2nd EARTH RESILIENCE SYMPOSIUM
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
FOREWORD
OF THE AMBASSADOR OF
THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
TO THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY,
DR. EDDY PRATOMO
The world is now facing a great challenge which was unforeseen in the last century.
Resource depletion due to excessive exploitation of natural resources by humans, has
endangered the ecosystems, and hence, the mankind itself. Main challenges for the world,
including Indonesia as a highly populated country, are water, energy and food security,
climate change and environment protection, as well as natural disaster mitigation.
Anticipatory measures are thus necessary to avoid global catastrophe. The 2nd Earth
Resilience Symposium addresses topics relevant to the main challenges. These special
topics are covered by the 2012 Jakarta Declaration. And the Declaration is fundamental to
the comprehensive partnership between Indonesia and Germany.
The symposium will discuss the gap between the increasing demand for goods and services
to satisfy the basic needs, and the limited capacity of nature to provide resources to meet the
demand. For instance, Indonesia's population in 2030 is expected to reach 320 million, and
will be approximately 430 million people in 2050. The so called “demographic bonus”
(demographic dividend) could turn into be a “demographic liability”, if the supply of food,
water and energy is not carefully planned from now.
Countries have to work together with the world, in particular with their respective regional
partners, in the formulation of sustainable renewable energy policy. The development and
use of natural resources should pay attention to the protection of environment and food
chain. The new type of energy should not be detrimental to the environment, otherwise it will
engender a regional or even global catastrophe. The disaster will eventually affect the
economy, health and many aspects of human-life. Indonesia, as a part of the world
ecosystem, has a big responsibility to protect its natural resources and people from these
disasters.
In this opportunity, I would like to express my appreciation to the symposium participants,
who has actively contributed to this event with scientific works relating to the climate
protection, energy security, food security and natural disaster mitigation. More than 35
scientific papers devoted to discuss these topics have been submitted by Indonesian
diaspora resided in Germany, United Kingdoms, Russia Federation, France, the
Netherlands, Australia, India, Austria and the Czech Republic. Intellectuals from Indonesia
have also participated in the Symposium.
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
I would like also to thank our partners, Ikatan Ilmuwan Indonesia Internasional, Indonesian
Diaspora Network Germany, Center for Oceanography and Marine Technology of the Surya
Institute, and Europe-based PPI (Indonesian Students Association) for their support in
organizing this important symposium.
I hope, this Earth Resilience Symposium in Berlin can produce constructive inputs for
Indonesia and the world in helping solve global problems. I am very confident, that with a
strong cooperation between Indonesia and international community, the main challenge
discussed in this symposium can be addressed accordingly and successfully.
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
www.earth-resilience.net
Berlin, 2-3 March 2013
1. Introduction
The second Earth Resilience Symposium is a follow-up event from the first earth
resilience symposium already held in March 2012 in Vienna, Austria, organized by
International Indonesian Scholars Association (I-4) and Austria Indonesian Student
Association (PPI). In the first symposium, Minister of Research and Technology, Prof.
Gusti Muhammad Hatta, delivered his video message about the importance of finding
solution to the energy security and climate change. The first Earth Resilience Symposium
in Vienna discussed about the management of natural disasters.
As a continuation of Vienna symposium and a contribution of the Indonesian Diaspora in
Germany but also from other European countries particularly in science and research
issues, the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Berlin, Germany, supported by
Ikatan Ilmuwan Indonesia Internasional and in cooperation with the Surya Center for
Oceanography and Marine Technology, Indonesian Diaspora Network in Germany and
Indonesian Student Association in Europe is organizing the second Earth Resilience
Symposium in Berlin, Germany with topics: 1) climate change and climate protection 2)
energy security food security and 3) natural disaster management. This agenda is in line
with MP3EI program 2011 – 2025, which contains policies on food, water and energy
security. This seminar aims to create a roadmap that can be used as a reference for
Indonesia in the future to face problems on climate, energy and food problems and
natural catastrophes. The contribution papers will be compiled in a scientific document
(book and journal paper) that can be accessed by public, especially in Indonesia. Thus,
this book contains the thoughts of the Indonesian Diaspora. The organizers plan to
launch this book on 20 may 2013 as a present for the 105 years anniversary of the
National Awakening day of Indonesia.
The second earth resilience symposium in Berlin will be held as a comprehensive
partnership among the Indonesian societies in Germany and Indonesia as well as
research and academic research institution in Germany, Netherlands and Austria. It
provide the opportunity to discuss about the 4 topics above and identify problems due to
climate change and its impacts, on providing energy and food, and how to deal with
them, especially to create effective and efficient strategies to prevent further problems or
catastrophes.
2. Scientific Background for Earth Resilience Symposium
The Earth is a common habitat for various ecosystems including those of human. It has
natural resources both inside and on the surface. These resources play an important role
to maintain the life cycle of the ecosystems. Human is without doubt the biggest
consumer of the resources, they can also influence other systems and manage the
resources to keep their existence. During the era of industrial technology and parallel to
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
the increasing number of the human population, the earth’s capability to regenerate its
natural resources becomes limited.
The reduction of the earth‘s capability creates a negative effect to the balance of the
climate and other ecosystems, e.g., the appearance of the global climate change and
catastrophe caused by the deforestation, extinction of a number of animal and plant
species, the loss of fossil energy resource, drought due to loss of water, etc. It will
immediately affect the quality of human’s life: the direct effect can be the income lost, the
indirect effect can also lead to economic crisis or even catastrophe such as hyperinflation on food and energy prices. If the climate protection program is not carried out
immediately and the ecosystem balance is not conserved, in less than 100 years, human
existence could be endangered, despite the positive trends on technology development.
Indonesia is a country that has a unique geographical position. As a tropical country with
thousands of islands that cover a large area, Indonesia has various natural resources,
both in the land (tropical forests, energy resources: gas, geothermal, various flora and
fauna, mining), or offshore (energy resources: oil, fisheries and other sea ecosystem).
Despite its potential, Indonesia also faces risk from natural disaster due to its location in
„Ring of Fire“ in the rims of three tectonic plates: Asia, Australia and Pacific and it is the
home of 25% active volcanoes in the world.
Accordingly, what is happened in Indonesia’s environment, whether caused by human
(forest and sea ecosystem destruction) or by nature (volcanic eruption, earthquake, etc.)
will have direct or indirect global effects. If the Indonesian tropical forest is extinct, many
vegetation species will also gone, therefore its ability to absorb carbon dioxide will
decrease that lead to a temperature rise. The temperature rise will change the molecule
composition in the earth’s atmosphere, thus it could endanger the human existence, and
this case is not only in Indonesia.
The Earth Resilience Symposium aims to identify the type of problems that will occur if
the ecosystem balance and climate protection are ignored. By analyzing these, we
expect to find the sustainable solutions. This symposium will discuss how to manage and
deal with phenomena that could not be avoided like volcano eruptions or tsunami waves,
but its economical loss and damage could be reduced by using modern technology.
Therefore, specific studies and research particularly for Indonesia are necessary; as well
as the sharing of knowledge to the local communities, e.g., the innovation in the
earthquake-resistant public houses or well-prepared rescue areas.
Besides the climate protection, food security and energy are important and critical issues
today and in the future. In line with the world population growth and the increasing
demand of energy in the industrial and developing countries due to their growing
production capacity, energy becomes a fundamental necessity. Insufficiency of energy
reserves could cause serious problems, which directly impact the human’s life. One of
the negative impacts of energy insufficiency can be the failure of the systems of food
production and distribution, medicine, transportation, communication etc. In other words,
low energy reserves would cause fatal impact for the infrastructure needed for modern
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
human being. At the Earth Resilience Symposium we would discuss several plans to find
effective solutions about limited energy resources in the future.
We hope that the expected results from this symposium can be broadly socialized and
applied in the society. One of the possible methods is not only to inform students and
professionals about the importance of earth resilience issues, but also to held dialogues
with different stakeholders, politician and private sectors. In 2014 the third symposium
would be held to discuss other issues which have not been covered yet in first and
second symposium.
3. Date and venue
Earth resilience symposium comprises four sessions, i.e,: climate protection, resilience,
food security, energy security and disaster management.
Date of event: 2 - 3 March 2013
Venue:
Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia,
Auditorium 1st floor
Lehrter Str. 16-17, 10557 Berlin
4. Organizing committee
Patron:
H.E. Dr. Eddy Pratomo, Ambassador of the Republic of
Indonesia for Germany
Advisor:
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Agus Rubiyanto, Attaché for Education and
Culture, Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia Berlin
Chairman:
Co-chair:
Dr. Johny Setiawan
Dr. Wikan Danar Sunindyo, Mr. Achmad Adhitya, Ms. Victoria Lelu
Sabon
Partners:
Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia Berlin
Ikatan Ilmuwan Indonesia Internasional
Center for Oceanography and Marine Technology of Surya University
Indonesian Diaspora Network Germany
Perhimpunan Pelajar Indonesia Eropa
5. Logistics
Registration:
since there is space limitation (max. 100 participants),
and to achieve a maximum result, a selection will be made by the
working fields and interests.
Priority will be given to those who is working on the topics of the
symposium and people who submit paper contributions.
In case of space availability, it will be opened for public.
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
An abstract of the paper/presentation must be submitted together
with the registration via e-mail to:
registration@earth-resilience.net
Visa:
Accommodation:
if you need visa to entry Germany, please contact
secretariat@earth-resilience.net
We will need your passport data (copy of passport, number and
application forms).
Due to International Tourism fair it is urgently recommended to make
early room reservation. You can change or cancel the reservations
later. Some internet booking system offer free cancellation until
the day of arrival 18:00hrs.
6. Proceeding and documentation
a. Seminar proceeding: I-4
b. Paper abstract to be submitted by 30th January 2013 (deadline: 18:00 Central
European Time) to: manuscript@earth-resilience.net
Full manuscript to be submitted by 1st March 2013 (deadline: 18:00 Central European
Time).
c. Book based on discussion results on earth resilience symposium I and II
Launching: 20 May 2013
7. Contact:
Website: http://www.earth-resilience.net
e-mail: secretariat@earth-resilience.net
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
Program
Last update: 25 Feb 2013
Saturday, 2 March 2013
Time
09:00 – 10:00
10:00 – 10:15
Program, Title of presentation
Registration and morning coffee
Opening remark
Speaker
H.E. Dr. Eddy Pratomo,
Ambassador of the Republic of Indonesia
for Fed. Rep. of Germany
10:15 – 10:25
Welcome remark
Prof. Dr. Agus Rubiyanto,
Attache for Education and Culture, Berlin
10:25 – 10:30
Technical remark
Dr. Johny Setiawan,
Chairman of ERS 2013
Session 1
Opening talks, Climate change and Environment Protection
10:30 – 10:55
The Sinking of Sovereignty and Sovereign
Rights?
I Made Andi Arsana,
Univ. Wollongong, NSW Australia
Mitigating the Impacts of Climate Change to
Maritime Jurisdiction and Proposal for Solutions
10:55 – 11:35
11:35 – 12:15
The Development of Geothermal Power
Plant in Indonesia
Disaster Management from Social Science
Perspective
Satar Sanusi,
INAGA, Indonesia
Dessy Irawati,
Univ. Tilburg, The Netherlands
The Awakening of Indonesia in Emerging Knowledge
Based Economy in ASEAN: Perspective, Challenge
and Opportunity for Regional Resilience in Southeast
Asia
12:15 – 12:40
Creating „Green Economy with Character“
in Indonesia
Victoria Lelu Sabon,
People’s Friendship Univ, Moscow, Russia
A Comperative Study with the Success Stories of
Green Economy in Developing Countries
12:40 – 14:00
14:00 – 14:25
14:25 – 14:50
14:50 – 15:15
Lunch Break and poster view
Integrated Coastal Zone Management for
Indonesia
Application of Adapted Water Technologies
and Management Strategies in Emerging
Countries
Integrated Urban Water Management in
Developing Countries
Achmad Adhitya,
Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research,
Yerseke, The Netherlands
Daniel Stoffel,
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
Hari Solagratia,
Ecole des Mines de Nantes, France
Study case: SWITCH Project Applied in Indonesia
15:15 – 15:40
Financing Mechanism For REDD+ in
Indonesia:
Sonny Syahril,
Univ. Potsdam, Germany
What role that intergovernmental fiscal transfers
could play?
15:40 – 16:00
Coffee break
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
Session 2
Food Security
16:00 – 16:25
Fostering the Metafunction of Language in
Local Wisdom to Overcome the Food Crisis
in Indonesia:
Susanto,
EFL University, Hyderabad, India
A social semiotic perspective
16:25 – 16:50
Comparison of the regional role in the food
security:
Adri Arlan,
People’s Friendship Univ, Moscow, Russia
Sinergy of Russia in the EEC compared to Indonesia
in ASEAN
16:50 – 17:15
17:15 – 17:40
17:40 – 18:05
Food Insecurity Threat:
Ignatius Radix AP Jati,
Does dependency on rice consumption contribute?
Univ. Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
Efficiency Improvement in the Distribution
of the Supply Chain Fertilizer with Value
Stream Mapping Approximation
Problems of Bajau People
Asep Ridwan,
Traditions and Modernizations
HU Berlin, Germany
Univ. Duisburg-Essen, Germany
Shiska Prabawaningtyas,
Session 3
Energy security
18:05 – 18:30
Shale Gas Revolution
Rangga Dian Fadillah,
Lessons from the USA and its possibility to occur in
Indonesia
Univ. Dundee, UK
Electricity Demand Consumption in South
East Asia Electricity Subsidies Countries:
Dzikri Firmansyah Hakam,
18:30 – 18:55
Univ. Dundee, UK
Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
19:00 – 20:30
Dinner, poster view, discussion,
get together
Session 3 will be continued on Sunday morning
Sunday, 3 March 2013
Time
09:00 – 09:30
09:30 – 09:55
09:55 – 10:20
10:20 – 10:45
10:45 – 11:10
Program, Title of presentation
Registration and morning coffee
Integrated Concept of Sustainable Biofuel
Supply Chain in Indonesia to Strengthen
Energy Security
The Consitutional Court of Indonesia and
Its Role on The Protecting Energy Security
Collaboration Indonesia-Germany to
Enhance the Utilization of Geothermal
Energy in Indonesia
ASEAN Energy Cooperation
Speaker
A bright opportunity and a daunting challenge
PSIA Int. Energy Sciences Po. Paris, France
Muhammad Iman Santoso,
Univ. Duisburg-Essen, Germany
Muhammad Siddiq Armia,
Anglia-Ruskin Univ. Cambridge, UK
Adfhal Fikri Nasser,
Kuban State Tech. Univ., Russia
Sri Rezeki,
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
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Session 4
Mitigation and Management of Disasters
11:10 – 11:35
The Culture of Mitigation Politics in
Indonesia
Anton Novenanto,
Univ. Heidelberg, Germany
Lessons from Mud-Vulcano Disaster Mitigation in
East Java
11:35 – 12:15
12:15 – 12:40
12:40 – 13:30
13:30 – 13:55
13:55 – 14:20
14:20 – 16:20
16:20 – 16:30
Medical Trauma Team for Disaster in
Indonesia
Media Coverage and Risk Communication
on Natural Disaster in Indonesia
Lunch break and poster view
The Dilemma of Earthquake-resistant
Building Standards in the Civil Building
Case Study of SNI Earthquake and
Indonesian Building Policy
A Review of Outer Space Threats and
Associated Disaster Management
Discussion, Executive Summary
Conclusion, closing remarks
Tik Tan,
Task Force IND-NL-MHC, The Netherlands
Ade Kadarisman,
Université Paris 2, France
Ferry Hermawan,
Univ. Coventry, UK
Lucky Puspitarini,
Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France
Poster presentations
Climate change & Environment protection
Crop and Agrotechnology Influence on
CO2 Emission in Agro Ecosystems of
Field Experimental Station of Russian
Timiryazev State Agricultural University
Forecasting Stress Levels of Coral Reefs
Bleaching Using Nighttime Satellite Data
in Indonesia
ACCESS AND REDD+
Ade Irma Elvira,
Case Study from REDD+ Project in Central
Kalimantan
Univ. Wageningen, The Netherlands
Forest Decentralization:
Wiene Andriayana,
Analyzing changes and implication towards
sustainable forest management. A Policy
Implementation Study in Kendal District, Central
Java, Indonesia
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Austria
Muzaroah System:
Rizqi Sumakyasa Eka & Prawito Hudoro
Applied Principles of Sharia Economics to Keep
Food Security in Indonesia
IPB, Bogor, Indonesia
BIMO-CF Technology Implementation of
Cassava Rice Processing as an
Alternative Rice Substitute
Community Food Security in the
Disaster-prone Region Sumatra
Indonesian Sustainable Vertical Farming
Project
Rizqi Al Fauzi,
Russian State Agricultural Univ., Moscow, Russia
Bambang Semedi,
Univ. Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
Taufik Haryanto,
Food Security
Indonesia
Harmen,
Kuban State Techn. University, Russia
Johny Setiawan
Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia, Berlin,
Germany
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
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Energy Security
Potential Use of Polyaniline Organic
Solar Cells to Achieve Independent
Society of Electrical Energy in East Java,
Indonesia
Restoring the Republic of Indonesia's
sovereignty over its natural wealth
Ghani Rachmadi Yorinda,
Function to describe the Mechanical
Behavious of Oilseeds Crops
Sigalingging Riswanti
The Application of Nanotechnology to
Increas the Oil and Gas Recovery in the
Petroleum Industry
Mitigation and Management of Disasters
Univ. Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
Farohaji Kurniawan,
Tula State Univ., Russia
University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
Boya Subhono,
Univ. Leeds, UK
Physics Based on Disaster Management
Agusta Danang Wijaya,
Innovation of Physics Instruction ... for
Constructiong the Awareness of Preventive and
Responsive
Univ. Jember, Indonesia
Natural Disaster, Causes and Disaster
Statistics in Indonesia, Jakarta Flood
2013
Animal Instinct for Disaster Mitigation
(ANIMATION):
Ruswandi Tahrir,
Univ. Gunadarma, Depok, Indonesia
Winang Surya Utama,
Univ. Jember, Indonesia
Innovation of Early Warning System for Disaster
Mitigation Based on Animal Instinct
Rights of the Natural Disaster Victims:
Arief Setiawan,
Human Rights Compliance Efforts Through
Natural Disaster Management
People Friendship Univ., Moscow, Russia
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
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LIST OF ABSTRACTS
20 February 2013
12:00 CET
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
Climate Change & Environment Protection
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
THE SINKING OF SOVEREIGNTY AND SOVEREIGN RIGHTS?
Mitigating the Impacts of Climate Change to Maritime Jurisdiction
and Proposal for Solutions
Arsana, I Made Andi1,2
1
Department of Geodetic Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada
University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
2
Abstract:
While some still debate whether or not climate change is a reality, one of its impacts, sea
level rise, is factual. The cause and the rate of sea level rise might have been inconclusive
but its impacts have been clearly felt. One of the impacts of sea level rise is the inundation or
submergence of coastal area. This will change the shape of coastline which in turn will alter
coastal States’ baselines, from which maritime jurisdiction zones are measured. The change
of baselines can consequently change the outer limits of maritime jurisdiction zones.
Sea level rise can also change the legal status of insular features (small islands/rocks and
low tide elevation) that will also affect their capacity in making maritime claim. For an
archipelagic State like Indonesia, small outer islands/rocks or low-tide elevation are important
for location of basepoints forming the entire system of archipelagic baselines. Severe land
subsidence due to sea level rise can even totally submerge small islands, which
consequently causes disappearance of basepoints. This can eventually alter the
configuration of archipelagic baselines, which may cause changes of outer limits of maritime
jurisdiction zones.
This paper investigates the impact of sea level rise to the change of baselines and maritime
limits a coastal state may claim. Put simply, climate change can potentially change coastal
States’ maritime entitlement limit. On the other hand, there is a need to have fixed maritime
limits for better management and to balance rights and duties of coastal to the ocean. This
paper provides options on how Indonesia as a coastal and archipelagic State can fix their
baselines and or maritime limits in the face of coastal instability due to sea level rise as a
consequence of climate change.
