaking
• Move all objects that emit a magnetic field, such as a motor or transformer, away from the
monitor.
• Check if the specified voltage is applied.
• Check if the signal timing of the computer system is within the specification of the monitor.
Trouble Shooting Tips after Installing a New Hard Drive
1. Basic Troubleshooting Tips after Installing a New Hard Drive
Based on Seagate IDE hard drives.
If you have installed your drive and it does not function properly, perform the following
basic
checks:
Warning: Always turn off the computer before changing jumpers or unplugging cables and cards.
Wear a ground strap or use other antistatic precautions while working on your computer or handling
your drive.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Verify compatibility. Verify that the host adapter and drive are appropriately matched to
each other and to your computer. Refer to the relevant documentation for details.
Check all cards. Verify that all cards are seated in their slots on the motherboard and
secured with mounting screws.
Check all connectors and cables. Make sure all ribbon and power cables are securely
connected. Ribbon cables are easily damaged, especially at the connector. Try a new
cable that you know is good. Make sure no connector pins are bent. Verify that pin 1 on
the interface cable is aligned with pin 1 on the drive and host adapter.
Verify jumper settings. Review the instructions in this guide and in your host adapter
installation guide. Make sure all appropriate jumpers are installed or removed as
necessary.
Check your power-supply specifications. Each time you add a new device to your
computer, make sure your computer’s internal power supply can support the total power
demand. If necessary, consult your dealer for a new power supply.
Verify the drive-type settings in the system setup program. The drive-type settings in
the system BIOS must not exceed the physical specifications of your drive. Also, the
settings must not exceed the limitations set by the operating system and BIOS.
Check for viruses. Before you use someone else's diskette in your system for the first
time, scan the diskette for viruses.
2. After you install your new drive, your computer will not boot, and no error message
appears on the screen.
Check your computer manual or BIOS manufacturer to determine whether your BIOS
supports drives that have more than 4,092 cylinders. If your system has this limitation,
use the following procedure to configure your computer:
48
a. Turn off your computer, open the case, and remove your new drive.
CAUTION: To avoid electrostatic discharge damage to your computer or hard drive, make
sure you are well grounded before touching the drive, cable, connector or jumpers.
b. Move the jumper on the alternate-capacity jumper, as shown in Figure 6. This causes the
drive to appear to your BIOS as having a 2.1-Gbyte capacity (4,092 cylinders, 16 heads,
63 sectors per track). You may need third-party partitioning software, such as Disk
Manager, to achieve full capacity of the drive.
c.
Remount your drive in the computer and replace the computer cover.
d. Insert a bootable system diskette into drive A and turn on the computer. It should boot
from drive A and automatically detect the new drive as a 2.1 –G.byte drive.
e. Insert your Disc Wizard diskette into drive A and type A:XDM. Then press ENTER. This
runs the Disk Manager program.
f.
Follow the Disk Manager instructions to install the dynamic drive overlay and to partition
and format your new drive to its full capacity.
g. After Disk Manager is done, reboot your system. You should see the Disk Manager banner
and be able to access the full capacity of your new drive.
3. The screen remains blank when you power up the system.
If the steps listed above do not remedy this problem, try the following:
•
•
•
•
Make sure the monitor is plugged in and turned on.
Check all cards.
Make sure the video card is seated in its slot and secured with mounting screws.
Turn off the computer and remove the drive host adapter. If the screen turns on after you
reboot, the host adapter may be incompatible or defective. If so, see your dealer.
4. The system does not recognize the drive.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Check all cables.
Make sure the power supply is adequate for system needs.
Reboot the computer and listen to make sure the drive motor starts up. If the drive is very
quiet, it may be difficult to hear its discs reach operating speed. If the drive motor does not
start up, recheck all drive cables.
Verify that for each drive, a drive-type is listed in the system setup program.
Try rebooting your computer by pressing the CTRL, ALT and DELETE keys
simultaneously. If the drive is recognized after you reboot the system, the computer BIOS
test may be completing before the drive is ready.
One solution is to slow the processor speed during startup. If your computer has a turbo
switch, set it to slow speed before turning the computer on. If there is no turbo switch, you
may be able to use keyboard commands; see your computer manual for details. After the
computer is up and running, return the processor to the fast speed.
Another solution is to warm-boot your computer after every power-on.
Check for I/O address conflicts. To isolate the conflict, verify that the drive and host
adapter are compatible with your computer. Turn off the computer and remove all the
peripheral adapter cards except for the video card and host adapter. If the computer
recognizes the drive when you reboot the computer, turn off the computer. Reinstall the
other peripheral cards, one at a time, until the conflict reoccurs. After you have isolated the
source of the address conflict, you can resolve the conflict by changing the 1/0 address of
the peripheral that appears to cause the conflict.
If Disk Manager has installed the DDO on your hard drive and you have booted directly
from a diskette, the information in the boot record for the drive may not have been loaded.
Make sure there is no diskette in drive A and reboot. If you want to boot from the diskette,
follow the "Booting with a Diskette" instructions under "Advanced Disk Manager Options".
5. The dealer partitioned and formatted the drive for you in the store, but the drive
does not respond when you install it.
•
•
•
Reboot the computer and make sure the drive spins up.
Check all cables.
Make sure the power supply is adequate for system needs.
49
•
•
•
•
Make sure the DOS or Windows version the dealer used to partition and format the drive is
the same version you have installed in your computer. If it isn't, see your dealer.
Verify the drive-type values in the system setup program. You must install the drive using
the same drive-type values your dealer used to partition the drive.
Check for 1/0 address conflicts between peripheral cards.
Check for viruses.
6. The system hangs in FDISK or fails to create or save the partition record.
•
•
•
•
•
Check all cables.
Your setup system diskette may be corrupted. Try using a backup diskette.
Make the partitions smaller.
Change the interrupt jumper setting on the host adapter.
Some BIOS have a Track 0 protection feature that protects Track 0 from viruses. This may
cause FDISK to hang the system. You must disable this feature in the system setup
program before you can use FDISK. See your computer reference guide for assistance.
Be sure to re-enable this important feature when FDISK is done.
7. The system error message, "Drive not Ready," appears.
•
•
•
Check all cable connections. Make sure pin 1 of the drive is connected to pin 1 of the
hard-disc controller or host adapter.
Make sure the power supply is adequate for system needs.
Reboot the computer and make sure the drive spins up.
8. The FDISK error message, "No Fixed Disk Present," appears.
•
•
•
Make sure the power supply is adequate for system needs.
Verify the drive-type values in the system setup program.
Check for 1/0 address conflicts.
9. The drive does not format to full capacity.
•
•
•
•
•
Verify the drive-type values in the system setup program. One of the following problems
may have occurred:
The values may be set with an incorrect translation characteristic.
