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SKRIPSI ADAPTASI DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION KE DALAM NIPPON DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION, JEPANG (Tinjauan Sistematika dan Hirarki) Disusun Oleh : Umi Mardi Astuti NIM: 07140092 PROGRAM STUDI ILMU PERPUSTAKAAN FAKULTAS ADAB DAN ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA 2012 i KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur ke hadirat Allah SWT yang telah melimpahkan karunia-Nya sehingga skripsi yang disusun untuk mendapat gelar sarjana ini dapat terselesaikan. Semoga skripsi ini dapat bermanfaat bagi yang membacanya, baik sebagai acuan maupun untuk memperkaya pengetahuan. Skripsi ini membahas tentang adaptasi sistem NDC dari sistem DDC dan perkembangan penerapan sistem NDC di Jepang. Selain itu skripsi ini juga menjelaskan tentang latar belakang adaptasi, sistematika dan hirarki sistem NDC sebagai hasil adaptasi. Selama proses penulisan skripsi ini hingga menjadi sebuah karya tulis yang layak untuk diujikan, penulis mendapat dorongan dan bantuan dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu, penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada: 1. Ibu Dr. Hj. Siti Maryam, M.Ag. selaku Dekan Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya, UIN Sunan Kalijaga 2. Ibu Sri Rohyati, S.Ag., S.IP., M.Si. selaku Ketua Program Studi Ilmu Perpustakaan, Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya, UIN Sunan Kalijaga sekaligus sebagai tim penguji skripsi. 3. Bapak Tafrikhuddin, S. Ag., M. Pd. selaku penanggungjawab kelas khusus angkatan 2006-2008. 4. Bapak M. Solihin Arianto, S. Ag., SIP., MLIS., selaku Dosen Pembimbing Akademik yang telah memberikan bimbingan selama menjalani studi dan atas iii diskusi serta masukan yang berguna sebelum penulis menentukan judul skripsi ini 5. Bapak Anis Masruri, S. Ag. SIP., M. Si. selaku Dosen Pembimbing Skripsi, atas bimbingan, saran, dan diskusi selama penulisan berlangsung hingga skripsi ini dinyatakan lulus. 6. Bapak Faisal Syarifudin, M.Si selaku Dosen Penguji Skripsi yang telah menguji dan memberikan saran yang bermanfaat. 7. Seluruh staf pengajar Program Studi Ilmu Perpustakaan, Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya, UIN Sunan Kalijaga, atas ilmu yang telah diberikan dan atas kesempatan yang diberikan kepada penulis untuk menyelesaikan studi ini. 8. Ibu Hamaguchi, pustakawan The Japan Foundation, Kansai atas kebaikan hati, dan bantuannya kepada penulis selama penulis mengikuti program pelatihan sampai penulis menulis skripsi ini. 9. Kepada bapak Kahono dan Ibu Sumiyati, Saudaraku, mbak Lusi, dan om Fathoni Putra adikku, teman kecilku hingga dewasa, terima kasih untuk kebersamaannya, semoga Allah senantiasa melimpahkan kasih sayang dan karuniaNya. 10. Kepada keluarga Bp. Alm. Ir. H. Fachrurrozy dan Ibu H. Farida serta adikadikku, keluarga di Nagan, terima kasih atas doa dan dukungannya. 11. Kepada “Mas Zulhy Adham” dan “thuprit Titian Pelangi”, terima kasih, telah memberi kesempatan, ”ngoyak-oyak”, dan menyemangati…☺ Terima kasih iv juga telah mengenalkanku pada teknik ‘anchor’.. Semoga Allah SWT menitipkan sakinah di hati kita, senantiasa! 12. Seluruh staf pengajar Prodi Bahasa dan Sastra Jepang, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, UGM atas kesempatan dan dukungan kepada penulis untuk menyelesaikan studi ini. 13. Seluruh pegawai dan karyawan Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya, UIN Sunan Kalijaga. 14. Teman-teman seangkatan, IPI Khusus 2007 yang telah lebih dulu lulus dan yang masih berusaha. Terima kasih atas kebersamaannya. Salut untuk semua, di sela kesibukan bekerja, kita masih bisa belajar bersama. 15. Kepada semua saudara, sahabat, dan berbagai pihak yang telah membantu penulis, saya ucapkan terima kasih atas bantuan, doa dan dukungannya. Penulis berharap tulisan sederhana ini dapat membantu menyumbangkan sebagian ilmu kepada pembaca. Saran dan kritik dengan senang hati penulis terima untuk kebaikan tulisan ini. Yogyakarta, Februari 2012 Penulis v INTISARI Adaptasi Dewey Decimal Classification dalam Nippon Decimal Classification, Jepang (Tinjauan Sistematika dan Hirarki) Sistem Dewey Decimal Classification merupakan sistem tertua dan terluas yang digunakan oleh perpustakaan di dunia. Pada perkembangannya, sistem ini belum dapat memenuhi seluruh kebutuhan penggunanya. Namun demikian, sistem DDC telah memberikan kontribusi yang cukup besar bagi kelahiran sistem klasifikasi perpustakaan lainnya. Salah satu sistem klasifikasi yang lahir dari sistem klasifikasi ini adalah sistem NDC (Nippon Decimal Classification). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejarah dan perkembangan sistem NDC, sistematika, dan hirarki yang diterapkan dalam NDC. Di samping itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui latar belakang dilakukannya adaptasi DDC menjadi NDC. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan mengumpulkan dokumen yang relevan, kemudian dianalisis. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui sejarah dan perkembangan sistem NDC. Sistem NDC merupakan sistem terluas digunakan di Jepang. Sistem NDC dikelola oleh sebuah asosiasi perpustakaan Japan Library Association (JLA). Sistem ini tidak mengalami revisi secara periodik seperti sistem revisi 7 tahunan pada DDC. Sistematika dalam sistem NDC hampir sama dengan yang diterapkan pada sistem DDC. Keduanya menggunakan sistem persepuluhan dengan sistem notasi hirarkis. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui pula latar belakang dilakukannya adaptasi DDC ke dalam NDC, yaitu agar kebutuhan klasifikasi koleksi terbitan Jepang dapat terpenuhi. Adaptasi dilakukan mulai dari kelas utama karena dianggap kurang sesuai dan kurang mencukupi kebutuhkan klasifikasi terbitan Jepang. にほんじゅうしんぶんるいほう ;日本十進分類法 Kata kunci : Nippon Decimal Classification, (Nihon Jusshin Bunruihou/ Sistem Klasifikasi Persepuluhan Jepang v Abstract Adaptasi Dewey Decimal Classification dalam Nippon Decimal Classification, Jepang (Systematic and Hierarchical Overview) Dewey Decimal Classification Adaptation in Nippon Decimal Classification, Japan Dewey Decimal Classification is the oldest and widest system used by libraries worldwide. In its development, the system has not been able to meet all the needs of its users. However, the DDC system has contributed significantly to the birth of other library classification systems. One of classification systems which is born of this classification is NDC system (Nippon Decimal Classification). The study aims to determine the history and development of NDC system, systematic, and the hierachy applied in NDC. Besides, this research tries to identify the background of DDC adaptation which is applied to become NDC. The research method used in this research is qualitative research method by collecting relevant documents, then they are analyzed. Based on the result of the research, NDC system history and its development are revealed. NDC system is the largest system used in Japan. NDC system is managed by a library association (Japan Library Association (JLA)). The system does not undergo any revision periodically as seventh annual revision on DDC. The systematics in the NDC system is almost similar to what is applied in DDC system. Both use the tithing system with hierarchical notation system. Based on the result of the research, the background of DDC adaptation which is applied to become NDC, which is to meet the needs of classification issued by Japan. Adaptation is done starting from the main class since it is considered less appropriate and less suffice to meet the needs of classification issued by Japan. にほんじゅうしんぶんるいほう Keywords : Nippon Decimal Classification, 日本十進分類法 (Nihon Jusshin Bunruihou/ Tithing Japanese Classification System) vi Daftar Isi Halaman Judul......................................................................................................... i Halaman Pengesahan .............................................................................................. ii Kata Pengantar ........................................................................................................ iii Intisari ................................................................................................................... v Abstract ................................................................................................................... vi Daftar Isi.................................................................................................................. vii Transliterasi Ejaan Latin Suku Kata Bahasa Jepang ............................................... x BAB I PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................... 1 1.1. Pendahuluan ................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Rumusan Masalah .......................................................................................... 9 1.3. Tujuan Penelitian ........................................................................................... 9 1.4. Manfaat Penelitian ......................................................................................... 10 1.5. Sistematika Penulisan .................................................................................... 10 BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA DAN LANDASAN TEORI ............................... 11 2.1. Tinjauan Pustaka............................................................................................ 11 2.2. Landasan Teori .............................................................................................. 16 2.2.1. Definisi Sistem Klasifikasi ............................................................................ 17 2.2.2. Tujuan Klasifikasi .......................................................................................... 18 2.2.3. Kegunaan Sistem Klasifikasi ......................................................................... 20 2.2.4. Kebutuhan Sistem Klasifikasi........................................................................ 20 vii 2.2.5. Prinsip Utama Klasifikasi .............................................................................. 21 2.2.6. Konsep Dasar Klasifikasi .............................................................................. 22 2.2.7. Manajemen Sistem Klasifikasi ...................................................................... 22 2.2.8. Revisi dan Pemeliharaan Klasifikasi ............................................................. 24 2.2.9. Pedoman dalam Pemilihan Sistem Klasifikasi .............................................. 25 BAB III METODE PENELITIAN.......................................................................... 26 3.1. Metode dan Jenis Penelitian .......................................................................... 26 3.2. Teknik Pengumpulan Data ............................................................................ 