Keywords: baselines, climate change, sovereignty, jurisdiction, maritime limits, archipelagic
state
Executive Summary
Meski perubahan iklim masih menjadi perdebatan, salah satu dampaknya yaitu kenaikan
muka air laut sudah dirasakan di berbagai lokasi. Beberapa pokok pemikiran terkait
perubahan iklum, kenaikan muka air laut dan dampaknya bagi yurisdiksi maritim adalah
sebagai berikut:
a. Kenaikan muka air laut adalah fakta yang terjadi di banyak tempat, termasuk Indonesia.
Hal ini bisa mengakibatkan tenggelamnya sebagian atau seluruh daratan yang
mengakibatkan berubahnya garis pantai. Perubahan garis pantai menyebabkan
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
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perubahan garis pangkal yang dijadikan acuan untuk mengukur yurisdiksi maritim.
Akibatnya, luas kawasan maritim bisa berubah/berkurang.
b. Bagi Indonesia yang merupakan negara kepulauan, kenaikan muka air laut ini bisa
menenggelamkan pulau kecil terluar yang berarti mengubah konfigurasi garis pangkal
kepulauan. Akibatnya, klaim atas kawasan maritim juga bisa berubah. Hal ini bisa berarti
berubahnya kedaulatan dan hak berdaulat.
c. Penelitian ini memaparkan dan manganalisa bagaimana kenaikan muka air laut
mengubah garis pangkal yang pada akhirnya mengubah kewenangan suatu negara,
termasuk Indonesia, terhadap kawasan maritim. Hal ini juga berpengaruh pada
penetapan batas maritim dengan negara tetangga.
d. Alternatif solusi yang bisa ditempuh Indonesia adalah perlindungan fisik terhadap pantai
dan pulau terluar atau memperjuangkan secara legal melalui negosiasi internasional
kemungkinan penetapan garis pangkal atau batas terluar maritim yang tidak berubah
karena faktor alam.
About the author
I Made Andi Arsana
Andi is a lecturer and researcher at the Department Geodetic
Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia. He is currently
an Australian Leadership Awards and Alison Sudradjat Award
Scholar (PhD candidate) at the Australian National Centre for
Ocean Resources and Security (ANCORS), University of
Wollongong. He obtained a master degree from the University of
New South Wales, Australia, focusing on the maritime delimitation
between Indonesia and Timor Leste. Andi is also an alumnus of
the UN-Nippon Foundation Fellowship, a research and internship
program organized by the UN Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea (DOALOS).
For the program he spent six months of research at ANCORS and three months at DOALOS
in New York. He is also involved in the revision of the 5th edition of Manual on the Technical
Aspects of the Law of the Sea (TALOS) published by the International Hydrographic Bureau,
Monaco. Andi has been focusing his research on technical/geodetic aspects of the law of the
sea, especially on maritime boundaries. He has published around 200 works in the field
including, journals, books, conference proceedings, and popular-scientific articles both in
English and Bahasa Indonesia. Andi has also presented his works in conferences and
workshops in Asia, Australia, America and Europe since 2005.
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FORECASTING STRESS LEVELS OF CORAL REEFS BLEACHING
USING NIGHTTIME SATELLITE DATA IN INDONESIA
Semedi, Bambang1 and Rahmawan, Fajar1
1
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
Abstract:
Indonesia, the world’s largest archipelago, which is composed of more than 17,000 islands
with total coastline more than 81,000 Km. Coral reefs found along the coastlines of many
islands. Although coral reefs are considered as a very important ecosystem, the impact of
environment such as the increasing of sea surface temperature could brings the reefs under
threat. The objective of this study is to forecast stress levels of coral reefs bleaching using
nighttime satellite data in Indonesia. The study uses 50 km resolution composite images of
NOAA-nighttime sea surface temperature anomaly and NOAA-coral bleaching alert area for
the period 2007 to 2012. In order to generate correlation between stress levels of coral reefs
bleaching and sea surface temperature anomalies, we observed seven selected areas such
as Jawa Sea, West Bali National Park, Lamalera Sea, Wakatobi National Park, Tolo Bay,
Seram Sea, Raja Ampat Marine Conservation Park and Kei Islands. The results of the study
shows that the stress level of coral reef bleaching were varied from year to year. The study
suggests that stress levels of coral reef bleaching may be explained by sea surface
temperature anomalies using regression equation Y = 1.3443X + 1.1182.
Keywords: coral reef bleaching, stress level, satellite data, sea surface temperature
anomaly.
Executive Summary
Indonesia, sebagai salah satu negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia, memiliki luas total
terumbu karang sekitar 85.200 Km2 atau sekitar 18% luas total terumbu karang dunia.
Namun, saat ini kekayaan terumbu karang Indonesia justru terancam rusak akibat berbagai
hal, antara adanya pengaruh faktor alam seperti perubahan iklim. Tujuan dari penelitian ini
adalah untuk memprediksi tingkat stres dari pemutihan terumbu karang dengan
menggunakan data satelit malam hari di Indonesia. Data satelit yang digunakan adalah
komposit citra satelit NOAA- anomali suhu permukaan laut dan NOAA-coral bleaching alert
area dari tahun 2007 hingga tahun 2012, dengan resolusi 50 Km. Untuk mengetahui
hubungan antara anomali suhu permukaan laut dan tingkat stres dari pemutihan terumbu
karang, kami mengambil tujuh stasiun pengambilan sampel. Data citra satelit diobservasi
secara bulanan dan tahunan. Hasil dari penelitian ini, mengindikasikan bahwa tingkat stres
bervariasi dari tahun ke tahun. Dari analisa regresi, hubungan antara anomali suhu
permukaan laut dan tingkat stres dari pemutihan terumbu karang dapat dijelaskan dengan
menggunakan persamaan Y = 1.3443X + 1.1182, dengan nilai R2=0.75. Dalam rangka
mengatasi masalah pemutihan terumbu karang di Indonesia, akibat pemanasan global,
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pemanfaatan data satelit sangat perlu digunakan untuk mendeteksi luas dan lokasi
pemutihan terumbu karang, sebagai langkah awal kegiatan konservasi terumbu karang.
About the authors
Bambang Semedi
The author received his Ph.D. in Marine Environment and Resources from Hokkaido
University, Japan in 2003. From 1989-2011, he served as a lecturer for Polytechnic of
Agriculture in Pangkep, South Sulawesi. Since October 2011, he has been working as a
lecturer and head of Department of Marine Science at the Brawijaya University, Malang,
Indonesia. He is a member of Ikatan Sarjana Oseanologi Indonesia (ISOI). His current
research is focused on the application of satellite remote sensing data for marine and
fisheries researches.
Fajar Rahmawan
He graduated S1 degree program in Marine Science from Brawijaya University, Malang in
2012. From 2008-present, he is member of Acropora Group Study. He worked for the coral
reef monitoring (Reef Check) in Pramuka Island Jakarta, Pasir Putih Situbondo and Nusa
Penida Bali. He is interested in researches in Physical Oceanography.
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
CREATING “GREEN ECONOMY WITH CHARACTER” IN INDONESIA
A Comparative Study with the Success Stories of Green Economy
in Developing Countries
Victoria Lelu Sabon1,2,3
1
Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
Ikatan Ilmuwan Indonesia Internasional
3
Surya University, Jakarta, Indonesia
2
Abstract:
Environmental issues are always in the spotlight world. In the era of global warming, there's
no agenda that no related with the issue of the environment. All areas such as economic,
political, security, social and cultural are now often connected with the environment issues.
G-20 Summit in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil (Rio +20), which had been held on 20-21 June 2012,
was specifically addresses environmental issues and made a deal to create the earth
resistance. In G-20 Summit, the concept of "green economy" was approved as a solution to
sustainable development and poverty reduction. The summit, that was attended by 192
representatives from many countries, 115 heads of country, and also the environmental
activists, had declared a new document of sustainable development entitled “The Future We
Want“ as a refinement of old documents “Our Common Future” from the World Earth Summit
in 1992.
In principle, the concept of green economy is including: reduction of carbon emissions, water
resource management, biodiversity conservation, green tourism, restrictions on the export of
minerals, green building in the property sector, forests based on regional spatial
plans (RTRW), approval of industrial plantations in natural forests (IUPHHK-HTI), and the
logging forest concessions (HPH).
The big question is: Where is the position of Indonesia's success story in this big issue of
green economy? Can Indonesia give "the color" to the global policy in determining the future
of the earth and give contribution to improving the welfare of mankind?
Indonesia can play a key role. Indonesia has a wide potential to contribute, and even to
determine the direction of the green economy in the global level. Besides that, Indonesia was
directly involved in the key discussions on sustainable development at the G-20 summit.
On the way forward, Indonesia needs to take one of the characteristic color and distinctive
character in implementing the concept of the green economy, for example like Solar water
heaters in China, Organic agriculture in Uganda, Sustainable urban planning in Brazil, Rural
ecology infrastructure in India, Forest management in Nepal, and Solar energy in Tunisia.
"Green Tourism", as one of the strong potential from Indonesia, can be used as one of the
key success to create a green economy with character in Indonesia in order to reach the
goal: “Success stories of green economy in Indonesia”.
Keywords: green economy, global warming, earth resistance, sustainable development,
environment issues
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
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Executive Summary
 Pemerintah Indonesia memiliki komitmen kuat untuk mewujudkan pembangunan ekonomi
hijau (green economy), bahkan Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono juga telah
menargetkan bahwa ekonomi hijau harus dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi
minimal tujuh persen dan sekaligus mengurangi emisi karbon sebesar 26 persen pada
2020. Komitmen yang diutarakan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia tersebut sejalan dengan
komitmen seluruh kepala negara G-20 yang meyakini ekonomi hijau sebagai alternatif
pencapaian pembangunan ekonomi yang berkelanjutan.
 Berkaca dari berbagai kisah sukses penerapan ekonomi hijau di beberapa negara
berkembang, maka Indonesia perlu mengambil salah satu warna ciri khas dan karakter
tersendiri dari salah satu potensi terbesar yang Indonesia miliki dalam pengaplikasian
konsep ekonomi hijau.
 Penelitian ini memaparkan kisah sukses penerapan ekonomi hijau di beberapa negara
berkembang (China, Uganda, Brazil, India, Nepal, Tunisia), serta menganalisa langkahlangkah strategis yang ditempuh oleh negara-negara tersebut dalam mencapai
kesuksesan.
 Rekomendasi untuk membangun kisah sukses penerapan ekonomi di Indonesia melalui
salah satu potensi terbesar Indonesia yaitu konsep wisata hijau (green tourism), dimana
tourism merupakan salah satu pilar ekonomi kreatif Indonesia.
About the author
Victoria Lelu Sabon
Victoria currently is a PhD candidate in World Economy at the
Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, with the Grants of
Excellent scholarship from Indonesian National Ministry of Education
and Culture, and with the Grants of scholarship from Russian Ministry
of Education and Science. She obtained master degree from Rostov
State University of Economics as one of the Best graduated students
with predicate Summa cum laude (Krasneiy diplom). Victoria has
been focusing her work on the Development of Economic and Trading
relationship between Indonesia and Russia. She has presented her
works in conference and workshop in Indonesia, Russia, France, Cairo and South Korea
since 2009. Currently Victoria also active in organization International Indonesian Scholars
Association as a Head of Membership and Networking Division, and is doing internship
research program at Severstal, the 2nd biggest Russian Steel Company. Victoria was
appointed from Indonesian Ministry of Trade as Indonesian delegation for Indonesia-Russia
Joint Commission and Bilateral Meeting 2011 in Moscow, and was also appointed from
Indonesian Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs as Indonesian delegation for First
Senior Official Meeting (SOM 1) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Russia 2012.
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT FOR INDONESIA
Adhitya, Achmad1,2,3
1
Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research, Yerseke, The Netherlands
Center for Oceanography and Marine Technology, Surya University, Jakarta, Indonesia
3
Ikatan Ilmuwan Indonesia Internasional
2
Abstract:
Anthropogenic activity has added more stress to coastal environment. Agriculture activity,
shipping, tourism, Industry and mining etc. are some factors that reduced water quality and
marine ecosystem life cycle. From ecology point of view, anthropogenic activity can increase
nutrient content into seawater and cause eutrophication (algae bloom) thus it will reduce light
availability and inhibit photosynthesis process for marine plants. Disturbance of marine plants
function will reduce food availability in marine ecosystem food chain.
In the othe hand, coastal has potential to be managed for: aquaculture, shrimp farming,
ecotourism etc. which added economic value to coastal society. The key to create
sustainable coastal management is optimizing coastal areas for economic value while
preserving coastal ecosystem. Therefore feasibility study for coastal area become important
first step to identify coastal potential. The second step is to bring stake holder to agree on
coastal management plan for their different function, such as: Industry, Tourism,
Aquaculture.
Keywords: coastal zone management, economy, environment
Ringkasan eksekutif:
Aktivitas manusia telah menambahkan tekanan pada lingkungan pesisir. Aktivitas pertanian,
perkapalan, turisme, industri dan pertambangan dll adalah beberapa faktor yang dapat
mengurangi kualitas air dan siklus hidup ekosistem laut. Dari sudut pandang ekologi,
aktivitas manusia dapat meningkatkan kandungan nutrien kedalam air laut dan jika berlebih
dapat menyebabkan eutrophication, yang kemudian menyebabkan tumbuh dan
berkembangnya alga, mengurangi cahaya yang masuk dan akhirnya mengganggu proses
fotosintesis. Sumber makanan dan oksigen yang berada di laut akan mengalami penurunan
kualitas tanpa proses fotosintesis yang baik akhirnya dalam jangka panjang dapat
menganggu stabilitas rantai makanan di laut.
Permasalahan yang timbul tersebut, bukan berarti pengelolaan pesisir tidak bisa sejalan
dengan pelestarian lingkungan hidup, kata kuncinya adalah penerapan manajemen pesisir
yang efektif dan terintegrasi. Seluruh pemangku kepentingan harus bisa melihat visi besar
pengelolaan pesisir, artinya penambahan nilai ekonomi pada wilayah pesisir tidak boleh
melupakan sisi preservasinya karena kemudian dapat menghilangkan potensi ekonomi
jangka panjangnya. Contoh : menurunnya jumlah penyu di pantai derawah 408 pada tahun
2004 menjadi 168 pada tahun 2005 (Dharmadi, 2008)
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Melihat hal tersebut maka perlu dibuat langkah efektif dalam pengelolaan manajemen pesisir
yang terintegrasi, yakni para pemangku kepentingan secara periodik bisa saling berdiskusi
dan berbagi. Pertemuan ini harus ditengahi secara imparsial sehingga ada distribusi
kepentingan yang tercapai dan disepakati oleh semua.
About the author
Achmad Adhitya, MSc.
The author is writting his PhD thesis in the field of marine sciences at the Leiden University,
the Nehterlands. He joins the Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research since 2008. In
2012, Achmad Adhitya had the opportunity to present his work about seagrass preservation
in front of the Prince Willem Alexander. Currently, Achmad Adhitya is the executive director
of Ikatan Ilmuwan Indonesia Internasional (I4).
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
APPLICATION OF ADAPTED WATER TECHNOLOGIES AND
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN EMERGING COUNTRIES
Experiences of IWRM Indonesia
Stoffel, Daniel1, Oberle, Peter1, Ikhwan, Muhammad1. and Nestmann, Franz1
1
Karslruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Institute for Water and River Basin Management,
Karlsruhe, Germany
Abstract:
Within the German-Indonesian joint-project “Integrated Water Resources Management
(IWRM) Indonesia”, funded by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research
(BMBF), innovative technologies and management strategies are designed and adapted to
the local boundary conditions under the aegis of the Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT)
to improve the water supply situation in karst areas (www.iwrm-indonesia.de).
In this context, the implementation of the world’s first underground water extraction plant,
securing the water supply for some 80.000 people using a hydropower driven pumping
system, was accomplished [Nestmann et al 2010]. Utilization of the underground hydropower
potential through a barrage occurs by operating reverse driven centrifugal pumps, which are
mechanically connected to feed pumps.
After the successful initial start-up of the plant, followed by the handover to the Indonesian
operating authority, it turned out, that continuous operation can only be ensured by an
advanced adaption of the plant’s operational concept. However, any optimization measure
has to be associated with intensive knowledge transfer considering particularly the sociocultural boundary conditions as well as the local administrative structures. Since 2011, the
continuous operation of this hydropower plant occurs autonomously by the Indonesian
project partners.
This present paper concentrates on the experiences and measures of the implementation
phase as well as the handover process, which might be of use for other projects in emergent
countries. Furthermore, technological aspects regarding the continuous operation and
optimization of the hydropower driven conveying system will be discussed. The experience
report will be supplemented by an overview of current attempts for transferring the developed
technologies including the associated knowledge to further locations in Southeast Asia.
Keywords: Water extraction system, water scarcity, hydropower plant, innovation, pumps
as turbines
Executive Summary
Lebih dari 25% penduduk dunia hidup di daerah Karst dan bergantung pada Karst aquifer.
Tingginya angka inflitrasi dan tidak adanya kemampuan daerah Karst untuk menyimpan air
permukaan mengakibatkan daerah Karst mengalami masalah kekeringan walaupun jauh
dibawah permukaan tanah tersedia sumber air berupa sungai-sungai bawah tanah.
Permasalahan klasik yang muncul adalah sulitnya akses dan teknologi pemompaan
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konvensional memerlukan biaya operasional yang sangat besar. Atas dasar ini maka
diperlukan suatu innovasi dari konsep dan teknologi pemompaan untuk daerah Karst.
Di Indonesia banyak ditemui daerah Karst dengan problematika seperti disebutkan di atas.
Salah satunya adalah daerah Karst di Kabupaten Gunung Kidul, Daerah Istimewa
Yogyakarta. Dalam kerangka proyek kerjasama Indonesia – Jerman, “IWRM-Indonesia”,
salah satunya, telah dikembangkan teknologi sistem pemompaan dengan membangun
hydropower bawah tanah yang terletak di Sungai Bawah Tanah Bribin. Saat ini sistem Bribin
sudah dioperasikan dan sanggup memenuhi kebutuhan air untuk 80.000 penduduk.
Sebagai sebuah hydropower bawah tanah pertama di dunia, banyak sekali pelajaran yang
dapat diambil untuk perbaikan dan duplikasi di masa depan, sepert konsep dasar, innovasi
teknologi, kendala dalam konstruksi sampai pemilihan sistem operasi yang sesuai dengan
kondisi sosial dan kultur di Indonesia. Sebagai „Hard“-infrastruktur, teknologi di Bribin sudah
terbukti keberhasilannya dalam meningkatkan suplai air ke masyarakat. Yang diperlukan
saat ini adalah pengembangan „Soft“-infrastruktur seperti institusi pengelola, human
capacities, dll yang mampu melaksanakan operational and maintenance secara
berkelanjutan dan mengintegrasikan sistem ini kedalam rencana jangka panjang untuk
mengatasi kekeringan khususnya untuk daerah Karst.
References
Nestmann, F., Oberle, P., Ikhwan, M., Klingel, P. (2010): Adaptive Water Resources Management
under Extreme Climatic and Hydrogeological Conditions - Interdisciplinary Research Activities in Karst
Regions of South East Asia. Proceeding IWRM Karlsruhe 2010, S. 300-308.
About the author
Daniel Stoffel
Daniel Stoffel studied Mechanical Engineering at University of Karlsruhe (TH) and graduated
in 2008. He has workedas a project engineer in Development and Construction of Expansion
Joints at Witzenmann GmbH, Pforzheim,Germany. Now he is doing his PhD at Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany as a research associate. In his doctoral program,
Daniel is involved in the project “Integrated Water Resources Management Indonesia”
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
INTEGRATED URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
Study Case : SWITCH Project applied in Indonesia
Solagratia, Hari1
1
Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Nantes, France
Abstract:
Water is one of the main prerequisites of life on earth. However, fresh water is becoming a
scarce resource in many parts of the world. One of the main challenges is the urbanization.