You may have entered a parameter value that exceeds the physical capacity of the drive.
You entered a translation characteristic that does not take full advantage of the drive's
capacity.
The drive's physical specifications exceed the translation limits imposed by the BIOS.
CAUTION: If you change the drive-type values in the system setup program, you must
partition and format the drive again. This erases data on the drive.
•
•
•
If you have partitioned the drive into individual logical drives, you may need to make the
partitions smaller to access the full drive capacity.
If your computer supports LBA mode, you may need to enable LBA mode in the system
setup program to access the full capacity of the drive. Refer to your computer's reference
guide to find out how to enable LBA.
Your computer may not support drives that have more than 4,092 cylinders. Follow the
instructions on page 25 for After you install your new drive, your computer will not boot,
and no error message appears on the screen.
10. The DOS message "Disk Boot Failure," "Non-System Disk" or "No ROM Basic SYSTEM HALTED" appears.
•
•
•
•
Reinstall the DOS system files using the DOS SYS utility.
Check all cables.
Use FDISK to verify that the primary partition is active.
Check for viruses.
11. The system error message, "HDD controller failure" appears.
•
•
Confirm the jumper settings on the drive.
Verify the drive-type settings in the system setup program
50
Trouble Shooting Tips after Installing a New Video Card
The following troubleshooting tips may help if you experience problems.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Check that the card is seated properly in its expansion slot. Some AGP cards have design flaws
and are "well-known" to "pop out" during transportation. For PCI cards, if the problem still exists,
try a difference PCI expansion slot.
Ensure the display cable is securely fastened to the card's display connector.
Make sure that the display and computer are plugged in and receiving power.
If necessary, disable any built-in graphics capabilities on your motherboard. For more information,
see your computer's manual.
Make sure you selected the appropriate display device and graphics card when you installed your
enhanced driver.
If you have problems during start-up, start your computer in Safe Mode. In Windows 98, press the
F8 key when "Starting Windows 98" appears; or, in Windows 98, press and hold the CTRL key
until the Windows 98 Startup Menu appears on the screen. Then select the number for Safe Mode,
and press Enter.
Troubleshooting Tips for a New Motherboard
More than 70% of all computer problems are related to cabling and connections. Ensure all
cables are connected and connected firmly. IDE and floppy ribbon cables and power cables can
often go loose. Ensure microprocessor, memory modules, and adapters such as video card are
inserted correctly and didn't "pop-up" due to vibration.
System has no power at all. Power light does not illuminate, fan inside the power supply
does not turn on, and indicator light on keyboard does not turn on.
PROBABLE CAUSE
DIAGNOSIS
SOLUTION
Power cable is unplugged.
Visually inspect power cable.
Make sure power cable is
securely plugged in.
Defective power cable.
Visual inspection, try another
cable.
Replace cable.
Power supply failure.
Power cable and wall socket
are OK, but system is still
dead.
Contact technical support
Faulty wall outlet;circuit
breaker or fuse blown.
Plug device into socket know
to work and test.
Use different socket, repair
outlet, reset circuit breaker or
replace fuse.
System in-operative. Keyboard lights are on, power indicator lights are lit, and hard drive
is spinning.
PROBABLE CAUSE
DIAGNOSIS
SOLUTION
Expansion card is partially
dislodged from expansion slot
on the motherboard.
Turn off computer. Take cover
off system unit.
Check all expansion cards to
ensure they are securely
seated in slots.
Using even pressure on both
ends of the expansion card,
press down firmly on expansion
card.
Defective floppy disk drive or
tape drive.
Turn system off.
Disconnect the cables from
one of the floppy drives. Turn
on the system, check to see if
the keyboard operates
normally. Repeat until you
have located defective unit.
Contact Technical Support.
Defective expansion card.
Turn computer off.
Remove an expansion card.
Make sure expansion card is
secure in expansion socket.
51
System does not boot from hard disk drive, can be booted from floppy disk drive.
PROBABLE CAUSE
DIAGNOSIS
When attempting to run the
FDISK utility described in the
Connector between hard drive HARD DISK section of the
and system board unplugged. manual you get a message,
INVALID DRIVE
SPECIFICATION.
SOLUTION
Check cable running form disk
to disk controller on the board.
Make sure both ends are
securely plugged in; check the
drive type in the Standard
CMOS Setup (in your
motherboard manual).
Damaged Hard Disk or Disk
Controller.
Format hard disk; if unable to
do so, the hard disk may be
defective.
Contact Technical Support.
Hard Disk directory or FAT is
scrambled.
Run the FDISK program,
format the hard drive(See
HARD DRIVE section of
manual). Copy your backup
data back onto hard drive.
Backing up the hard drive is
extremely important. All Hard
Disks are capable of breaking
down at any time.
System only boots from Floppy Disk. Hard Disk can be read and applications can be used,
but booting from Hard Disk is impossible.
PROBABLE CAUSE
Hard Disk boot program has
been destroyed.
DIAGNOSIS
A number of causes could be
behind this.
SOLUTION
Back up data and applications
files.
Reformat the Hard Drive as
described in the Hard Drive
section of the manual. Re-install
applications and data using
backup disks.
Error message reading "SECTOR NOT FOUND" or other error messages indication certain
data is not allowed to be retrieved.
PROBABLE CAUSE
A number of causes could be
behind this.
DIAGNOSIS
SOLUTION
Back up any salvageable data.
Then do a low level format,
Use a file by file backup
partition, and high level format
instead of an image backup to of the hard drive( see Hard Disk
backup the Hard Disk.
section of your manual for
instructions). Re-install all saved
data when completed.
Disk formatted on IBM PS/2 will not operate with this system.
PROBABLE CAUSE
DIAGNOSIS
The IBM PS/2 uses a different IBM PS/2 disk format will not
format than other computers.
work in an AT type computer.
SOLUTION
Format disk in the AT type
computer insert disk into the
IBM PS/2 and copy the files you
wish.
After install an expansion card (network card, tape drive card, etc.) the system no longer
works properly.
52
PROBABLE CAUSE
No power to monitor.
DIAGNOSIS
SOLUTION
Change the interrupt or RAM
address on the new expansion
All or part of the system may
card. See the documentation
be inoperable. The new card
that came with the new card in
may work but a mouse or COM order to change pin settings.
port may not work.
Many expansion devices come
with proprietary software that
will assist you in doing this.
Screen message says "Invalid Configuration" or "CMOS Failure."
PROBABLE CAUSE
Incorrect information entered
into the configuration (setup)
program.
DIAGNOSIS
Check the configuration
program. Replace any
incorrect information.
SOLUTION
Review system's equipment.
Make sure correct information is
in setup.
Screen is blank.
PROBABLE CAUSE
No power to monitor.