26 3.3. Analisis Data.................................................................................................. 27 BAB IV PEMBAHASAN ....................................................................................... 30 4.1. Gambaran Umum Sistem DDC (Dewey Decimal Classification) ................. 30 4.2. Sejarah dan Pengguna Sistem NDC (Nippon Decimal Classification) ......... 33 4. 3 Penerapan NDC ............................................................................................... 40 4. 3. 1 Sistem Hirarki NDC ..................................................................................... 41 4. 3. 2 Sistematika NDC.......................................................................................... 43 4. 3. 2. 1 Notasi ....................................................................................................... 43 4. 3. 2. 2 Analisis Subjek ........................................................................................ 44 4. 3. 2. 3 Aturan Penomoran ................................................................................... 44 4. 4 Latar Belakang Adaptasi .................................................................................. 50 4. 4. 1. Penempatan Kelas Utama ........................................................................... 52 4. 4. 2 Ketersediaan Bagan ..................................................................................... 54 viii 4. 5 Contoh Penomoran Subjek Kejepangan pada NDC......................................... 59 BAB V PENUTUP .................................................................................................. 71 5.1. Simpulan .......................................................................................................... 71 5.2. Saran ................................................................................................................. 72 Daftar Pustaka ......................................................................................................... 73 Lampiran ix Daftar Tabel Tabel 1 Persentase Pengguna NDC di Jepang Berdasarkan Jenis Perpustakaan ... 38 Tabel 2 Hirarki Struktur Kelas Filsafat pada Sistem NDC .................................... 42 Tabel 3 Form Division, Common Subdivision ....................................................... 45 Tabel 4 Geographic Division, Area Tables ............................................................. 46 Tabel 5 Sea Division .............................................................................................. 47 Tabel 6 Language Division ..................................................................................... 47 Tabel 7 Subdivision of Individual Language .......................................................... 48 Tabel 8 Subdivision of Individual Literatures ........................................................ 49 Tabel 9 Sejarah Revisi NDC ................................................................................... 50 Tabel 10 Adaptasi Kelas Utama DDC-NDC .......................................................... 51 Tabel 11 Perbandingan Notasi Subjek Kejepangan dalam NDC 9 dan DDC 22.... 56 x Transliterasi Ejaan Latin Suku Kata Bahasa Jepang あ a か ka さ sa た ta な na は ha ま ma や ya ら ra わ wa ん n きゃ kya しゃ sha ちゃ cha にゃ nya ひゃ hya みゃ mya りゃ rya い i き ki し shi ち chi に ni ひ hi み mi り ri う u く ku す su つ tsu ぬ nu ふ fu む mu ゆ yu る ru きゅ kyu しゅ shu ちゅ chu にゅ nyu ひゅ hyu みゅ myu りゅ ryu きょ kyo しょ sho ちょ cho にょ nyo ひょ hyo みょ myo りょ ryo え e け ke せ se て te ね ne へ he め me れ re お o こ ko そ so と to の no ほ ho も mo よ yo ろ ro を wo ぎゃ gya じゃ ja ぢゃ ja びゃ bya ぴゃ pya xii が ga ざ za だ da ぎ gi じ ji ぢ ji ぐ gu ず zu づ zu げ ge ぜ ze で de ご go ぞ zo ど do ば ba ぱ pa び bi ぴ pi ぶ bu ぷ pu べ be ぺ pe ぼ bo ぽ po ぎゅ gyu じゅ ju ぢゅ ju びゅ byu ぴゅ pyu ぎょ gyo じょ jo ぢょ jo びょ byo ぴょ pyo BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1. 1. Pendahuluan Klasifikasi merupakan kegiatan manusia untuk mengelompokkan ilmu pengetahuan ke dalam tata urutan yang sistematis. (Basuki, 1993:395). Penerapan sistem klasifikasi di perpustakaan dilakukan untuk mengelompokkan dan menempatkan koleksi agar dapat ditemukan kembali dengan mudah, cepat dan tepat. Penerapan sistem klasifikasi tidak dapat terlepas dari kebutuhan sistem klasifikasi koleksi. Kebutuhan sistem klasifikasi pada perpustakaan umum tidak sama dengan kebutuhan sistem klasifikasi perpustakaan khusus, kebutuhan sistem klasifikasi perpustakaan Perguruan Tinggi juga tidak sama dengan kebutuhan klasifikasi perpustakaan sekolah. Dalam lingkup yang lebih luas, lingkup negara misalnya, kebutuhan sistem klasifikasi suatu negara dengan ciri koleksi/pustaka masing-masing berbeda pula dengan kebutuhan sistem klasifikasi negara lainnya. Terdapat beberapa sistem klasifikasi yang secara luas diterapkan oleh perpustakaan-perpustakaan di dunia, yaitu Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), UDC (Universal Decimal Classification), the Library of Congress Classification (LCC), the Bliss Classification (BC), dan the Colon Classification (CC). Dari sistem klasifikasi tersebut, sistem DDC adalah sistem yang paling banyak digunakan. Menurut data OCLC (Online Computer Library Center), DDC telah diterjemahkan ke dalam 30 bahasa dan digunakan oleh 200.000 perpustakaan di 1 2 135 negara. Dari 135 negara tersebut terdapat 60 negara yang menerapkan DDC sebagai bibliografi nasional1. Saat ini DDC terbaru adalah DDC edisi ke 23 (dalam www.oclc.org , tanggal 26 Juni 2011). Kemunculan edisi baru adalah untuk merevisi dan menyempurnakan edisi sebelumnya. Hal ini dilakukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan klasifikasi yang sangat beragam bagi para penggunanya. Namun, pada kenyataannya para pengguna DDC melakukan adaptasi terhadap skema DDC bahkan melahirkan sistem klasifikasi baru sesuai dengan kebutuhan masingmasing. Seperti NDC (Nippon Decimal Classification), yang diterapkan di Jepang, KDC (Korean Decimal Classification) diterapkan Korea dan CDC (China Decimal Classification) diterapkan di China. Meskipun revisi DDC telah terus-menerus dilakukan, namun Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) belum dapat memenuhi kebutuhan klasifikasi seluruh perpustakaan di dunia. Pihak editor DDC sendiri pun tidak dapat mengadakan perluasan dan penyesuaian untuk mencakup kebutuhan semua negara pengguna. Editor DDC bahkan memberikan panduan untuk pengguna yang akan melakukan penyesuaian dan perluasan terhadap DDC. (Soekarman dan Tairas, 1998:3). Para ahli berpendapat bahwa perlu diadakan perluasan dan penyesuaian oleh masing-masing negara pengguna agar sistem DDC dapat memenuhi kebutuhan lokal. Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara yang melakukan adaptasi sebagian kelas dalam DDC. Adaptasi dilakukan untuk mengatasi subjek yang notasinya 1 http://www.oclc.org/dewey/resources/summaries/ diakses 11 Mei 2009 pukul 16:46 WIB 3 tidak tercantum atau tidak praktis apabila menggunakan DDC. Adaptasi yang telah dilakukan berupa penyesuaian dan perluasan pada kelas bahasa, agama, wilayah dan sejarah. Sebagai contoh, untuk kelas bahasa; bahasa-bahasa di Indonesia hanya diberi dua angka dalam sistem DDC, yakni 499.221 untuk Bahasa Indonesia dan 499.222 untuk Bahasa Jawa. Sedangkan untuk ratusan bahasa daerah yang lain tidak tersedia. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, antara lain telah diterbitkan Klasifikasi Bahan Pustaka Tentang Indonesia menurut DDC oleh Ikatan Pustakawan Indonesia pada tahun 1993. (Soekarman dan Tairas, 1993:2) Menurut Soekarman dan Tairas (1993:51) untuk kelas agama Islam dalam DDC hanya mendapat penomoran 297. Pada tahun 1987, pemerintah telah mengeluarkan keputusan bersama Menteri Agama dan Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI. Nomor 159 th. 1987, Nomor 054/ C/U/1987 tentang Adaptasi dan Perluasan Dewey Decimal Classification Seksi Islam. Angka dasar yang ditetapkan untuk agama Islam adalah 2X0, kemudian diadakan pembagian beberapa tahap yang cukup terperinci. Di samping adaptasi berupa penyesuaian dan perluasan kelas dalam sistem DDC, di Indonesia telah beberapa kali diterbitkan DDC dalam bentuk terjemahan dan ringkasannya dalam Bahasa Indonesia agar lebih efektif dalam penggunaanya. Tahun 1959, untuk pertama kalinya diterbitkan terjemahan dan ringkasan oleh S. T. Makmur Harun dengan judul Klasifikasi Persepuluhan Dewey dan Indeks Relatif. Selanjutnya di tahun 1970 oleh Kasim Soelaiman berjudul Klasifikasi Praktis. Kemudian muncul Pengantar Klasifikasi Persepuluhan Dewey oleh Towa P. Hamakonda dan J. N. B. Tairas pada tahun 1978. Selanjutnya Pusat Pembinaan 4 Perpustakaan, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan menerbitkan Terjemahan Ringkasan Klasifikasi Desimal Dewey dan Indeks Relatif di tahun 1979. Selain Indonesia, di Iran hampir semua perpustakaannya menggunakan sistem DDC. Seperti halnya negara pengguna DDC yang lain, Iran pun memberikan perhatian khusus pada kelas-kelas tertentu. Dalam mendukung dan mengatasi masalah penggunaan notasi wilayah geografi pada sistem DDC, Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Iran menerbitkan aturan klasifikasi untuk geografi Persia yang berjudul Dewey Decimal Classification: Geography of Iran (Radah bandi-I duhadih-I Diwai-I: Gusrafiya-I Irani-I). Selain itu diterbitkan pula Dewey Decimal Classification: Iranian Language (Radah bandi-I duhadih-I Diwai-I: Zuhaanha-I Irani-I) untuk notasi bahasa. Untuk kelas notasi sastra diterbitkan Dewey Decimal Classification: Iranian Literature (Radah bandi-I duhadih-I diwai-I: Adabiyat Irani-I). (Arianto, 2006:311-314) Ahmad Tahiri Iraqi seorang pustakawan Iraq, menyusun skema klasifikasi Islam dengan judul “Islam: Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index” yang dipublikasikan oleh The Institute for Research and Planning in Science and Education, Iran tahun 1975. Iraqi berpendapat bahwa DDC sebagai karya sarjana Barat didisain khusus untuk perpustakaan Barat. Oleh karena itu, ia menyarankan bagi negara lain khususnya negara Timur untuk lebih memperhatikan sistem klasifikasi pada bidang budaya. Ia menyimpulkan bahwa DDC tidak menggambarkan secara detail terkait tentang dunia Islam karena perpustakaan Barat tidak membutuhkannya. Islam dalam DDC tidak hanya singkat, namun juga hubungan dan urutan topiknya tidak 5 sesuai dengan klasifikasi Islam. Selain itu pada DDC banyak subjek penting Islam yang terabaikan. Di Pakistan, dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Khalid dan Mahmud, menunjukkan bahwa 19 perpustakaan dari 23 perpustakaan yang ada di Pakistan, pada umumnya menggunakan DDC (H. M. Khalid dan K. Mahmood, Cataloguing Practice in University, hlm. 159 dalam artikel M. Arianto Arianto “Islamic Knowledge Classification Scheme”, 2006:312-314). Sejumlah 17 perpustakaan menggunakan skema klasifikasi tunggal dan 2 lainnya menggunakan kombinasi skema klasifikasi. Dari 17 yang menggunakan klasifikasi tunggal, 16 menggunakan DDC dan 1 perpustakaan menggunakan skema klasifikasi jenis lain. Selanjutnya, dari 2 perpustakaan yang menggunakan kombinasi skema klasifikasi, mereka menggunakan DDC sebagai