CHAPTER 17
Endocrine System
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LESSON 17.1
1. State the function of the endocrine system and analyze
associated terms.
2. Write the meanings of the word parts for the endocrine
system and use them to build and analyze terms.
3. Define homeostasis and describe two ways in which the
pituitary gland cooperates with the nervous system to
maintain it.
4. Write the names of the other glands of the endocrine
system, describe their functions, and define the terms
associated with these structures.
5. Recognize the hormones associated with the major
endocrine organs and their target organs or functions.
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TERMINOLOGY- ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
endocrine system
 homeostasis
 endocrine glands

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TERMINOLOGY-A & P
glands, hormones (proteins or steroids)
 hypersecretion, hyposecretion
 target organ

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Modified from Thibodeau GA, Patton KT: Anatomy & physiology, ed 5, St Louis, 2003, Mosby.
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Photomicrograph by Bodansky HJ: Pocket picture guide to diabetes, London, 1989, Gower Medical Publishing.
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WORD PARTS-A & P
aden(o)
adren(o), adrenal(o)
gonad(o)
mamm(o), mast(o)
gland
adrenal gland
gonad
breast
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WORD PARTS- A & P
pancreat(o)
parathyroid(o)
thyr(o), thyroid(o)
pituitar(o)
pancreas
parathyroid glands
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
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PITUITARY = MASTER GLAND
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HORMONES OF THE NEUROHYPOPHYSISTARGET ORGANS
antidiuretic hormone: kidneys
 oxytocin: uterus, breasts

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HORMONES OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSISTARGET ORGANS
growth hormone/somatotropic hormone: all cells
 melanocyte-stimulating hormone: melanocytes
 gonadotropic hormones: gonads

follicle-stimulating hormone: testes and ovaries
 luteinizing hormone: testes and ovaries


interstitial cell–stimulating hormone: testes
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HORMONES OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS:
TARGET ORGANS
thyroid-stimulating hormone: thyroid gland
 adrenocorticotropic hormone: adrenal cortex
 lactogenic hormone: mammary glands

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ACTIONS OF HORMONES ON TARGET
ORGANS

These 3 hormones regulate metabolism, normal
growth and development, and storage of
calcium within bone:



TSH: tetraiodothyronine/thyroxine (T4);
triiodothyronine (T3); and
Thyrocalcitonin.
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OTHER ENDOCRINE TISSUES AND
HORMONES
pineal gland: melatonin
 pancreas: insulin and glucagon
 parathyroid gland: parathyroid hormone
(parathormone)

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PANCREATIC HORMONES AND BLOOD
GLUCOSE
From Herlihy B: The human body in health and illness, ed 3, 2007, St. Louis, Saunders.
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OTHER ENDOCRINE TISSUES AND HORMONES
stomach lining: gastrin
 small intestines
 thymus: thymosin
 heart: atriopeptin
 placenta: human chorionic gonadotropin
 most tissues: prostaglandins

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MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR SECRETIONS
Gland
Primary Secretions
pituitary gland, anterior lobe
ACTH, FSH, GH, LH (ICSH), PRL, MSH, and TSH
pituitary gland, posterior lobe ADH and oxytocin
adrenal glands, cortex
aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens
adrenal glands, medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine
gonads, ovaries
estrogen, progesterone, and HCG
gonads, testes
testosterone
pancreas (islets of
Langerhans)
insulin and glucagon
parathyroid glands
PTH
thyroid gland
thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin
pineal gland
melatonin and serotonin
thymus
thymosin
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QUICK QUIZ!