DIAGNOSIS
Power connectors may be
loose or not plugged in.
SOLUTION
Check the power connectors to
monitor and to system. Make
sure monitor is connected to
display card, change I/O
address on network card if
applicable.
Monitor not connected to
computer.
See instructions above.
Network card I/O address
conflict.
See instructions above.
System does not boot from hard disk drive, can be booted from floppy disk drive.
PROBABLE CAUSE
DIAGNOSIS
When attempting to run the
FDISK utility described in the
Connector between hard drive HARD DISK section of the
and system board unplugged. manual you get a message,
INVALID DRIVE
SPECIFICATION.
SOLUTION
Check cable running form disk
to disk controller on the board.
Make sure both ends are
securely plugged in; check the
drive type in the Standard
CMOS Setup (in your
Problem
PROBABLE CAUSE
DIAGNOSIS
SOLUTION
Memory problem, display card
jumpers not set correctly.
Reboot computer. Re-install
memory, make sure that all
memory modules are installed
in correct sockets. Check
jumper and switch settings on
display card. See display card
section for information of
settings.
Computer virus.
Use anti-virus programs
(McAfee/PC-cillin, E-port, etc) to
detect and clean viruses.
53
Screen goes blank periodically.
PROBABLE CAUSE
DIAGNOSIS
Screen saver is enabled.
SOLUTION
Disable screen saver.
Keyboard failure.
PROBABLE CAUSE
DIAGNOSIS
SOLUTION
Reconnect keyboard. Check
keys again, if no improvement,
replace keyboard.
Keyboard is disconnected.
No color on screen.
PROBABLE CAUSE
DIAGNOSIS
SOLUTION
Faulty Monitor.
If possible, connect monitor to
another system. If no color,
replace monitor.
CMOS incorrectly set up.
Call technical support.
Floppy drive lights stays on.
PROBABLE CAUSE
DIAGNOSIS
SOLUTION
Reconnect floppy cable making
sure PIN1 on the Floppy Drive
corresponds with PIN1 on
floppy cable connector.
Floppy Drive cable not
connected correctly.
Error reading drive A:
PROBABLE CAUSE
DIAGNOSIS
SOLUTION
Bad floppy disk.
Try new floppy disk.
Floppy disk not formatted
Format floppy disk(type
ENTER)
C: drive failure.
PROBABLE CAUSE
DIAGNOSIS
SOLUTION
SETUP program does not have
correct information.
Boot from drive A: using DOS
system disk. Input correct
information to SETUP program.
Hard Drive cable not
connected properly.
Check Hard drive cable.
Cannot boot system after installing second hard drive.
PROBABLE CAUSE
DIAGNOSIS
SOLUTION
Master/Slave jumpers not set
correctly.
Set master /Slave jumpers
correctly.
Hard Drives not compatible /
different manufacturers.
Run SETUP program and select
correct drive types. Call drive
manufactures for compatibility
with other drives.
54
Missing operating system on hard drive.
PROBABLE CAUSE
DIAGNOSIS
CMOS setup has been
changed.
SOLUTION
Run setup and select correct
drive type.
Certain keys do not function.
PROBABLE CAUSE
DIAGNOSIS
Keys jammed or defective.
SOLUTION
Replace keyboard.
Keyboard is locked, no keys function.
PROBABLE CAUSE
DIAGNOSIS
Keyboard is locked.
SOLUTION
Unlock keyboard
Troubleshooting Tips for a New Network Card
1. If you can't connect to a server or if Windows reports an error after you doubleclick Network Neighborhood, try the following first:
•
•
•
•
Make sure you're using the drivers that are on the driver’s disk that ships with the network
interface card (NIC).
Make sure the driver is loaded and the protocols are bound. Check the Device Properties
list for trouble indicators (an "X" or "!" symbol).
Test the NIC adapter with the diagnostic utilities that often came with the driver installation.
Check with your LAN administrator - you may need to install additional networking
software.
2. If the problem persists, follow these guidelines:
•
•
•
LED
10
LNK
100
LNK
ACT
Make sure the cable is installed properly. The network cable must be securely attached
at both RJ45 connections (adapter and hub). The maximum allowable distance from
adapter to hub is 100 meters. If the cable is attached and the distance is within acceptable
limits but the problem persists, try a different cable. If you're directly connecting two
computers without a hub or switch, use a crossover cable.
Try another network cable.
Check the LED Lights on the NIC. Before the LEDs can be used for troubleshooting, the
network interface card (NIC) must be connected to the network and the network driver
must be installed. Most NICs come with LEDs near the connection. The meaning of the
LED signals may be different from one manufacturer to the other. Here is a common LED
description for 3COM 10/100BT dual speed NIC. Please consult your NIC manual for any
difference.
Description
Green: Link integrity
Green: Link integrity
Yellow: Port traffic for
either speed
Flashing
Reversed
polarity
Reversed
polarity
Network traffic
present
Steady (On)
Good 10BT
connection
Good 100BT
connection
Heavy network
traffic
Off
No connection between
NIC & hub
No connection between
NIC & hub
No traffic
3. The computer hangs when the drivers are loaded.
•
•
Change the PCI BIOS interrupt settings. See your NIC and system manuals for more
details.
If you are using EMM386, it must be version 4.49 or newer.
4. Diagnostics pass, but the connection fails or errors occur.
•
•
At 100BT, use Category 5 wiring and make sure that the network cable is securely
attached.
At 100BT, connect to a 100BT hub/switch (not 100Base-T4).
55
•
•
For NetWare, make sure you specify the correct frame type in your NET.CFG file.
Make sure the duplex mode setting on the adapter matches the setting on the switch.
5. The LNK LED doesn't light.
•
•
•
•
•
Make sure you've loaded the network drivers.
Check all connections at the adapter and the hub/switch.
Try another port on the hub/switch.
Make sure the duplex mode setting on the adapter matches the setting on the hub/switch.
Make sure you have the correct type of cable between the adapter and the hub. 100BaseTX requires two pairs. Some hubs require a crossover cable while others require a
straight-through cable.
6. The ACT LED doesn't light.
•
•
•
•
Make sure you've loaded the correct network drivers.
The network may be idle. Try accessing a server.
The adapter isn't transmitting or receiving data. Try another adapter.
Make sure you're using two-pair cable for TX wiring.
7. The adapter stopped working without apparent cause.
•
•
•
Run the diagnostics program that came with the NIC.
Try reseating the NIC in its slot, or try a different slot if necessary.
The network driver files may be corrupt or missing. Remove the drivers and then reinstall
them.
8. The Wake on LAN (WOL) feature is not working.
•
•
Make sure the WOL cable is attached and that power is being applied to the computer.
Check the BIOS for its WOL setting. Some computers may need to be configured for
WOL.