skema kombinasinya. Untuk mengkompilasi Classification menindaklanjuti DDC dalam Relating to kekurangan karyanya Oriental DDC, berjudul Topics. Hal Mohammad Expansions ini of dilakukan Shafi Dewey untuk mengembangkan topik yang berhubungan dengan Pakistan dan Asia khususnya mengenai pengetahuan Islam dalam DDC. Dari uraian di atas, dapat diketahui bahwa beberapa negara seperti Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan telah melakukan perluasan dan penyesuaian sistem DDC untuk memenuhi kebutuhan masing-masing negara. Demikian halnya di Jepang dengan sejarah, budaya, sastra, dan bahasa yang berbeda menimbulkan kebutuhan klasifikasi yang berbeda dari negara lain. 6 Jepang, merupakan negara Asia yang masyarakatnya memiliki minat baca yang cukup tinggi. Kebiasaan membaca dan menulis bagi masyarakat Jepang sendiri telah berkembang pesat sejak dihentikannya politik isolasi Jepang dari pengaruh asing (sakoku) yaitu pada awal Restorasi Meeji (1868). Pembukaan Jepang terhadap dunia luar inilah yang mendorong Jepang untuk mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan seluas-luasnya dalam rangka mengejar ketertinggalan dan memajukan Jepang agar dapat unggul dari negara Barat. Sejak saat itu budaya membaca dan menulis sebagai sarana memperoleh ilmu pengetahuan semakin meningkat. Sejak saat itu banyak sekali buah karya dari berbagai bidang ilmu pengetahuan, baik politik, ekonomi, sosial dan bidang lainnya yang dihasilkan. Tingginya minat baca masyarakat Jepang didukung oleh ketersediaan berbagai fasilitas yang mempermudah masyarakatnya dalam memperoleh media baca. Perpustakaan sangat mudah ditemukan di Jepang. Setiap kota (yang berpenduduk lebih dari 50.000) memiliki perpustakaan umum sendiri dan setiap perpustakaan menjadi bangunan yang populer dan diminati bagi komunitasnya (Japan Library Association, 1995). Di samping banyak didirikan perpustakaan dan fasilitas baca yang lain, banyaknya buku yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Jepang menjadi penyebab tingginya minat baca masyarakat Jepang. Jepang terkenal sebagai negara yang pandai meniru dan memodifikasi ilmu dari negara lain. Ilmu yang diperoleh dari luar telah banyak diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Jepang. Bahkan hanya dalam hitungan hari, buku yang terbit di luar negeri Jepang dapat dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat Jepang dalam versi bahasa Jepang. Kegiatan penerjemahan sangat cepat dilakukan, sehingga bagi masyarakat 7 Jepang tidak harus bisa berbahasa asing untuk dapat menguasai ilmu dari negara asing, khususnya Barat. Perpustakaan umum pertama kali dibuka di Jepang sekitar tahun 1872, setelah masuknya budaya Barat ke Jepang. Kemudian tahun 1892 berdiri Japan Library Association (JLA) untuk mempromosikan jasa perpustakaan dan kepustakawanan di Jepang. Pada tahun 1906 untuk pertama kalinya diselenggarakan konferensi seluruh perpustakaan di Jepang. Dan pada tahun 1929, JLA menjadi anggota dari International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). JLA adalah sebuah organisasi nirlaba yang mewakili profesi perpustakaan di Jepang. Keanggotaan asosiasi ini terdiri dari tiga jenis: anggota individu (4.800 per 2008), anggota institusional (2.477), dan anggota pendukung (55). Untuk kegiatan profesional, organisasi ini terdiri dari enam divisi: The Public Library Division, University Library Division, Junior College Division, School Library Division, Special Library Division, dan the Library Education Division.2 Nippon Decimal Classification merupakan sistem klasifikasi lokal yang diterapkan secara luas di Jepang. Sistem ini diterapkan oleh perpustakaan umum, perpustakaan sekolah, dan perpustakaan jenis lain di Jepang. Perpustakaan nasional Jepang, National Diet Library sendiri menerapkan lebih dari sistem klasifikasi, termasuk sistem NDC. Pada National Diet Library sistem NDC hanya digunakan untuk mengklasifikasi koleksi terbitan Jepang dan China. Sistem NDC diketahui tidak hanya diterapkan di negara Jepang. Sistem ini diterapkan juga di 2 http://www.soc.nii.ac.jp/jla/libraries-e.html diakses 8 Juni 2010 pukul 17.30 WIB 8 perpustakaan di luar negara Jepang, seperti perpustakaan Prodi Bahasa dan Sastra Jepang UGM, perpustakaan koleksi Jepang UI, Perpustakaan The Japan Foundation di Jakarta, dan Japan Foundation Mongolia. Penerapan sistem NDC di luar negara Jepang dilakukan oleh perpustakaan yang memiliki koleksi terbitan Jepang. Seperti halnya penerapan NDC di perpustakaan Prodi Bahasa dan Sastra Jepang UGM, tempat penulis bekerja, sistem NDC ini diterapkan untuk mengklasifikasi koleksi Jepang. Hal ini dilakukan karena pengklasifikasian dengan sistem NDC dianggap lebih sesuai dibanding dengan sistem lainnya. Sistem klasifikasi NDC disusun khusus untuk mengklasifikasi buku terbitan Jepang. Jepang dengan minat baca masyarakatnya yang tinggi dan didukung dengan ketersediaan fasilitas baca menimbulkan minat penulis untuk mengetahui lebih jauh tentang pengelolaan koleksi, khususnya sistem klasifikasi yang diterapkan di sana. Sistem DDC merupakan sistem klasifikasi tertua dan terluas digunakan di perpustakaan di dunia. Namun, pada beberapa perpustakaan yang penulis kunjungi, hampir semua menggunakan sistem NDC. Berdasarkan sumber informasi yang penulis ketahui, sistem NDC disusun berdasar sistem DDC. Di sisi lain, latar belakang dilakukannya perluasan dan penyesuaian DDC antara negara satu dengan yang lain berbeda sesuai dengan kebutuhan masing-masing. Perbedaan latar belakang perluasan dan penyesuaian DDC dan kemunculan NDC di Jepang ini menimbulkan ketertarikan penulis untuk mengkaji adaptasi DDC yang terjadi di Jepang. 9 1. 2. Rumusan Masalah Dalam mengklasifikasi buku, pada masing-masing negara, masing-masing perpustakaan menerapkan sistem klasifikasi yang berbeda. Jepang merupakan salah satu negara yang melakukan adaptasi sistem klasifikasi, yakni DDC menjadi sistem NDC untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pengklasifikasian buku terbitan Jepang. Sehubungan dengan latar belakang tersebut, berikut ini pokok permasalahan yang akan dikaji dalam skripsi ini: a. Bagaimana sejarah dan perkembangan NDC di Jepang? b. Bagaimana sistem hirarki dalam sistem NDC sebagai hasil adaptasi? c. Bagaimana sistematika dalam sistem NDC sebagai hasil adaptasi? d. Apa yang melatarbelakangi adaptasi NDC? e. Bagaimana penomoran subjek kejepangan pada NDC? 1. 3. Tujuan Penelitian Berdasarkan uraian seperti yang telah dipaparkan di dalam latar belakang dan pokok-pokok permasalahan di atas, maka tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah: a. Untuk mengetahui sejarah dan perkembangan NDC di Jepang. b. Untuk mengetahui sistem hirarki pada NDC sebagai hasil adaptasi dari DDC. c. Untuk mengetahui sistematika NDC sebagai hasil adaptasi dari DDC d. Untuk mengetahui latar belakang adaptasi NDC dari DDC. e. Untuk mengetahui penomoran subjek kejepangan pada sistem NDC. 10 1. 4. Manfaat Penelitian a. Menambah pengetahuan tentang sistem klasifikasi, khususnya adaptasi yang dialami oleh sistem DDC sebagai sistem klasifikasi tertua dan terluas digunakan b. Menambah wawasan tentang perkembangan perpustakaan di Jepang terutama dalam penerapan sistem NDC sebagai turunan dari sistem DDC. 1. 5. Sistematika Penulisan Penulisan skripsi ini akan disusun ke dalam 5 bab, masing-masing bab membahas secara spesifik yang tidak akan melupakan keterkaitan antar bab. Bab I Pendahuluan, menguraikan latar belakang masalah, rumusan masalah, tujuan penelitian, manfaat penelitian, serta sistematika penulisan. Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka dan Landasan Teori, memaparkan hasil-hasil penelitian yang pernah dilakukan dan memaparkan teori yang relevan dengan tema skripsi. Bab III Metode Penelitian, menjelaskan tentang metode, jenis penelitian, teknik pengumpulan data, dan metode analisis data yang digunakan. Bab IV Pembahasan, memaparkan tentang sejarah dan perkembangan NDC, sistematika dan hirarki sistem NDC, latar belakang penyusunan NDC dari adaptasi DDC dan contoh penomoran subjek kejepangan dalam NDC. Bab V Penutup, berisi simpulan dan saran dari penjelasan yang telah ditulis pada bab-bab sebelumnya. 73 BAB V PENUTUP 5. 1. Simpulan Dari uraian yang telah dipaparkan pada bab sebelumnya, dapat ditarik beberapa simpulan, antara lain: 1. Pada awalnya sistem NDC disusun oleh seorang pustakawan Jepang bernama Mori Kiyoshi untuk mengklasifikasi buku-buku Jepang yang ada di toko perlengkapan perpustakaan tempat ia bekerja. Pada perkembangannya, yakni tahun 1929, secara resmi NDC diterbitkan oleh Japan Library Association dan hingga saat ini NDC menjadi sistem klasifikasi yang paling luas digunakan di Jepang. 2. Revisi untuk sistem NDC tidak dilakukan secara periodik seperti revisi 7 yang dilakukan pada sistem DDC, revisi dilakukan apabila diperlukan. 3. Sistem NDC berciri khas DDC. NDC menggunakan notasi angka Arab dengan sistem notasi hirarki, notasi mencerminkan hubungan antara masing-masing unit pengetahuan serta elemen subordinasinya 4. Sistematika penomoran sistem NDC dilakukan secara langsung dengan melihat bagan klasifikasi. Dalam NDC juga disediakan tabel pembantu sebagaimana sistem DDC, yang berfungsi untuk membantu penomoran subjek yang tidak tersedia di bagan klasifikasi. Sistem NDC juga menganut struktur hirarki, bahwa semua topik merupakan bagian dari 73 74 topik yang lebih luas di atasnya. Sistem NDC membagi ilmu pengetahuan ke dalam 10 kelas utama. Setiap kelas utama dibagi lagi menjadi divisi/rui, kemudian dibagi lagi ke dalam seksi/kou, kemudian subseksi/moku, dan dibagi lagi pada tahap berikutnya. 5. Adaptasi sistem NDC dari DDC tidak terjadi pada semua nomor. Namun, adaptasi dilakukan mulai dari kelas utama. Adaptasi selanjutnya dilakukan khususnya untuk kelas-kelas yang berhubungan dengan bidang/subjek kejepangan. 6. Latar belakang dilakukan adaptasi sistem NDC dari DDC adalah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan klasifikasi terbitan Jepang. Adaptasi kelas utama pada NDC dilakukan karena tata urutannya dianggap tidak sesuai, dan kurang mencukupi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan klasifikasi Jepang. 7. Terbukti bahwa penomoran subjek kejepangan dengan NDC menjadi lebih praktis dibanding penomoran dengan DDC karena notasi untuk subjek kejepangan pada sistem NDC diletakkan di digit awal dan lebih terperinci. 5. 2. Saran 1. Pola adaptasi sistem DDC di Jepang menghasilkan sebuah sistem klasifikasi lokal yaitu sistem NDC. NDC mengadaptasi DDC dari kelas utama dan kelas selanjutnya hingga melahirkan sebuah sistem klasifikasi. Penomoran pada DDC yang dianggap kurang sesuai disesuaikan dengan 75 kebutuhan klasifikasi Jepang. Penomoran DDC yang dainggap tidak mencukupi kebutuhan Jepang kemudian diadaptasi sehingga dapat mengakomodasi kebutuhan klasifikasi Jepang. Pola adaptasi serupa, yakni adaptasi DDC yang melahirkan sistem klasifikasi baru/lokal tidak menutup kemungkinan dilakukan untuk menyusun sistem klasifikasi Indonesia. Sehingga dari adaptasi tersebut dihasilkan sebuah sistem klasifikasi baru yang seluruh penomorannya untuk mengakomodasi kebutuhan klasifikasi Indonesia. 