Which hormone is T3 and which gland secretes it?
A.
B.
C.
D.
tetraiodothyronine, thymus
triiodothyronine, thymus
tetraiodothyronine, thyroid
triiodothyronine, thyroid
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LESSON 17.2
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Write the names of the diagnostic tests and procedures used for
assessment of the endocrine system when given descriptions of the
procedures, or match the procedures with their descriptions.
Write the names of endocrine system pathologies when given their
descriptions, or match the pathologies with their descriptions.
Match the terms for endocrine system surgical and therapeutic
interventions with their descriptions, or write the names of the
interventions when given their descriptions.
Use word parts from this chapter to determine meanings of terms to
answer questions about the terms in a health care report.
Spell the terms accurately.
Pronounce the terms correctly.
Write the meanings of the abbreviations.
Categorize terms as anatomy, a diagnostic test or procedure,
pathology, surgery, or therapy.
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WORD PARTS: FUNCTION
trop(o)
andr(o)
gluc(o)
glyc(o), glycos(o)
insulin(o)
to stimulate
male or masculine
glucose
sugar
insulin
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WORD PARTS-FUNCTION
calc(i)
iod(o)
ket(o)
lact(o)
gigant(o)
calcium
iodine
ketone
milk
large
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WORD PARTS: FUNCTION (CONT.)
-crine
-dipsia
-physis
-tropic
-tropin
secrete
thirst
growth
stimulating
that which stimulates
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THYROID PALPATION, GOITER
A From Thompson JM, Wilson SF: Health assessment for nursing practice, St Louis, 1996, Mosby.
B From Swartz MH: Textbook of physical diagnosis, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2006, Saunders.
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DIAGNOSTIC TESTS AND PROCEDURES
palpation (thyroid and testicles)
 MRI
 blood and urine tests: GH, gonadotropins,
pituitary hormones, TSH, thyroxine, T3
 radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) and thyroid
scans

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DIAGNOSTIC TESTS AND PROCEDURES
(CONT.)
blood tests: PTH, calcium, phosphate, ACTH,
adrenal hormones
 computed tomography
 blood tests for pancreatic function:

fasting blood sugar
 oral glucose tolerance test
 Hb A1C = glycosylated hemoglobin

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DIAGNOSTIC TESTS AND PROCEDURES

urine studies for pancreatic function


glucose (glycosuria)
ketones (ketonuria)
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MAMMOGRAPHY
From Svane G, Potchen EJ, Sierra A, Azavedo E: Screening mammography, breast cancer diagnosis in asymptomatic women, St Louis, 1993,
Mosby.
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BIOPSY OF A BREAST MASS
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TERMINOLOGY: PATHOLOGY
adenopathy
 adenoma versus adenocarcinoma

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PITUITARY, THYROID, AND PARATHYROID
DISORDERS

pituitary dysfunction



hyposecretion
hypersecretion
diabetes insipidus (ADH deficiency)
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From Zitelli BJ, Davis HW: Atlas of pediatric physical diagnosis, ed 5, St Louis, 2007, Mosby.
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TERMINOLOGY: PATHOLOGY
insufficient GH: dwarfism
 pituitary cachexia, cachexia
 hypopituitarism
 hyperpituitarism: gigantism, acromegaly

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ACROMEGALY
From Mendeloff AI, Smith DE, eds: Acromegaly, diabetes, hypermetabolism, proteinuria and heart failure. Clin Pathol Conf Am J Med 20:133, 1956.
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TERMINOLOGY-PATHOLOGY
thyropathy, thyroiditis
 hyperthyroidism, exophthalmos, goiter, Graves’
disease
 thyrotoxicosis
 hypothyroidism, cretinism, myxedema

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From Ignatavicius DD, Workman ML, Mishler MA: Medical-surgical nursing across the health care continuum, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1999, Saunders.
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TERMINOLOGY-PATHOLOGY
hypoparathyroidism, hypocalcemia
 hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia
 pituitary hypogonadism