According to United Nation’s report, during the 20th century the world’s urban population
grew from 220 million to 2.8 billion, and it is estimated to double during the first 30 years of
the 21st century (K Price & Vokinovic, 2011). While, it is reported today that more than 1 in 8
people in the world don't have access to safe drinking water. One out of every 5 deaths
under the age of 5 worldwide is due to a water-related disease, and nearly 80% of illness in
developing countries is linked to poor water and sanitation conditions (The Water Project,
2012)
This paper is intended to present the perspective how the sustainable urban water meets the
challenges which been faced by developing and developed cities. The SWITCH approach is
implemented to enable a city to change its water system into better environment in the future.
Several challenges that has been carried out will be presented in multidimensional level,
such as technical, institutional, and socio-.economic.
The result shows the developing city, where rapid urban growth and lack of infrastructure
take place, the decentralized water system is widely considered. The decentralized system
entails less resource and more ecological-friendly. Contrastly differ from conventional
concept of centralized system which consists of a sewer system that collects wastewater
from different sources, decentralized makes a service closing to the point of origin. In the
decentralized system, the wastewater is collected and directly transferred to the plant.
In terms of management approach, it should be considered to recognize multi-level
perspective which recognizes between processes at different socio-technical levels known as
the micro, meso and macro levels. This approach identifies the role from macro level, which
is the broad cultural, political, natural-environment, into micro niche innovation level, such as
reuse water and potable drink efficiencies
Keywords: Sustainability,Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM), SWITCH Approach,
developing cities
Executive Summary
Sumber daya air Maksimal 200 kata: mirip dengan abstrak, namun di buat highlight dengan
point-point tertentu menunjuk ke isi paper, misalnya menunjuk ke bagian 2, ilustrasi ke
berapa, dsb. Perincian misalnya dibuatkan sebagai berikut:
a. Sumber daya air merupakan salah satu komponen utama kehidupan di bumi. Namun,
sumber daya air bersih menjadi sumber daya yang langka di beberapa tempat di dunia.
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
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Salah satu tantangan utama yang terjadi saat ini adalah urbanisasi. Menurut laporan
PBB, di abad 20 penduduk perkotaan dunia tumbuh 220 juta -2,8 milyar, dan
diperkirakan meningkat dua kali lipat selama 30 tahun pertama di abad ke-21 (K Harga &
Vokinovic, 2011). Sementara itu, tercatat lebih dari 1 dari 8 orang di dunia tidak memiliki
akses terhadap air minum yang berkualitas. Satu dari setiap 5 kematian di bawah usia 5
tahun di seluruh dunia disebabkan oleh penyakit yang berhubungan dengan air, dan
hampir 80% penyakit di negara berkembang disebabkan oleh kualitas air dan kondisi
sanitasi yang buruk (Proyek Air, 2012).
b. Sulitnya akses sumber daya air dan kondisi sanitasi yang tidak memadai masih
menjadi permasalah bagi warga Jakarta. Tidak berfungsinya sistem distribusi air
salah satunya menjadi faktor utama yang mengakibatkan banjir masih terjadi di
beberapa tempat di Jakarta. Salah satu dampak buruk yang dihasilkan oleh
fenomena banjir ini adalah terkontaminasinya air tanah. Sistem distribusi air
bersih di Jakarta, tercatat hanya sekitar 40% yang menggunakan sistem pipa,
40% menggunakan sumur air tanah, dan sekitar 20% lainnya masih
menggunakan sistema traditional.
c. Pendekatan metode SWITCH dengan instrumen City Water System
mempertimbangan sistem pembuangan air terdesentralisasi untuk diterapkan di
kota Jakarta. Sistem perairan ini memiliki kelebihan untuk kota berkembang
dengan kebutuhan infrastruktur yang minim dan juga lebih ramah lingkungan.
d. Penyelesaian masalah air bersih & sanitasi di kota Jakarta tidak bisa diselesaikan
dengan hanya melibatkan penyelesaian teknis. Beberapa pendekatan
manajemen, peraturan dan legislasi perlu dilakukan dalam masa transisi yang
yang tepat guna untuk mempercepat pembangunan sistem hidrologi kota Jakarta
yang lebih baik.
About the author
Hari Solagratia
Graduated from Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) in 2009 with major in Engineering Physics,
the author has been working for 3 years in energy engineering & consultancy in Indonesia.
The author is currently pursuing a master study at Ecole des Mines de Nantes in France in
the Project Management for Energy and Engineering.
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
FINANCING MECHANISM FOR REDD+ IN INDONESIA:
What Role that Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers Could Play?
Syahril, Sonny1
1
Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
Abstract:
Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) has emerged as a
central policy instrument and becoming of the key pillars of a post-2012 international climate
regime, particularly regarding developing country mitigation efforts. A substantial amount of
funding has been pledged and made available by donor countries to support this agenda. As
one of the largest contributors of greenhouse gases from the land use sectors, Indonesia so
far has been one of the main five recipients of REDD+ funding. In 2010 Indonesia has signed
a Letter of Intent with the Norway Government for REDD+ implementation with the total of
funding could amount up to USD 1 billion. The amount of funding is expected to increase in
the next years if Indonesia could use the great potential of emission reduction in land-based
sectors.
One of the key success factors for REDD+ implementation is strong governance and
effective mechanisms for the distribution of the fund. Having a decentralized structure of
governance and considering that most of the beneficiaries of REDD+ will be at the local
levels, REDD+ funding will have to be channeled to these levels. Since the signing of letter of
intent with Norway Government much of the debate has been surrounding the establishment
of REDD+ Financial Institution. This paper will discuss whether there should be a link
between the funding instrument and the current Indonesia’s intergovernmental fiscal
transfers, and highlights the need for a synergy especially in financial management terms in
order to achieve the 26 percent and 41 percent emission reduction targeted by Indonesian
Government until 2020.
Keywords: REDD+, Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfer
Executive Summary
Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) telah menjadi salah
satu instrumen kebijakan kunci perubahan iklim pasca 2012, khususnya dalam upaya
mitigasi perubahan iklim oleh negara berkembang. Sejumlah negara donor menjanjikan dan
telah menyediakan dana dalam jumlah besar untuk mendukung agenda ini. Sebagai salah
satu negara penyumbang emisi gas rumah kaca terbesar dari sektor berbasi lahan,
Indonesia sejauh ini juga telah menjadi satu dari lima negara utama penerima dana REDD+.
Tahun 2010 Indonesia menandatangi nota kesepakatan dengan Pemerintah Norwegia,
dengan total komitmen sampai dengan 1 milliar USD. Jumlah dana ini diperkirakan akan
bertambah di tahun-tahun mendatang apabila Indonesia dapat memanfaatkan potensi besar
penurunan emisi gas rumah kaca di sektor berbasis lahan.
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
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Salah satu kunci keberhasilan pelaksanaan REDD+ adalah tata kelola yang baik dan
mekanisme yang efektif dalam pendistribusian dana. Dengan struktur pemerintahan yang
telah terdesentralisasi dan mengingat sebagian besar penerima manfaat REDD+ berada di
daerah, maka dana REDD+ perlu ditransfer ke daerah. Semenjak penandatangan nota
kesepakatan dengan Norwegia berbagai diskusi berkisar pada pembentukan Institusi
Pendanaan REDD+. Salah satu gap yang akan didiskusikan dalam tulisan ini adalah terkait
apakah perlunya link antara institusi pendanaan REDD+ dan instrumen tranfer dalam sistem
desentralisasi fiskal, serta juga membahas tentang perlunya sinergi khususnya dalam
pengelolaan keuangan dalam upaya mencapai target penurunan emisi gas rumah kaca
sampai 26 persen dan 41 persen yang ditargetkan oleh pemerintah Indonesia sampai 2020.
About the author
Sonny Syahril
Sonny Syahril received Sarjana Teknik in Regional and City Planning from Institut Teknologi
Bandung in 2000, and Master of Science in Resources Engineering from University of
Karlsruhe, Germany in 2004. Since graduated from University of Karlsruhe until August
2012, Sonny has worked for various GTZ (now GIZ - Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer
Internationale Zusammenarbeit) projects. These projects namely; Ecological Sanitation,
Urban Quality, Good Governance/ Decentralization, Good Local Governance, and
Decentralization as Contribution to Good Governance. In his last assignment for GIZ, Sonny
supported the Ministry of Finance in Indonesia in issues related to intergovernmental fiscal
transfers, and financing mechanisms for supporting climate change mitigation. Currently
Sonny is an International Climate Protection Fellow of Alexander von Humboldt at the
Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Potsdam, Germany. His research
relates to financing mechanisms for supporting climate change mitigation in decentralized in
Indonesia.
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
CROP AND AGROTECHNOLOGY INFLUENCE ON CO2 EMISSION IN
AGRO ECOSYSTEMS OF FIELD EXPERIMENTAL STATION OF
RUSSIAN TIMIRYAZEV STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Ade, Irma Elvira1
1
Russian State Agricultural University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (RSAUMTAA), Russia
Abstract:
Russian agriculture accounts for about 70% of total losses in the Russian economy resulting
from unfavourable climate and weather condition (Zhuchenko, 1995). It is obviously that any
strategy of agriculture adaptation has to be the economically justified, ecologically safe, and
socially acceptable from the point of view of the short and long term perspective. Climate
change was highlighted as a fundamental ecological problem serveral decades ago and so
far remains one. Green house gases (GHG) emission was shown to have a predominant
influence on global climate. Rising levels of CO2 and other GHG are of concern to scientists
and policy makers because thay trap infrared radiation that is emitted by the earth’s surface.
Potential consequences of levated GHG consentrations include a warming of the earth’s
surface, melting of polar icecaps, and a rising sea level, and an alteration of plan and
ecosystem physiological functioning and plant composition (Amthor, 1995 - 2001). In recent
decades, an even broader community of scientists and policy makers has become interested
in understanding the controls over C cycling, because it has become abundantly clear that
the biological the physical control over C absorption, sequestration, and release by
ecosysrems strongly influence the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and heat-trapping
capacity of the atmosphere and thus the dynamics of the global climate system (Woodwell
and Mackenzie, 1995 - 2005). As part of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations
Framework Convention in C stronge by ecosystems as one way to meet the mandated
reductions in C emissions produced by the reductions in C emissions of produced by the
burning of fossil fuels. As a result, they now have a huge economic and political stake that is
contingent on understanding the controls over C input to and outputs from by ecosystems.
The technique of estimation GHG emissions were mainly based on methodological
recommendations of the Eddy Covariance methode.Emission of the key greenhouse gases:
CO2 on crops potato and wheat were calculated using quantitative information on
corresponding emission-related activiies, and emission factors recommended by chambers,
Eddy Covariance and gas analizator. Some other emission factors, or other parameters of
calculation. The Eddy Covariance (EC) method is a statistical tool. Used to analyse high
frequency wind and scalar atmospheric data series, it yields values of fluxes of these
properties representing quite large areas. The eddy covariance technique is the most widely
used, accurate, and direct method presently available for quantifying exchanges of carbon
dioxide, water vapor, methane, various other gases, and energy between the surface of earth
and the atmosphere.
Keywords: Green House Gasses, Emission CO2, Fluxes, Environmental, land-use
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
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Executive Summary
Perubahan iklim disuatu daerah atau negara sampai saat ini masih menjadi pusat
perhatian dan dianggap sebagai masalah yang paling mendasar. Sebagai contoh efek
rumah kaca yang benar-benar terbukti memiliki pengaruh dominan terhadap iklim global.
Meningkatnya kadar gas CO2 dan gas rumah kaca lainnya serta radiasi infra merah yang
dipancarkan oleh bumi kian menjadi pusat perhatian para ilmuwan lingkungan.
Saat ini Russian State Agricultural University, Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural
Academy (RSAU-MTAA), Rusia, tengah melakukan penelitian lingkungan pertanian dengan
berfokus pada keberlanjutan pemantauan, penilaian dan permodelan pertanian. Cara yang
dilakukan melalui pendekatan inovatif pada analisis fungsi ekosistem, serta
mengembangkan kriteria, indeks, dan model untuk studi pengembangan dan pengendalian
keberlangsungan ekosistem pertanian.
Eddy Covariance tidak sulit merupakan alat dan metode penelitian dalam
penangkapan gas emisi yang merugikan yang berada diudara yang cara kerjanya secara
otomatis. Metode Eddy Covariance terbilang lebih maju dibandingkan dengan metode
seperti Chambers, karena metode Chambers bekerja secara manual.
Sebelumnya metode Eddy Covariance ini sudah pernah dilakukan di Indonesia
tepatnya di kota Riau, namun tidak banyak diketahui orang, karena di Indonesia sendiri
metode tersebut belum begitu trendi, padahal alat ini sangat efektif untuk melihat kandungan
emisi fluks pada setiap saat. Apabila dilihat melalui grafik, maka akan terlihat betapa
memprihatinkan kondisi lingkungan pertanian kita saat ini, karena terlihat begitu banyak
kandungan emisi yang merugikan bagi hasil pertanian.
About the author
Ade Irma Elvira
Ade Irma obtained a degree from the University Islamic of North Sumatera, Indonesia.
Currently she is pursuing a master degree at Russian State Agricultural University – Moscow
Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (RSAU-MTAA), Russia focusing on the Environment
Agriculture.
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Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
ACCESS AND REDD+
Case Study from REDD+ Project in Central Kalimantan
Haryanto, Taufik1
1
Department of Forest and Nature Conservation, University of Wageningen, The
Netherlands
Abstract:
Regardless the pro-contra in the different levels of governance, REDD+ (Reduce Emissions
from Deforestation and forest Degradation plus) brings new forest policy arrangement in
Indonesia. Different actors are, once again, contested by their different interests. These
different actors use institutions and linkages to further pursue their own interest (Adger et al.,
2005). It is a complex institutional arrangement that need to be understood to utilize REDD+
effectively in Indonesia.
Central Kalimantan has been promoted by The National Climate Change Council (Dewan
National Perubahan Iklim or DNPI) (Purnomo, H. et al. 2012) also by the Ministry of Forestry
thus officially appointed as one of the REDD+ pilot project provinces on December 2011
(Forest People Program, 2011). Central Kalimantan province issues some laws and rules to
address the REDD+ implementation readiness.
This research is conducted in the REDD+ pilot project mainly within Kalimantan Forest
Carbon Partnership (KFCP) project. The REDD+ project under KFCP is one of the first large
scale REDD activities in Indonesia and the first in the tropical peat land in the world (KFCP
document design, 2009). This research is conducted in 4 villages within KFCP area. Those
villages are Katunjung, Sei Ahas, Kalumpang, and Katimpun.
The objective of this research is to see who can get the access to the REDD+ project. It will
be useful for the policy makers to know beforehand how this REDD+ concept will affect forest
access and who can get benefit from the REDD+ program on the ground level.
Keywords: REDD+ project, Central Kalimantan, Access, policy
Executive Summary
Berkembangnya inisiatif REDD+ dalam pembicaraan perubahan iklim telah membawa
regime baru kebijakan pengelolaan hutan di Indonesia karena Indonesia dipandang sebagai
salah satu negara REDD+ penting. Ini merupakan tantangan yang tidak mudah, dan
kompleksitas institusional (dari skala internasional, nasional, rergional, dan lokal) perlu
dipahami agar Indonesia dapat menggunakan paradigma baru REDD+ sebagai bagian dari
pengelolaan sumber daya hutan yang berkesinambungan dan mendukung pembangunan
Indonesia secara keseluruhan dan bukan sebaliknya. (Bab I, Introduction)
Pemerintah Indonesia juga telah membuat berbagai peraturan dan strategi-strategi untuk
menjawab tantangan dan komitmen ini. Kalimantan Tengah telah ditunjuk sebagai salah satu
provinsi percontohan pelaksanaan pilot project ini (Bab II, Background).
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Penelitian ini mencoba untuk melihat lebih dekat pelaksanaan pilot project REDD+ di tingkat
community. Metode yang digunakan adalah interview serta menggunakan qualitative
deskriptif analisis. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori akses. Teori ini menggunakan
pendekatan “kemampuan untuk mendapatkan manfaat” dengan lebih berfokus kepada
kemampuan bukan sekedar hak, bagaimana setiap stakeholders mendapatkan, mengontrol,
dan memelihara akses terkait dengan power, hubungan social, dan hak (Bab III, Teori)
Hasil awal yang didapatkan adalah:
1. Masyarakat tidak mengerti arah dan tujuan REDD+ sehingga cenderung timbul sikap
kehati-hatian dan kewaspadaan terhadap program REDD+ dan masyarakat tidak
mempunyai rasa memiliki terhadap program
2. Sebagian besar masyarakat memanfaatkan program ini sebagai tambahan sumber
mata pencaharian mereka, melalui bekerja di project ini. Tetapi project ini belum bisa
memberikan manfaat yang berkelanjutan untuk kehidupan masyarakat.
3. Hanya sebagian orang di masyarakat yang bisa terlibat langsung dengan project, hal
ini sebagian besar dipengaruhi oleh power. Hubungan sosial memegang peranan
bagaimana anggota masyarakat mendapatkan manfaat dari program ini.
Masukan bagi pihak Indonesia:
1. Dalam menerapkan REDD+ di tingkat masyarakat perlu dihormati prinsip-prinsip
Free, Prior, Informed, Consent (FPIC) selain pre-studi yang melibatkan setiap elemen
masyarakat
2. Pendekatan program livelihood sebelum program reforestasi/afforestasi ditengarai
mempunyai efek yang lebih baik di tingkat masyarakat. Perlu ditekankan pentingnya
safeguards (biodiversity dan livelihood) dalam program REDD+
References:
Adger, W. N., K. Brown, and E. L. Tompkins. 2005. The political economy of cross-scale networks in
resource
co-management.
Ecology
and
Society
10(2):9.
[online]
URL:
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol10/iss2/art9/.
Forest People Program, 2011. Kalimantan Tengah: REDD+ and Kemitraan Karbon Hutan Kalimantan
(Kalimantan Forest Carbon Partnership, KCFP). Seri briefing hak-hak, hutan dan iklim.
www.forestpeoples.org
Australia Indonesia Partnership (2009). Kalimantan Forest Carbon Partnership, Document Design.
Purnomo, H., D. Suyamto, et al. (2012). "REDD+ actor analysis and political mapping: An Indonesian
case study." International Forestry Review 14(1): 74-89.
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About the author
Taufik Haryanto
Taufik is an employee of Conservation Agency (BBKSDA) in West Papua province under the
Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia. Having graduated from Forestry Faculty, Gadjah Mada
University in 2006, previously he had work experience in pulp and paper industry (RAPP) in
Riau. Currently, he is a student in Master of Forest and Nature Conservation, Wageningen
University, The Netherlands. He is also just started his internship period in IUCN Netherlands
in the REDD+ topic. His activities are mainly involved with nature conservation from the
governance and institutional perspectives in regard for the sustainable community
development.
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
FOREST DECENTRALIZATION
Analyzing changes and implication towards sustainable forest
management. A Policy Implementation Study in Kendal District,
Central Java, Indonesia
Andriyana, Wiene1
1
Institute of Forest, Environmental and Natural Resource Policy (INFER) of the University of
Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
Abstract:
In many developing countries forest plays important and multiple roles in terms of food
security and livelihood of forest community, and climate change mitigation in a more global
scale. Therefore, appropriate policy is necessary to realize these potential roles. The
enactment of decentralization policy has enabled local people to participate more in local
decision making. In Indonesia, decentralization policy is implemented since 2000 but
interpreted differently in different sectors, by various actors, and with mixed outcomes. Better
decisions and outcomes are expected through decentralization, as decisions should reflect
the needs of forest communities, and it could be made in more effective and efficient
manner. In forestry sector, more sustainable forest management is expected; however, this
is not always the case in practice.
Currently, only little information is available about the implementation and the outcomes of
this policy in the forestry sector, particularly in Java Island of Indonesia, where forest
significantly contributes to the livelihood of forest community, and where state control over
forest has been strongly practiced for long period of time. Therefore this research will
analyze the extent to which decentralization policy has benefited the sustainable forest
management practice in this island.
The Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework and the policy network theory
will be employed as conceptual framing and theory respectively. Both empirical data
collected from fieldwork and secondary data from existing policies and studies will be utilized.