2. Sistem NDC ini menggunakan bahasa Jepang, bukan bahasa Inggris, bahasa yang digunakan DDC, sehingga lebih mudah digunakan oleh pustakawan di Jepang. Pola adaptasi berupa translasi DDC ke dalam bahasa Indonesia untuk semua nomor juga dapat diterapkan di Indonesia untuk memudahkan para pustakawan Indonesia dalam menggunakan sistem klasifikasi. 76 Daftar Pustaka Arianto, M. Solihin. 2006. “Islamic Knowledge Classification Scheme. Islam Knowledge Classification Scheme in Islamic Countries Libraries”. Jurnal Al Jami'ah UIN Sunan Kalijaga Vol. 44 No. 2 . Yogyakarta. UIN Sunan Kalijaga. Broughton, Vanda. 2004. Essential Classification. New York. Neal Schuman. Denim, Sudarwan. 2002. Menjadi Peneliti Kualitatif. Bandung: Pustaka Setia. Hamakonda, Towa dan Tairas, JNB. 2007. Pengantar Klasifikasi Persepuluhan Dewey. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia. Heiner, Magda dan Freiling. 2003. DDC German. World Library and Information Congress: 69th IFLA General Conference Council 1-9 August 2003. Berlin. IFLA Japan Library Association. 1994. Librarianship in Japan. Tokyo. Japan Library Association Kiyoshi, Mori. 1995. 日本十進分類法新訂９版本要編 Nihon Juusshin Bunruihou Shintei Kyuuhan Honyouhen. Tokyo. Japan Library Association. Kiyoshi, Mori. 1979. 図書館雑誌 Toshokan Zasshi Vol. Vl. 73 No. 8. Tokyo. Japan Library Association. Masayuki, Chika. 1995. 図書分類法の実務図書の基礎 Toshokan Bunruihou no Jinmu Tosho no Kiso. Tokyo. Japan Library Association. Masruri, Anis dkk. 2004. Panduan Penulisan Skripsi. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Ilmu Perpustakaan dan Informasi Fakultas UIN Sunan Kalijaga. Moleong, Lexy J. 2003. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif. Bandung. Remaja Rosdakarya. Momeni, Mahvash K. 1985. Adaptation of DDC in the Middle East. University of Illinois Graduate School of Library and Information Science, Occasional Papers No. 170 September 1985. Nazir, Muhammad. 2003. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta. Ghalia Indonesia. Pendit, Putu Laxman. 2003. Penelitian Ilmu Perpustakaan dan Informasi. Jakarta. Kumandang 77 Salim, Agus. 2006. Teori dan Paradigma Penelitian Sosial. Yogyakarta. Tiara Wacana. Soekarman & JNB. Tairas. 1993. Klasifikasi Bahan Pustaka Tentang Indonesia Menurut DDC. Jakarta. Ikatan Pustakawan Indonesia. Sugiyono. 2006. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan. Bandung. Alfabeta. Sukmadinata, Nana Syaodih. 2005. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan. Bandung. Remaja Rosdakarya. Sulistyo Basuki. 1993. Pengantar Ilmu Perpustakaan. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Sulistyo Basuki dan Mulyani, Alit Sri. 2007. Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)`s Notation 297 on Islam: A Critics and View from Indonesian Point of View. ICOLIS, Kuala Lumpur: LISU, FCSIT, 2007: hlm. 13-21. Suwarno, Wiji. 2007. Dasar-dasar Ilmu Perpustakaan. Yogyakarta. Ar-Ruzz Media. Syihabuddin. 2007. Dasar-dasar Ilmu Perpustakaan dan Informasi. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Ilmu Perpustakaan dan Informasi Fakultas Adab UIN Sunan Kalijaga. The Japan Foundation. 2005.日本の図書館事情 Nihon no Toshokan Jijou (modul). Osaka. The Japan Foundation, Japanese Language Institute, Kansai. Nobori Tamiko. 2005. 図書館員のために語彙 Toshokanin no Tame ni Goi (modul). Osaka. The Japan Foundation, Japanese Language Institute, Kansai. Sumber Internet: 1. www.odlis.org diakses pada tanggal 11 Mei 2009 pukul 12.00 WIB 2. http://www.soc.nii.ac.jp/jla/libraries-e.html diakses 8 Juni 2010 pukul 17.30 WIB 3. http://www.jfkc.jp/en/library/overseas/classification.html diakses 30 Oktober 2012 pukul 09.00 WIB 4. http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ax2s-kmtn/ref/ndc/e_ndc.html diakses 20 September 2012 pukul 13.00 5. http://www.oclc.org/dewey/resources/summaries/ diakses 16 Oktober 2012 pukul 11.00 WIB 6. http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/日本十進分類法 diakses 28 September 2012 pukul 22.00 WIB 7. http://oclc.org/, diakses 10 Oktober 2012 pukul 23.00 WIB 8. http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ax2s-kmtn/profile.html, diakses 5 Oktober 2012 pukul 02.00 WIB LAMPIRAN Nippon Decimal Classification (NDC) 9th ed. -3rd Categories[Updated: 2008-Aug-01] 000 000 General works 001 002 Knowledge. Learning 003 004 005 006 007 Information science 008 009 Libraries. Library and information sciences 011 Library policy and administration 012 Library buildings 013 Library Management 014 Technical processes in libraries 015 Library activities 016 Specific kinds of institutions 017 School libraries 018 Special libraries 019 Reading of books. Book review 020 Books. Bibliography 021 Authorship and editorial techniques 022 Manuscripts and printed books 023 Publishing 024 Bookselling 025 General and national bibliographies 026 Bibliographies of rare books 027 Special bibliographies Catalogs of selected books. Catalogs of 028 reference books 029 Library catalogs. Union catalogs 030 General encyclopedias 031 Nipponese 032 Chinese 033 English 034 German 035 French 036 Spanish 037 Italian 038 Russian 039 General concordances 040 General collected essays 041 Nipponese 042 Chinese 043 English 044 German 045 French 046 Spanish 047 Italian 048 Russian 049 General miscellanies 050 General serial publications 051 Nipponese serial publications 052 Chinese serial publications 053 English serial publications 054 German serial publications 055 French serial publications 056 Spanish serial publications 057 Italian serial publications 058 Russian serial publications 059 General yearbooks 060 General societies 061 Academies 062 070 Journalism. Newspapers 071 Nipponese 072 Asia 010 063 Cultural exchange organizations 064 065 Service clubs and other societies 066 067 068 069 Museums 080 General collections 081 Nipponese 082 Chinese 083 English 084 German 085 French 086 Spanish 087 Italian 088 Russian 089 Others languages 073 Europe 074 Africa 075 North America 076 South America 077 Oceania. Polar regions 078 079 090 Rare books. Local collections. Special collections 091 092 093 094 095 096 097 098 099 100 100 Philosophy 101 Theory of philosophy 102 General history of philosophy 103 Reference books 104 Essays and lectures 105 Serial publications 106 Organizations 107 Study and teaching 108 Collected works. Collections 109 110 Special treatises on philosophy 111 Metaphysics. Ontology 112 Philosophy of nature. Cosmology 113 View of life. World view 114 Philosophic anthropology 115 Epistemology 116 Logics. Dialectics. Methodology 117 Philosophy of value 118 Philosophy of culture and technics [119] Aesthetics -->701.1 120 Oriental thought 121 Nipponese thought 122 Chinese thought 123 Chinese classics 124 Sages of Pre-Chin 125 Medieval and modern thought 126 Indian philosophy. Brahmanism 127 130 Western philosophy 131 Ancient philosophy 132 Medieval philosophy 133 Modern philosophy 134 German and Austrian philosophy 135 French and Dutch philosophy 136 Spanish and Portuguese philosophy 137 Italian philosophy Russian philosophy Other philosophy 128 129 Other Oriental and Arabic thought 138 139 140 Psychology 141 General psychology 142 143 Developmental psychology 144 145 Abnormal psychology 146 Clinical psychology. Psychoanalysis 147 Parapsychology 148 Divination [149] Applied psychology 150 Ethics. Morals 151 Systems and doctrines 152 Family and sexual ethics 153 Professional and occupational ethics 154 Social ethics 155 National polity 156 Bushidô 157 Hôtokukyô. Shingaku 158 Other ethical topics 159 Practical ethics 160 Religion 161 Science of religion 162 History and conditions of religions 163 Primitive religions 164 Myths. Mythology 165 Comparative religion 166 Taoism 167 Islam 168 Hinduism. Jainaism 169 Other religions 170 Shintô 171 Shintô theology 172 History and conditions of Shintô 173 Shintô sacred classics 174 Priestly memoirs. Sermons 175 Shrines. Shintô priests 176 Shintô festivals 177 Shintô missions 178 Sectarian Shintô 179 180 Buddhism 181 Buddhist doctrines 182 History and conditions of Buddhism 183 Buddhist scriptures 184 Sermons. Preaching 185 Temples. Buddhist priests 186 Buddhist services and customs 187 Buddhist missions 188 Buddhist sects 189 190 Christianity 191 Christian theology 192 History and conditions of Christianity 193 Bible 194 Priestly memoirs. Sermons 195 Christian church. Holy orders 196 Ritual and liturgy 197 Missions 198 Denominations of Christian churches 199 Judaism 200 200 General history 201 Historical science 202 Auxiliary sciences of history 203 Reference books 204 Essays and lectures 210 General history of Nippon 211 Hokkaidô 212 Tôhoku 213 Kantô 214 Hokuriku 205 Serial publications 206 Organizations 207 Study and teaching 208 Collected works. Collections 209 World history 215 Chûbu 216 Kinki 217 Chûgoku 218 Shikoku 219 Kyûshû 220 General history of Asia 221 Korea 222 China 223 Southeast Asia Indonesia 224 225 India [226] Southwest Asia. Middle East -->227 227 Southwest Asia. Middle East [228] Arab states -->227.1/.8 229 Asiatic Russia 230 General history of Europe 231 Ancient Greece 232 Ancient Rome 233 United Kingdom 234 Germany. Central Europe 235 France 236 Spain 237 Italy 238 Russia. USSR. CIS 239 Balkan States 240 General history of Africa 241 North Africa 242 Egypt 243 Barbary States 244 West Africa 245 East Africa 246 247 248 South Africa 249 Islands of Indian Ocean 250 General history of North America 251 Canada 252 253 United States of America 254 255 Latin America 256 Mexico 257 Central America 258 259 West Indies. Antilles 260 General history of South America 261 Northern South America 262 Brazil 263 Paraguay 264 Uruguay 265 Argentina 266 Chile 267 Bolivia 268 Peru 269 General history of Oceania. General history of Polar regions 271 Australia 272 New Zealand 273 Melanesia 274 Micronesia 275 Polynesia 276 Hawaii 277 Polar regions 278 North pole. Arctic regions 279 South pole. Antarctic regions 280 General biography 281 Nippon 282 Asia 290 General geography. Description and travel 291 Nippon 292 Asia 270 283 Europe 284 Africa 285 North America 286 South America 287 Oceania. Polar regions 288 Genealogy. Family history 289 Individual biography 293 Europe 294 Africa 295 North America 296 South America 297 Oceania. Polar regions 298 299 Oceans. Sea 300 300 Social sciences 301 Theory and methodology 302 Social situation and conditions 303 Reference books 304 Essays and lectures 305 Serial publications 306 Organizations 307 Study and teaching 308 Series. Collected works. Collections 309 Social thought 310 Political science 311 Political theory and thought 312 Political history and conditions 313 Forms of states. Political systems 314 Legislature. Parliaments 315 Political parties 316 State and individuals 317 Public administration Local governments. Local 318 administration 319 International relations 320 Law 321 Jurisprudence 322 Legal history 323 Constitutional law 324 Civil law 325 Commercial law 326 Criminal law 327 Judicial