Examples of WMD-Related Strategic
Commodities
Outline
• Multilateral Export Control Arrangements and EU Dual-Use List
• Examples of Strategic Items -- by Industry Sector
- Materials (structural, chemical , biological) -- EU DUL Category 1
Aluminum, filamentary materials, graphite, zirconium, phosphorus
compounds, human pathogens
- Industrial Equipment (Materials Processing) – EU DUL Category 2
Filament winding machines, machine tools, isostatic presses, remote
manipulators, furnaces, pressure transducers, chemical reaction vessels,
heat exchangers, multi-walled Pipe, fermenters
- Electronics– EU DUL Categories 3 and 6
A/D converters, capacitors, frequency changers, detonators, mass
spectrometers, electronic cameras, lasers
• Summary
2
Multilateral Export Control Arrangements
Regime
Est.
Membership
Guidelines to Control
Australia Group (AG)
1985
40
CW precursors, pathogens & toxins, and
dual-use equipment
Missile Technology Control
Regime (MTCR)
1987
34
Delivery systems and dual-use materials
& equipment
Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
1975
46
Nuclear commodities and dual-use
materials & equipment
Wassenaar Arrangement (WA)
1996
40
Conventional weapons & dual-use goods
Carbon fiber, filament winding machine, and gas centrifuge rotors
EU Dual Use List
Categories and Numbering Scheme
• Controlled items are identified by a unique 5-character number
- e.g., 3A001
3
A
0
Technical Category
Product Group
Regime Origin
0 Nuclear Materials, Facilities and
Equipment
1 Materials, Chemicals,
"Microorganisms," and “Toxins”
2 Materials Processing
3 Electronics
4 Computers
5 Telecommunications and
“Information Security”
6 Sensors and Lasers
7 Navigation and Avionics
8 Marine
9 Propulsion Systems, Space
Vehicles and Related Equipment
A Systems, Equipment,
Components
B Test, Inspection and
Production
Equipment
C Materials
D Software
E Technology
0: Wassenaar or
NSG Trigger List
1: MTCR
2: NSG Dual-Use List
3: AG
4: CWC
01
Item No.
EU Dual-Use List
CATEGORY 1:
MATERIALS, CHEMICALS,
MICROORGANISMS AND TOXINS
(91 Entries: 28 WA, 21 MTCR, 37 NSG, 5 AG, 1 CWC)
Category 1 Commodities Used in Nuclear Fuel
Cycle and Weapons Development
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Natural Uranium Mining & Milling
• Chlorine trifluoride
Uranium Conversion
Uranium Enrichment
Aluminum
Maraging steel
Titanium
Fibrous/filamentary material
Composite material
Nickel powder
Chlorine trifluoride
Filament winding machines
Highly Enriched
• Calcium
• Magnesium
High Explosive andUranium Pit Fabrication
Non-nuclear Components
Reactor Fuel Fabrication
• Platinized
catalysts
Graphite or
System Development
Heavy Water
and Testing
Reactor
Reprocessing
•
•
•
•
Zirconium
Beryllium
Hafnium
Graphite
Weapon
Plutonium
Pit Fabrication
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tungsten
Lithium
Bismuth
Boron
Beryllium
Tritium
Hellium-3
Alpha-emitting radionuclides
Radium-226
High Explosives
• Radiation windows
• Chlorine trifluoride
Category 1 Commodities Used in Missile
Systems
•
•
•
•
Batch mixers
Continuous mixers
Fluid energy mills
High Explosives
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tungsten
Maraging steel
Fibrous/filamentary material
Composite material
Graphite
Filament winding machines
Aluminium Alloys
(EU 1C002.b.4, 1C202.a)
• Nuclear Use
- Enrichment (centrifuge rotors)
• Non-WMD Use
- Widely used in the aircraft industry
• Control
- Controlled whenever tensile strength
- ≥ 240 MPa at 473 K (200°C) or
- ≥ 415 MPa at 298 K (25°C)
Extruded seamless aluminum tubing
- Of nuclear concern when
- capable of … tensile strength of ≥460
MPa at 293 K (20°C)
- in the form of tubes or cylindrical solid
forms with an outside diameter >75
mm
- Most other uses do not require the
high tensile strength specified
Aluminum is important because it is one of the few
materials suitable for use in UF6 gas centrifuges.