• Make sure the network cable is fully attached to the adapter.
9. Crossover cable troubleshooting tips. When you work with network cabling, concentrators
(hubs or switch), and NICs from different venders, it is possible to connect everything and still have
no communication between file servers and workstations.
When there are several unknown variables, it is difficult to determine which component is broken.
Use these tips to isolate the problem.
• Determine whether your equipment complies with the 10Base-T or 100Base-TX
standard. This is particularly important for hubs and switches.
• Connect a straight-through cable from the PC to the hub. The hub performs an
internal crossover so that the signal can go from TD+ to RD+ and TD- to RD- (see How to
Make Network Cables). When you look at an RJ-45 connector from the front, pin 1 is
identified on the left-hand side when the metal contacts are facing up.
• Make sure that the TD+ and TD- wires are twisted together, and that the RD+ and
RD- wires are twisted together. Using wires from opposing pairs can cause signals to be
lost. For a 100Base-TX cable, pins #1 and #2, and #3 and #6 must be on the same twisted
strand.
10. When there is doubt whether a hub is performing correctly, or if the impedance
settings are in question, a crossover cable can help you isolate the failing
component:
•
•
•
Connect a file server and a client PC back to back with a crossover cable to verify that the
NIC and network operating system are properly configured.
To make a crossover cable, simple connect TD+ to RD+ and TD- to RD-. The cable
performs the crossover that is usually performed by the hub. Make sure that two twistedpair wires are used. If the file server and client PC function together as a small network,
then either the existing cabling or the hub is the problem.
If there is a proper crossover, the appropriate LED comes on. If there is a straight-through
connection, the LED does not light. A blinking LED indicates that there is a polarity
mismatch (that is, TD+ to RD- instead of TD+ to RD+).
Troubleshooting Tips for a New Sound Card
No sound is heard from audio (music) CDs
Various conditions may cause this problem. To troubleshoot, check the following:
•
Microsoft Volume Control or your mixer program’s mute options and volume sliders.
56
•
•
•
Connect headphones to the stereo phone jack on your CD-ROM drive’s front panel; adjust the
volume control settings on the drive. If there is sound from your headphones, check the CD audio
cable connection from the CD-ROM drive to the audio card.
Ensure the speakers are properly connected to the audio card’s output connector.
Find out where to purchase quality discount computer speakers . Browse from the variety of
models and designs.
Joystick port is not working
To troubleshoot, check the following:
•
•
The audio card joystick port conflicts with another joystick port in the system. Disable the audio
card joystick port, and use the system’s joystick port.
The joystick drivers, MSJSTICK.DRV and VJOYD.VXD, may not be installed. Uninstall the joystick,
then reinstall to load the drivers. The drivers should come with the driver CD or floppy diskette with
your sound card.
Computer hangs or restarts during installation
A hardware conflict may cause the computer to hang or restart during the installation procedure.
Check the following to resolve the conflict:
•
•
•
•
A hardware conflict with another device in your system.
Previously installed sound card hardware or software needs to be removed.
The audio card is not seated in the slot properly.
PCI bus mastering devices may be interfering with the operation of the audio card. Temporarily
remove non-essential PCI bus mastering devices.
Resolving hardware conflicts
Hardware conflicts occur when two or more devices contend for the same resources. Conflicts
between your audio card and another device may occur regarding the I/O address, IRQ line, or
DMA channel:
1. Right-click the My Computer icon on your desktop, and select Properties. The System Properties
dialog appears.
2. Click the Device Manager tab. In the Device Manager, a plus sign(+) represents an expandable list
of items. A minus sign (-) represents an expanded list. A circled exclamation mark denotes a
conflict.
3. Double-click Sound, video, game controllers. A list of multimedia devices appears.
4. Select your audio card.
5. Choose the Properties button.
6. Click the Resources tab.
7. Uncheck the Use automatic settings option.
8. Change "Settings based on:" if alternate settings are available.
9. Determine the conflict by reviewing the "Conflicting device list".
10. Select the conflicting item in the "Resource Settings" list.
11. Click the Change Settings button.
12. Use the mouse to select a new setting.
13. Select OK to close each of the properties windows, and restart your computer.
Audio card is not automatically detected
To manually configure your audio card for Windows 95/98:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Click "Start" on the taskbar, and select Settings from the Start menu.
Select Control Panel. The Control Panel group appears.
Double-click the Add New Hardware icon. The Add New Hardware Wizard dialog appears.
Select Next to continue.
Choose Yes to have Windows search for new hardware, then select Next
Select Next to continue.
Select Finish, and follow the prompts to complete the new hardware installation.
CD does not automatically run when you insert it in the drive
To enable the "Audio insert notification" feature:
57
1. Right-click the My Computer icon on your desktop, and select Properties. The System Properties
dialog appears.
2. Click the Device Manager tab. A list of devices appears.
3. Double-click CD-ROM, and select your CD-ROM drive.
4. Choose the Properties button. The CD-ROM drive properties dialog appears.
5. Choose the Settings tab.
6. Click the "Auto insert notification" option to enable.
7. Select OK until all Properties dialogs are closed, and restart Windows for the changes to take
effect.
No sound is heard from speakers
Verify the following:
•
•
•
•
•
Check the Microsoft Volume Control or the Audio Mixer Program mute options and volume sliders.
Ensure the speakers are properly connected to the audio card’s output connector.
Check the volume control and power connection of the speakers, if they are amplified. (Refer to
the speaker’s documentation for detailed information).
Ensure a hardware conflict does not exist between your audio card and another device in your
system.
PCI bus mastering devices may be interfering with the operation of the audio card. Temporarily
remove non-essential PCI bus mastering devices. If the device is a display card, upgrade the
display card drivers, or set the card to the default Windows VGA mode.
If you are experiencing no sound only during audio CD playback, see "No sound is heard from
audio (music) CDs" above.
Static sounds are heard in wave files
Check to see if the static sounds are heard in all wave files. If the difficulty occurs only with
certain games, refer to the software manufacturer’s documentation. To troubleshoot static
sounds heard in all wave files:
•
•
Try different resource settings for the audio card, or set the card to use low DMA.
Move the audio card to another PCI slot. Feedback from the power supply or another device may
be responsible.
Troubleshooting Tips for Cases and Power Supplies
The most important part of a computer case is its power supply. Unfortunately, it's also the part that has
most of the problems for a case. There are two situations when a new power supply may appear dead on
arrival (DOA) when they are actually working as described below:
Most cases and power supplies these days are made and tested in China and other Asian countries where
220V electricity is used. Desktop computer power supplies do not switch the power voltage automatically.
(Most notebook computers do!) If the factory forgets to turn the manual switch back to 110V for the North
American market after testing, the power supply would appear DEAD if you use on an 110V-outlet.