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TERMINOLOGY-PATHOLOGY

adrenal, pancreas, and breast





adrenopathy, adrenomegaly
hyperadrenalism: Cushing syndrome
adrenogenital syndrome
hirsutism, gynecomastia, andropathy
hypoadrenalism, adrenocortical,
Addison disease
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CUSHING SYNDROME
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A From Hordinsky MK, Sawaya ME, Scher RK: Atlas of hair and nails, 2000, Churchill Livingstone.
B From Evans A et al: Atlas of breast disease management, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders.
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TERMINOLOGY-PATHOLOGY

diabetes mellitus



resistance to insulin
deficiency or lack of insulin secretion =
hypoinsulinism
symptoms: hyperglycemia, polyphagia,
polydipsia, polyuria
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TERMINOLOGY: PATHOLOGY

types of diabetes
type I - IDDM
 type II- NIDDM


gestational diabetes mellitus
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TERMINOLOGY-PATHOLOGY

diabetic complications
diabetic nephropathy
 diabetic retinopathy
 diabetic neuropathy
 peripheral vascular
disease

From Belchez PE and Hammond P: Diabetes and Endocrinology, London,
2003, Mosby Ltd.
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TERMINOLOGY: PATHOLOGY
hyperinsulinism, hypoglycemia
 mammalgia, mastodynia, mastalgia
 fibrocystic breast disease
 mastitis
 mastocarcinoma

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TERMINOLOGY-SURGICAL & THERAPEUTIC
INTERVENTIONS
surgery, hypophysectomy
 radiation, administration of deficient hormones
 suppressive therapy
 radioactive materials, antithyroid drugs,
thyroidectomy
 adrenalectomy

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From Black JM, Hawks JH: Medical-surgical nursing, ed 7, 2005, Saunders.
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QUICK QUIZ!

Which word part means growth?
A.
B.
C.
D.
-tropin
gigant(o)
-physis
andr(o)
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TERMINOLOGY- SURGICAL & THERAPEUTIC
INTERVENTIONS

treatment of diabetes

administration of insulin
subcutaneous injection
 insulin pump




proper diet
exercise
glucose-lowering agent
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From Monahan FD, Neighbors M: Medical-surgical nursing: foundations for clinical practice, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders.
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TERMINOLOGY-SURGICAL & THERAPEUTIC
INTERVENTIONS

administration of glucose for hypoglycemia


treatment of breast cancer
 lumpectomy, mastectomy
 chemotherapy, radiation therapy
 hormone manipulation
mastopexy, mammoplasty,
augmentation or reduction
mammoplasty
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From Beare PG, Myers JL: Adult health nursing, ed 3, 1998, Mosby.
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CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
1. If the neurohypophysis releases too much ADH,
what happens?
 2. In what instances does the neurohypophysis
release more oxytocin?
 3. If too much ACTH is released into the
bloodstream, what happens?
 4. When does the neurohypophysis naturally
increase the amount of FSH and LH?

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CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
5. When does the neurohypophysis naturally
increase the amount of prolactin in females?
 6. What effect would increased TSH cause?
 7. What effect could increased MSH have?
 8. What effect does increased STH have?

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ABBREVIATIONS
ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone
GH
Growth hormone
MSH
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
SIADH
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH
secretion
STH
Somatotropic hormone
PTH
Parathormone (parathyroid
hormone)
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ABBREVIATIONS
FSH
ISCH
LH
HCG
or hCG
PRL
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Interstitial cell hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Human chorionic gonadotropin
Prolactin
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QUICK QUIZ!

Which abbreviation refers to a type of diabetes
that occurs only during pregnancy?
A.
B.
C.
D.
GTT
PVD
GDM
TCT
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ABBREVIATIONS
DM
IDDM
NIDDM
mellitus
FBS
GDM
GTT
Hb A1C
PVD
Diabetes mellitus
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Noninsulin-dependent diabetes
Fasting blood sugar
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Glucose tolerance test
Glycosylated hemoglobin
Peripheral vascular disease
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ABBREVIATIONS
RAIU
131I
TCT
TSH
T3
T4
Radioactive iodine uptake
Radioactive iodine
Thyrocalcitonin
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Triiodothyronine
Thyroxine
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