Aluminum billets
Fibrous or Filamentary Materials
(EU 1C010, 1C210, 9C110)
Fibrous and filamentary material is used to
make composite material, which has
extensive commercial use
• Nuclear Use
- High-speed rotors of gas centrifuges
• Missile Use
- Structural Components (i.e. nose cones)
• Non-WMD Use
- Numerous other uses, including
aerospace and sporting equipment
Carbon fiber
• Control
Variety of carbon,
glass, and aramid
fibers
- Fiber types meeting physical parameters
such as specific modulus, specific tensile
strength, and melting temperature
- Resin-impregnated or pitch impregnated
fibers, metal or carbon-coated fibers
(preforms) or carbon fiber preforms, as
follows, …
Determining composition, strength and modulus requires special equipment. Most carbon
fiber produced today meets the control specifications in 1C210.
Graphite
(EU 0C004, 1C107.a,b)
• Nuclear Use
• Control
- Nuclear reactor moderator
• Missile Use
- Rocket nozzles
- Reentry vehicle nose tips
• Non-WMD Use
- Electrodes
- Molds for metal casting
- Precision furnace fixtures
- Graphite, nuclear grade, having a purity
level of less than 5 parts per million boron
equivalent and with a density > 1.5 g/cm3.
- Graphite usable for rocket nozzles and reentry vehicle nose tips
- Fine Grain
- Pyrolytic or fibrous reinforced graphites
Graphite is a form of carbon with significant
resistance to corrosion, low neutron
absorption, high strength at high temperature,
good resistance to ablation, and good
machinability
Rocket nozzles
Graphite block
Most commercial graphite meets the control limits
Zirconium
(EU 0A001.f, 1C234)
Zirconium is a corrosion-resistant metal ideal
for use in nuclear reactors due to its low
neutron absorption
• Nuclear Use
- Nuclear reactor fuel cladding and other
reactor internal components
• Non-WMD Use
- Structural material in chemical plants
• Control
- With a hafnium content less than 1
part hafnium to 500 parts zirconium by
weight
- Metal, alloys containing > 50% Zr by
weight
- Compounds, manufactures, waste, or
scrap of any of the foregoing
- Zirconium foil with thickness ≤ 0.10
mm is not controlled
Zirconium alloy
tubes
CANDU fuel
Non-nuclear uses of Zr do NOT require low Hf
content
Category 1 Commodities Used in Chemical
Weapons Process
Toxic chemical
or agent
Toxic chemicals, agents, chemical agent
precursors, and chemical mixtures of
these substances are addressed under
EU 1C350 and 1C450
Precursor Chemicals (EU 1C350)
• Control 1C350 lists 63 specific chemicals
• Chemical Weapons Use
- Precursors for chemical agents
• Non-WMD Use
- Wide variety of legitimate commercial uses for these 63 chemicals
- Some examples include:
- Additives for plastics and elastomers
- Crop protection
- Water treatment
- Personal care products
- Gold mining
- Production of fluorocarbons and fluoropolymers
• Control
- Listed chemicals used as precursors for toxic chemical agents and mixtures
- Mixture controls
- Does not control products identified as consumer goods packaged for retail sale
for personal use or packaged for individual use
Toxic Chemicals and Precursors
(EU 1C450)
• Chemical Use
- Toxic chemicals, chemical agents and precursor chemicals
• Non-WMD use
- Very limited commercial uses for these chemicals
• Control
- Toxic chemicals and toxic chemical precursors, and mixtures containing one
or more of:
- Toxic chemicals: 7 specific chemicals listed
- Toxic chemical precursors: 8 chemicals or chemical functional groups listed
- Mixture controls
- Does not control consumer goods packaged for retail sale for personal use or
packaged for individual use
Examples
- Toxic chemicals
- Phosgene: Carbonyl dichloride
- Hydrogen cyanide
- Toxic chemical precursors
- Methyldiethanolamine
- Chemicals containing various P, S and N-based functional groups
Phosphorus Compounds:
Overview
• Chemical Use
- Nerve agent precursors
• Non-WMD Use
- Agrochemicals (pesticides, etc.)