system and proceedings [328] Special law 329 International law 330 Economics 331 Economic theory and thought 332 Economic history and conditions 333 Economic policy. International economy 334 Population. Land. Resources 335 Enterprise. Management 336 Business management 337 Money and currency 338 Financial economics. Banks and trusts 339 Insurance 340 Public finance 341 Theory of public finance 342 Fiscal history and conditions 343 Fiscal policy and administration 344 Budgets and settlements 345 Taxations 346 347 Public debts 348 Public monopolies. National property 349 Local finance 350 Statistics 351 Nippon 352 Asia 353 Europe 354 Africa 355 North America 356 South America 357 Oceania. Polar regions 358 Population statistics [359] Statistics of specific subjects 360 Society 361 Sociology 362 Social history. Social system 363 364 Social security 365 Living and consumer's problems 366 Labor economics. Labor problems 367 Family. Man and woman. Aged people 368 Social pathology 369 Social welfare 370 Education 371 Theory of education 372 History and conditions of education 373 Educational policy and system 374 School administration Curriculums. Methods of instruction and 375 study Pre-school. Elementary and secondary 376 education 377 Higher education 378 Education for the handicapped children 379 Social education 380 Customs, folklore and ethnology 381 History and descriptions of customs, folklore and 382 ethnology 383 Costumes. Eating and drinking. Housing 384 Customs of social and domestic life 385 Customs of life cycle 386 Annual events. Festivals 387 Popular beliefs 388 Legends. Folk tales 389 Ethnology. Cultural anthropology 390 National defence. Military science 391 War. Strategy. Tactics 392 History and conditions Policy and administration of national 393 defence 394 Military health services 395 Military installations. War supplies 396 Armies 397 Navies 398 Air forces and warfare 399 Antiquated arts of war 400 400 Natural sciences 401 Theory and philosophy 402 History and conditions 403 Reference books 404 Essays and lectures 405 Serial publications 406 Organizations 407 Study and teaching 408 Collected works. Collections 409 Science and Technology Policy 410 Mathematics 411 Algebra 412 Theory of numbers 413 Analysis 414 Geometry 415 Topological mathematics 416 417 Probabilities. Mathematical statistics 418 Numerical calculations 419 Mathematics of Nippon and China 420 Physics 421 Theoretical physics 422 430 Chemistry 431 Physical and theoretical chemistry 432 Experimental chemistry 423 Mechanics 424 Vibrations. Acoustics 425 Optics 426 Heat. Thermotics 427 Electricity and magnetism 428 Physical properties of matter 429 Atomic and nuclear physics 433 Analytical chemistry 434 Synthetical chemistry 435 Inorganic chemistry 436 Metallic elements, their compounds 437 Organic chemistry 438 Chemistry of cyclic compounds 439 Chemistry of natural products 440 Astronomy. Space sciences 441 Theoretical astronomy 442 Practical astronomy 443 Fixed stars 444 Sun 445 Planets. Satellites 446 Moon 447 Comets. Meteors 448 Earth. Astronomical geography 449 Horology. Calendars 450 Earth sciences 451 Meteorology 452 Oceanography 453 Seismology 454 Geomorphology 455 Geology 456 Historical geology. Stratigraphy 457 Paleontology 458 Petrology 459 Mineralogy 460 Biology 461 Theoretical biology 462 Biogeography 463 Cytology 464 Biochemistry 465 Microbes. Microbiology 466 467 Genetics. Evolution 468 General ecology 469 Anthropology 470 Botany 471 General botany 472 Phytogeography. Flora 473 Thallophyta 474 Algae and fungi 475 Bryophyta 476 Pteridophyta 477 Spermatophyta 478 Gymnospermae 479 Angiospermae 480 Zoology 481 General zoology 482 Zoogeography. Fauna 483 Invertebrata 484 Mollusca 485 Arthropoda Insecta. Entomology 486 Vertebrata 487 488 Aves. Ornithology 489 Mammalia 490 Medical sciences 491 Fundamental medicine 492 Clinical medicine 493 Internal medicine 494 Surgery 495 Gynecology. Obstetrics 496 Ophthalmology. Otorhinolaryngology 497 Dentistry Hygienics. Public health. Preventive 498 medicine 499 Pharmaceutics 500 500 Technology. Engineering 501 Basic engineering 502 History of technology 503 Reference books 504 Essays and lectures 505 Serial publications 506 Organizations 507 Study and teaching 508 Collected works. Collections 509 Industries. Manufacturing industry 510 Construction. Civil engineering 511 Mechanics and materials 512 Surveying 513 Designs and executions 514 Engineering of roads and highways 515 Bridge engineering 516 Railroad engineering 517 Hydraulic engineering 518 Sanitary and municipal engineering 519 Pollution. Environmental engineering 520 Architecture. Building 521 Nippon architecture 522 Oriental architecture 523 Occidental architecture. Others 524 Construction 525 Planning. Design. Practices 526 Specific buildings 527 Residential buildings 528 Building utilities 529 Architectural design and decoration 530 Mechanical engineering 531 Mechanics, materials and design 532 Machine-shop practice. Machine tools 533 Heat engines 534 Hydraulic and pneumatic machinery 535 Precision and optical instruments 536 Transportation engineering 537 Automobile engineering 538 Aerospace engineering 539 Nuclear engineering 540 Electrical engineering 541 Electric circuits, measurements and materials 542 Electrical machinery 543 Generation of electric power 544 Transmission. Transformation. Distribution 545 Electric lighting and heating 546 Electric railroads 547 Communication engineering 548 Information engineering 549 Electronic engineering 550 Maritime engineering 551 Theories of shipbuilding 552 Hull construction. Materials of hull 553 Equipment and outfit of ships 554 Marine engineering 555 Refitment of ships. Maintenance 556 Specific ships and boats 557 Navigation 558 Sea development 559 Weapons. Military engineering 560 Metal and mining engineering 561 Exploitation. Ore dressing 562 Mining of specific metals 563 Metallurgy and alloys. Metallography 564 Ferrous metals 565 Nonferrous metals 566 Metallurgical technology 567 Coal mining 570 Chemical technology 571 Chemical engineering 572 Industrial electrochemistry 573 Ceramic technology 574 Industrial chemicals 575 Fuels and explosives 576 Oils and fats 577 Dyes 568 Petroleum mining 569 Non-metallic mining 578 Polymers. Plastics. Cellulose 579 Other chemical technologies 580 Manufactures 581 Metal goods Business machines. Household appliances. 582 Musical instrument 583 Woodworking 584 Leather and fur goods 585 Pulp and paper industries 586 Textile industry 587 Dyeing 588 Food technology 589 Other miscellaneous manufactures 590 Domestic arts and sciences 591 Domestic economy and management 592 Sciences and technology in household 593 Clothing. Sewing 594 Handicrafts 595 Beauty culture 596 Food. Cookery 597 Household utilities 598 Domestic health 599 Care of children 600 600 Industry and commerce 601 Industrial policy and planning 602 History and conditions 603 Reference books 604 Essays and lectures 605 Serial publications 606 Organizations 607 Study and teaching 608 Collected works. Collections 609 Weights and measures 610 Agriculture 611 Agricultural economics 612 Agricultural history and conditions 613 Basic sciences on agriculture 614 Agricultural engineering 615 Methods of cultivation. Crop science 616 Edible crops 617 Industrial crops 618 Fiber crops 619 Agricultural technology 620 Horticulture 621 Gardening economy and management 622 Horticultural history and conditions 623 Basic sciences on gardening 624 Green houses and tools 625 Fruit culture. Pomiculture 626 Vegetable culture 627 Floriculture 628 Utilization of garden products 629 Landscape gardening 630 Sericulture. Silk industry 631 Sericultural economy and management 632 Sericultural history and conditions 633 Natural history of silkworms 634 Silkworm eggs 635 Rearing of silkworms 636 Mulberry culture 637 Sericultural rooms and implements 638 Cocoon 639 Raw silk production 640 Animal husbandry 641 Animal economy and management 642 History and conditions 650 Forestry 651 Forest economics 652 History and conditions 643 Stock breeding. Forage 644 Cotes and implements 645 Domestic animals 646 Aviculture. Poultry [647] Apiculture. Beekeeping -->646.9 648 Animal industry 649 Veterinary medicine 653 Forest ecology. Silviculture 654 Forest protection 655 Forest administration 656 Forest engineering 657 Forest utilization 658 Forest technology 659 Hunting and shooting 660 Fishing industry. Fisheries 661 Fishing economics and management 662 History and conditions 663 Basic sciences on fishery 664 Fishing 665 Fishing boats and implements 666 Aquaculture 667 Fish technology 668 Utilization of aquatic products 669 Salt manufacture 670 Commerce 671 Commercial policy 672 History and conditions 673 Mercantile business 674 Advertising. Propaganda. Public relations 675 Marketing 676 Exchanges 677 678 Foreign trade 679 680 Transportation services 681 Traffic policy and management 682 History and conditions 683 Maritime transport. Shipping 684 Inland water ways. Canal transportation 685 Land transportation 686 Railways 687 Air transportation 688 Warehouses 689 Tourist industry 690 Communication services 691 Policy, administration and laws 692 History and conditions 693 Postal services 694 Telecommunication 695 696 697 698 699 Broadcasting 700 700 The arts. Fine arts 701 Theory of arts. Aesthetics 702 History of arts 703 Reference books 704 Essays and lectures 705 Serial publications 706 Organizations 707 Study and teaching. Art education 708 Collected works. Collections 710 Sculpture. Plastic arts 711 Materials and techniques 712 History of sculpture 713 Wood carving 714 Stone carving 715 Metal sculpture and casting 716 717 Ceramic sculpture 718 Buddhist image 709 Art and state. Cultural assets 719 Objet 720 Painting. Pictorial arts 721 Nipponese painting 722 Oriental painting 723 Western painting 724 Materials and techniques 725 Dessin. Drawing 726 Caricatures. Illustration 727 Graphic designs 728 Shodô. Calligraphy 729 730 Engraving 731 Materials and techniques 732 History of engraving 733 Wood engraving 734 Lithography 735 Copperplate and steel engraving 736 Soft-ground engraving 737 Photo-engraving. Mimeograph 738 739 Seal engraving 740 Photography and photographs 741 742 Camera and photographic materials 743 Photographing 744 Developing and printing 745 Photoduplication. Photocopying 746 Specific field of photography 747 Applications of photography 748 Collections of photographs 749 Printing. Graphic arts 750 Industrial arts 751 Ceramic arts 752 Lacquer ware 753 Textile arts 754 Art wood work and bamboo-work 755 Jewelry arts. Ivory and born carving 756 Art metalwork 757 Design. Decorative arts 758 Artistic furniture 759 Dolls. Toys 760 Music 761 Musicology 762 History of music 763 Musical instruments. Instrumental music 764 Instrumental ensembles 765 Religious music. Sacred music 766 Dramatic music 767 Vocal music 768 Nipponese music 769 Theatrical dancing. Ballet 770 Theater 771 Stage. Direction. Acting 772 History of theater 773 Noh play and Noh comedy 774 