The collected data will be analyzed qualitatively by using the above theory and framework,
and quantitative analysis by using descriptive statistics will be exercised to some parts of
data.
By using a case study in Java Island, this research will provide new insights into the
implementation of forest decentralization in Indonesia. At the same time, it will also provide
insight about the applicability and appropriateness of the framework and theory as mentioned
above in analyzing such situations. At the later stage, by understanding the outcomes of this
policy, this research allows for feedback and enhancement of this particular policy, with
special focus on its implementation in Java Island’s forest sector.
Keywords: decentralization, forest policy, sustainable forest management, Java Island
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Executive Summary
Hutan berperan penting dalam penyediaan pangan dan mata pencarian bagi masyarakat di
sekitarnya, serta berperan dalam memperlambat berlangsungnya perubahan iklim melalui
penyimpanan karbon. Oleh karena itu berbagai kebijakan yang mendukung pengelolaan
hutan secara lestari (Sustainable Forest Management) sangat dibutuhkan untuk mewujudkan
potensi hutan.



Kebijakan desentralisasi di Indonesia telah dimulai sejak awal tahun 2000, dan di bidang
kehutanan kebijakan ini diharapkan akan mendorong pengelolaan hutan yang lestari.
Namun berbagai penelitian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan keluaran yang beragam
atas implementasi desentralisasi bidang kehutanan di daerah.
Kebanyakan penelitian tersebut dilakukan pada konteks hutan di luar Pulau Jawa,
sehingga pemahaman tentang bagaimana pelaksanaan desentralisasi kehutanan di
Pulau Jawa masih sangat terbatas.
Oleh karena itu, studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana desentralisasi bidang
kehutanan dimanifestasikan di Pulau Jawa (dengan studi kasus) dan sejauh mana
pelaksaaan ini berkontribusi pada berbagai aspek pengelolaan hutan secara lestari. Studi
ini juga dimaksudkan untuk membantu memposisikan hutan di Pulau Jawa pada agenda
yang tidak kalah pentingnya dengan hutan di luar Pulau Jawa. Hasil dari studi ini dapat
menginformasikan para pembuat kebijakan untuk evaluasi pelaksanaan kebijaksanaan
desentralisasi kehutanan, khususnya di Pulau Jawa, agar kebijakan ini dapat
dilaksanakan secara lebih efektif dan efisien dan mencapai tujuan yang dimaksudkan.
About the author
Wiene Andriyana
Wiene Andriyana is currently a Doctoral Candidate of the Institute of Forest, Environmental
and Natural Resource Policy (INFER), of University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU) in Vienna, Austria. She finished her Bachelor degree in Forestry from Bogor
Agricultural University (IPB) and hold her Master degree in the field of Forestry and
Environmental Resource Management from the Australian National University (ANU) in
Canberra. Prior to pursuing her doctoral study, she has been working with the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP) Indonesia as a National Coordinator for Mangrove for the
Future (MFF) project, a regional effort in Asia Pacific to conserve mangrove and improve
livelihood of the coastal communities. She also works as a consultant for Center for
International Forestry Research (CIFOR) until today.
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
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Food Security
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
FOSTERING THE METAFUNCTION OF LANGUAGE IN LOCAL
WISDOM TO OVERCOME THE FOOD CRISIS IN INDONESIA:
A social semiotic perspective
Susanto1,2
1
EFL University, Hyderabad
FASAS, UISU
2
Abstract:
Regarding the food crisis that we are facing globally, Lester Brown, president of the
Earth policy research centre in Washington (as cited in Vidal, 2012) has said "Food supplies
are tightening everywhere and land is becoming the most sought-after commodity as the
world shifts from an age of food abundance to one of scarcity." The government of Indonesia
has been aware of this issue since the food crisis in Indonesia has been attacking the people
and the country. In Indonesia, at least there have been two ways conducted for the
impending food crisis, i.e. developing a food estate in the Papua regency of Merauke
(Yudhistira, 2011), and launching a national campaign to reduce rice consumption (IRIN
News, 17 February 2012). These efforts should be supported from all aspects including
social aspect. The social aspect is significant because the society becomes directly involved
in all efforts.
This paper aims at discussing the social aspect in the matter of facing the food crisis
in Indonesia by fostering the metafunction of language in local wisdom in Indonesian society.
Local wisdom of the Indonesian society appears in "different forms of knowledge featuring
certain skills and some information in theoretical and practical ways" and emerges from
"various knowledge of the Indonesian ethnics" (Meliono, 2011, p. 227). Through the
metafunction of language (ideational, textual, and interpersonal), the penetration of the local
wisdom can be held in identifying the beneficiaries, promoting the social attitudes and
encouraging the growth of ideas towards the food security in Indonesia.
Keywords: local wisdom, food crisis, metafunction of language
References
Appih, Kwame Anthony. 2005. The Ethics of Identity. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton
University Press.
Brown, Lester R. 2012. The world is closer to a food crisis than most people realise.
Guardian News and Media Limited.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/jul/24/world-food-crisis-closer
Halliday, M.A.K. 1978. Language as Social Semiotic: The social interpretation of language
and meaning. London: Edward Arnold,
Halliday, M. A. K., dan Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. 1999. Construing Experience through Meaning:
A language based approach to meaning. London: Cassell.
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
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Headey, Derek and Shenggen Fan. 2010. Reflections on the Global Food Crisis.
Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute
Heil, John. 1998. Philosophy of Mind. London: Routledge
IRIN News. 2012. In-depth: A global food crisis. INDONESIA: No rice, no way. IRIN,
Humanitarian news and analysis, a service of the UN Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs (17 February 2012).
http://www.irinnews.org/In-depth/94884/72/A-global-food-crisis
Meliono, Irmayanti. 2011. Understanding the Nusantara Thought and Local Wisdom as an
Aspect of the Indonesian Education. International Journal for Historical Studies, 2(2)
2011. Page 221-234.
Vidal, John. 2012. UN warns of looming worldwide food crisis in 2013. Guardian News and
Media Limited (13 October 2012).
http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2012/oct/14/un-global-food-crisiswarning
Yudhistira, Geradi. 2011. Food estate unlikely to keep Indonesia from food crisis. The
Jakarta Post (February 27, 2011).
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/27/food-estate-unlikely-keep-indonesiafood-crisis.html
About the author
Susanto
Susanto is a Ph.D. Candidate in Linguistics and Phonetics at EFL University, HyderabadIndia. He is a lecturer at FASAS, Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara, Medan and he is also a
researcher at Konsorsium Masyarakat Indonesia. Susanto is the member of professional
organization/association such as International Systemic Functional Linguistics Association
(Australia) and Foundation of Endangered Languages (UK). He is now founding a research
group focusing on the theme of Empowering Local Wisdom in Indonesia.
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
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COMPARISON OF THE REGIONAL ROLE IN THE FOOD SECURITY
Sinergy of Russia in the Eurаsian Economic Community (EEC)
compared to Indonesia in the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN)
Arlan, Adri1
1
People’s Friendship University of Russia, Mosсow, Russia
Abstract:
Definitions about food security had been developed since the beginning of the
Conference of the Food and Agriculture in 1943 which initiated the concept of "secure,
adequate and suitable supply of food for everyone". At the present time the definition of food
security varies greatly, but generally refers to the definition of the World Bank (1986) and
Maxwell and Frankenberger (1992) that "access by all people at all times to enough food for
a healthy life (secure access at all times to sufficient food for a healthy life) The international
organizations that deal with this issue is the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), which
moved under the auspices of the United Nations (UN). The issue became known globally in
the 1970s because of food crises that happened in several regions of Africa and Asia, this
makes the food security as a serious subject for any country and experts nowadays.
Russia is a country that always aware about food security. In 2010, President Dmitry
Medvedev endorsed the doctrine of Russia's food security by explaining the vision and
mission of Russia in anticipation of things related to food security with the main purpose
making Russia, a country without food crisis in 20201. One of the key points in the Russian
Food Security Doctrine are cooperation with Central Asian countries to establish a system of
intra-regional collective farms. Indonesia itself which is one of the pioneer members of the
ASEAN, undoubtely have many opportunities to work together to increase mutual awareness
on food security in the region as a joint liability. The pillars of the ASEAN Economic
Community that will soon run in 2015 and will be transformed into Community on the three
main pillars of ASEAN (economic, security and cultural) in 2020 is the first step to make the
current economy as early stimulation for regional states to intensify cooperation in various
fields (especially) in this case agriculture and food security. Within ASEAN itself has set the
theme of food security in the ASEAN Multi-Sectoral Framework on Climate Change:
Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry towards Food Security (AFCC), which is the first step
toward the ASEAN Integrated Food Security Framework (AIFS) with the main objective to
strengthen food security in the standard the ASEAN region2.
Keywords: Indonesia, Russia, ASEAN, EEC, Food Security, Agriculture Cooperatives
1
2
Food Doctrine http://graph.document.kremlin.ru/page.aspx?1049708
ASEAN Way on Food Security http://www.asean-cn.org/Item/1151.aspx
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Executive Summary
Tidak banyak yang tahu bahwa Rusia memiliki banyak sekali lahan pertanian. Masamasa dimana Rusia masih bernama Uni Soviet adalah alasan dimana Rusia mampu
menjawab ketahanan pangannya. Pada awal berdirinya Uni Soviet sangat mengedepankan
sektor pertanian dengan sistem kolektivitas bagi kepentingan bersama. Kolektivitas ini
menjadi dasar bagi pemerintah maupun penduduk untuk mengolah lahan mereka. Masamasa ini menjadikan Rusia pada masa itu menjadi negara dengan lahan pertanian terbesar
di dunia. Meski masa itu telah berlangsung lebih setengah abad yang lalu, namun
peninggalan ini merupakan warisan kuat yang diberikan bagi Rusia pada masa sekarang.
Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman yang semakin bergerak bebas, pada tahun 2010
Presiden Dmitry Medvedev mengesahkan doktrin ketahanan pangan oleh Rusia yang
menerangkan visi-misi Rusia dalam mengantisipasi hal-hal ang berkaitan dengan ketahanan
pangan dengan tujuan utama mandiri sebagai kawasan bebas krisis pangan pada tahun
2020. Salah satu poin penting dalam Doktrin Ketahanan Pangan Rusia aadalah kerjasama
dengan negara-negara Asia Tengah (Kyrgyztan, Tadjikistan, Uzbekistan dan Armenia) yang
tergabung dalam EEC (Eurasian Economic Community) untuk membentuk sistem pertanian
kolektif intra kawasan.
Posisi Indonesia sendiri yang tergabung dalam organisasi kawasan ASEAN, tentunya
memiliki banyak peluang untuk bersama-sama meningkatkan kesadaran bersama terhadap
ketahanan pangan di kawasan Asia Tenggara sebagai kewajiban bersama. Komunitas pada
pilar Ekonomi ASEAN yang sebentar lagi dijalankan pada tahun 2015 dan akan
bertranformasi menjadi Komunitas pada tiga pilar utama ASEAN (ekonomi, keamanan dan
budaya) pada tahun 2020 merupakan langkah awal untuk menjadikan arus ekonomi sebagai
stimulasi awal bagi negara-negara kawasan untuk meningkatkan intensitas kerjasama dalam
berbagai bidang (khusunya) dalam hal ini isu ketahanan pangan. Dalam ASEAN sendiri
tema ketahanan pangan telah diatur dalam ASEAN Multi-Sectoral Framework on Climate
Change: Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry towards Food Security (AFCC) yang merupakan
langkah awal menuju ASEAN Integrated Food Security Framework (AIFS) dengan tujuan
utama memperkuat standar ketahanan pangan di kawasan ASEAN. Hal ini adalah kunci
untuk mencapai kestabilan pangan dan peningkatan kepercayaan untuk menjaga ketahanan
pangan bagi setiap negara di kawasan ASEAN.
Bila kita mencermati langkah yang diambil Rusia dalam doktrin ketahanan pangan
mereka, Rusia yang saat ini memiliki sektor produksi gandum, gula, dan minyak goreng
dalam negeri dalam skala yang besar menjadikan jaminan kuat bagi negara itu dalam
mendukung kelangsungan doktrin ketahanan pangan mereka. Berkaca pada hal demikian,
Indonesia pun adalah negara besar dengan semboyan “Gemah ripah loh jinawi” yang berarti
tanah subur nan makmur , artinya Indonesia mampu melakukan hal yang kurang lebih sama,
meskipun Indonesia tidak lagi mampu memproduksi beras sebanyak tahun 1970-an namun
Indonesia adalah penghasil minyak sawit, kakao, karet dan kopi yang masuk dalam 10 besar
di dunia. Komoditi unggulan ini memang tidak sepenuhnya mampu menjawab ketahanan
pangan bersama ASEAN, namun dengan skala prioritas dan strategi yang tepat dari
pemerintah, pelaku usaha dan tentunya masyarakat, bukan tidak mungkin Indonesia mampu
menjadikan komoditi lokal andalannya sebagai instrumen penting bagi ketahanan pangan
negara lain sehingga tercipta kerjasama agrikultur yang positif antara negara-negara ASEAN
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
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yang pada puncaknya akan menjadi satu komunitas yang murni pada sektor ekonomi,
pertahanan dan budaya pada tahun 2020 nanti. Untuk itu peran-peran dari pemerintah,
pelaku usaha dan masyarakat sendiri harus semakin siap dalam menjalani masa-masa
transisi yang saat ini sedang kita jalani. Sama halnya dengan Rusia yang bersinergi dengan
organisasi kawasan seperti EEC maka Indonesia sudah saatnya fokus memandang isu
ketahanan pangan nasional berlandaskan visi ASEAN yang mampu menghasilkan elemen
masyarakat dengan karakter lokal kuat namun berwawasan internasional. Indonesia
bersama negara-ngara di kawasan ASEAN bersinergi menuju ketahanan pangan bersama.
Pokok-pokok Pembahasan





Ketahanan Pangan ( Agricultural Cooperatives- Key to feeding the world)
Observasi Singkat tentang Rusia dan EEC dalam isu food security
Observasi Singkat tentang Indonesia dan ASEAN dalam isu food security (AFCC
dan ASEAN Integrated Food Security Framework)
Komparasi peran organisasi regionalisme bagi Rusia-Indonesia terhadap Food
security
Apa yang bisa disinergikan dari perspektif Rusia dalam EEC terhadap Indonesia
dalam menyongsong ASEAN Community 2020
About the author
Adri Arlan
Born in Jakarta. The Author finished his bachelor degree at Universitas Gadjah Mada,
Yogyakarta majoring International Relations in 2010. He has been living in the capital city of
Russia, Moscow, since 2011. He was awarded for grantee scholarship of master degree
from Russian Federation Government at People’s Friendship University of Russia (PFUR)
with specialization on Theory of History and International Relations. Now he is still
participating active on several organizations of Indonesian and ASEAN communities.
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FOOD INSECURITY THREAT:
Does dependency on rice consumption contribute?
Jati, Ignasius Radix AP1,2
1
Food Security Center, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
2
Abstract:
The dependency on white rice could be a potential threat to food and nutrient security. The
aim of this report were to (i) investigate the current Indonesian dietary pattern, proportion of
rice in the daily diet and its contribution towards energy and nutrients fulfillment, (ii) analyze
the effectiveness of including other foods (cassava/sweet potato) in the diet to decrease rice
consumption, (iii) propose ideas to strengthen food and nutrition security in Indonesia.
Data of Indonesian dietary pattern was obtained from Indonesian Socio Economic Survey
conducted in 2008. Linear programming was used to analyze the effect of including other
foods on the amount of rice needed. Interdisciplinary approaches were used to propose
ideas to strengthen food and nutrition security in Indonesia.
Rice was prevalent and contributed 52.61% of total calorie intake in the diet, followed by
pulses and nuts, and other grains with 11.6% and 11.5%, respectively. The total intake of
iron, zinc, and vitamin A were 11.78 mg/d, 5.49 mg/d, and 508.56 RE/d, respectively. With
regards to energy and micronutrient fulfillment, inclusion of sweet potato or cassava (25gr)
can decrease 40gr of the rice requirement. Dependency on rice could lead to nutrient
insecurity, diet diversification therefore needed. The existing nutrition education protocol
should be re-evaluated along with strengthening “posyandu” program. In national level,
cooperation among different sectors should be integrated and another view on rice self
sufficiency platform need to be taken into account.
Keywords: rice dependency, nutrient deficiency, linear programming, posyandu, self
sufficiency
Executive Summary (in Bahasa Indonesia, English text will be translated in Bahasa
Indonesia),
Tujuan dari penulisan paper ini adalah untuk mengkaji tingkat ketergantungan terhadap
beras pada status gizi masyarakat, efektifitas penggantian beras dengan komoditas lain, dan
pemaparan gagasan untuk memperkuat ketahanan pangan dan gizi Indonesia. Fokus dari
paper ini adalah:
a. Ketahanan pangan adalah permasalahan global yang dialami terutama oleh negara
berkembang karena ketidaktersediaan pangan maupun terbatasnya akses untuk
memperoleh pangan
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b. Indonesia memiliki keunikan tersendiri yaitu ketergantungan terhadap beras yang
tinggi, beberapa kepercayaan tradisional yang kurang sesuai dengan tujuan
peningkatan ketahanan pangan, kurang berfungsinya posyandu sebagai ujung
tombak pemantau kesehatan masyarakat, serta kebijakan ketahanan pangan yang
berkiblat kepada beras dapat mengakibatkan kerawanan gizi
c. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan, proporsi beras dalam menu keseharian masyarakat
Indonesia sangat tinggi, dan analisis menunjukkan bahwa masih terdapat
kekurangan berbagai zat gizi mikro diakibatkan oleh pola makan tidak seimbang.
Ketela pohon maupun ubi jalar dapat dipergunakan sebagai pengganti beras yang
efektif. Pendidikan gizi kepada masyarakat merupakan faktor penting peningkatan
ketahanan pangan.
d. Kesimpulan, diversifikasi pangan merupakan hal yang mutlak dilakukan. Hal ini harus
dimulai dari tingkat nasional sampai skala rumah tangga. Pemerintah harus
memfokuskan kedaulatan pangan tidak hanya untuk beras, menggalakkan kembali
program “posyandu” dengan lebih tertata terutama dalam evaluasi karena sangat
berguna untuk pelaksanaan program pendidikan gizi keluarga yang tepat
About the author
Ignasius Radix AP Jati, Msc
Ignasius Radix AP Jati obtained his MSc in Food Science and Technology from Gadjah
Mada University, Indonesia in 2007 through ASEA UNINET scholarship. He used to work as
a lecturer in Department of Food Technology, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University,
Indonesia from 2008-2010. Since October 2010, he is a doctoral candidate at the Institute of
Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim Germany and received
scholarship from Food Security Center, University of Hohenheim supported by DAAD and
BMZ. His research areas are on vitamin A and other micronutrient deficiency, public health
nutrition, nutrient density of local foods, and bioactive compound of plants. His current
activities are working to develop software to calculate micronutrient deficiency in cooperation
with Day-Med Concept GmbH, promoting Indonesian underutilized foods supported by
Foundation Fiat Panis (research grant), and research on bioactive compound of Indonesian
plants, supported by Humbold Reloaded Project (research project funding). He is also a
member of Indonesian Association of Food Technologist (PATPI)
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
PENINGKATAN EFISIENSI DISTRIBUSI ALIRAN SUPPLY CHAIN
PUPUK DENGAN PENDEKATAN VALUE STREAM MAPPING (VSM)
Ridwan, Asep1, Hartono, Widi2 and Ferdiansyah, Tubagus Ardi3
1
Fakultat Ingenieurwissenschaften, Maschinenbau, Universitat Duisburg-Essen, Germany
Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Sultan Ageng
Tirtayasa, Cilegon-Banten Indonesia
3
Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Sultan
Ageng Tirtayasa, Cilegon-Banten Indonesia
2
Abstrak:
Pupuk merupakan material yang sangat dibutuhkan petani untuk menyuburkan tanaman
sebagai sumber makanan. Pendistribusian pupuk kepada para petani melalui beberapa
pihak seperti perusahaan penyedia logistik, distributor, retailer, sampai kepada para petani
sebagai pemakai. Salah satu perusahaan penyedia logistik adalah PT XYZ yang berada di
Cilegon-Banten untuk mendistribusikan pupuk yang diproduksi di Jawa Timur. Permasalahan
yang dihadapi PT XYZ adalah masih terjadi pemborosan dalam aliran supply chain pupuk
saat proses loading dan unloading. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi
aliran supply chain dengan pendekatan Value Stream Mapping (VSM). Penelitian dimulai
dengan mengelompokkan kegiatan Value Added, Non Value Added, dan Business Value
Added, yang digambarkan dalam Current State Mapping dan dihitung efisiensi siklus proses
awal. Selanjutnya diidentifikasi jenis pemborosan yang ada dan dilakukan usulan perbaikan
yang digambarkan dalam Future State Mapping serta dihitung kembali efisiensi siklus
prosesnya. Penelitian ini menghasilkan penurunan waktu siklus proses dari 1017,46 menit
menjadi 110,94 menit dan efisiensi waktu siklus proses naik dari 39,03% menjadi 43,80%.