- Flame retardants
- Plastics additives
- Hydraulic fluid/lube oil additives
- Organic synthesis & pharmaceuticals
• Control
- EU 1C350.2-8, 17-19, 21-23, 26, 29, 30,
33-36, 38, 47, 55-58, 60, 61, 63;
1C450.b.1-3
Controlled phosphorus compounds
• Specific organic and inorganic
compounds containing phosphorus
There are a number of phosphorus compounds that are controlled because of their utility in
a chemical weapons program, specifically in making nerve agents
Category 1 Commodities Used in
Biological Weapons Processes
INOCULUM
PRODUCTION
RECOVERY
STABILIZATION
AEROSOL
TESTING
SAFETY
Human pathogens
Animal pathogens
Genetic elements and genetically modified organisms
Plant pathogens
DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Human Pathogens, Zoonoses and Toxins
(EU 1C351)
• Biological Use
- Biological agent targeting humans
• Non-WMD Use
- Medical research (vaccines, disease
treatment and detection)
- Medical treatment – e.g. Botox®
- Food testing
- Basic research
Examples
Viruses: Dengue fever, Ebola, Variola
(smallpox)
Rickettsiae: Coxiella burnetti (Q fever)
Bacteria: Bacillus anthracis (anthrax),
Yersinia pestis (plague)
Toxins: Botulinum toxins, Ricin, Cholera
Colonies on
agar of
Yersinia pestis,
the causative
agent of plague
• Control
- 32 Viruses, 4 Rickettsiae, 15
Bacteria, 19 Toxins, and 2 Fungi
- Does not control vaccines or
immunotoxins
The key feature of listed agents is that they
cause illness in humans, even if their original
source is animals
Ricin Powder
EU Dual-Use List
CATEGORY 2:
MATERIALS PROCESSING
(49 Entries: 15 WA, 11 MTCR, 18 NSG, 5 AG)
Category 2 Processing Equipment Used in
Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Weapons Development
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Natural Uranium Mining and Milling
Uranium Conversion
Uranium Enrichment
Machine tools
Flow/Spin forming machines
Filament winding machines*
Rotor assembly equipment
Valves
Pressure Transducers
Balancing machines
Dimensional Inspection equipment
Pumps, Compressors, Exchangers
Highly Enriched
Uranium Pit Fabrication
High Explosive and
Non-nuclear Components
Graphite or
Heavy Water
Reactor Fuel Fabrication
Reactor
System Development
and Testing
Reprocessing
*See Category 1B2xx, for other nuclear-related
production equipment
• Gas guns
• Vibration test systems
• Robots
Weapon
Plutonium
Pit Fabrication
• Robots
• Remote manipulators
•
•
•
•
•
•
Machine tools
Flow/Spin forming machines
Dimensional inspection equipment
Isostatic Presses
Furnaces
Crucibles
Category 2 Processing Equipment Used in
Missile Systems
• Flow-forming machines
• Filament winding machines*
• Isostatic presses
• Balancing machines
• Motion simulators
• Positioning tables
• Isostatic presses
• CVD furnaces
*See Categories 1B1xx and 9B1xx for other
missile-related production equipment
• Vibration test systems
• Centrifuges
• Wind tunnels*
Equipment for the Production of Structural
Composites (EU 1B001.a-c, 1B101.a-b, 1B201)
• Nuclear Use
- Manufacturing composite rotors for
uranium enrichment gas
centrifuges
• Missile Use
- Manufacturing rocket motor cases,
propellant tanks, pressure vessels,
heat shields, re-entry vehicle nose
cones, nozzles
• Non-WMD Use
- Manufacturing storage tanks,
pipes, bearings; sporting goods
such as golf clubs shafts, bicycle
frames, and baseball bats;
aerospace components
Textile machinery not modified for the enduses stated in the control language is not
controlled.
• Control
- Multi-axis filament winding machines
capable of winding cylindrical rotors
75 - 400 mm diameter and >600 mm
length
- Multi-axis tape-laying machines
designed for composite airframe and
missile structures
- Multi-directional, multi-dimensional
weaving and interlacing machines
Filament winding (right);
Tape laying and weaving
(bottom)
Machine tools
(EU 2B001, 2B201)
22
• Nuclear Use
- Manufacturing nuclear explosive device
components, U-enrichment components, molds
and crucibles for casting U or Pu
• Non-WMD Use
Machining Center
A machine tool is a powered
mechanical device used to fabricate
metal components by the selective
removal of metal.