Kabuki play 775 Other theaters. Stage 776 777 Puppetry 778 Motion pictures 779 Public entertainments 780 Sports and physical training 781 Gymnastics. Plays 782 Track and field athletics 783 Ball games 784 Winter sports 785 Aquatic sports 786 Outdoor recreations 787 Angling and hunting sports 790 Accomplishments and amusements 791 Tea ceremony 792 Burning incense 793 Art of flower arrangement 794 Billiards 795 Game of go 796 Game of shogi 797 Game of chance 788 Combat sports. Racing 789 Military arts 798 Indoor games 799 Dancing 800 800 Language 801 Linguistics. Philology 802 History and conditions 803 Reference books 804 Essays and lectures 805 Serial publications 806 Organizations 807 Study and teaching 808 Collected works. Collections 809 Speaking. Shorthand. Typewriting 810 Nipponese 811 Phonetics. Phonology. Writing 812 Etymology. Semantics 813 Dictionaries 814 Vocabularies 815 Grammar 816 Sentences. Styles. Compositions 817 Readers. Interpretations. Conversations 818 Dialects 819 820 Chinese 821 Phonetics. Phonology. Writing 822 Etymology. Semantics 823 Dictionaries 824 Vocabularies 825 Grammar 826 Sentences. Styles. Compositions 827 Readers. Interpretations. Conversations 828 Dialects 829 Other Oriental languages 830 English 831 Phonetics. Phonology. Writing 832 Etymology. Semantics 833 Dictionaries 834 Vocabularies 835 Grammar 836 Sentences. Styles. Compositions 837 Readers. Interpretations. Conversations 838 Dialects 839 840 German 841 Phonetics. Phonology. Writing 842 Etymology. Semantics 843 Dictionaries 844 Vocabularies 845 Grammar 846 Sentences. Styles. Compositions 847 Readers. Interpretations. Conversations 848 Dialects 849 Other Germanic languages 850 French 851 Phonetics. Phonology. Writing 852 Etymology. Semantics 853 Dictionaries 854 Vocabularies 855 Grammar 856 Sentences. Styles. Compositions 857 Readers. Interpretations. Conversations 858 Dialects 859 Provençal 860 Spanish 861 Phonetics. Phonology. Writing 862 Etymology. Semantics 863 Dictionaries 870 Italian 871 Phonetics. Phonology. Writing 872 Etymology. Semantics 873 Dictionaries 864 Vocabularies 865 Grammar 866 Sentences. Styles. Compositions 867 Readers. Interpretations. Conversations 868 Dialects 869 Portuguese 874 Vocabularies 875 Grammar 876 Sentences. Styles. Compositions 877 Readers. Interpretations. Conversations 878 Dialects 879 Other Romanic languages 880 Russian 881 Phonetics. Phonology. Writing 882 Etymology. Semantics 883 Dictionaries 884 Vocabularies 885 Grammar 886 Sentences. Styles. Compositions 887 Readers. Interpretations. Conversations 888 Dialects 889 Other Slavic languages 890 Other languages 891 Greek 892 Latin 893 Other European languages 894 African languages 895 American Indian languages 896 897 Australian languages 898 899 Universal languages 900 900 Literature 901 Theory and techniques 902 History and criticism 903 Reference books 904 Essays and lectures 905 Serial publications 906 Organizations 907 Study and teaching 908 Series. Collections 909 Study of juvenile literature 910 Nipponese literature 911 Poetry 912 Drama 913 Fiction. Romance. Novel 914 Essays. Prose 915 Diaries. Letters. Travels 916 Reportage 917 Aphorism 918 Collections 919 Chinese poetry and prose 920 Chinese literature 921 Poetry 922 Drama 923 Fiction. Romance. Novel 924 Essays. Prose 925 Diaries. Letters. Travels 926 Reportage 927 Aphorism 928 Collections 929 Other Oriental literatures 930 English and American literature 931 Poetry 932 Drama 933 Fiction. Romance. Novel 934 Essays. Prose 935 Diaries. Letters. Travels 936 Reportage 937 Aphorism 938 Collections [939] American literature -->930/938 940 German literature 941 Poetry 942 Drama 943 Fiction. Romance. Novel 944 Essays. Prose 945 Diaries. Letters. Travels 946 Reportage 947 Aphorism 948 Collections 949 Other Germanic literatures 950 French literature 951 Poetry 952 Drama 953 Fiction. Romance. Novel 954 Essays. Prose 955 Diaries. Letters. Travels 956 Reportage 957 Aphorism 958 Collections 959 Provençal literature 960 Spanish literature 961 Poetry 962 Drama 963 Fiction. Romance. Novel 964 Essays. Prose 965 Diaries. Letters. Travels 966 Reportage 967 Aphorism 968 Collections 969 Portuguese literature 970 Italian literature 971 Poetry 972 Drama 973 Fiction. Romance. Novel 974 Essays. Prose 975 Diaries. Letters. Travels 976 Reportage 977 Aphorism 978 Collections 979 Other Romanic literatures 980 Russian literature 981 Poetry 982 Drama 983 Fiction. Romance. Novel 984 Essays. Prose 985 Diaries. Letters. Travels 986 Reportage 987 Aphorism 988 Collections 989 Other Slavic literatures 990 Literatures of other languages 991 Greek literature 992 Latin literature 993 Other European literatures 994 African literatures 995 Literatures of American native languages 996 997 Literatures of Australian native languages 998 999 Literatures of universal languages Sumber: http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ax2s-kmtn/ref/ndc/e_ndc.html DDC 22 Summaries Third Summary The Thousand Sections 000 000 Computer science, information & general works 001 Knowledge 002 The book 003 Systems 004 Data processing & computer science 005 Computer programming, programs & data 006 Special computer methods 007 [Unassigned] 008 [Unassigned] 009 [Unassigned] 010 Bibliography 011 Bibliographies 012 Bibliographies of individuals 013 [Unassigned] 014 Of anonymous & pseudonymous works 015 Bibliographies of works from specific places 016 Bibliographies of works on specific subjects 017 General subject catalogs 018 Catalogs arranged by author, date, etc. 019 Dictionary catalogs 020 Library & information sciences 021 Library relationships 022 Administration of physical plant 023 Personnel management 024 [Unassigned] 025 Library operations 026 Libraries for specific subjects 027 General libraries 028 Reading & use of other information media 029 [Unassigned] 030 General encyclopedic works 031 Encyclopedias in American English 032 Encyclopedias in English 033 In other Germanic languages 034 Encyclopedias in French, Occitan & Catalan 035 In Italian, Romanian & related languages 036 Encyclopedias in Spanish & Portuguese 037 Encyclopedias in Slavic languages 038 Encyclopedias in Scandinavian languages 039 Encyclopedias in other languages 040 [Unassigned] 041 [Unassigned] 042 [Unassigned] 043 [Unassigned] 044 [Unassigned] 045 [Unassigned] 046 [Unassigned] 047 [Unassigned] 048 [Unassigned] 049 [Unassigned] 050 General serial publications 051 Serials in American English 052 Serials in English 053 Serials in other Germanic languages 054 Serials in French, Occitan & Catalan 055 In Italian, Romanian & related languages 056 Serials in Spanish & Portuguese 057 Serials in Slavic languages 058 Serials in Scandinavian languages 059 Serials in other languages 060 General organizations & museum science 061 Organizations in North America 062 Organizations in British Isles; in England 063 Organizations in central Europe; in Germany 064 Organizations in France & Monaco 065 Organizations in Italy & adjacent islands 066 In Iberian Peninsula & adjacent islands 067 Organizations in eastern Europe; in Russia 068 Organizations in other geographic areas 069 Museum science 070 News media, journalism & publishing 071 Newspapers in North America 072 Newspapers in British Isles; in England 073 Newspapers in central Europe; in Germany 074 Newspapers in France & Monaco 075 Newspapers in Italy & adjacent islands 076 In Iberian Peninsula & adjacent islands 077 Newspapers in eastern Europe; in Russia 078 Newspapers in Scandinavia 079 Newspapers in other geographic areas 080 General collections 081 Collections in American English 082 Collections in English 083 Collections in other Germanic languages 084 Collections in French, Occitan & Catalan 085 In Italian, Romanian & related languages 086 Collections in Spanish & Portuguese 087 Collections in Slavic languages 088 Collections in Scandinavian languages 089 Collections in other languages 090 Manuscripts & rare books 091 Manuscripts 092 Block books 093 Incunabula 094 Printed books 095 Books notable for bindings 096 Books notable for illustrations 097 Books notable for ownership or origin 098 Prohibited works, forgeries & hoaxes 099 Books notable for format 100 100 Philosophy & psychology 101 Theory of philosophy 102 Miscellany 103 Dictionaries & encyclopedias 104 [Unassigned] 105 Serial publications 106 Organizations & management 107 Education, research & related topics 108 Kinds of persons treatment 109 Historical & collected persons treatment 110 Metaphysics 111 Ontology 112 [Unassigned] 113 Cosmology 114 Space 115 Time 116 Change 117 Structure 118 Force & energy 119 Number & quantity 120 Epistemology, causation & humankind 121 Epistemology 122 Causation 123 Determinism & indeterminism 124 Teleology 125 [Unassigned] 126 The self 127 The unconscious & the subconscious 128 Humankind 129 Origin & destiny of individual souls 130 Parapsychology & occultism 131 Parapsychological & occult methods 132 [Unassigned] 133 Specific topics in parapsychology & occultism 134 [Unassigned] 135 Dreams & mysteries 136 [Unassigned] 137 Divinatory graphology 138 Physiognomy 139 Phrenology 140 Specific philosophical schools 141 Idealism & related systems 142 Critical philosophy 143 Bergsonism & intuitionism 144 Humanism & related systems 145 Sensationalism 146 Naturalism & related systems 147 Pantheism & related systems 148 Eclecticism, liberalism & traditionalism 149 Other philosophical systems 150 Psychology 151 [Unassigned] 152 Perception, movement, emotions & drives 153 Mental processes & intelligence 154 Subconscious & altered states 155 Differential & developmental psychology 156 Comparative psychology 157 [Unassigned] 158 Applied psychology 159 [Unassigned] 160 Logic 161 Induction 162 Deduction 163 [Unassigned] 164 [Unassigned] 165 Fallacies & sources of error 166 Syllogisms 167 Hypotheses 168 Argument & persuasion 169 Analogy 170 Ethics 171 Ethical systems 172 Political ethics 173 Ethics of family relationships 174 Occupational ethics 175 Ethics of recreation & leisure 176 Ethics of sex & reproduction 177 Ethics of social relations 178 Ethics of consumption 179 Other ethical norms 180 Ancient, medieval & eastern philosophy 181 Eastern philosophy 182 Pre-Socratic Greek philosophies 183 Socratic & related philosophies 184 Platonic philosophy 185 Aristotelian philosophy 186 Skeptic & Neoplatonic philosophies 187 Epicurean philosophy 188 Stoic philosophy 189 Medieval western philosophy 190 Modern western philosophy 191 Philosophy of United States & Canada 192 Philosophy of British Isles 193 Philosophy of Germany & Austria 194 Philosophy of France 195 Philosophy of Italy 196 Philosophy of Spain & Portugal 197 Philosophy of former Soviet Union 198 Philosophy of Scandinavia 199 Philosophy in other geographic areas 200 200 Religion 201 Religious mythology & social theology 202 Doctrines 203 Public worship & other practices 204 Religious experience, life & practice 205 Religious ethics 206 Leaders & organization 207 Missions & religious education 208 Sources 209 Sects & reform movements 210 Philosophy & theory of religion 211 Concepts of God 212 Existence, knowability & attributes of God 213 Creation 214 Theodicy 215 Science & religion 216 [Unassigned] 217 [Unassigned] 218 Humankind 219 [Unassigned] 220 Bible 221 Old Testament (Tanakh) 222 Historical books of Old Testament 223 Poetic books of Old Testament 224 Prophetic books of Old Testament 225 New Testament 226 Gospels & Acts 227 Epistles 228 Revelation (Apocalypse) 229 Apocrypha & pseudepigrapha 230 Christianity & Christian theology 231 God 232 Jesus Christ & his family 233 Humankind 234 Salvation & grace 235 Spiritual beings 236 Eschatology 237 [Unassigned] 238 Creeds & catechisms 239 Apologetics & polemics 240 Christian moral & devotional theology 241 Christian ethics 242 Devotional literature 243 Evangelistic writings for individuals 244 [Unassigned] 245 [Unassigned] 246 Use of art in Christianity 247 Church furnishings & articles 248 Christian experience, practice & life 249 Christian observances in family life 250 Christian orders & local church 251 Preaching 252 Texts of sermons 253 Pastoral office & work 254 Parish administration 255 Religious congregations & orders 256 [Unassigned] 257 [Unassigned] 258 [Unassigned] 259 Pastoral care of families & kinds of persons 260 Social & ecclesiastical theology 261 Social theology 262 Ecclesiology 263 Days, times & places of observance 264 Public worship 265 Sacraments, other rites & acts 266 Missions 267 Associations for religious work 268 Religious education 269 Spiritual renewal 270 History of Christianity & Christian church 271 Religious orders in church history 272 Persecutions in church history 273 Doctrinal controversies & heresies 274 History of Christianity in Europe 275 History of Christianity in Asia 276 History of Christianity in Africa 277 History of Christianity in North America 278 History of Christianity in South America 279 History of Christianity in other areas 280 Christian denominations & sects 281 Early church & Eastern churches 282 Roman Catholic Church 283 Anglican churches 284 Protestants of Continental origin 285 Presbyterian, Reformed & Congregational 286 Baptist, Disciples of Christ & Adventist 287 Methodist & related churches 288 [Unassigned] 289 Other denominations & sects 290 Other religions 291 [Unassigned] 292 Greek & Roman religion 293 Germanic religion 294 Religions of Indic origin 295 Zoroastrianism 296 Judaism 297 Islam, Babism & Bahai Faith 298 (Optional number) 299 Religions not provided for elsewhere 300 300 Social sciences 301 Sociology & anthropology 302 Social interaction 303 Social processes 304 Factors affecting social behavior 305 Social groups 306 Culture & institutions 307 Communities 308 [Unassigned] 309 [Unassigned] 310 Collections of general statistics 311 [Unassigned] 312 [Unassigned] 313 [Unassigned] 314 General statistics of Europe 315 General statistics of Asia 316 General statistics of Africa 317 General statistics of North America 318 General statistics of South America 319 General statistics of other areas 320 Political science 321 Systems of governments & states 322 Relation of state to organized groups 323 Civil & political rights 324 The political process 325 International migration & colonization 326 Slavery & emancipation 327 International relations 328 The legislative process 329 [Unassigned] 330 Economics 331 Labor economics 332 Financial economics 333 Economics of land & energy 334 Cooperatives 335 Socialism & related systems 336 Public finance 337 International economics 338 Production 339 Macroeconomics & related topics 340 Law 341 Law of nations 342 Constitutional & administrative law 343 Military, tax, trade & industrial law 344 Labor, social, education & cultural law 345 Criminal law 346 Private law 347 Civil procedure & courts 348 Laws, regulations & cases 349 Law of specific jurisdictions & areas 350 Public administration & military science 351 Public administration 352 General considerations of public administration 353 Specific fields of public administration 354 Administration of economy & environment 355 Military science 356 Infantry forces & warfare 357 Mounted forces & warfare 358 Air & other specialized forces 359 Sea forces & warfare 360 Social problems & services; associations 361 Social problems & social welfare in general 362 Social welfare problems & services 363 Other social problems & services 364 Criminology 365 Penal & related institutions 366 Associations 367 General clubs 368 Insurance 369 Miscellaneous kinds of associations 370 Education 371 Schools & their activities; special education 372 Elementary education 373 Secondary education 374 Adult education 375 Curricula 376 [Unassigned] 377 [Unassigned] 378 Higher education 379 Public policy issues in education 380 Commerce, communications & transportation 381 Commerce 382 International commerce 383 Postal communication 384 Communications; telecommunication 385 Railroad transportation 386 Inland waterway & ferry transportation 387 Water, air & space transportation 388 Transportation; ground transportation 389 Metrology & standardization 390 Customs, etiquette & folklore 391 Costume & personal appearance 392 Customs of life cycle & domestic life 393 Death customs 394 General customs 395 Etiquette (Manners) 396 [Unassigned] 397 [Unassigned] 398 Folklore 399 Customs of war & diplomacy 400 400 Language 401 Philosophy & theory 402 Miscellany 403 Dictionaries & encyclopedias 404 Special topics 405 Serial publications 406 Organizations & management 407 Education, research & related topics 408 Kinds of persons treatment 409 Geographic & persons treatment 410 Linguistics 411 Writing systems 412 Etymology 413 Dictionaries 414 Phonology & phonetics 415 Grammar 416 [Unassigned] 417 Dialectology & historical linguistics 418 Standard usage & applied linguistics 419 Sign languages 420 English & Old English 421 English writing system & phonology 422 English etymology 423 English dictionaries 424 [Unassigned] 425 English grammar 426 [Unassigned] 427 English language variations 428 Standard English usage 429 Old English (Anglo-Saxon) 430 Germanic languages; German 431 German writing systems & phonology 432 German etymology 433 German dictionaries 434 [Unassigned] 435 German grammar 436 [Unassigned] 437 German language variations 438 Standard German usage 439 Other Germanic languages 440 Romance languages; French 441 French writing systems & phonology 442 French etymology 443 French dictionaries 444 [Unassigned] 445 French grammar 446 [Unassigned] 447 French language variations 448 Standard French usage 449 Occitan & Catalan 450 Italian, Romanian & related languages 451 Italian writing systems & phonology 452 Italian etymology 453 Italian dictionaries 454 [Unassigned] 455 Italian grammar 456 [Unassigned] 457 Italian language variations 458 Standard Italian usage 459 Romanian & related languages 460 Spanish & Portuguese languages 461 Spanish writing systems & phonology 462 Spanish etymology 463 Spanish dictionaries 464 [Unassigned] 465 Spanish grammar 466 [Unassigned] 467 Spanish language variations 468 Standard Spanish usage 469 Portuguese 470 Italic languages; Latin 471 Classical Latin writing & phonology 472 Classical Latin etymology 473 Classical Latin dictionaries 474 [Unassigned] 475 Classical Latin grammar 476 [Unassigned] 477 Old, postclassical & Vulgar Latin 478 Classical Latin usage 479 Other Italic languages 480 Hellenic languages; classical Greek 481 Classical Greek writing & phonology 482 Classical Greek etymology 483 Classical Greek dictionaries 484 [Unassigned] 485 Classical Greek grammar 486 [Unassigned] 487 Preclassical & postclassical Greek 488 Classical Greek usage 489 Other Hellenic languages 490 Other languages 491 East Indo-European & Celtic languages 492 Afro-Asiatic languages; Semitic languages 493 Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages 494 Altaic, Uralic, Hyperborean & Dravidian 495 Languages of East & Southeast Asia 496 African languages 497 North American native languages 498 South American native languages 499 Austronesian & other languages 500 500 Natural Sciences and Mathemetics 501 Philosophy & theory 502 Miscellany 503 Dictionaries & encyclopedias 504 [Unassigned] 505 Serial publications 506 Organizations & management 507 Education, research & related topics 508 Natural history 509 Historical, geographic & persons treatment 510 Mathematics 511 General principles of mathematics 512 Algebra 513 Arithmetic 514 Topology 515 Analysis 516 Geometry 517 [Unassigned] 518 Numerical analysis 519 Probabilities & applied mathematics 520 Astronomy & allied sciences 521 Celestial mechanics 522 Techniques, equipment & materials 523 Specific celestial bodies & phenomena 524 [Unassigned] 525 Earth (Astronomical geography) 526 Mathematical geography 527 Celestial navigation 528 Ephemerides 529 Chronology 530 Physics 531 Classical mechanics; solid mechanics 532 Fluid mechanics; liquid mechanics 533 Gas mechanics 534 Sound & related vibrations 535 Light & infrared & ultraviolet phenomena 536 Heat 537 Electricity & electronics 538 Magnetism 539 Modern physics 540 Chemistry & allied sciences 541 Physical chemistry 542 Techniques, equipment & materials 543 Analytical chemistry 544 [Unassigned] 545 [Unassigned] 546 Inorganic chemistry 547 Organic chemistry 548 Crystallography 549 Mineralogy 550 Earth sciences 551 Geology, hydrology & meteorology 552 Petrology 553 Economic geology 554 Earth sciences of Europe 555 Earth sciences of Asia 556 Earth sciences of Africa 557 Earth sciences of North America 558 Earth sciences of South America 559 Earth sciences of other areas 560 Paleontology; paleozoology 561 Paleobotany; fossil microorganisms 562 Fossil invertebrates 563 Fossil marine & seashore invertebrates 564 Fossil mollusks & molluscoids 565 Fossil arthropods 566 Fossil chordates 567 Fossil cold-blooded vertebrates; fossil fishes 568 Fossil birds 569 Fossil mammals 570 Life sciences; biology 571 Physiology & related subjects 572 Biochemistry 573 Specific physiological systems in animals 574 [Unassigned] 575 Specific parts of & systems in plants 576 Genetics & evolution 577 Ecology 578 Natural history of organisms 579 Microorganisms, fungi & algae 580 Plants (Botany) 581 Specific topics in natural history 582 Plants noted for characteristics & flowers 583 Dicotyledons 584 Monocotyledons 585 Gymnosperms; conifers 586 Seedless plants 587 Vascular seedless plants 588 Bryophytes 589 [Unassigned] 590 Animals (Zoology) 591 Specific topics in natural history 592 Invertebrates 593 Marine & seashore invertebrates 594 Mollusks & molluscoids 595 Arthropods 596 Chordates 597 Cold-blooded vertebrates; fishes 598 Birds 599 Mammals 600 600 Technology 601 Philosophy & theory 602 Miscellany 603 Dictionaries & encyclopedias 604 Special topics 605 Serial publications 606 Organizations 607 Education, research & related topics 608 Inventions & patents 609 Historical, geographic & persons treatment 610 Medicine & health 611 Human anatomy, cytology & histology 612 Human physiology 613 Personal health & safety 614 Incidence & prevention of disease 615 Pharmacology & therapeutics 616 Diseases 617 Surgery & related medical specialties 618 Gynecology, obstetrics, pediatrics & geriatrics 619 [Unassigned] 620 Engineering & allied operations 621 Applied physics 622 Mining & related operations 623 Military & nautical engineering 624 Civil engineering 625 Engineering of railroads & roads 626 [Unassigned] 627 Hydraulic engineering 628 Sanitary & municipal engineering 629 Other branches of engineering 630 Agriculture & related technologies 631 Techniques, equipment & materials 632 Plant injuries, diseases & pests 633 Field & plantation crops 634 Orchards, fruits & forestry 635 Garden crops (Horticulture) 636 Animal husbandry 637 Processing dairy & related products 638 Insect culture 639 Hunting, fishing & conservation 640 Home & family management 641 Food & drink 642 Meals & table service 643 Housing & household equipment 644 Household utilities 645 Household furnishings 646 Sewing, clothing & personal living 647 Management of public households 648 Housekeeping 649 Child rearing & home care of persons 650 Management & auxiliary services 651 Office services 652 Processes of written communication 653 Shorthand 654 [Unassigned] 655 [Unassigned] 656 [Unassigned] 657 Accounting 658 General management 659 Advertising & public relations 660 Chemical engineering 661 Industrial chemicals 662 Explosives, fuels & related products 663 Beverage technology 664 Food technology 665 Industrial oils, fats, waxes & gases 666 Ceramic & allied technologies 667 Cleaning, color & coating technologies 668 Technology of other organic products 669 Metallurgy 670 Manufacturing 671 Metalworking & primary metal products 672 Iron, steel & other iron alloys 673 Nonferrous metals 674 Lumber processing, wood products & cork 675 Leather & fur processing 676 Pulp & paper technology 677 Textiles 678 Elastomers & elastomer products 679 Other products of specific materials 680 Manufacture for specific uses 681 Precision instruments & other devices 682 Small forge work (Blacksmithing) 683 Hardware & household appliances 684 Furnishings & home workshops 685 Leather, fur goods & related products 686 Printing & related activities 687 Clothing & accessories 688 Other final products & packaging 689 [Unassigned] 690 Buildings 691 Building materials 692 Auxiliary construction practices 693 Specific materials & purposes 694 Wood construction & carpentry 695 Roof covering 696 Utilities 697 Heating, ventilating & air-conditioning 698 Detail finishing 699 [Unassigned] 700 700 The arts; fine & decorative arts 701 Philosophy of fine & decorative arts 702 Miscellany of fine & decorative arts 703 Dictionaries of fine & decorative arts 704 Special topics in fine & decorative arts 705 Serial publications of fine & decorative arts 706 Organizations & management 707 Education, research & related topics 708 Galleries, museums & private collections 709 Historical, geographic & persons treatment 710 Civic & landscape art 711 Area planning 712 Landscape architecture 713 Landscape architecture of trafficways 714 Water features 715 Woody plants 716 Herbaceous plants 717 Structures in landscape architecture 718 Landscape design of cemeteries 719 Natural landscapes 720 Architecture 721 Architectural structure 722 Architecture to ca. 300 723 Architecture from ca. 300 to 1399 724 Architecture from 1400 725 Public structures 726 Buildings for religious purposes 727 Buildings for education & research 728 Residential & related buildings 729 Design & decoration 730 Plastic arts; sculpture 731 Processes, forms & subjects of sculpture 732 Sculpture to ca. 500 733 Greek, Etruscan & Roman sculpture 734 Sculpture from ca. 500 to 1399 735 Sculpture from 1400 736 Carving & carvings 737 Numismatics & sigillography 738 Ceramic arts 739 Art metalwork 740 Drawing & decorative arts 741 Drawing & drawings 742 Perspective 743 Drawing & drawings by subject 744 [Unassigned] 745 Decorative arts 746 Textile arts 747 Interior decoration 748 Glass 749 Furniture & accessories 750 Painting & paintings 751 Techniques, equipment, materials & forms 752 Color 753 Symbolism, allegory, mythology & legend 754 Genre paintings 755 Religion 756 [Unassigned] 757 Human figures 758 Other subjects 759 Historical, geographic & persons treatment 760 Graphic arts; printmaking & prints 761 Relief processes (Block printing) 762 [Unassigned] 763 Lithographic processes 764 Chromolithography & serigraphy 765 Metal engraving 766 Mezzotinting, aquatinting & related processes 767 Etching & drypoint 768 [Unassigned] 769 Prints 770 Photography, photographs & computer art 771 Techniques, equipment & materials 772 Metallic salt processes 773 Pigment processes of printing 774 Holography 775 Digital photography 776 Computer art (Digital art) 777 [Unassigned] 778 Fields & kinds of photography 779 Photographs 780 Music 781 General principles & musical forms 782 Vocal music 783 Music for single voices; the voice 784 Instruments & instrumental ensembles 785 Ensembles with one instrument per part 786 Keyboard & other instruments 787 Stringed instruments 788 Wind instruments 789 (Optional number) 790 Recreational & performing arts 791 Public performances 792 Stage presentations 793 Indoor games & amusements 794 Indoor games of skill 795 Games of chance 796 Athletic & outdoor sports & games 797 Aquatic & air sports 798 Equestrian sports & animal racing 799 Fishing, hunting & shooting 800 800 Literature & rhetoric 801 Philosophy & theory 802 Miscellany 803 Dictionaries & encyclopedias 804 [Unassigned] 805 Serial publications 806 Organizations & management 807 Education, research & related topics 808 Rhetoric & collections of literature 809 History, description & criticism 810 American literature in English 811 American poetry in English 812 American drama in English 813 American fiction in English 814 American essays in English 815 American speeches in English 816 American letters in English 817 American humor & satire in English 818 American miscellaneous writings 819 (Optional number) 820 English & Old English literatures 821 English poetry 822 English drama 823 English fiction 824 English essays 825 English speeches 826 English letters 827 English humor & satire 828 English miscellaneous writings 829 Old English (Anglo-Saxon) 830 Literatures of Germanic languages 831 German poetry 832 German drama 833 German fiction 834 German essays 835 German speeches 836 German letters 837 German humor & satire 838 German miscellaneous writings 839 Other Germanic literatures 840 Literatures of Romance languages 841 French poetry 842 French drama 843 French fiction 844 French essays 845 French speeches 846 French letters 847 French humor & satire 848 French miscellaneous writings 849 Occitan & Catalan literatures 850 Italian, Romanian & related literatures 851 Italian poetry 852 Italian drama 853 Italian fiction 854 Italian essays 855 Italian speeches 856 Italian letters 857 Italian humor & satire 858 Italian miscellaneous writings 859 Romanian & related literatures 860 Spanish & Portuguese literatures 861 Spanish poetry 862 Spanish drama 863 Spanish fiction 864 Spanish essays 865 Spanish speeches 866 Spanish letters 867 Spanish humor & satire 868 Spanish miscellaneous writings 869 Portuguese literature 870 Italic literatures; Latin literature 871 Latin poetry 872 Latin dramatic poetry & drama 873 Latin epic poetry & fiction 874 Latin lyric poetry 875 Latin speeches 876 Latin letters 877 Latin humor & satire 878 Latin miscellaneous writings 879 Literatures of other Italic languages 880 Hellenic literatures; classical Greek 881 Classical Greek poetry 882 Classical Greek dramatic poetry & drama 883 Classical Greek epic poetry & fiction 884 Classical Greek lyric poetry 885 Classical Greek speeches 886 Classical Greek letters 887 Classical Greek humor & satire 888 Classical Greek miscellaneous writings 889 Modern Greek literature 890 Literatures of other languages 891 East Indo-European & Celtic literatures 892 Afro-Asiatic literatures; Semitic literatures 893 Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic literatures 894 Altaic, Uralic, Hyperborean & Dravidian 895 Literatures of East & Southeast Asia 896 African literatures 897 North American native literatures 898 South American native literatures 899 Austronesian & other literatures 900 900 History & geography 901 Philosophy & theory 902 Miscellany 903 Dictionaries & encyclopedias 904 Collected accounts of events 905 Serial publications 906 Organizations & management 907 Education, research & related topics 908 Kinds of persons treatment 909 World history 910 Geography & travel 911 Historical geography 912 Atlases, maps, charts & plans 913 Geography of & travel in ancient world 914 Geography of & travel in Europe 915 Geography of & travel in Asia 916 Geography of & travel in Africa 917 Geography of & travel in North America 918 Geography of & travel in South America 919 Geography of & travel in other areas 920 Biography, genealogy & insignia 921 (Optional number) 922 (Optional number) 923 (Optional number) 924 (Optional number) 925 (Optional number) 926 (Optional number) 927 (Optional number) 928 (Optional number) 929 Genealogy, names & insignia 930 History of ancient world to ca. 499 931 China to 420 932 Egypt to 640 933 Palestine to 70 934 India to 647 935 Mesopotamia & Iranian Plateau to 637 936 Europe north & west of Italy to ca. 499 937 Italy & adjacent territories to 476 938 Greece to 323 939 Other parts of ancient world to ca. 640 940 History of Europe 941 British Isles 942 England & Wales 943 Central Europe; Germany 944 France & Monaco 945 Italian Peninsula & adjacent islands 946 Iberian Peninsula & adjacent islands 947 Eastern Europe; Russia 948 Scandinavia 949 Other parts of Europe Sumber Data: OCLC 2012 950 History of Asia; Far East 951 China & adjacent areas 952 Japan 953 Arabian Peninsula & adjacent areas 954 South Asia; India 955 Iran 956 Middle East (Near East) 957 Siberia (Asiatic Russia) 958 Central Asia 959 Southeast Asia 960 History of Africa 961 Tunisia & Libya 962 Egypt & Sudan 963 Ethiopia & Eritrea 964 Northwest African coast & offshore islands 965 Algeria 966 West Africa & offshore islands 967 Central Africa & offshore islands 968 Southern Africa; Republic of South Africa 969 South Indian Ocean islands 970 History of North America 971 Canada 972 Middle America; Mexico 973 United States 974 Northeastern United States 975 Southeastern United States 976 South central United States 977 North central United States 978 Western United States 979 Great Basin & Pacific Slope region 980 History of South America 981 Brazil 982 Argentina 983 Chile 984 Bolivia 985 Peru 986 Colombia & Ecuador 987 Venezuela 988 Guiana 989 Paraguay & Uruguay 990 History of other areas 991 [Unassigned] 992 [Unassigned] 993 New Zealand 994 Australia 995 Melanesia; New Guinea 996 Other parts of Pacific; Polynesia 997 Atlantic Ocean islands 998 Arctic islands & Antarctica 999 Extraterrestrial worlds

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