Diantara usulan perbaikannya adalah menggunakan conveyor untuk proses pembongkaran
dari dermaga ke gudang packaging dan mendesign grab dengan ukuran yang lebih besar
yaitu 13,37 m2. Dengan Value Stream Mapping maka efisiensi siklus proses dapat
ditingkatkan sehingga bisa mempercepat pendistribusian pupuk ke petani.
Keywords: pupuk,Value Stream Mapping, Supply Chain, efisiensi
About the authors
Asep Ridwan, Widi Hartono, Tubagus Ardi Ferdiansyah
Asep Ridwan is completing his doctoral program at the Transport-systeme und –logistik,
Fakultat Ingenieurwissenschaften, Maschinenbau of the Universitat Duisburg-Essen,
Germany.
Widi Hartono is a lecturer at Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Cilegon-Banten Indonesia.
Tubagus A. Ferdiansyah is a undergraduate student at Department of Industrial Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Cilegon-Banten Indonesia
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PROBLEMS OF BAJAU PEOPLE:
Tradition and Modernization
Prabawaningtyas, Shiskha1
1
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
Abstract:
State’s policy of food security still limited to secure the supply chain by boosting the
application of technology. In result, problems of economic and social justice remains silence
to be addressed. As the biggest archipelagic state in the world, Indonesian water is one of
the attractive food’s sources from fish products. Not only has that fishery contributes to
Indonesian’s Gross Domestic Product, but it also plays as one of the biggest producer to
world fish stock. Yet, the modernization of fishing industry has caused overfishing especially
in 1970s. Concomitantly, the increasing awareness of environment sustainability triggers
conflicts over competition to fishing access. The Bajau People, one of the Sea Nomads living
in Indonesian water, has gradually marginalized in the middle of this competition landscape.
Further, the nature practice of their transborder fishing frequently triggers conflict with
neighbouring country, such as Australia. State’s exploitation to food production tends to
ignore the local practice. This paper describes and identifies problems facing by the Bajau
People in response to state’s policy to exploit the production of fishes.
Keywords: fishery, Bajau people, border conflict, space and identity
Executive Summary
Kebijakan keamanan pangan masih focus pada upaya peningkatan persediaan pangan
melalui pengembangan teknologi. Akibatnya, persoalan ekonomi dan keadilan sosial
terbatas untuk diperhatikan. Sebagai negara kepulauan yang terbesar, hasil perikanan di
perairan Indonesia tidak saja menjadi penyumbang bagi Pendapatan Domestik negara, tapi
juga padi persediaan ikan dunia. Akan tetapi, penerapan teknologi terhadap industri
perikanan mengakibatkan kondisi jenuh penangkapan ikan. Di sisi lain, peningkatan
kesadaran akan kesimbangan lingkungan semakin memicu konflik terkait kompetisi terhadap
akses penangkapan ikan. Dalam konstelasi ini, komunitas orang laut, khususnya komunitas
Bajau semakin mengalami marjinalisasi. Tradisi „melaut“ komunitas Bajau yang bersifat
lintas batas seringkali memicu konflik negara dengan negara tetangga, khususnya Australia.
Makalah ini secara khusus akan membahas:
a. Persoalan penangkapan ikan bagi persediaan produk pangan ikan.
b. Marjinalisasi komunitas Bajau secara ekonomi dan sosial budaya dan konflik
dengan perbatasan dengan Australia.
c. Paparan dalam makalah ini berdasarkan riset literatur.
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
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d. Kebijakan keamanan pangan harus memperhatikan kondisi sosial budaya
komunitas Bajau yang termarjinalkan dan menciptakan ruang negosiasi dalam
mengadopsi kepentingan mereka melalui kebijakan affirmatif.
Shiskha Prabawaningtyas
Shiskha Prabawaningtyas finished her bachelor degree majoring International Relations from
University of Parahyangan in 2000. She worked as project coordinator to develop and
implement several programmes on civil military and conflict management at The Indonesian
Institute for Defense and Strategic Studies (LESPERSSI) since 2001-2005. In 2006, she
joined Cordaid in the Hague as an intern and served as a project assessment for partner
project in Peace and Conflict Department for the Asia Desk. She obtained Master of Art in
International Relations and Diplomacy from University of Leiden, The Netherlands in 2007
after wrote a thesis on Peace Building in Mindanao: Spoiler Problem and Inter Communal
Conflict. She joined Universitas Paramadina as a lecturer at the Department of International
Relations on February 2008. She also acts as fellow researcher at the Division of
International Relations at The Indonesian Institute for Defense and Strategic Studies. Since
October 2012, she has been working for doctoral program at the Humboldt-Universität zu
Berlin related the (de)construction of maritime boundaries in the southereastern Indonesia.
.
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
FOOD SECURITY
“Muzaroah System” Applied Principles of Sharia Economics to
Keep Food Security in Indonesia
Eka, Sukmayasa Rizqi1, Hudoro, Prawito2
1
Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
2
Abstract
Food security is one vital aspect in a country. This aspect corresponds to the economic level
of the farmers. It corresponds also to the farmer’s contribution to supply food in micro level
within the country. The majority of farmers in Indonesia are cultivators for landlords. With the
financial management aspects at the farmer’s level, the production of food can be filled by
relying a low farmer’s level and keeping economic aspect for them.
The Muzaroah system can provide a solution for food security and stability in Indonesia. The
system gives a solution to prevent loss profit caused by crop failures, and then keep the food
production always in normal level. The Muzaroah system focuses on building the stability of
the food supply by analyzing the finance. The discussion in this paper uses an analytical
method and a direct review to farmers at one place in Indonesia. This paper gives also an
analysis for the Muzaroah system aspect, and impact to the food security in Indonesia.
Muzaroah system can give not only a solution for food security by sharia economic concept
but also a chance for farmers to manage a land with a contract and seeds from landowners
appropriately. The results obtained through a muzaroah food system can reduce the risk of
crop failure in some areas so that the food security at the macro level of a country can
always be monitored. With these efforts, the smallest economic aspects of food security can
be realized.
Key words: Muzaroah, economic, food
Executive Summary
Konsep muzaroah menjadi solusi untuk menjaga ketahanan pangan di Indonesia
melalui pendekatan pembiayaan dari aspek mikro. Melalui 5 tinjauan yang akan dipaparkan,
yaitu:



Permasalahan Umum
Permasalahan umum yang menjadi tinjauan semua negara adalah persediaan pangan
yang semakin sulit memenuhi permintaan pangan dunia.
Permasalahan di Indonesia
Tingginya tingkat gagal panen yang terjadi di seluruh wilayah Indonesia sehingga
mempengaruhi produksi pangan secara makro.
Hasil Penelitian
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
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
Hasil penelitian mengacu pada salah satu wilayah di Indonesia tepatnya di Kabupaten
Garut, Jawa Barat
Masukan bagi pihak Indonesia
Sosialisasi dan pelaksanaan konsep pembiayaan ekonomi syariah dan terutama konsep
muzaroah untuk mengurangi tingkat kegagalan panen dan menjamin persediaan pangan
tetap terjaga.
About the authors
Rizqi Eka Sukmayasa
Student at Bogor Agricultural University, Study Program of Sharia Economics. Active as
member at Sobat Bumi Pertamina Foundation, Project officer of Majaling (Majalah Cinta
Lingkungan), member of “Gerakan Menabung Pohon Pertamina Foundation”, and active at
some campus organization
Prawito Hudoro
Student at Bogor Agricultural University, Study Program of Sharia Economics. Active as
director of Sharia Economics Student Club, Project Officer “Bina Desa Prodi Ekonomi
Syariah” and active at some campus organization
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
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BIMO-CF TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION OF CASSAVA RICE
PROCESSING AS AN ALTERNATIVE RICE SUBSTITUTE
Al Fauzi, Rizqi
Contact: rizky.reinkarnasi@gmail.com
Abstract:
The high price of rice is one of the food problems that happen in Indonesia. One of the
solution is to change the rice with other food that has nutrition, shape, and taste like rice.
Cassava is a root crops that many people knew, it is cheaper than rice, and it has the same
nutrition as rice. Therefore, cassava can be processed to be cassava rice.
The traditional processing of cassava rice produce yellowish rice and smell like cassava.
Bimo-CF starter that applied in modified cassava flour processing can increase the
whiteness of cassava flour, improved flavor, increase the rehydration and viscosity of
cassava flour.
Keywords: cassava rice, modified cassava flour, Bimo-CF
Executive summary:
Tingginya harga beras merupakan salah satu permasalahan pangan yang terjadi di
Indonesia. Salah satu solusi yang dapat dilakukan adalah mengganti beras dengan bahan
lain yang memiliki kandungan gizi, bentuk, warna, dan rasa yang menyerupai beras.
Singkong merupakan salah satu umbi-umbian yang dikenal luas oleh masyarakat, harganya
lebih murah dari beras, dan kandungan gizinya tidak jauh berbeda dengan beras. Oleh
karena itu, singkong dapat diolah menjadi beras singkong.
Pembuatan beras singkong secara tradisional menghasilkan beras singkong yang putih
kekuningan dan beraroma khas singkong. Starter Bimo-CF yang diterapkan pada
pembuatan tepung kasava termodifikasi dapat membuat tepung singkong yang lebih putih,
aroma yang disukai konsumen, meningkatkan daya rehidrasi dan viskositas tepung.
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
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FOOD SECURITY IN THE REGION SUMATRA WHICH IS DISASTER
PRONE
Case study on the availability of food in times of natural disasters
Harmen1
1
Кубанский государственный технологический университет (КубГТУ), Krasnodar,
Russia
Abstract:
Food security is the fulfillment of the conditions of food for the household as reflected in the
availability of sufficient food, both quantity and quality, safe, equitable, and affordable. This
study aims to identify the food security conditions following natural disasters as landslides,
floods, earthquakes, tsunamis in Sumatra region of Indonesia and recommend measures
necessary to address the problem of food security of the victims of the natural disaster.
The object of the research is that the people affected by natural disasters. This research
uses the case study method with survey research techniques. Processing of the data and
information obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive analysis and
cross tabulation.
The results showed that based on aspects of the availability of food, the staple food is rice is
available both before and after a natural disaster. But the availability of other foods such as
starchy foods, tempeh, tofu, eggs, milk, decreased following natural disasters although the
decrease was not significant in particular the availability of chicken or beef declined
substantially following natural disasters. After a natural disaster, a source of daily food only
comes from buying at the market or shops and that too at a relatively affordable (expensive).
Judging from the aspect of affordability of food, the staple food, side dishes and fruits easily
obtained either prior to the disaster or after a natural disaster occurs. While everyday foods
easily available but the prices of daily necessities remained high (expensive). Judging from
the aspect of quality and food safety, quality of food consumed prior to a natural disaster or
after a natural disaster is a good and safe.
The assistance provided by the government to the victims of natural disasters in various
parts of Sumatra ineffective and uneven. Based on the interviews, the respondents said that
the only people who have a close relationship with local government and village officials who
receive such assistance. While many people who are victims of natural disasters do not get
appropriate help with the losses suffered due to natural disasters.
Researchers gave recommendation to perform a variety of improvements in the
management of community food security programs which include the need for food storage
program is actively managed and sustainable, the government needs to encourage food
diversification program so that people more aware of alternative staple foods other than rice
and systems management and distribution control assistance needs to be addressed in order
to achieve a just and equitable society.
Keywords: natural disaster, survey research techniques, descriptive analysis and cross
tabulation, expensive, food diversification program.
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Executive Summary
Secara umum menjelaskan bagaimana kesiapan pemerintah indonesia dalam menghadapi
kemungkinan bencana alam yang akan terjadi, di wilayah indonesia bagian sumatra yang
kita kenal sebagai satu pulau yang rawan terhadap berbagai bencana alam baik itu tanah
longsor,gempa bumi, banjir dan tsunami. Patahan Besar Sumatra (Sumatra great fault) yang
masih aktif akan selalu pula mengancam kawasan itu apabila terjadi pergeseran di zona
patahan tersebut. Ditambah pula,aktivitas gunung berapi yang masih aktif, misalnya Marapi,
Tandikat, dan Talang dapat menimbulkan getaran yang cukup kuat. Antara zona subduksi,
Sesar Sumatra, dan gunung-gunung berapi aktif ini saling berkaitan dan mempengaruhi.
Oleh karena itu di perlukan kesiapan pemerintah terhadap bahan pangan bagi masyarakat
yang kemungkinan terkena dampak bencana tersebut, Peneliti memberi rekomendasi untuk
melakukan berbagai perbaikan-perbaikan dalam pengelolaan program ketahanan pangan
masyarakat yang meliputi perlunya program lumbung pangan yang dikelola secara aktif dan
berkesinambungan, pemerintah perlu menggalakkan program diversifikasi pangan agar
masyarakat lebih mengetahui pangan pokok alternatif lainnya selain nasi dan sistem
pengelolaan dan pengawasan distribusi bantuan perlu lebih dibenahi dalam rangka
mencapai tujuan masyarakat yang adil dan merata, sehingga mengurangi keluhan
masyarakat terhadap bahan pelengkap nasi yang naik harga setelah terjadi bencana.
About the author
Harmen
The author is a student at the Kuban State Tecnhologichal University with a major in sociology
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
Berlin, 2 – 3 March 2013
INDONESIAN SUSTAINABLE VERTICAL FARMING PROJECT
A future self-sufficient concept of food and energy security for
Indonesia
Johny Setiawan1
1
Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia, Berlin, Germany
Abstract:
In terms of population, Indonesia is the fourth largest country in the world with a population of
244 million people in 2012. Currently, the population growth rate of Indonesia is between 1.2
to 1.5% per year. Assuming a growth rate of 1.5% pa, it is estimated, that by 2030 the
number of Indonesia’s inhabitans is about 320 million people, and in 2050 slightly above 430
million.
While from one side, a large population is considered as a "demographic bonus", on the
other hand, this would be a “boomerang” if not properly taken into account. The problem
which is absolutely undeniable, is the food and energy security. Along with population
growth, the ability of nature to provide food and energy will be reduced substantially.
Therefore, Indonesia should prepare key projects that can support enough food and energy.
Until now, existing projects do not operate optimally. The lack of a synergy between the
renewable energy projects and agricultural projects make the governement programs seem
to be exclusive, so they are quite difficult to be accepted by the public.
This paper describes a proposal to incorporate a food security program which includes
energy security and social aspects so that it is easily accepted in society. With the name of
Indonesian Sustainable Vertical Farming Project, abbreviated ISVFP, the project is an
improvement of the concept of Vertical Farming which was originally designed for the year
2060 in the large world cities.
In ISVFP, various types of food and other strategic crops, will be cultivated in a conicalshaped building that has been arranged so that the optimal climate for plant’s growth. The
concept is basically similar to greenhouse farming. A conical or pyramid architecture is
designed for solar panels placed on the sides with maximum capacity. In addition, the
terraced irrigation lines, micro hydro power plant can also be implemented in the building.
Practical purpose of ISVFP is to increase food production and supply of energy in an
integrated and efficient manner. ISVFP can be applied in urban areas (cities) to shorten
transportation from producers to consumers. Thus, this will also reduce carbon emissions
and save fuel. The success in Indonesia can solve the problems of food, energy and support
environmental protection. And Indonesia can be a center of innovation for food and energy
security in the world.
Keywords: demographics, food security, energy security, vertical farming, Indonesia
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Executive summary:
1. Kebutuhan pangan dunia pada umumnya, dan Indonesia pada khususnya, meningkat
sejalan dengan pertambahan penduduk. Dengan asumsi pertumbuhan 1,5% per tahun,
penduduk Indonesia di tahun 2030 adalah sekitar 320 juta jiwa, sedangkan tahun 2050
sekitar 430 juta jiwa.
2. Sejalan dengan perkembangan industri dan perlindungan hutan di Indonesia, lahan areal
pertanian tanaman pangan berkurang, sehingga kenaikan produksi pangan akan ada
batasnya. Jika batas ini tercapai, maka kebutuhan pangan tidak lagi dapat dicukupi.
Demikian juga dengan pengadaan impor, karena negara pertanian lain juga mempunyai
keterbatasan dalam mencukupi kebutuhan rumah tangganya sendiri.
3. Pertanian vertikal dapat menjadi salah satu pemecahan masalah, menggantikan
pertanian horizontal. Keuntungan utama dari pertanian vertikal adalah pertanian tersebut
dapat dilakukan di daerah urbanisasi (perkotaan), sehingga jalur transportasi barang dari
produsen ke konsumen dapat diperpendek. Jika ini berhasil diterapkan, maka akan
terjadi penghematan energi.
4. Dari segi pencahayaan untuk tanaman, Indonesia memiliki keunggulan dibandingkan
negara maju, sehingga pertanian vertikal dapat diterapkan dengan biaya yang lebih
murah. Selain itu, konsep pertanian vertikal di Indonesia adalah memadukan
swasembada pangan dan energi dalam satu proyek, yaitu menggunakan panel surya
dan pembangkit listrik tenaga air skala kecil.
5. Dalam pelaksanaan proyek pertanian vertikal di Indonesia, lembaga pemerintah
Indonesia (kementrian) dan swasta (industri) harus bekerja sama dengan lembaga
pendidikan (universitas) dan penelitian (misalnya, LIPI) untuk merancang dan
mengoperasikan proyek tersebut, agar hasil yang diperoleh maksimal.
6. Jika proyek pertanian vertikal yang bekelanjutan di Indonesia (Indonesian Sustainable
Vertical Farming Project) sukses dalam periode kurang dari 10 tahun, Indonesia akan
menjadi salah satu negara pertama di dunia yang melakukan proyek pertanian vertikal
besar-besaran, khususnya untuk tanaman pangan dan tropis. Hal ini dapat menjadikan
Indonesia sebagai negara inovasi bidang pertanian di dunia.
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About the author
Dr. rer. nat. Johny Setiawan
Johny Setiawan, born in Jakarta, finished his school in Indonesian. 1992 he moved to
Germany to study physics at the University of Freiburg. After finishing his PhD in
astrophysics, Johny became a professional scientist at the Max-Planck-Institute of
Astronomy in Heidelberg, Germany. He has discovered extrasolar planets and his works
appeared in high-rank international journals and media. He took another study in Law and
Economics at the University of Mannheim (2009 – 2011). Since 2012, he joined the
Economic Division at the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Berlin.
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Energy Security
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2nd Earth Resilience Symposium
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SHALE GAS REVOLUTION
Lessons from the U.S.A and its possibility to occur in Indonesia
Fadillah, Rangga Dian1
1
Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy, University of Dundee, United
Kingdom
Abstract:
Faced with natural gas shortfall problems and soaring global oil prices, Indonesia is in dire
need to extract more gas to meet its growing energy demand. Inspired by the success of the
U.S.A in developing its shale resources, Indonesia expects to copy the same story. To
achieve that goal, the government of Indonesia is currently preparing a new regulation to
govern the development of the country’s shale resources. This paper aims to identify the key
drivers of the revolution in the U.S.A and examine their existence in Indonesia. The analysis
results show that despite abundant resources available, the industry structure and the
existing legal framework which are quite different from the U.S.A seem to be major
constraints for a revolution to take place in Indonesia. However, the government still has the
chance to make it successful if the planned regulation is friendly to boost the investment
climate.