- Virtually every type of national industry, e.g.,
aerospace, automotive, general appliance,
electronic, power generating, defense
• Control
- Can be equipped with … “numerical control”
- Four types:
- Turning machines, milling machines, grinding
machines, electrical discharge machines
- Two fundamental control parameters:
NC Lathe
- Overall positioning accuracy of the machine.
- Number of axes that can be moved simultaneously
for contouring control
Machine tools last a very long time. Resale or diversion to a proliferator is a large concern.
Isostatic Presses
(EU 2B004, 2B104, 2B204)
23
• Nuclear Use
- Producing nuclear explosive device
parts
• Non-WMD Use
- Forming metallic and ceramic
powders into billets
- Manufacturing ceramics, plastic
products, hard-metal dies and tool
bits, turbine blades and vanes,
insulators for automotive spark
plugs and high-voltage electric
power lines, crucibles
• Control
- Pressure ≥ 69 MPa (10,000 psi)
- Inside chamber diameter > 152 mm
Isostatic presses are devices to compact
ceramic or metallic powders under high
pressure to produce products with no voids
and of uniform density; they are also for
diffusion bonding of materials
Remote Manipulators
(EU 2B225)
A remote manipulator allows a gripping
mechanism to be controlled by a human operator
via electronic, hydraulic, or mechanical linkages
24
• Nuclear Use
- Operations within hot cells
• Non-WMD Use
- Numerous applications to tasks that
are too dangerous, too fatiguing, or
beyond the physical capabilities of
humans
- Space and naval applications
- Industrial applications dealing with
hazardous biological, chemicals, and
explosive substances
- Surgery, aid for the severely disabled
• Control
- Capable of penetrating or bridging 0.6
m or more of hot cell wall
Proliferation-scale reprocessing would likely
use remote manipulators rather than complex,
automated processes with robots)
Induction and other Metallurgical Melting and
Casting Furnaces (EU 2B226, 2B227)
• Nuclear Use
- Melting, casting, and processing
U and Pu parts
• Non-WMD Use
- Non-nuclear metallurgical
research
- Production of specialty steels or
superalloys for the aerospace
industry
- Melting and casting reactive
metals such as titanium and
zirconium
- Jewelry-making
- Semiconductor fabrication and
coating
• Control
- Size, temperature, power
25
Vacuum induction
furnaces (2B226)
are used to melt and
cast metal using the
heat of induction
current
Arc remelt, electron
beam, and plasma
furnaces are usually
used to re-melt metals
to achieve high purity,
or to combine different
alloying materials with
a base material to
produce an alloy
Pressure Transducers
(EU 2B230)
26
• Nuclear Use
- Pressure measurements of UF6 during
gas centrifuge process
• Non-WMD Use
- Semiconductor manufacturing
- Chemical processing
- Vacuum distillation, drying, and filtration
- Engineering tests
- Basic scientific research
• Control
- Capable of measuring absolute pressures
at any point in the range 0 to 13 kPa with
accuracy of +/- 1% or better than 130 Pa
- Pressure sensing elements made of or
protected by aluminium, aluminium alloy,
nickel or nickel alloy with more than 60 %
nickel by weight
Pressure transducers measure liquid or gas
pressure within a containment volume and
convert the measurement to an electronic signal
Various typical pressure transducers
Absolute pressure transducers have
only one gas connection
Category 2 Processing Equipment Used in
Chemical Weapons Process
•
•
•
•
•
Filling Equipment
Multi-Walled Piping
Pumps
Tanks
Valves
•
•
•
•
•
Incinerators
Filling Equipment
Multi-Walled Piping
Pumps
Valves
•
•
•
•
•
•
Agitators
Reaction Vessels
Heat Exchangers
Multi-Walled Piping
Pumps
Valves
•
•
•
•
•
Filling Equipment
Multi-Walled Piping
Pumps
Tanks
Valves
• Distillation Columns and
Absorption Towers
• Heat Exchangers
• Multi-Walled Piping
• Pumps
• Valves
27
Corrosion-Resistant Materials of Construction
for EU 2B350 Equipment
• Nickel or alloys with more than 40% nickel by weight
• Alloys with more than 25% nickel and 20% chromium by weight
• Titanium or titanium alloys
• Tantalum or tantalum alloys
• Zirconium or zirconium alloys
• Niobium (columbium) or niobium alloys
• Fluoropolymers
• Glass or glass lined
• Graphite or carbon graphite
• Silicon carbide
• Titanium carbide
• Ceramics
• Ferrosilicon
Each item of manufacturing equipment has a subset of these materials in its
control specifications.