Therefore, always check the voltage setting on the back of a new power supply FIRST if it appears
dead.
Do not expect an ATX power supply to work by simply plugging the power and turning on the switch. ATX
power supplies are soft-switched on and off by the motherboard and BIOS. Therefore, you must plug it to a
working motherboard with a working microprocessor, memory and video card to work. If your computer
does not turn on after you turn on the power switch, it may not necessarily mean a dead power supply. The
problem might be with the motherboard, microprocessor, memory or video card instead. You must
examine all these components to isolate the problem.
The most effective technique to tell if a power supply is causing any problem is to use a different one to
see if it solves the problem. If everything works with a different power supply, then the new power supply is
most likely the troublemaker. Alternatively, you can plug the new power supply to an existing, working
computer to see if it works there.
58
Computer cases are highly modular. If your computer case is still under warranty, you don't have to send
the entire case back if only one part of it is defective. For instance, send only the power supply back for
exchange if only power supply is dead. The same is true for the face panel and cover. This would save you
quite a bit of shipping and sometimes downtime.
More than 70% of all computer problems are related to cabling and connections. Ensure that you all the
power plugs are connected firmly, including power connections to your motherboard and all the drives.
Make sure the cooling fan inside the power supply is working all the time. Reach out to feel the fan behind
your case often. Clean the fan if necessary. If your case feels warmer than room temperature, check the
power supply fan first. Most power supply fans are difficult to replace. You are better off to replace the
entire power supply since the new one comes with a brand-new warranty.
Before ATX form factor became popular, the compatibility between a power supply and a specific
motherboard could be problematic. However, this problem nowadays does not happen very often any
more.
The rest of a case is mostly mechanical. You should be able to find a way to get around most of the
problems if you are mechanically inclined.
Fax/Modem Troubleshooting Tips
My modem is a 56K, but I can connect to the Internet only at slower speed.
The current copper wired telephone lines are limited only to about 53K. If you are connected only to 33.6
or 28.8K, check the following first:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Is your modem compatible with the modem used at your ISP?
Is your modem set up to run at full speed?
What's the maximum speed your ISP allows?
How far away are you from your ISP?
Some modems need special initiation strings to get full speed.
Some conditions are out of your control, such as weather and conditions of the telephone lines in
your community.
Problems may occur when you are dialing through a phone system such as one in a hotel.
Modem answers incoming calls and then returns to the on-hook condition, disconnecting the
caller:
This occurs most often when connecting to a UNIX system. In most case, the host does not prefer to see
any result or command echo codes. If this is the case, the codes can be disabled by adding E0 Q1 to the
modem configuration string.
The modem dials and appears to complete the connection, but the communications software does
not enter the correct mode. (The screen remains blank)
This is normally caused by an I/O address or IRQ conflict. Verify that the COM port is not in use by any
other serial device and if necessary use another COM port or I/O address setting. Refer to your computer
manual on how to determine what serial ports are installed.
The modem dials and appears to complete the connection, but the communications software does
not enter the correct mode. (The screen remains blank)
•
•
•
•
There may be an I/O conflict (see the solution for the previous problem).
The Result Codes may have been disabled by the software configuration set up. Check if Q1 is in
the configuration or initialization string. If so, change it to Q0.
Your software may require numeric result codes rather than verbal result codes. Use either V0 for
numeric result codes or V1 for verbal result codes in your initialization or configuration string.
Some software require full extended result codes (i.e., CONNECT 33600 instead of CONNECT).
This can be controlled by the Xn command. X0 sends a summarized code (CONNECT) and X4
sends a full extended code (CONNECT 33600)
The modem does not auto answer
The auto answer mode is determined by the S0 register. If S0 has been set to 0, the modem will not
59
answer. Assign another value to S0 by entering the following command: S0=n, where n = the number of
rings to occur before the call is answered (ATS0=2, the modem answers after two rings)
The modem always answers the phone.
Set the S0 register to 0. ATS0=0.
The communications software displays, "No Dial tone."
Make sure that your phone cable is working properly and that it is firmly seated to the phone socket at your
phone jack and in the real panel of the modem.
A high pitched squeal is emitted from the external speakers
This phenomenon is "feedback" and occurs when the microphone is pointed at the external speaker or is
close enough to pick up the speaker output. This may be remedied by using a unidirectional microphone,
making sure that it is pointed away and as far from the speaker as functionally possible. Another option is
to use a headset with an attached microphone.
Tips about DSL Modem
Digital DSL Modem
The modem that is used to send and receive data to and from a digital telephone line, for example ISDN
and DSL modems. These modems send and receive the digital signals to and from the digital line. These
modems are available in market with USB and Ethernet ports, for single computer the USB modem is the
best choice but if you want to share one DSL connection on more than two computers then you should try
Ethernet port modem. DSL modems use the digital signal that is why these modems do not convert the
digital signals into analog. DSL modem provide higher speed internet up to 24 Mbps downstream and 3.5
Mbps upstream. The price range of DSL modems between 60$ to 225$ but Some DSL providers offer
more benefits for you with DSL connection to compete with others services provider like free modem with
one year warranty. If you want your DSL working with good speed and error free then make sure there is
no any joint between telephone line tower and modem line. Your DSL modem may be heat up, hang and
slow, if your DSL modem continually on for 24-hours, then restart it to solve this problem.
Selecting a Scanner
Types of Scanners
Scanners come in a variety of configurations. The type you should consider depends on both
your planned scanning needs and your budget.
•
Drum scanners. This type of scanner provides the highest level of image quality. They are
typically found at professional printing businesses. In a drum scanner, the original is attached to a
cylindrical drum and rotated past the sensing elements. These scanners are very expensive, with
capabilities that go well beyond the needs of desktop scanning.
•
Flatbed scanners. This type of scanner provides a flat glass surface onto which the original is
placed. The illumination and sensing elements move under the glass to scan the image. Flatbed
scanners are available in a wide range of sizes, prices, and capabilities. Some flatbeds offer a
transparency scanning adapter as an option.
Single sheet scanners. This type of scanner is designed for single sheets of paper. You insert
one edge of the paper in a slot and the scanner grabs it, feeds it past the sensing array, and
passes it out the other side. Some single sheet scanners are even integrated into keyboards. Such
scanners were originally designed for digitizing documents and images for archiving, and many
models are not suitable for creating high-quality images.
Sheet-fed scanners. These scanners take a stack of pages and scan them in sequence while you
get coffee. Some even do duplex (2 sided) scans. They are very useful in some situations but not
much use to the philatelist.
Photo scanners. This type of scanner is designed to scan snapshots up to approximately 4´6
inches in size. Some are separate desktop units; others install directly into a computer much like a
diskette drive.