Keywords: energy demand, key drivers, natural gas, shale gas revolution
Executive Summary
Sebagai negara berkembang, Indonesia dihadapkan pada tantangan bagaimana memenuhi
kebutuhan energi yang akan meningkat tajam di masa depan seiring dengan pertumbuhan
ekonomi. Dengan terus turunnya produksi minyak nasional dan melambungnya harga
minyak dunia, Indonesia mulai melirik gas alam sebagai alternatif pasokan energi yang lebih
murah dan ramah lingkungan. Tidak hanya gas konvensional, terinspirasi oleh kisah sukses
Amerika Serikat (AS) dalam mengembangkan shale gas, pemerintah saat ini sedang
mempersiapkan perangkat hukum baru untuk mengatur pengembangan sumber daya alam
tersebut di Indonesia. Di bagian kedua makalah ini akan dibahas sejarah pengembangan
shale gas di AS dan apa saja faktor pendorong utama keberhasilan revolusi shale gas.
Bagian ketiga paper ini akan melihat lebih dalam pengembangan gas alam di Indonesia dan
menguji apakah faktor-faktor yang menjadi kunci keberhasilan AS dalam mengembangkan
shale gas ada di Indonesia. Setelah menganalisa poin-poin tersebut, dapat disimpulkan
bahwa revolusi shale gas dengan skala keberhasilan seperti di AS akan sulit terjadi di
Indonesia. Kendala utama adalah perbedaan kepemilikan sumber daya alam. Di AS, tanah
dan sumber daya alam yang terkandung di dalamnya dimiliki oleh pemilik lahan sehingga
memberi insentif ekonomi yang lebih bagi si tuan tanah untuk mengembangkan sumber daya
alam tersebut. Di Indonesia, sumber daya alam dimiliki oleh negara.
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About the author
Rangga Dian Fadillah
The author is currently pursuing a master degree in Energy Economics at the University of
Dundee’s Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy (CEPMLP), Scotland,
United Kingdom. He also has three year-experience in journalism. Mr. Fadillah is working as
an energy reporter for The Jakarta Post, Indonesia’s largest English newspaper. Prior to
studying in the UK, he was appointed the deputy chairman of the Energy and Mineral
Resources Reporters Association (IWEM).
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ELECTRICITY DEMAND CONSUMPTION IN SOUTH EAST ASIA
ELECTRICITY SUBSIDIES COUNTRIES:
Indonesia (PLN), Malaysia (TNB), Thailand (EGAT)
Hakam, Dzikri, Firmansyah1,2
1
Centre for Energy, Petroleum, Mineral, Law and Policy, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK
PT. PLN (Persero), P3B Sumatra, Padang, Indonesia
2
Abstract:
This paper estimates the relationships between electricity power consumption with growth
domestic product per capita, average electricity price and previous electricity power
consumption in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand using lagged econometric modelling
techniques. The impact of GDP, population, energy price and previous consumption are
investigated over different time spans. The results indicate that, in the short-run, Indonesia
has higher income elasticity compare to Malaysia and Thailand while in the long run follows
the same result. In other hand, the electricity consumption in Malaysia more dependent to
the energy price rather than Indonesia and Thailand. Moreover, the lagged econometric
equation derived from regression simulation used to determined electricity demand forecast
in sample countries. Using similar assumption for economic and population growth, the
forecast shows minimal margin result in comparison with state owned electricity company
development plan, even in different price assumption. These results of the study are of great
significance for the energy policy maker in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand that can lead
the state owned (PLN, TNB, and EGAT) to a better electricity pricing structure and power
development plan. It is believed that the elasticity and forecast presented in this paper would
be helpful to sample countries government to build future scenarios about electricity demand
consumption.
Keywords: electricity consumption, econometric modelling, forecast, developing countries,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
Executive Summary
Studi ini bertujuan untuk menentukan tingkat elastisitas ekonomi dan harga listrik konsumsi
listrik di Negara Indonesia, Malaysia dan Thailand menggunakan teknik pemodelan lagged
econometric memakai data tahun 2001-2012. Selanjutnya, penulis melakukan perkiraaan
konsumsi energi listrik menggunakan pemodelan hasil simulasi regresi linier untuk
dibandingkan dengan perencanaan tenaga listrik masing-masing negara.
Hasil studi elastisitas menunjukkan bahwa tingkat elastisitas ekonomi terhadap konsumsi
energi listrik di tiga negara Indonesia merupakan yang tertinggi sedangkan tingkat elastisitas
harga listrik adalah yang terendah. Tingginya tingkat elastisitas ekonomi terhadap tingkat
konsumsi energi listrik mengindikasikan pentingnya pemenuhan kebutuhan energi listrik
untuk menopang pertumbuhan ekonomi. Di lain pihak, rendahnya tingkat elastisitas harga
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listrik berimplikasi pada tidak efektifnya program efisiensi tenaga listrik dengan
menggunakan kebijakan harga. Selain itu, pemerintah melalui perusahaan listriknya tidak
perlu memperhitungkan variable harga listrik untuk melakukan perencanaan tenaga listrik.
Sedangkan perencanaan konsumsi listrik hasil simulasi menghasilkan hasil yang serupa
dengan perencaan di masing-masing negara dengan menggunakan asumsi ekonomi dan
pertumbuhan penduduk yang sama.
Studi ini menjadi masukan penting kepada pemegang kebijakan energi di Indonesia dalam
hal penentuan struktur harga energi dan perencanan tenaga listrik. Studi elastisitas dan
perencaaan konsumsi listrik ini diharapkan dapat membantu Indonesia melalui PLN dalam
menyusun perencanan tenaga listrik yang lebih baik.
About the author
Dzikri Firmansyah Hakam
The author is currently pursuing a master degree in International Oil and Gas Management
at the University of Dundee’s Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy
(CEPMLP), Scotland, United Kingdom. He has a bachelor degree of electrical engineering
from the Institut Teknologi Bandung. Mr. Hakam has long years work experience in several
companies in Indonesia (PT. Halliburton Logging Services Indonesia, PT. PLN Persero). He
also published his works in IEEE Conferences.
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INTEGRATED CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE BIOFUEL SUPPLY
CHAIN IN INDONESIA TO STRENGTHEN ENERGY SECURITY
Santoso, Muhammad Iman1
1
Dept. Transport System and Logistic-University Duisburg-Essen Germany
Abstract:
Indonesia has embarked strategic enhancement of energy security. One of energy focus that
potentially highly prospective is biofuel. However shifting into biofuels could trigger many
problems if product sustainability cannot be well maintained. Other important issues are the
assumptions that biofuels threaten food security, affect water reserves and impacted to
biodiversity. Biofuel production and distribution also predicted will consume more energy
than conventional energy. The cost of container shipping within Indonesian region indicated
sometimes higher than transporting the same container from Jakarta to Singapore. The
difference logistics cost among provinces varies in the staple foods, basic products and fuel.
It is prompted by distribution, connectivity and energy-efficiency issues. This paper proposes
a holistic concept of biofuel supply chain to ensure stock sustainability and address those
issues. It considers various elements regarded as system and influence one another within a
whole. Biofuel engage suppliers, feedstock processing plant, oil refineries, distributors,
retailers, workers, consumers etc. All entities involved on the preparation, production,
distribution and sales will become biofuel chains that are related each other by transport and
logistics.
Keywords: Energy, Biofuel, Supply Chain, Transport, Logistic
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THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF INDONESIA AND ITS ROLE ON
THE PROTECTING ENERGY SECURITY
Armia, Muhammad Siddiq1,2
1
UIN Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Anglia Ruskin University-Cambdigde, United Kingdom
2
Abstract:
After almost a decade, the Constitutional Court of Indonesia has played a significant role, in
the Indonesia legal’s system. As the guardian’s constitution, the Court has come out of the
box in making the unpredictable decision, and ensuring a justice value. In accordance with
the Constitution of Indonesia, Article 24C, the Constitutional Court’s jurisdictions consist of;
1) shall possess the authority to try a case at final and binding and shall have the final power
of decision in reviewing laws against the Constitution; 2) determining disputes over the
authorities of state institution whose powers are given by this Constitution; 3) deciding over
the dissolution of political party; 4) and deciding over disputes on the result of general
election; 5) shall possess the authority to issue a decision over a petition concerning alleged
violations by the President and/or the Vice-President as provided by the Constitution.
In terms of protecting energy security, the Court has significantly made a breakthrough, in
law enforcement, most importantly, the annulment some articles in the Act Number 22 of
2001 on the Oil and Earth Gas. One of the Court’s reason in the Act is that the function of the
Executive Organ (Badan Pelaksana) in the Act is against the Constitution. Consequently, the
function of the Executive Organ reduced stated role, in ensuring and controlling the
distribution of the oil and gas, which could have a deep impact on the providing energy
security in Indonesia. Furthermore, another enormous decision made by the Court was the
reviewing some articles in the Act number 4 of 2009 on the Mineral Mining and Coal, which
produced a long debate on that decision.
Keywords: Constitutional Court, Court, Oil and Earth Gas, Executive Organ, Mineral Mining
and Coal
About the author
Muhammad Siddig Armia
The writer is a lecturer of Consitutional Law at UIN Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.
Recently, is doing PhD at Anglia Ruskin University-Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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COLLABORATION INDONESIA-GERMAN TO ENHANCE THE
UTILIZATION GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN INDONESIA
Nasser, Afdhal Fikri1
1
Kuban State Technological University, Russia
Abstract:
Indonesia is a country which is rich in various kinds of energy resources. One of them being
geothermal energy is the most advantageous and efficient energy source. In spite of the fact
that Indonesia has a big potential in using geothermal energy as a clean, abundant, and
renewable source, it is unfortunately not used as the main source of energy. Meanwhile, in
German, they do not have such a big potential of geothermal energy, but they have
extensive geothermal expertise which is needed by Indonesia since they have a big interest
in renewable energy. The aim of this paper is to provide an objective view of the relation
between Indonesia-German to tap Indonesians vast geothermal reserves, so that it could be
used as the fundamental pillars of energy sources in Indonesia. Analysis was based on the
collected data of various published papers.
Keywords: geothermal, renewable energy
Executive Summary
a. Sumber energi yang ideal untuk dimanfaatkan dimasa kini adalah energy yang
terbarukan, kurang polutan, murah, dan mudah untuk dimanfaatkan. Ketargantungan
manusia akan minyak ataupun batu bara sebagai sumber utama energy mulai
diturunkan, karena mereka jauh dari kata ideal untuk sebagai sumber energi masa kini,
tetapi ada satu sumber energy yang mendekati kriteria diatas namun kurang
dimanfaatkan, yaitu energi geothermal.
b. Indonesia memiliki potensi yang besar akan energi geothermal, tetapi hingga saat ini
masih belum dimaksimalkan karena kurangnya pengetahuan akan teknologi tersebut,
minimnya ahli dibidang ini, dan mahalnya biaya pengembangan awal untuk energi ini.
c. Jerman sebagai salah satu negara maju di dunia, memiliki pengetahuan dan pengalaman
yang jauh lebih baik dibanding Indonesia meskipun mereka tidak memiliki potensi yang
besar akan energi ini tetapi mereka mampu memaksimalkannya dengan sangat baik.
Dengan adanya kerjasama antara Indonesia dan Jerman hal ini akanmenguntungkan
kedua negara baik dibidang ekonomi maupun ilmu pengetahuan.
d. Dengan adanya kerjasama yang intensif dengan Jerman, Indonesia dapat meningkatkan
tenaga professional yang tersedia di bidang geothermal dengan adanya transfer ilmu
pengetahuan antara kedua negara. Dilain pihak, dengan adanya investor dari Jerman
akan sangat membantu pihak terkait di Indonesia untuk mengembangkan energi ini
mengingat biaya pengembangan energi geothermal tidaklah murah.
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About the author
Afdhal Fikri Nasser
Afdhal F. Nasser is a student at Kuban State Technological University. He is pursuing a
grade as engineer in oil and gas field.
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THE APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY TO INCREASE THE OIL
AND GAS RECOVERY IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
Subhono, Boya1, Wilson, Mark1, Kapur, Nikil1, Neville, Anne1
1
University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Abstract:
This paper exposes some prospects of the nanotechnology application to increase the oil
and gas recovery in the petroleum industry. The study of nanotechnology works closely with
the nano-scale entity (10-9 m). This size is believed to be small enough to penetrate the
pores in the reservoir rock beneath the earth surface where the oil and gas remains.
Furthermore, nanoparticles can be engineered to purposely alter the properties of the pore
surface of the rock in order to increase the oil recovery. However, it is another challenge to
be able to deliver the nanoparticles to the required location.
Keywords: nanotechnology, nano particles, oil, gas, petroleum, pore, channel, transport
Executive Summary
Minyak dan gas bumi adalah satu dari sedikit sumber daya energi yang efisien dalam proses
dan penggunaannya, namun jumlahnya terbatas dan tak terbarukan. Secara normal,
produksi minyak dan gas bumi akan terus menurun sepanjang waktu bila tidak dilakukan
usaha khusus untuk meningkatkannya.
Ada dua jenis usaha yang dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan produksi minyak dan gas
bumi. Usaha yang pertama adalah dengan melakukan kegiatan pencarian cadangan baru
yang bernilai ekonomis. Usaha yang kedua adalah dengan menggunakan teknik ekstraksi
minyak dan gas yang telah ditemukan di perut bumi sehingga sedemikian rupa
meninggalkan residu hidrokarbon yang minimal. Banyak teknik ekstraksi yang kerap
dilakukan, seperti injeksi fluida, pemanasan, peretakan reservoir, dan sebagainya. Sampai
saat ini, masih tersedia ruang luas bagi aplikasi teknologi baru untuk hal ini, termasuk
kedalamnya teknologi nano.
Teknologi nano adalah satu teknologi terobosan baru yang kini sedang menjadi pembicaraan
dimana-mana. Teknologi yang berhubungan dengan partikel-partikel kecil ini sering
dihubungkan dengan industri elektronik dan industri infrastruktur yang berkualitas tinggi.
Hasil dari kedua industri tersebut bisa diimplementasikan ke dalam sektor pendukung di
industri perminyakan. Namun lebih jauh lagi, partikel-partikel kecil tersebut bisa langsung
diinjeksikan ke dalam reservoir tempat minyak dan gas bumi berada. Partikel nano akan
lebih mudah terpenetrasi ke dalam pori-pori batuan yang ukurannya lebih besar, sehingga
mampu meningkatkan efisiensi mobilitas minyak dan gas yang ada. Walaupun demikian,
salah satu tantangan yang besar adalah bagaimana untuk mengantarkan partikel nano
tersebut ke zona yang dinginkan seefisien mungkin. Melalui paper ini ulasan ringkas
mengenai hal-hal tersebut akan dipaparkan.
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About the author
Boya Subhono
I currently am a PhD student in Mechanical Engineering from The University of Leeds, UK. I
work closely with the study of the nanotechnology deployment for oil and gas flow assurance.
I graduated from Teknik Perminyakan Institut Tekologi Bandung in 2006 as a BSc in
Petroleum Engineering. I took MSc degree also in Petroleum Engineering in 2008 from The
University of Stavanger, Norway. Since then, I have been working as a production engineer
in Statoil, Norway. I experienced in sub-sea and deep sea production technology and
production optimization. I also have experience in the process of SAGD (Steam Assisted
Gravity Drainage) and its simulation as a way to increase the recovery of heavy oil from the
reservoir. I am a member of Society of Petroleum Engineers and European Mechanics
Society.
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ASEAN ENERGY COOPERATION
A Bright Opportunity and A Daunting Challenge
Rezeki, Sri1
1
PSIA International Energy Sciences Po Paris, France
Abstract:
Problem of energy security is not merely a problem of one single country yet it’s definitely
also a problem for all countries in the world. Energy security according to Mason Willrich is
contextual, for energy exporter countries, energy security is the assurance of energy demand
from the market while for energy importer countries, energy security is the assurance of
sufficient energy supplies to permit national economy to function in a politically acceptance
manner.3 However, energy security as widely known is a term to explain condition in which a
country assures about its security of energy supply. According to forecast from the IEA
(International Energy Agency), the world will experiences higher demand on energy in the
coming decades due to the fast growing emerging countries’ economy, especially countries
in Asia, while in another side, supply of energy is decreasing.4 Meaning the threat for energy
security of a country is getting bigger. The world exactly needs sufficient amount of energy
supply. Energy supply not merely coming from conventional energy sources (e.g. Oil, gas,
coal), but also from renewable energy sources (e.g. Hydro, wind, solar, nuclear, geothermal,
biofuel). Countries are having many attempts to secure their energy supplies. They do it in
many ways such as energy efficiency, diversity, and cooperation. The energy cooperation
will mainly be a focus of this paper. It will discuss about the energy cooperation within and
beyond ASEAN borders (amidst ASEAN, China, Japan, and South Korea).
Keywords: Energy Security, Energy Cooperation, ASEAN, ASEAN+3 Countries
Executive Summary (in Bahasa Indonesia, English text will be translated in Bahasa
Indonesia),
Paper ini nantinya akan fokus kepada dua hal:
1. Analisis kritis terhadap ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation 2010-2015 untuk
mencapai ASEAN Vision 2020.
2. Kerjasama Energi ASEAN :
-Kerjasama energi sesama anggota ASEAN (Pembangunan pipeline lintas batas negara,
ekspor listrik sesama negara ASEAN, efisiensi energi di ASEAN, dan juga upaya
bersama ASEAN untuk menarik investor untuk mengembangkan sumber daya energi
terbarukan yang sangat potensial di ASEAN)
3
Mason Willrich, Energy and World Politics, (New York: The Free Press, 1978), p. 70-79.
World Energy Outlook 2012: Executive Summary, accessed from
http://iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/English.pdf
4
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-Kerjasama energi ASEAN dengan tiga negara utama di Asia Timur seperti China,
Jepang, dan Korea Selatan). Selain itu juga akan dibahas mengenai Greater Mekong
Sub-region dan dampaknya bagi ASEAN.
Output dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi rekomendasi bagi pemerintah negaranegara di ASEAN untuk dapat menciptakan keamanan energi di kawasan karena walaupun
kaya dengan sumber daya energi konvensional (minyak, gas, batubara), namun negaranegara di ASEAN tidak dapat selamanya bergantung kepada sumber daya energi
konvensional tersebut. Harus ada alternatif baru seperti misalnya kerjasama energi, efisiensi
energi, dan sumber daya energi terbarukan. Kerjasama energi ini akan sangat
menguntungkan bagi Indonesia kedepannya karena akan memudahkan proses ekspor dan
impor energi antar negara ASEAN+3 (ASEAN, China, Jepang, Korea Selatan), dan juga
dapat membantu Indonesia untuk mendapatkan investor (khususnya dari China, Jepang,
Korea Selatan) dalam mengembangkan sumber daya energi terbarukan yang memang
sangat potensial di Indonesia.
About the author
Sri Rezeki
The author is currently a master student in PSIA International Energy Sciences Po, and is
targeting for graduation in 2014. She studied at the University of Indonesia, majoring in
International Relations ang minoring in International Political Economy. She wrote an
undergraduate thesis focusing on China’s Energy Security. Sri Rezeki shows interest in
energy studies, whereas now she is mostly taking classes that discuss about renewable
energy and energy regulation. She has worked as a teaching assistant in International
Relations‘ Department of University of Indonesia. Her interest topic is mainly discussion
about energy cooperation in ASEAN. Therefore she is currently involved in Sciences Po
Energy Association (SPEA) where she is one of the board and having a project related to
energy efficiency. Besides being active in SPEA, Sri Rezeki is also a Liaison Officer for
Southeast Asia Region of Youth4Change and also a member of Bidang Kajian PPI Perancis.
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POTENTIAL USE OF POLYANILINE ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS TO
ACHIEVE INDEPENDENT SOCIETY OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN
EAST JAVA, INDONESIA
Yorinda, Ghani Rachmadi1
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University,
Surabaya, Indonesia.