28
EU 2B350 Equipment
and Material Type
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X
X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X
Ceramics
X
X
X
X
X
Ferrosilicon
Glass
X
X
X
X
X
TiC
Fluoropolymers
X
X
X
X
X
SiC
Nb (alloys)
X
X
X
X
X
Graphite
Zr (alloys)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ta (alloys)
25% Ni/ 40% Cr alloys
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Ti (alloys)
Ni or Ni alloys (>40%)
Chemical reaction vessels
Agitators
Storage tanks
Heat exchangers/condensers
Distillation or Absorption columns
Filling machines
Valves
Multi-walled piping
Pumps
Incinerators
29
X*
X X
X
* silicon carbide, ≥ 80% purity by weight;
Council Regulation No. 428/2009
May 5, 2009
aluminium oxide (alumina), ≥ 99.9% purity by weight;
zirconium oxide (zirconia)
Chemical Reaction Vessels or Reactors
(EU 2B350.a )
• Chemical Use
- Synthesizing Chemicals
• Non-WMD Use
- Chemical, petrochemical,
pharmaceuticals, oil and gas, waste
water treatment, pulp and paper,
paints, agricultural products,
detergents
• Control
- Total internal volume >100 L and <
20,000 L
- Corrosion-resistant materials as
specified
- With or without agitators
Control is based upon size and material of
construction
30
Chemical reaction vessels are key pieces
of equipment for chemical synthesis
Heat Exchangers or Condensers
(EU 2B350.d )
• Chemical Use
- Control reaction
temperature in synthesis
- Cool and collect chemical
products
• Non-WMD Use
- Nuclear, petrochemical, and
pharmaceutical industries
• Control
- Heat transfer surface area > 0.15 m² and
< 20 m²
- Tubes, plates, coils or blocks (cores)
designed for such heat exchangers or
condensers
- All surfaces that come in direct contact
with the chemical(s) being processed are
made from materials specified in the
control language
Heat exchangers are used to provide temperature
control of chemical processes and come in a
tremendous variety of designs
Condensers are used in distillation to cool purified
vapors so they can be collected as products
A heat exchanger is a device that transfers heat from
one liquid to another without allowing them to mix
31
Multi-Walled Piping
(EU2B350.h)
Multi-walled pipe provides added protection
against leaks by integrating a containment
pipe around an internal carrier pipe (through
which the fluid flows)
32
• Chemical Use
- Transfer of chemicals throughout
production process
• Non-WMD Use
- Chemical, petrochemical,
pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper,
cryogenic industries
• Control
- Incorporating a leak detection
port
- Corrosion-resistant materials as
specified
Also known as dual containment or double
containment piping
Category 2 Processing Equipment Used in
Biological Weapons Processes
33
• Spraying and Fogging Systems
INOCULUM
PRODUCTION
RECOVERY
STABILIZATION
AEROSOL
TESTING
DELIVERY SYSTEMS
• Aerosol Inhalation Chambers
• Fermenters
• Centrifugal Separators
• Cross Flow Filtration Equipment
• Protective and Containment
Equipment
• Freeze Drying Equipment
SAFETY
Fermenters
(EU 2B352.b)
Fermenters, or bioreactors are used to
grow large quantities of biological agents
• Biological Use
- Production of agents and toxins
• Non-WMD Use
Bench-top fermenter
350L Fermenter
Large pre-sterilized plastic bags are
increasingly being marketed as single-use
fermenters
- Food industries including wine and beer
production
- Bioremediation
- Production of medications and vaccines
- Biopesticides and feed additives for
agriculture
• Control
- Capable of cultivation of pathogenic microorganisms, viruses or for toxin production
without the propagation of aerosols
- Having a capacity of 20 L or greater
- Fermenters include bioreactors,
chemostats and continuous-flow systems.