•
•
•
60
•
•
Hand scanners. This type of scanner requires the user to manually scan an image. Hand
scanners look something like an overgrown mouse. To scan, you manually drag the unit over the
original document. Handheld scanners are suitable only for small originals that are no wider than
the scanner itself. In theory, most hand scanners permit you to scan a wide original in two or more
passes and "stitch" the scans together into a final image. This, however, never works as well as
the manufacturers claim.
Slide scanners. This type of scanner is designed for scanning slides (transparencies) rather than
opaque originals, such as photographic prints. While rarely relevant for scanning philatelic
material, a dedicated slide scanner is the best choice for scanning slides. Some flatbed scanners
come with transparency adapters but they do not provide top quality results, particularly with small
slides such as 35mm. Slide scanners have very high resolution, typically a minimum of 2400 dpi,
required for getting all the details out of your slides. Many slide scanners also have the ability to
scan color negatives and to convert the negative image to a positive image.
For philatelic purposes, a flatbed scanner is undoubtedly the most versatile. You can scan anything from a
single stamp to an entire stock book or album page. A hand scanner may be a viable alternative,
particularly if your budget is tight. Their width limitation does not matter so much for stamps and covers. I
have also seen single sheet scanners and photo scanners used successfully for philatelic purposes,
although they require that the item being scanned be sandwiched between clear plastic sheets for feeding
into the scanner.
Wireless Headset Tips
The Best Wireless Headset
The best wireless headset for you will depend on your needs and how often you will use it. For a cell
phone wireless headset, you will want to look for a blue tooth headset, as that is the industry standard.
Other features to consider include:
•
Comfortable fit
•
Features you require
•
Within your price range
•
Compatible with your current cell phone.
If you need a wireless headset with a landline telephone, you need to consider some alternate options:
•
What brand name are you most comfortable with? Wireless headsets for your regular phone come
from various manufacturers including Plantronics, GN Netcom and Polycom.
•
How much desk space you want it to take up?
•
How much range it needs to have (how large is your office)
You may not have considered it, but you can also get a headset for your computer. If you use Skype or
any of the other nifty computer phone call programs, you may have a headset plugged into your desktop or
laptop already, but wireless may make your life much more flexible.
Wireless Headset: Bluetooth
Bluetooth is another wireless standard, mostly used for short range connectivity. You will often find
Bluetooth technology in printers, cell phones and wireless headsets. Its range is significantly shorter then
other wireless technology, about 30 feet. It is less expensive then other Wi-Fi standards and works well for
many home offices. This is why Bluetooth has been included in many wireless headsets - but beware of
that range, you don't want to wander too far from your source and lose you call.
Reasons to Use a Wireless Headset
A wireless headset offers you significantly more freedom while you talk on your cell phone or regular
phone. By plugging in the wireless adaptor, you can walk all over your home or office. The benefits in an
office environment are clear, but these are also great for stay at home parents who may be chasing an
active toddler all over the house! The car is another obvious location for the use of a wireless headset.
Good wireless headsets come equipped with volume control and answer buttons and they should be small
and fit comfortably over your ear. They should be snug enough so you don't have to worry about the
headset slipping off your ear or falling to the ground.
61
Problems with Wireless Headset
If your wireless headset is having performance issues, there are a few things you can check.
•
Make sure your telephone or cell phone is within range and not overly obstructed.
•
Check to make sure your cell phone battery is charged and you are receiving a good signal.
•
Typically, with wireless headsets you will have multiple channels from which to select the best
signal, so make sure that you have switched around to see which is best and that you aren't still on
the default channel.
•
Make sure you try your phone without the headset on at all to ensure that the line or signal is
strong.
•
Finally, check to make sure the batteries in the wireless headset are charged.
Wireless Headset
A wireless headset is a small device you slip over your ear that allows you to talk via your cell phone, but
hands free. Using the blue tooth technology standard, wireless headsets offer an excellent range and great
hands free features.
These wireless headsets have been especially popular with commuters and people who need to use their
cell phones in their car. The increased safety afforded when you are using both hands to drive makes the
investment in one of the headsets an easy decision. Additionally, you aren't hampered by an annoying
cord which can also be hazardous if you need full range of motion to avoid a potential car accident.
Wireless Headset with Regular Phone
There are wireless headsets on the market that you can use with a regular phone, but don't think you'll
have to buy a different headset for every phone in your home or office. There are also wireless headset
devices that you can hook up to a regular phone, cell phone and PDA, and you can alternate which device
you wish to use your wireless headset with. This kind of flexibility is key in this day and age of
telecommunications - and for your wallet.
NETWORKING
Introduction to TCP/IP
Summary: TCP and IP were developed by a Department of Defense (DOD) research project to connect a
number different networks designed by different vendors into a network of networks (the "Internet"). It was
initially successful because it delivered a few basic services that everyone needs (file transfer, electronic
mail, remote logon) across a very large number of client and server systems. Several computers in a small
department can use TCP/IP (along with other protocols) on a single LAN. The IP component provides
routing from the department to the enterprise network, then to regional networks, and finally to the global
Internet. On the battlefield a communications network will sustain damage, so the DOD designed TCP/IP
to be robust and automatically recover from any node or phone line failure. This design allows the
62
construction of very large networks with less central management. However, because of the automatic
recovery, network problems can go undiagnosed and uncorrected for long periods of time.
As with all other communications protocol, TCP/IP is composed of layers:
•
IP - is responsible for moving packet of data from node to node. IP forwards each packet based
on a four byte destination address (the IP number). The Internet authorities assign ranges of
numbers to different organizations. The organizations assign groups of their numbers to
departments. IP operates on gateway machines that move data from department to organization to
region and then around the world.
•
TCP - is responsible for verifying the correct delivery of data from client to server. Data can be
lost in the intermediate network. TCP adds support to detect errors or lost data and to trigger
retransmission until the data is correctly and completely received.
•
Sockets - is a name given to the package of subroutines that provide access to TCP/IP on most
systems.
Network of Lowest Bidders
The Army puts out a bid on a computer and DEC wins the bid. The Air Force puts out a bid and IBM wins.
The Navy bid is won by Unisys. Then the President decides to invade Grenada and the armed forces
discover that their computers cannot talk to each other. The DOD must build a "network" out of systems
each of which, by law, was delivered by the lowest bidder on a single contract.
The Internet Protocol was developed to create a Network of Networks (the "Internet"). Individual machines
are first connected to a LAN (Ethernet or Token Ring). TCP/IP shares the LAN with other uses (a Novell
file server, Windows for Workgroups peer systems). One device provides the TCP/IP connection between
the LAN and the rest of the world.
How to wire your own Ethernet cables and connectors.