Abstract:
Indonesia has a lot of potential for renewable energy, such as solar energy sources with an
average intensity of solar radiation is 4,8 kWh/m2 per day across in the Indonesia region.
Solar cells are widely use today are silicon based solar cells, which is more expensive and
still use harmfull heavy metals in their process production. Plastic solar cells from organic
polymer such as polyaniline has the potential in environmentally friendly and cheaper solar
cells because it has a stable of active material than other types of polymer such as poly
phenilene vinylene. Total power of solar radiation obtained through the SMARTS methods
(simple model of the atmospheric radiative transfer of sunshine) by knowing the intensity of
short wave radiation, and maximum wavelengths. Through SMARTS methods obtained
maximum intensity of solar radiation in the region of East Java by 0,608 W/m2 with an
average wavelength of 673.00 nm and an average of total power radiation at 280-3535 nm is
450,250 W/m2. An analysis shows that the region of East Java has the potential 82,03%
bigger than subtropics cities in generating electric from solar power.
Keywords: electrical energy, organic solar cells, polyaniline
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ENERGY SECURITY/FOOD SECURITY
Restoring the Republic of Indonesia's sovereignty over its natural
wealth
Farohaji Kurniawan1
1
Tula State University, Russia
Abstract:
Talking about Natural Resources Indonesia is like a dead chick in granary . The government
only become a collector ticket levy and levy retribution money was successfully entered
private pockets. people as the land owner just be spectators in the country of his birth. Nearly
80% of Indonesia's natural resources controlled by foreign companies. In the constitution of
1945, Indonesia took the form of a dream state and government with the assertion that "the
Indonesian government aims to protect all the people of Indonesia, the entire country of
Indonesia promote the general welfare and intellectual life of the nation and participate in
realizing world peace by freedom, lasting peace and social justice. "A practical mission to
assert that political identity, culture and geography would be meaningless if his form concrete
- enjoyed in everyday life - in the form of welfare, intelligence and social justice. Mining itself
is one of the focuses of 8 MP3EI development program. Indonesia's natural resources
spread throughout the country, but far less natural resources managed by the maximum, as
a pillar of the economy or the state of energy sources. And the sector is less perfectly
cultivated because the government is helpless and no sovereignty over their natural wealth
Keywords: economic , natural resources, sources of energy, sovereignty
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FUNCTION TO DESCRIBE THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF
OILSEEDS CROPS
Sigalingging, Riswanti1, Herak, D.1, Kabutey, A.1, Divisona, M.1
1
Departement of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life
Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
Abstract:
Bioenergy has become more attractive recently because it has shown to be the best
supplement to fossil-based fuels due to environmental advantages, renewables resource
availability, and ability to lessen dependence on imported oils. Crops seeds is one of
materials, which can be used as materials bioenergy for instance the materials of biodiesel.
An understanding of their the mechanical behavior is an important factor for a particular
design a machine. Being able to predict the energy demand for rupture them to extract oil
because the cost of extraction oilseeds and processing oil into biofuel must be more little
than the value of oilseeds, after it was extracted from seeds or the value of biofuel is higher
than oilseeds so that the economic returns. Therefore, there require a Mathematics model as
a tool, in order to estimating the rupture force so the machine will be more efficient of energy.
The aims of this review are to detail the characteristic of mechanical behavior Jatropha
curcas and Rapeseeds under press so that logically organize the knowledge around the
function of Mathematics to describe it.
Keywords: oilseed, bioenergy, biofuel, rapeseeds, jatropha
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Mitigation and Management of Disasters
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NATURAL DISASTER, CAUSES AND DISASTER STATISTICS IN
INDONESIA
Jakarta Flood 2013
Tahrir, Ruswandi1
1
Gunadarma University, Depok, Indonesia
Abstract:
The cause of the disaster that is often said to be divided as a result of natural or human until
recently still a debate, but that the Disaster should be prevented and be solved already
agreed especially since 2005 in the Hyogo Declaration. The natural disaster discussed now
was some disaster which very often occured in indonesia, that is disaster volcanoes,
earthquakes, tsunami, hydrometeorology (which includes drought, wild fire, heavy rain,
floods and landslide) and as case was flood treatment 2013 in Jakarta. Since the colonial
era, independence, old order, new order and reformation the city of Jakarta has experienced
numerous disastrous floods. The handling is done by performing normalization of rivers and
the transfer of the seat of Government from Sunda Kelapa, to Banteng Park and last to the
area around Monas. Including the build of West Flood Canal, East Flood Canal and will be
built Watercourse of Ciliwung - East Canal Flood. Will next are Depok reservoirs and Ciawi
reservoirs. Big plans for tackling the flood in Jakarta have also been proposed by adopting
the experiences of other countries either by making a Multi function Giant Sea Wall, as well
as by making the Underground Smart Tunnels including the transfer of the seat of
Government. The decision will be determined by the Government should be the best and
ensured sustainability. In order to get it put forward that the discussion should be using
Expert System by involving relevant experts and the process is open so the public can
scrutinize meticulously.
Keywords : Hydrometeorology, Sea-Wall, Tunnel, Transfer, Expert
Executive Summary
Permasalahan dipaparkan secara umum
Heavy rain over the past week have resulted in part from Jakarta including the Palace as the
nation's capital was inundated with water and the occurrence of traffic jams, so it cannot run
activities and had led to losses of 34 Trillion Rupiah. The image of Jakarta as a State
Capital slipped to the bottom of the rock.
Permasalahan dipaparkan khusus bagi Indonesia
Dike West Flood Canal in Latuharhari area collapsed so water break through add puddle has
happened in Palace, surrounding National Monument and Hotel Indonesia roundabout.
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As well as other areas in all four occur and as a result the traffic became gridlocked so that
Government and private office that the lowliest become paralyzed. Flood relief efforts poin to
three options, namely :
- Build a Multi Function Giant Sea Wall supported by polder system and its
capacity increasement of retention include reclamation to accommodate
overload activities in mainland of north coastal area of Jakarta
- Build a Multi Function Tunnel for drainage include utilities, city transportation
and underground reservoir
- Transfering the seat of Central Government to the reclamation land in the north
coastal area, to around of the Jabodetabek or to out of Java
Hasil penelitian dan pengolahan data yang disajikan dalam paper ini
- Build a giant sea wall is the most workable because we have experince to build
dams and five other countries with similar condition has been done well
- Build transportation and city utility 40 m underground too risk, no experience
- Its sustainability very difficult to be achieved
Masukan bagi pihak Indonesia dalam memecahkan masalah
- Sustainable development is main consideration.
About the author
Dr. Ir. Ruswandi Tahrir, MSP.
The author studied architecture at Institut Teknologi Bandung ITB. He then got the Master
Degree in Urban and Regional Planning at ITB in cooperation with UCL UK. He received his
PhD in Environments at IPB in cooperation with QUT Australia. He also has many overseas
work experience and awards, including receiving diploma of Urban Studies
ITC
(International Institute for Aerospace and Earth Sciences, Enschede, The Netherlands),
Diploma Computerized Aided Housing Design, Tsukhuba, Japan, Rental Housing and New
Town Development, Tokyo, Japan, Urban Renewal and New Town Development, Seoul,
Korea, and Typhoon and Disaster Management, Taipei, Taiwan. Dr. Tahrir has participated
in Seminar and Workshop about Housing in Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and Manila and
Seminar about Environments in Taskhent, Uzbekhistan. From 1975 – 2010 he was working
as a government officer with the last position is Director of Disaster Prevention. Since 2011
to day he is a lecturer at Gunadarma University in Depok, Jakarta Metropolitan Area.
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THE AWAKENING OF INDONESIA IN EMERGING KNOWLEDGE
BASED ECONOMY IN ASEAN
Perspective, Challenge and Opportunity for regional resilience in
Southeast of Asia
Irawati, Dessy1, Rutten, Roel2
1
Sondervick College, the Netherlands and Newcastle University, UK
Tilburg University, the Netherlands
2
Abstract:
The experience of Indonesia as one of the dynamic and emerging economy in ASEAN has
been an interesting narrative to be investigated. Since the Asian economic crisis in late 1998,
Indonesia has fallen to a cute and problematic economy in ASEAN. However, with the agility
and the strong domestic production, Indonesia has turned out to be a tiger country back on
the right track in the regional resilience in Southeast of Asia.
This paper will shed the light of the awakening of Indonesia in knowledge economy by
looking at case study of the automotive cluster in Java. This point has become the departure
argument to move forward from knowledge economy 1.0 to knowledge economy 2.0.
Keywords: Knowledge economy, ASEAN, Resilience, SDIN, Knowledge Transfer
Executive Summary
This paper aims to contribute the current literature review of studying regional economic,
specifically for Indonesia. The following points are the main discussions for the paper:
a.
Regional economic Resilience in ASEAN and its potential
b. Indonesian potential, challenge, and opportunity
c. Automotive cluster, and Knowledge economy 2.0
d. SDIN-Social Dynamic of Innovation Networks for Indonesian study
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About the author
Dr. Dessy Irawati-Rutten FeRSA
Dessy Irawati-Rutten, Ph.D FeRSA (Fellow of Regional Studies Association), is an academic
staff for the bilingual department and an international engagement coordinator at Sondervick
College, the Netherlands, with 12 years experience in international business practice and
academic. She gained her Ph.D in International Business Strategy and Economic Geography
in 2009 from Newcastle University Business School, UK. Her disciplinary background is in
International Business Strategy, Economic Geography, and Regional Studies. She explores
why some regions have a better economic performance than others and argues that this is
because they encourage knowledge creation in the global-local networks more than other
regions.
Furthermore, she has researched and taught international business management,
investigating overlaps with the fields of strategy, organization, and learning. Alongside this,
she continues to develop her research interests on innovation and regional development in
knowledge-based economy, specifically in the context of agglomeration, industries, and
networks. Her extended research interests are: international business strategy, multinational
enterprises (MNEs), small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), innovation and technology
management, globalization and development studies, cluster- based policy and networks,
industrial dynamics and knowledge transfer.
Dr. Irawati-Rutten has presented papers in Europe and other international venues as a guest
speaker, invited scholar and scientific conference speaker. She has published books,
journals, e‐journals and conference proceedings at international level. Irawati is active in
promoting the importance of academic writing workshop, peer review and supervision among
junior researchers and PhD students internationally in her role as chair of a scientific
committee and a member of scientific panels for several international conferences
/workshops. She is the one of creators of a new research network called SDIN (Social
Dynamic of Innovation Networks) promoting the norms, values and human element in
studying innovation in developed and developing economies, specifically in Europe and the
ASEAN (Southeast Asian) region.
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Dr. Roel Rutten
Dr. Rutten is an Assistant Professor at Tilburg University, the Netherlands. His research
focuses on knowledge creation and applies this to the three areas discussed below. His
disciplinary background is organization sociology and economic geography. Given my
interest in researching knowledge creation as a process, my empirical approach is mainly,
though not exclusively, qualitative in nature.
Dr. Rutten is also one of the founders of SDIN-Social Dynamic of Innovation Networks.
Furthermore, he conducts his research on knowledge creation and networks, Proximities,
and regional economic development. Dr Rutten has an extensive experience in Innovation
studies in Europe as an academic as well as a consultant. He has published in international
journals, books, and invited for international speakers in various seminars and conferences
in Europe and internationally.
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THE CULTURE OF MITIGATION POLITICS IN INDONESIA
Lessons from Mud-Volcano Disaster Mitigation in East Java
Novenanto, Anton1,2
1
Departemen Sosiologi, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang
Institut für Ethnologie der Ruprechts-Karl-Universität Heidelberg, Germany
2
Abstract:
This paper discusses the culture of mitigation politics in Indonesia, by focusing on experience
of the mud-volcano disaster mitigation in East Java. The main argument of this paper
concerns more on the government’s overlook the cultural aspects of the impacted population.
The argument of this paper is based on two different methodologies: a) discourse analysis to
government legal documents related to the mud-volcano disaster mitigation; and b)
fieldworks within the mud-displaced populations in Sidoarjo, East Java and their attempts to
dwell in new resettlements. The first method aims to uncover government’s culture(s) in
mitigating of a disaster. The second method concerns more on the description of
sociocultural conditions during the villagers’ transition, from the displacement to the new
resettlements. Many sociocultural problems, intended or unintended, emerged during that
transition; indeed, some last until now. As a conclusion, this paper suggests a solution
concerning how to integrate culture as a variable in mitigation politics.
Keywords: mitigation politics, culture of disaster, mud-volcano disaster, East Java.
Executive Summary
Paper ini mendiskusikan tentang budaya politik mitigasi bencana di Indonesia. Politik mitigasi
bencana, di Indonesia maupun di negara lain, kerap mengabaikan budaya sebagai salah
satu variabelnya. Padahal budaya merupakan aspek yang penting untuk diperhatikan karena
dengan memahami budaya suatu masyarakat pelaku mitigasi bencana dapat memahami
bagaimana masyarakat lokal berinteraksi dengan alam yang melingkupinya. Paper ini,
menggunakan kasus Lapindo sebagai contoh, mengungkapkan bahwa terjadi kesenjangan
antara budaya politik mitigasi di level pemerintah dan budaya di level komunitas/masyarakat
lokal. Budaya politik mitigasi pemerintah akan dibongkar menggunakan strategi analisis
wacana terhadap keputusan-keputusan politik pemerintah. Sementara itu, riset etnografis
akan mengungkapkan praktik budaya pada level komunitas lokal tempat keputusan politik
tersebut berdampak. Paper ini mengusulkan suatu strategi untuk melakukan integrasi kajian
budaya dalam penyusunan politik mitigasi bencana di Indonesia, agar kesenjangan antara
politik mitigasi dan masyarakat lokal dapat dikurangi, sekaligus menjaga agar budaya lokal
tetap lestari sekalipun masyarakatnya terkena dampak dahsyat dari bencana.
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About the author
Anton Novenanto, M.A.
The author is a lecturer at the Department of Sociology of the Brawijaya University Malang,
Indonesia. He got his Bachelor of Social Science (S.Sos.) from the Department of Sociology
of the Gadjah Mada University, Jogjakarta, Indonesia. He received STUNED Scholarship to
complete his Master of Arts (M.A) from the Department of Cultural Anthropology and
Development Sociology of the Leiden University, the Netherlands. Since 2011, he is
continuing his research entitled “Politics of Mud-Volcano Disaster in East Java” for his
doctoral program at the Ruprechts-Karl Universität Heidelberg, Germany supported by the
DAAD Scholarship.
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MEDICAL TRAUMA TEAM FOR DISASTER IN INDONESIA
Tan, Tik1
1
Task Force IND-NL-MHC
Abstract:
In the last decades Indonesia has been struckted by several devastating dissaster like the
Tsunami in Aceh, Erath quake in Padang and Nias , the burst of gunung Merapi will not be
the last devastating earth dissaster in the future. In the past there was lack of a good and
specialised medical team. In the proces of the childhood of the Indonesian Diaspora
forming a squadron a standby of medical specialists and recommended trauma team
consist of trauma , orthopedic, plastic reconstructive surgeon and intensive care can save
lots of lives and treated the victims optimal. This squadron of well trained and dedicated
medical specialist can be formed if the Indonesian Government and Medical Board and the
military allow collaboration with this team.
Keywords: tsunami, earth-quake, Indonesian Diaspora, medical, orthopedic, plastic
reconstructive surgeon
Executive Summary:
Immediately after the mega-tsunami in Aceh and the widespread destructions that ensued,
killing more than 250.000 people along the coastlines. Besides lots of medical aids from
several countries came to Aceh and Medan, a Dutch Medical Trauma team has been able to
swiftly initiated, formalized and performed emergency aid in close collaboration with Local
and Dutch NGO’s (www.harapanjaya.nl and www.erasmusmc.nl ) Indonesia has been
strucked by natural disasters frequently in the last 8 years (Aceh, Padang, Nias, Yogjakarta,
Palembang etc).
With all respect to all medical teams who came very quickly and saved lots of human lives, in
Aceh and Medan we didn't found a well organised medical trauma team consists of medical
specialists in Traumatology (e.g. trauma surgeons, orthopedic surgeons, plastic,
reconstructive and handsurgeons surgeons) for the special care in the short and longtime
period. A well prepared, organised and collaboration of local and International medical
trauma teams can save may lives and handicaped victims. Lots of Local and International
Medical Experts in Traumatology can be united as a standby Medical Trauma Team for this
special huge dissasters that can be mobilised immediately only if the Indonesian Authorities
and Medical Society (IDI) will accept and welcome this group of medical experts. A Network
of World Medical Trauma Team for Dissasters in Indonesia can be discussed and formed.
The Aceh Tsunami experience (Prof. Dr. Steven Hovius and Dr. Tik Tan) showed how acute
emergency care should be better structured, rather than implementing ad-hoc actions.
Understandably, passion to act can become more a burden than real help in the war-zone
activities, while many stakeholders have different objectives and aims. A ”military” lead
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during this ”status of war” in the aftermath of this mega-tsunami for facilitating orderly and
efficient working circumstances should better served the need of the tens of thousands of
victims. This view was shared by both Dr. G. Olyhoek and Dr. Tik Tan themselves in the
plenary session. IDN-MHC therefore expects the Indonesian governing bodies to tackle this
issue seriously, as emergency care requires immediate implementation according to agreed
”Emergency Action Protocol”. Emergency protocols should be rigidly implemented in case
such a natural disaster occur (earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruptions), being led and guided
by the Indonesian authorities as decisive conductor to prevent chaotic actions by volunteers
special teams with regard to massive rescue efforts being undertaken, - every second
counts!
Large organizations will not disappear soon, but are cumbersome, bureaucratic and slow.
Read NGOs. Military organizations are also cumbersome and bureaucratic, but are well
trained in large logistics processes. Small organizations get something done quickly, are
driven, usually have good connections and lots of control. However, when it grows, they no
longer have the back office which makes it necessary to pull it off. On the latter is often
lacking. It is also the reason why Prof. v.d. Meulen my predecessor here much attention to it.
However, it is not really got off the ground.
If we all want something will require some coordination needed without the unique initiatives
that exist to undermine.
About the author
Dr Tik Tan, Medical Doctor.
Specialist: Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Handsurgeon,
Education:, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam , The Netherlands
1994- 2000
Work : Bronovo Hospital The Hague The Netherlands
2000
Transportation of Gifts of Medical Instruments for Indonesia
2000 Harapan Jaya Rehabilitation Center
2001 Tsunami Aceh, Initiator Dutch Medical Trauma Team
2004 -2005
Task Force of Indonesian Diaspora Network Netherlands - Medical Health Care (IDN-NLMHC)
2012 Hobby: Badminton, Football, Painting
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MEDIA COVERAGE AND RISK COMMUNICATION ON NATURAL
DISASTER IN INDONESIA
Kadarisman, Ade1,2
1
Universitas Padjajaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia
Université Paris 2 Pantheon-Assas, France
2
Abstract:
Indonesia is country that have many natural disaster. On 26 October 2010 and untill
November, Mount Merapi was eruption continuously. There are many victims of the local
community. Information of mitigation of disaster was very limited between government,
media and community. The pre-disaster information must develop awareness of the local
community in avoiding zone of the disaster. In this case, role of media coverage are very
important to share information based on truth and factual for develop opinion public and
make actions of agenda to help community. Factors of risk communication are very limited
on the media coverage. In a case, political policy on media and interest of bisnis influence
value of news to the public. This paper will describe the role of media that provides news to
the Indonesian society especially with aspects of media coverage and risk communication.
How they can well-known and care the situation and avoid victims. The information of the
natural disaster on media can affect public opinion and government policies. There is a
relations between the dissemination of information, knowledge of community about disaster,
and factors of risk communication of media,government,corporate and civil society.
Keywords: media coverage, risk communication, natural disaster, merapi eruption
Executive Summary
Paper ini akan mendiskusikan beberapa hal terkait peran media massa dalam bencana alam
di Indonesia. Seperti kita ketahui, Indonesia adalah negara yang dikenal dengan banyak
terjadi bencana alam. Salah satu nya adalah letusan gunung merapi pada Oktober 2010.