EU Dual-Use List
CATEGORY 3:
ELECTRONICS
(33 Entries: 20 WA, 7 MTCR, 6 NSG)
EU Dual-Use List
CATEGORY 6:
SENSORS AND LASERS
(34 Entries: 18 WA, 5 MTCR, 11 NSG)
Category 3, 6 Commodities Used in Nuclear
Fuel Cycle and Weapons Development
•
•
•
•
•
Frequency Changers
Pressure Transducers
Mass Spectrometers
Lasers
Superconducting
solenoidal magnets
• High-voltage and
high-current power
supplies
• High-Speed Cameras
• Flash X-Ray Generators
• High-Speed Pulse
Generators
• Photomultiplier Tubes
• Velocity interferometers
• Pressure sensors
•
•
•
•
•
Firing Sets
Capacitors
Detonators
Switching Devices
Neutron Generators
• Radiation Hardened
Cameras
Category 3, 6 Electronics Used in Missile
Systems*
• Gravity meters
• ADCs
• Thermal Batteries
• Radiation hardened
detectors
• ADCs
• X-ray systems
• Radar Systems
• Gravity Meters
• ADCs
*See Category 7, Navigation and Avionics, for
other missile-related electronics
Analogue to Digital Converters
(EU 3A001.a.5, 3A101.a)
• Missile Use
- High-speed data conversion
• Non-WMD Use
- Consumer electronics, e.g.,
cellular telephone, personal
computers, televisions
- Automotive industry, e.g., GPS
systems
- Aviation and Aerospace, e.g.,
satellites, commercial avionics
• Control
- Analogue to digital converters,
usable in missiles, designed to
meet military specifications for
ruggedized equipment
A/Ds or ADCs convert
analog signals changing
over time into streams
of numerical data which
can be analyzed by
computers
Capacitors
(EU 3A201.a)
• Nuclear Use
- Stores the energy to be discharged by
the switching device to the detonator
• Non-WMD Use
- Engine ignition systems
- Radar and lasers
- Medical instruments including x-ray
equipment and lithotripters
- Academic and industrial research
applications
• Control
- High voltage, high capacity, low
inductance
A capacitor is an electrical device that
can store electrical energy and release
it when needed
Capacitors are common components of many electronic and electrical systems; however,
those meeting the control specifications are much less common
Frequency Changers
(EU 0B001.b.13, EU 3A225)
• Nuclear Use
- Driving high-speed gas centrifuge motors
• Non-WMD Use
- Testing electrical equipment
- Testing aircraft guidance and navigation
equipment
• Control
Frequency generators are electronic
instruments that accept commercial
electrical input at 50 or 60 Hz and provide
output at a different frequency (variable or
fixed)
- Multiphase output >40W
- Frequency range 600-2000 Hz
- Frequency control better than 0.1%
- Total Harmonic Distortion <10%
Also known as converters, inverters,
variable frequency drives, adjustable
frequency drives, AC power sources, or
AC power supplies.
What makes controlled frequency generators special is their high frequency range (>600 Hz
is very unusual), and the fact that they can maintain that frequency to better than 0.1%
Detonators
(EU 1A007.b, 3A232)
• Nuclear Use
- Initiation of HE charge of an implosiontype nuclear weapon
• Non-WMD Use
- Industrial mining and oil well
perforation
• Control
EBW detonators
- Electrically-driven explosive
detonators
- Exploding bridge (EB)
- Exploding bridge wire (EBW)
- Slapper
- Exploding foil initiators (EFI)
- Arrangements using single or multiple
detonators
Controlled detonators are the safest known types of
detonators because they can only be triggered by a
very high-current fast-rise pulse
Mass spectrometers
(EU 0B002.g, 3A233)
• Nuclear Use
- Monitor the performance of
enrichment processes (centrifuge,
gaseous diffusion, aerodynamic,
laser enrichment)
- Isotopic analysis of nitrate
compounds in reprocessing facilities
• Non-WMD Use
- Analytical chemistry research
- Chemical and biomedical industry
• Control
- Mass spectrometers and ion
sources capable of measuring ions
> 230 atomic mass units
Most mass spectrometers meet the control
language; the largest class of mass spectrometers
that DO NOT are those specifically designed for
LIGHT stable isotope analysis
Mass spectrometry is an analytical tool that is
used for determining the isotopic content of
chemical samples.