What You Need:
Required:
CAT 5 Cable - bulk Category 5, 5e or 6 cable
•
RJ45 Ends
•
Crimper for RJ45
•
Wire Cutters - to cut and strip the cable if necessary
Recommend:
•
Wire Stripper
•
Cable Tester
About the Cable:
You can find bulk supplies of the cable at many computer stores or most electrical or home centers. You
want UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) Category 5 cable for basic 10/ 100 functionality. You need CAT 5e for
gigabit (1000BaseT) operation and CAT 6 gives you a measure of future proofing. Bulk cable comes in
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many types; there are 2 basic categories, solid and braided cable. Braided cable tends to work better in
"patch" applications for desktop use. It is more flexible and resilient than solid cable and easier to work
with, but really meant for shorter lengths. Solid cable is meant for longer runs in a fixed position. Plenum
rated cable should/must be used whenever the cable travels through an air circulation space. For example,
above a false ceiling or below a raised floor.
You're likely going to want braided type cable but it may be difficult or impossible to tell from the box.
Here is what the internals of the cable look like:
Internal Cable Structure and Color Coding
Inside the cable, there are 8 color-coded wires. These wires are twisted into 4 pairs of wires; each pair has
a common color theme. One wire in the pair being a solid or primarily solid colored wire and the other
being a primarily white wire with a colored stripe (Sometimes cable doesn't have any color on the striped
cable, the only way to tell is to check which other wire it is twisted around). Examples of the naming
schemes used are: Orange (alternatively Orange/White) for the solid colored wire and White/Orange for
the striped cable. The twists are extremely important. They are there to counteract noise and interference.
It is important to wire according to a standard to get proper performance from the cable. The TIA/EIA-568A specifies two wiring standards for a 8-position modular connector such as RJ45. The two wiring
standards, T568A and T568B vary only in the arrangement of the colored pairs. Tom writes to say
"...sources suggest using T568A cabling since T568B is the AT&T standard, but the US Government
specifies T568A since it matches USOC cabling for pairs 1 & 2, which allows it to work for 1/2 line
phones...". Your choice might be determined by the need to match existing wiring, jacks or personal
preference, but you should maintain consistency. I've shown both below for straight through cabling and
just T568B for cross over cabling.
About the RJ45 Ends:
The RJ45 end is a 8-position modular connector that looks like a large phone plug. There are a couple
variations available. The primary variation you need to pay attention to is whether the connector is
intended for braided or solid wire. For braided/stranded wires, the connector has contacts that actually
pierce the wire. For solid wires, the connector has fingers, which pierce the insulation and make contact
with the wire by grasping it from both sides. The connector is the weak point in an Ethernet cable, choosing
the wrong one will often cause grief later. If you just walk into a computer store, it's nearly impossible to tell
what type of connector it is.
Here is a diagram and pin out:
RJ45 Jack and Plug Pin out
Ethernet Cable Pinouts:
There are two basic cables. A straight through cable, which is used to connect to a hub or switch, and a
cross over cable used to operate in a peer-to-peer fashion without a hub/switch. Some interfaces can cross
and un-cross a cable automatically as needed, really quite nice.
64
Standard, Straight-Through Wiring (both ends are the same):
RJ45 Pin #
Wire Color Wire Diagram 10Base-T
Signal 1000Base-T
(T568A)
(T568A)
100Base-TX Signal
Signal
1
White/Green
Transmit+
BI_DA+
2
Green
Transmit-
BI_DA-
3
White/Orange
Receive+
BI_DB+
4
Blue
Unused
BI_DC+
5
White/Blue
Unused
BI_DC-
6
Orange
Receive-
BI_DB-
7
White/Brown
Unused
BI_DD+
8
Brown
Unused
BI_DD-
Straight-Through Cable Pinout for T568A
RJ45 Pin #
Wire Color Wire Diagram 10Base-T
Signal 1000Base-T
(T568B)
(T568B)
100Base-TX Signal Signal
1
White/Orange
Transmit+
BI_DA+
2
Orange
Transmit-
BI_DA-
3
White/Green
Receive+
BI_DB+
4
Blue
Unused
BI_DC+
5
White/Blue
Unused
BI_DC-
6
Green
Receive-
BI_DB-
7
White/Brown
Unused
BI_DD+
8
Brown
Unused
BI_DD-
Cross Over Cable (T568B):
RJ45 Pin # Wire
(END 1)
Color
Diagram End RJ45 Pin # Wire
#1
(END 2)
Color
1
White/Orange
1
White/Green
2
Orange
2
Green
3
White/Green
3
White/Orange
4
Blue
4
White/Brown
5
White/Blue
5
Brown
6
Green
6
Orange
7
White/Brown
7
Blue
8
Brown
8
White/Blue
Diagram End
#2
+Note: The cross over cable layout is suitable for 1000Base-T operation, all 4 pairs are crossed.
How to wire Ethernet Cables:
65
1. Strip off about 2 inches of the cable sheath.
2. Untwist the pairs - don't untwist them beyond what you have exposed, the more untwisted cable
you have the worse the problems you can run into.
3. Align the colored wires according to the diagrams above.
4. Trim all the wires to the same length, about 1/2" to 3/4" left exposed from the sheath.
5. Insert the wires into the RJ45 end - make sure each wire is fully inserted to the front of the RJ45
end and in the correct order. The sheath of the cable should extend into the RJ45 end by about
1/2" and will be held in place by the crimp.
6. Crimp the RJ45 end with the crimper tool
7. Verify the wires ended up the right order and that the wires extend to the front of the RJ45 end and
make good contact with the metal contacts in the RJ45 end.
8. Cut the cable to length - make sure it is more than long enough for your needs. Remember, an
end-to-end connection should not extend more than 100m (~328ft). Try to keep cables short, the
longer the cable becomes the more it may affect performance, usually noticeable as a gradual
decrease in speed and increase in latency.
9. Repeat the above steps for the second RJ45 end.
10. If a cable tester is available, use it to verify the proper connectivity of the cable.
That should be it, if your cable doesn't turn out, look closely at each end and see if you can find the
problem. Usually a wire ended up in the wrong place or more commonly, one of the wires didn't extend to
the front of the RJ45 connector and is making no, or poor contact. If you see a mistake or problem, cut the
end off and start again.
Understanding IP Addressing
An IP address is a 32-bit value that uniquely identifies every device attached to a TCP/IP
network. IP addresses are usually written as four decimal numbers separated by dots (periods) in a
format called dotted decimal notation. Each decimal number represents an 8-bit byte of the 32-bit
address, and each of the four numbers is in the range 0-255 (the decimal values possible in a single
byte).
IP addresses are often called host addresses. While this is common usage, it is slightly misleading. IP
addresses are assigned to network interfaces, not to computer systems. A gateway, such as crab (see
Figure 2-1), has a different address for each network to which it is connected. The gateway is known to
other devices by the address associated with the network that it shares with those devices. For example,
rodent addresses crab as 172.16.12.1 while external hosts address it as 10.104.0.19.