Dampak letusan gunung merapi sangat besar dan menimbulkan banyak korban serta
kerugian bagi masyarakat. Namun kita bisa melihat dalam setiap peristiwa bencana, pola
informasi mitigasi bencana melalui media kepada publik masih sangat terbatas. Khususnya
terkait sinergi informasi antara pemerintah, media massa dan masyarakat itu sendiri. Peran
media baik pra-bencana maupun pasca-bencana menjadi sangat penting dalam distribusi
informasi kepada khalayak.yang didasarkan pada kebenaran faktual dan proses opini
publik dalam untuk membantu masyarakat agar terhindar dari banyaknya korban. Selain itu,
faktor komunikasi risiko dalam kebijakan pemberitaan belum diperhatikan dengan benar
sesuai kaidah jurnalistik yang berlaku. Dalam beberapa hal dimensi politik dan bisnis terlihat
melalui kemasan informasi yang disampaikan kepada publik. Pada paper ini akan
menyampaian peran media dalam berita bencana kepada masyarakat Indonesia ditinjau
dari konteks pemberitaan dan komunikasi resiko bencana. Terdapat hubungan antara
penyebaran informasi melalui media dengan pembentukan persepsi,
pengetahuan
masyarakat tentang bencana, dan efek komunikasi risiko terhadap khalayak. Media massa
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hidup, tumbuh, dan berkembang bersama masyarakat. Ia memiliki peran penting saat
bencana alam terjadi. Kesalahan fatal dalam pesan yang disampaikan, bentuk penayangan
berita, terbatasnya pengetahuan mitigasi bencana para pelaku media, hingga kurang
diindahkannya kaidah-kaidah jurnalistik akan memberikan dampak yang tidak baik untuk
masyarakat.
About the author
Ade Kadarisman
Ade Kadarisman is a Ph.D. Candidate in Centre d'Analyse et de Recherche
Interdisciplinaires sur les Médias, Département d'Information et de Communication,
Université Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas,France. He received his scholarship from Department of
Education National and Culture (Dikti-Depdiknas). He got masters from Magister of
Development Study, Bandung Institute of Technology (MT), and from M2R Environment,
Institute of Geography, Universite Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne. Since 2006, he is a lecturer
at Department of Public Relations Faculty of Communication Science Universitas
Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Sumedang, Jawa Barat. His current research is focused on the
media coverage and risk communication, environment communication.
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RIGHTS OF THE NATURAL DISASTER VICTIMS:
Human Rights Compliance Efforts Through Natural Disaster
Management
Setiawan, Arief1
1
People's Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
Abstract:
Human rights are not just mainly talking about the civil and political rights, and economic,
social and cultural rights. In its development, the concept of human rights also extends into
the realm of realization of the right of citizens to disaster management. Disaster management
is not just the country's efforts to ease the burden on the victims of natural disasters.
Furthermore, disaster management is a state obligation to the citizens in order to protect
human security and human rights. Therefore, disaster management should be expanded to
consider the aspects of human rights as a whole. Various aspects of human rights should
receive attention in order to prevent the occurrence of violations of human rights even in
disaster situations. Principles of human rights should be an important concern in disaster
mitigation, especially in the relief and rehabilitation phase. In the perspective of prevention of
human rights violations due to natural disasters, there are two important things that must be
considered: a good disaster management and prevention of corruption within funding
collection for the disaster victims. Corruption in collecting natural disaster relief funds and
non-optimal management in disaster management are examples of violation toward human
rights.
Keywords: human rights, disaster management, state obligation, corruption, human security
Executive Summary
Aspek hak asasi manusia (HAM) seringkali diabaikan dalam mitigasi bencana, terutama
pada fase tanggap darurat dan rehabilitasi. Akibatnya, dalam proses mitigasi bencana sering
terjadi pelanggaran HAM akibat tidak responsifnya sistem manajemen bencana yang
dibangun. Dalam kasus Indonesia, fase tanggap darurat menjadi titik krusial pemenuhan
HAM korban bencana alam. Anak-anak dan perempuan menjadi korban terbesar akibat
kurang diperhatikannya aspek HAM. salah satu contohnya pendidikan anak-anak korban
bencana alam yang menurut Kovenan Hak Anak merupakan bagian dari hak anak yang
harus dipenuhi negara dalam keadaan apa pun. Selain itu, pelanggaran HAM juga sering
terjadi ketika manajemen bencana di suatu wilayah buruk. Ditambah lagi dengan beberapa
kasus tindak pidana korupsi terhadap dana bantuan untuk bencana alam. Banyaknya korban
tsunami Aceh pada 26 Desember 2004 menjadi bukti ketiadaan manajemen bencana oleh
negara. Kasus korupsi dana bantuan bencana alam juga sering terjadi. Banyak
penyelenggara negara yang terlibat tindak pidana korupsi dana bantuan bencana. Korban
sangat dirugikan akibat tindakan tersebut sehingga hak asasinya juga ikut terampas. Oleh
karena itu, unsur pemenuhan HAM dalam mitigasi bencana harus dapat perhatian. Selain
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itu, manajemen bencana harus ditingkatkan kualitasnya. Pencegahan tindak pidana korupsi
dalam masa tanggap darurat dan rehabilitasi harus dapat perhatian lebih. Karena itu,
manajemen bencana perlu dilaksanakan multi-sektoral.
About the author
Arief Setiawan
The author is a student in political science master's program in the People's Friendship
University of Russia, Moscow. He completed his undergraduate degree at the University of
Airlangga, Surabaya majoring in International Relations. He is also listed as one staff of the
National Commission on Human Rights in Jakarta.
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THE DILEMMA OF EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT BUILDING
STANDARDS IN THE CIVIL BUILDING
Case Study of SNI Earthquake and Indonesian Building Policy
Hermawan, Ferry1,2, Indarto, Himawan1, Soetanto, Robby3
1
Department of Civl Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.
Coventry University, United Kingdom
3
School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, United Kingdom.
2
Abstract:
Indonesian National Standard (SNI) is the commitment of achieving product quality on
Industry, such in National Construction Industry. However, there was a dilemma when the
macro policy influences on implementation. A radical change has been broadening from
revision on Indonesian Standard of Earthquake-Resistant Building (SNI 03-1726-2002 to
RSNI 2010) that affects to the existing building. The impact of new building code emerges
cost material significantly rise around two times and how the treatment accordingly new
building code. Unfortunately, these dilemmas still lies on the scientific arena, and the
practioners is lack of capacity on implementation. Regarding sustainability on civil building
regulation, the most important factor in disaster reduction (i.e. earthquake) is to learn lessons
from past disasters and to take measures in response. Difference probability impact exceed
from 10% become 2%, lies on public policy area and scientific adjustment. Consequently, the
local government as the key player for Building Code implementation should aware take into
account the appropriate action as necessary on the existing building and forthcoming design.
The propose solution could be tackle the dilemma, it should be more accommodate the
stakeholder expectation rather than scientific approaches, and consider the priorities on
sustainable process and mechanism in term of planning, institutional organising and realistic
budgeting.
Keywords: standard, sustainability, civil building
Executive Summary
Standar bangunan tahan gempa menjadi acuan bagi pelaku industri konstruksi. Adaptasi
fenomena gempa terhadap risiko keruntuhan bangunan mendorong para ilmuwan meninjau
periode ulang pada standar yang sudah ada.
Penerapan standar baru (RSNI) mengakibatkan dilema bagi implementasi kebijakan
bangunan gedung, antara memperkuat bangunan eksisting dan desain baru. Sayangnya
kondisi tersebut masih berada pada perspektif akademik, sehingga implementasinya
seringkali menimbulkan perdebatan antara perencana dan praktisi gedung. Rendahnya
kapabilitas praktisi gedung di daerah dalam mengimplementasi regulasi tersebut mendorong
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perlunya perlunya penguatan kompetensi mulai dari perencanaan, kelembagaan maupun
pendanaan.
Melihat fenomena historis gempa (1556-2012), perubahan risiko gempa (SNI 03-1726-2002
menjadi RSNI 2010) yang akan diterapkan dari 10% menjadi 2% telah mempengaruhi nilai
material konstruksi sekitar dua kali lipat. Berdasarkan studi kasus beberapa negara seperti
Amerika, Canada, Sri Langka dan India, maka faktor kunci mengimplementasikan standar
bangunan gedung tersebut adalah mekanisme kebijakan di tingkat daerah dengan
mengurangi risiko dampak dan mempertimbangkan kemampuan anggaran.
Solusi bagi kebijakan bangunan gedung di Indonesia dapat dilakukan dengan pendekatan
akamodatif dan prioritas. Bangunan gedung eksisting yang berisiko bagi keselamatan jiwa
manusia perlu ditinjau ulang dengan perkuatan (retrofit) dan untuk bangunan gedung baru
harus disesuaikan fungsi keutamaan strukturnya, dan secara sosio-ekonomi anggaran yang
dibuat juga harus mengadaptasi standar terkini dan realistis.
About the author
Ferry Hermawan,S.T.,M.T.
Ferry Herwaman is a lecturer at department of civil engineering, faculty of engineering at
Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia. Particular in Construction Management peer
group. He got the Bachelor in Civil Engineering, 2002 from Diponegoro University and
Master Degree, in Civil Engineering - Management of Transportation System from
Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia. He is now completing his doctoral program in
the built environment at the Conventry University, United Kingdom. His research interest in
Sustainability of Building Projets in Indonesian Local Government. The previous activities
around 10 years relate to the board interest about urban infrastructure of public transport,
building retrofit, and decision making process in construction industry in local government of
Indonesia. His previous experiences in 2002-2010, as An Engineer on Civil engineering
Consultants at Regional, Central Java-Indonesia and some National Project administered by
Ministry of Public Work and Ministry of Transportation. His experties in consultant companies
relate to building design, urban drainage and infrastructure management. His social
activities regarding his academia engagement on Higher Education around 5 years is
involving retrofit building, skill labour intensive and technical assistance of Non-Engineered
Building in Local Government of Central Java, Indonesia.
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Ir. Himawan Indarto,M.S.
Himawan Indarto is a lecturer at department of civil engineering, faculty of engineering at
Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia. Particular in Structure peer group. He got the
Bachelor in Civil Engineering, 1985 from Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia and
Master Degree in Structural Engineering in 1990 Institute Technology of Bandung (ITB),
Bandung, Indonesia. More than 20 years, Himawan has been working experiences in Civil
Structure (Mostly Building and Bridge structure) from public or private companies in
Indonesia. His specialise in computer simulation and retrofit building. His broad interests
include retrofit building, earthquake engineering, non-engineered building in local
government, and interaction upper structure and geotechnical respose. Himawan registered
as a boardmember of Indonesian Expert of Construction (HAKI).
Dr Robby Soetanto, B.Eng, M.Eng, Ph.D, PGCert, FHEA, MASCE
Dr Robby Soetanto is Lecturer in Construction Management at Loughborough University,
UK. He graduated from the Department of Civil Engineering, Petra Christian University in
1995. Following an MEng programme at AIT (Thailand) and a PhD research at the University
of Wolverhampton (UK), he held post-doctoral posts at Loughborough University. He then
took a lectureship post at Coventry University, where he established the Construction
Management Applied Research Group. His research has been funded by government (UK
Research Council and European Union) and companies (Lloyds TSB and Hewlett Packard).
He was a Visiting Professor at Ryerson University, Canada, and lectured at the Universities
of Reading and Salford. He was the Chair of the Third International World of Construction
Project Management Conference in 2010, and currently is the Chair of Sustainable Building
and Construction Conference in July 2013. His current research focuses on ICT-enabled
communication, social responsibility, and sustainable building. His work has been widely
disseminated to a diverse audience with over 80 published works.
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A REVIEW OF OUTER SPACE THREATS AND THE ASSOCIATED
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Puspitarini, Lucky1 , Dermawan, Budi2 , Hidayat, Taufiq2
1
Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
2
Abstract:
Natural disasters are not only Earth-based threats, but also outer space threats. Since its
formation ∼4.6 billion years ago, Earth has received repeated impacts from small bodies:
asteroids and comets. When their distances are close to Earth, they are called as Near Earth
Objects (NEOs). Although they delivered water or organic materials, which supported
environment for life, but as life emerged and developed, the continuous impacts could be
disastrous. Asteroids larger than 50 meters would reach Earth's surface and cause local
disasters, while asteroids larger than a kilometer could cause global disasters.
The recorded impacts show non-negligible number of events, i.e., Tunguska event in 1908,
which destroyed about 80 million trees over 2,150 km2, also atmospheric asteroid blast in
2009 over Bone, Indonesia.
Astronomers have been observing NEOs and predicting the potential impacts (i.e. using Nbody simulation). The existing space technologies allow deflecting NEOs to prevent the
collisions. Evacuation and mitigation plans can be prepared. Coordination between scientific
community, government, disaster relief agencies, media, and public in national and
international scale is necessary.
Keywords: Near Earth Objects (NEOs), Asteroid, Collision, Impact, mitigation
Executive Summary
Bencana alam tidak hanya berasal dari Bumi, tetapi juga dari luar angkasa. Sejak
terbentuknya sekitar 4.6 milyar tahun yang lalu, Bumi telah mengalami tumbukan secara
terus menerus dari benda kecil seperti Asteroid dan Komet. Ketika jarak benda-benda kecil
ini dekat dengan Bumi, mereka disebut objek dekat Bumi atau Near Earth Objects (NEOs).
Walaupun benda-benda ini telah mengantarkan air dan material organik yang menyokong
lingkungan untuk terbentuknya kehidupan. Akan tetapi, setelah kehidupan terbentuk dan
berkembang, kelanjutan tumbukan dengan benda luar angkasa dapat membahayakan.
Asteroid dengan diameter lebih dari 50 m dapat mencapai permukaan Bumi dan
menyebabkan bencana skala local, sedangkan asteroid dengan diameter lebih besar dari
satu kilometer dapat menyebabkan bencana skala global.
Tumbukan-tumbukan yang tercatat menunjukan jumlah kejadian yang tidak dapat diabaikan,
contohnya peristiwa Tunguska tahun 1908, yang telah menghancurkan 80 juta pohon pada
area 2150 km2. dan ledakan asteroid di atmosfer tahun 2009 di Bone, Indonesia.
Para astronom telah mengamati NEO dan memprediksikan potensi tumbukan (misalnya
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dengan mengaplikasikan simulasi N-benda). Disamping itu, Teknologi luar angkasa saat ini
telah mengizinkan kita untuk dapat membelokkan lintasan NEO untuk mencegah tumbukan
dengan Bumi. Dengan demikian, evakuasi dan rencana mitigasi dapat dipersiapkan.
Koordinasi antara komunitas ilmiah, pemerintah, lembaga bantuan bencana, media massa,
dan masyarakat dalam skala nasional dan internasional sangatlah penting.
References
Association of Space Explorers. 2008, Asteroid Threats : A Call For Global Response, www.spaceexplorers.org/ATACGR.pdf
Chapman, C.R. 1994, nat, 367, 33
Gritzner, C., Durfeld, K., Kasper, J., & Fasoulas, S. 2006, Naturwissenschaften, 93, 36
Kuehrt, E., Kahle, R., & Hahn, G. 2005, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 37, 637
Morrison, D., Harris, A.W., Sommer, G., Chapman, C.R., & Carusi, A. 2002, Asteroids III, 739
Schweickart, R.L. 2008, 37th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, 37, 2792
Yeomans, D. K., Chamberlin, A., Chesley, S., & Chodas, P.W. 2009, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, A2
About the author
Lucky Puspitarini
The author started her study astronomy in 2005 at the Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB). She
obtained Bachelor degree in 2009 with research topic about Earth’s co-orbital asteroids.
Then she took a master degree program at Université Paris-Diderot in 2010 with a thesis
about high altitude clouds in Martian atmosphere using Mars Climate Sounder data. Now,
she is doing her doctoral program (PhD) at Observatoire de Paris with thesis tittle : “The 3D
Distribution of Interstellar Gas and Dust in the Galaxy : Preparation for Analysis GAIA
Observations“, supervised by Rosine Lallement.
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Budi Dermawan
Lecturer in ITB
 B.Sc. : Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia, 1992
 M.Sc. : The University of Tokyo, Japan, 2001
 Doctor : The University of Tokyo, Japan, 2004
Taufiq Hidayat
Lecturer in ITB
 B.Sc. : Institut Teknologi Bandung, 1989
 DEA. : Universite de Paris VII, France, 1993
 Doctor : Universite de Paris VII, France, 1997
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PHYSICS BASED ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT:
Innovation of Physics Instruction that Integrates Between Physics
and Disaster Management for Constructing the Awareness of
Preventive and Responsive
Wijaya, Agusta Danang1, Kristinawati, Andika1, Supeno1
1
University of Jember, Jember, 68121, Indonesia
Abstract:
Nowadays, natural disasters have already given many impacts, e.g. to the economics, social,
and infrastructure. Indonesia is an archipelago country that lies among tectonic plates. Based
on these facts, natural disaster cannot be avoided. Every year natural disaster occurs such
as earthquake, tsunami wave, landslide, and flood. These caused many victims, e.g. the
earthquake in Padang caused 1117 people died and tsunami wave in Mentawai 431 deaths.
It shows that the disaster management in Indonesia is still not good. Therefore, an
innovatiom is needed. Disaster management can be integrated with physics instructional.
Physics Based on Disaster Management (PBDM) is an innovative way to implement it, where
the concepts in physics are related to the phenomena of natural disasters. This method can
be implemented in junior and senior high schools which have physics class. For example,
movement matter in physics can explain how flood or earthquake occurs, fluid matter can
explain how flood could happen and why the stream of river is different in some places, heat
matter can explain the eruption of volcanoes. The objective of this paper for constructing the
awareness of preventive and responsive about disasters and also innovation in physics
instructional / education.
Keywords: Natural disaster, Disaster management, Physics instructional, Physics Based on
Disaster Management (PBDM)
About the author
Agusta Danang Wijaya
Danang Wijaya is a student of Physics Education Department University of Jember
Indonesia in 7th semester. He became the head research and technology department in
Himpunan Mahasiswa Fisika (HIMAFI) in the department in 2011-2012. Besides that in 2011
and 2012 his research in physics instructional is funded by Dikti in Program Kreativitas
Mahasiswa (PKM), a program is held by Dikti every year. This paper work is funded by Dikti.
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ANIMAL INSTINCT FOR DISASTER MITIGATION (ANIMATION) :
Innovation of Early Warning System for Disaster Mitigation Based
on Animal Instinct
Utama, Winang Surta1, Wijaya, Agusta Danang1, Maharani, Febri Galuh1
1
University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia
Abstract:
The objective of this paper is to make an innovation in the early warning system in the
disaster mitigation. It is needed, because natural disaster can always happen in Indonesia
and many people died due to these. Therefore, the early warning system for disaster is
necessary. Animal Instinct for Disaster Mitigation (ANIMATION) is innovative way. It works
based on animal instinct, sensor, microchip, and radar for detecting the location of the
animal. Many animal are very sensitive when the disaster will come. So by operating the
device based on it, the early warning system will work effectively. The microchip is put on the
animal such as elephant, bird, snake, and fish. When the animal feels something will happen
naturally the instinct of animal works, so that the microchip will send signal to the sensor. The
difference of wave that detected by the sensor shows the animal has strange behaviour.
Perhaps, it shows the disaster will come so that the evacuation of people around the place
which the disaster will come can be effective. This technology innovation can be developed
for the various of natural disaster.
Keywords: Early warning system, Disaster mitigation, Animal Instinct, Animal Instinct for
Disaster Mitigation (ANIMATION), Innovation
About the author
Winang Surta Utama
Winang Utama is a student of Economic Education University of Jember in 5th semester. He
is currently the general head of Economic Student Association 2012-2013 and holding the
position as the secretary-general of Ikatan Mahasiswa Pendidikan Ekonomi Seluruh
Indonesia (IMASI). He won some competitions in scientific paper, economic debate, and also
student achievement. With his colleagues he is doing a research about the innovation of
disaster mitigation.
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