Electronic streak and framing cameras
(EU 6A003, 6A203.b)
• Nuclear Use
- Study of dynamic materials properties
- Provide information on the performance of nuclear
explosive device components
• Non-WMD Use
- Spectroscopy
- Optoelectronics
- Aerosol studies
- Aerodynamics
- Materials science research
- Military and defense research
• Control
Modern electronic streak and
framing cameras are specialized
digital cameras capable of recording
very high-time-resolution images
- Electronic streak cameras (and tubes) capable of
50 ns or less time resolution
- Electronic framing cameras capable of 50 ns or
less frame exposure time
Intensified CCD (ICCD) cameras often meet the frame exposure time specification
Lasers
(EU OB001.h/g; 6A005, 6A205)
• Nuclear Use
- Uranium enrichment
- Molecular Laser Isotope Separation
(MLIS); Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope
Separation (AVLIS)
A laser is an optical-electronic device
that generates intense light in a welldefined direction at a particular
wavelength or range of wavelengths.
• Non-WMD Use
- Limited non-AVLIS/MLIS uses for lasers
that meet specifications
- Applications for some controlled lasers
include micro-machining, micro-ablation,
cutting, welding, marking, and drilling;
possible uses in imaging applications
and laser light shows
Laser head
• Control
- Numerous types with specifications on
power, wavelength, pulse duration, etc.
Medical applications likely use lower power than
those which meet the control specifications.
Gas laser with
connections
and pressure
gauges
Summary
• It is important for exporters to become familiar with the structure
and content of the EU Dual-Use List
• The process of determining an item’s control number by
comparing its technical specifications to EU list entries is called
Commodity Classification
- If the commodity meets or exceeds the technical parameters in a
particular entry, the item is controlled by that entry and assigned the
corresponding Control Number
• Examples of WMD-related commodities in the materials, industrial
equipment, and electronics sectors have been presented
- WMD and non-WMD uses
- Control summary (consult National Control List for exact
specifications)
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Structural Materials
Summary
• Controlled structural materials are useful in a variety of
conventional military, missile-, and nuclear-related applications
- EU DUL Category 1C0xx, 1C1xx, 1C2xx
• Often controlled based on properties such as strength,
composition, and/or physical form
• Commercial applications of these materials span a range of
sectors. Depending on the material, they may be used in
- Aerospace applications
- Sporting goods
- Metallurgy
- Electronics
- Certain industrial and chemical sectors
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Chemicals
Summary
• Many controlled CW precursors, particularly CWC Schedule 3B
compounds, are widely produced for numerous legitimate commercial
applications
- EU DUL Category 1C350, 1C450
• Each precursor has its own set of applications, but general examples
of uses include:
- Phosphorus compounds: Agrochemicals, flame retardants, hydraulic
fluid/lubricating oil additives, plastics additives
- Sulphur compounds: Lubricant additives, rubber vulcanization, dehairing
hides, inks & dyes, insecticides
- Cyanide compounds: Mining, metallurgy, nylon, pigments
- Fluorine compounds: Fluorocarbons, fluoropolymers, etching, cleaning
- Amines and Alkanolamines: Surfactants, water treatment, textiles,
solvents
- Many precursors have applications in organic synthesis and
pharmaceuticals
Industrial Equipment
Summary
•
•
EU DUL Category 2, but also Categories xBxxx
Nuclear- and missile-related dual-use industrial equipment often have wide
application in national industrial sectors, e.g.,
- Aerospace, automotive, general appliance, sporting goods, electronic, power
generating, defense
•
Equipment meeting the control specifications is
- sometimes a small subset of the market, e.g, machine tools (multiaxis, highprecision)
- In other cases, a much larger portion of the market, e.g.,filament-winding
machines
•
•
Corrosion-resistant chemical equipment is legitimately used in several
industry sectors, e.g.,
- Acids, chlor-alkali, pulp and paper, semiconductors, fine chemicals,
pharmaceuticals
Common applications for biological equipment include
- Pharmaceutical industry, food industry, beer and wine production, waste
treatment, water purification
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Electronics
Summary
•
EU DUL Categories 3, 6, 7
•
Many dual-use electronics used in WMD are widely produced for numerous
legitimate commercial applications
- But some are highly specialized, used primarily for scientific or military
research, e.g., high-speed cameras
•
Electronic commodities meeting the control specifications can be a small
subset of the overall market, e.g.,
- Capacitors (low inductance, high voltage)
- Lasers (high power)
- Frequency changers (high frequency)
•
Certain electronics are used extensively by the industrial mining and oil
industries
- Firing systems, capacitors, detonators
•
The majority of dual use applications for missile-related controlled
electronics are in the commercial aviation and space industries
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