Systems can be addressed in three different ways. Individual systems are directly addressed by a host
address, which is called a unicast address. A unicast packet is addressed to one individual host. Groups
of systems can be addressed using a multicast address, e.g., 224.0.0.9. Routers along the path from the
source to the destination recognize the special address and route copies of the packet to each member
of the multicast group. All systems on a network are addressed using the broadcast address, e.g.,
172.16.255.255. The broadcast address depends on the broadcast capabilities of the underlying physical
network.
The broadcast address is a good example of the fact that not all network addresses or host addresses can
be assigned to a network device. Some host addresses are reserved for special uses. On all networks,
host numbers 0 and 255 are reserved. An IP address with all host bits set to 1 is a broadcast address. The
broadcast address for network 172.16 is 172.16.255.255. A datagram sent to this address is delivered to
every individual host on network 172.16. An IP address with all host bits set to 0 identifies the network
itself. For example, 10.0.0.0 refers to network 10, and 172.16.0.0 refers to network 172.16. Addresses in
this form are used in routing tables to refer to entire networks.
IP Addressing Fundamentals
IP uses an anarchic and highly distributed model, with every device an equal peer to every other device on
the global Internet. This structure was one of IP's original design goals, as it proved to be useful with a
variety of systems, did not require a centralized management system (which would never have scaled
well), and provided for fault-tolerance on the network (no central management means no single point of
failure).
In order for systems to locate each other in this distributed environment, nodes are given explicit
addresses that uniquely identify the particular network the system is on, and uniquely identify the system to
that particular network. When these two identifiers are combined, the result is a globally unique address.
66
This concept is illustrated in Figure B-1. In this example, the network is numbered 192.168.10, and the two
nodes are numbered 10 and 20. Taken together, the fully qualified IP addresses for these systems would
be 192.168.10.10 and 192.168.10.20.
Figure B-1. The two parts of an IP address
Need to Know
There are three levels of TCP/IP knowledge. Those who administer a regional or national network must
design a system of long distance phone lines, dedicated routing devices, and very large configuration files.
They must know the IP numbers and physical locations of thousands of subscriber networks. They must
also have a formal network monitor strategy to detect problems and respond quickly.
Each large company or university that subscribes to the Internet must have an intermediate level of
network organization and expertise. Half dozen routers might be configured to connect several dozen
departmental LANs in several buildings. All traffic outside the organization would typically be routed to a
single connection to a regional network provider.
However, the end user can install TCP/IP on a personal computer without any knowledge of either the
corporate or regional network. Three pieces of information are required:
1. The IP address assigned to this personal computer
2. The part of the IP address (the subnet mask) that distinguishes other machines on the same LAN
(messages can be sent to them directly) from machines in other departments or elsewhere in the
world (which are sent to a router machine)
3. The IP address of the router machine that connects this LAN to the rest of the world.
In the case of the PCLT server, the IP address is 130.132.59.234. Since the first three bytes designate this
department, a "subnet mask" is defined as 255.255.255.0 (255 is the largest byte value and represents the
number with all bits turned on). It is a Yale convention (which we recommend to everyone) that the routers
for each department have station number 1 within the department network. Thus the PCLT router is
130.132.59.1. Thus the PCLT server is configured with the values:
•
My IP address: 130.132.59.234
•
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
•
Default router: 130.132.59.1
The subnet mask tells the server that any other machine with an IP address beginning 130.132.59.* is on
the same department LAN, so messages are sent to it directly. Any IP address beginning with a different
value is accessed indirectly by sending the message through the router at 130.132.59.1 (which is on the
departmental LAN).
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QUESTIONNAIRE FOR MARKET SURVEY
1. Name & Address of the Dealer / Manufacture / Consumer:
2. Know the Product:
a) Physical Characteristics:
b) Alternate Uses:
c) Existence of Substitute products & their role in forming the total supplies:
d) Variation in Sizes, Models, Flavour, Material etc.:
e) Whether the product is assembled or made:
3. Know the Customers:
Uses
% of sale
a) Govt. Departments
b) Industries
c) House wives
d) Children
e) Others
4. Price of the Product:
Brand in competition
Rough share
in market
a)
b)
c)
5. Find out the nature of Demand:
a) Elastic or Inelastic
b) Constant, Seasonal, Cyclical
c) Major influencing factor
6. Know the competitors pricing policies:
a) Seasonal or special promotional price cuts
b) Margin allowed to distributors & dealers
7. Sales trend of major competitors (Last 5 years):
a)
b)
c)
d)
(Make projections for future sale on the basis of past trend)
MSME-Development Institute, Agra
Sale price
per unit
8. Consumption trend of customers:
Customers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
a)
b)
c)
d)
(Make projections for future demand on the basis of past trend)
9. Supply Position:
Competition
Total Production
Production going out side the market
a)
b)
c)
10. Find out the demand & supply position of the product:
1)
Short supply
Extent
2)
Over supply
Extent
3)
Normal supply
State the reasons if any for the position.
11. Know the competitors Distribution channel:
Channels
% of sales covered
1.
Direct
2.
Distributors/ Dealers & Sub dealers
3.
Commission Agent
4.
Retailers
5.
Trough Tenders
12. Competitors consumers satisfaction:
Brand
Consumers Reaction
Consumers
Consumers Complaints &
Satisfaction
Dissatisfaction
1)
2)
3)
4)
MSME-Development Institute, Agra
13. Competitors after sale service methods:
a) Responsibility of the Distribution channel
b) Responsibility of the manufacture
14. Know the competitors Methods/ Media:
1) News papers
2) Periodicals
3) Show Room
4) Exhibition / Fairs
5) Personal contact
6) Discounts
7) Bonus Pack
8) Any other
15. Collect information about packaging requirements:
1) Special packaging requirements of the product
2) Materials & Design
3) Sizes
16. Find reasons for the good/ bad sale performance of the competitors:
17. Identify the likely problems areas & methods of tackling them:
1) Delivery schedule
2) Specification, Quality etc.
3) Price
4) Brand Image
5) Any other specify
MSME-Development Institute, Agra
1. Product description:
2. Customers of the Product:
3. Nature of the demand & pricing of the product:
4. Demand & trend:
5. Supply position & trend:
6. Analysis of demand & supply conditions for the product:
7. Distribution channel:
8. Consumer satisfaction:
9. After sale service:
10. Competitors promotional methods:
11. Packaging requirements:
12. Reason for good-bad sale performance of competitors:
13. Influence of Govt. Policy:
14. Problems areas & methods of tackling them:
MSME-Development Institute, Agra