University of Baghdad
College of Nursing
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
Overview of
Anatomy and Physioloy –II
Second Year Students
Asaad Ismail Ahmad , Ph.D.
Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology
asaad50.2011@gmail.com
2012 - 2013
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - II
Brief Contents
1- Cardiovascular System
2- Blood
3- Lymphatic System
4- Urinary System
5- Male Reproductive System
6- Female Reproductive System
7- Sensory Function
Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D in Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology
College of Nursing – University of Baghdad / 2012 – 2013
asaad50.2011@gmail.com
Text book
Martini FH. Fundamentals of Anatomy and
Physiology, 5th ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey,
2001.
References:
1.Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks HL. Ganong's Review of Medical
Physiology, 23rd ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, 2010.
2.Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AWM. Gray's Anatomy for Students. Elsevier,
Philadelphia, 2005.
3.Goldberger ,E. 1975.A Primer of Water Electrolyte and Acid-Base Syndromes. 5th ed.,
Lea and Febiger ,Philadelphia.
4. Martini, FH and Welch K. Applications Manual Fundamentals of Anatomy and
Physiology,4th ed., Prentice Hall, NewJersey, 1998.
5.Maxwell, MH and Kleeman CR. 1980.Clinical Disorders of Fluid and
Electrolyte Metabolism. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
6.McKinley M, and O'Loughlin VD. Human Anatomy, McGraw Hill, Boston,
2006.
7.Nutrition Foundation.1984.Present Knowledge in Nutrition. 5th ed.,
Nutrition Foundation, Inc , Washington, D.C.
8.Vander A, Sherman J, Luciano D., Human Physiology, 7th ed., McGraw Hill,
Boston, 1998.
Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, a famous
Rembrandt painting completed in 1632
Contents:
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
I- ANATOMY OF THE HEART
II- ANATOMY OF BLOOD VESSELS
III- PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART
IV- PHYSIOLOGY BLOOD VESSELS
Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D in Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology
College of Nursing – University of Baghdad / 2012 – 2013
asaad50.2011@gmail.com
ANATOMY
The science concerned with
the structural organization
of the human body.
FIRST LECTURE
Anatomy of the Heart
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Location of the Heart
Pericardium
Heart Wall
External Anatomy of the Heart
Internal Anatomy of the Heart
Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D in Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology
College of Nursing – University of Baghdad / 2012 – 2013
asaad50.2011@gmail.com
Contents:
1- Location of the Heart
LOCATION OF THE HEART
The heart is located near the anterior chest
wall, directly posterior to the sternum, the heart
is slightly left of the midline, and rotated toward
the left side. The heart is surrounded by the
pericardial cavity, in the anterior portion of the
mediastinum.
The mediastinum: the region between two
pleural cavities, contain the heart, thymus,
esophagus, and trachea. (P.655, 656)
THE HEART
THE HEART( description )
The heart is a small conical organ, it weight
about 250-350 grams, but certain diseases
may cause heart size to increase dramatically,
The heart is located left of the body midline
posterior to the sternum in the mediastinum.
The heart is rotated such that its right side or
border ( right atrium and ventricle ) is located
more anteriorly, while its left side or border (
left atrium and ventricle ) is located more
posteriorly. The heart composed from the
base and the apex. The base formed primarily
by the left atrium, and the apex is formed by
inferior, conical end.
Contents:
2- Pericardium
PERICARDIUM
The heart is contained within a pericardium, a
fibrous sac and serous lining. The pericardium
restricts heart movements so that it does not
bounce and move about in the thoracic cavity,
and prevents the heart from overfilling with the
blood. The pericardium compose of :
Continue:
COMPOSITION OF PERICARDIUM (656)
1-Fibrous pericardium: The outer layer, this
layer is attached to both diaphragm and the
base of the great vessels. Its outer portion
composed from tough dense connective
tissue.
2-Serous pericardium : The inner layer of
the pericardium and subdivided into:
a- Parietal layer
b- Visceral layer
HEART AND PERICARDIUM
(p.656)
PERICARDIUM
Pericardium and Heart Wall
POSTERIOR PORTION OF
PERICARDIUM
Continue: PERICARDIUM
The parietal and visceral layers are
continuous with each other and reflect
along and attach to the great vessels.
The thin space between the parietal and
visceral layers of the serous pericardium
is called pericardial cavity; Serous fluid
secreted into the pericardial cavity in
order to lubricate the membranes and
facilitate the almost frictionless
continuous movement of the heart
when it beats.
Contents:
3- Structures of
Heart Wall
HEART WALL STRUCTURE
The heart wall consists of three
distinctive layers :
1- Epicardium
2- Myocardium
3- Endocardium
ORGANIZATION OF HEART WALL
Pericardium and Heart Wall
EPICARDIUM
The outermost heart layer and is
composed of serous membrane and
areolar connective tissue. with age
more fat is deposited in the
epicardium, and so this layer
becomes thicker and more fatty.
MYOCARDIUM (659-660)
The middle layer of the heart wall and is
composed of cardiac muscle tissue. Myocardium
is the thickest of the three heart wall layers. In
myocardial layer where “ M.I.” myocardial
infarctions (heart attacks) occur. The
arrangement of cardiac muscle in the heart wall
permits the compression necessary to pump
large volumes of blood out of ventricles.
“Syncytial,” interconnecting nature of
cardiac muscle fibers.
CHARACTERISTIC OF CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS
(660)
ENDOCARDIUM
The internal surface of the heart
and the external surfaces of the
heart valves. Endocardium
composed of a simple squamous
epithelium, called endothelium,
and a layer of areolar connective
tissue.
Contents:
4- External Anatomy
of the Heart
EXTERNAL STRUCTURES OF THE HEART
Anterior View of the Heart (657)
Right Side
1- Right atrium
2- Auricle of right atrium
3- Right ventricle
4- Superior vena cava
5- Inferior vena cava
Continue : EXTERNAL STRUCTURES OF THE
HEART
Continue: Anterior View of the Heart
Right Side
6- Ascending aorta
7- Right pulmonary artery
8- Right pulmonary veins
9- Right Coronary artery
10- Marginal artery
11- Small cardiac vein
EXTERNAL STRUCTURES OF THE HEART
ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE HEART (657)
EXTERNAL STRUCTURES OF THE HEART
Left Side
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Left atrium
Auricle of left atrium
Left ventricle
Aortic arch
Ligamentum arteriosum
Continue:
EXTERNAL STRUCTURES OF THE HEART --
Left Side
6- Pulmonary trunk
7- Left pulmonary artery
8- Left pulmonary veins
9- Great cardiac vein
10- Anterior interventricular
artery
POSTERIOR SURFACE OF THE HEART
POSTERIOR VIEW OF THE HEART –
Right Side (658)
1- Right atrium
2- Right ventricle
3- Superior vena cava
4- Inferior vena cava
5- Right pulmonary artery
6- Right pulmonary veins
7- Posterior interventricular artery
8- Middle cardiac vein
POSTERIOR VIEW OF THE HEART:
(658)
1- Left atrium
2- Left ventricle
3- Aorta
4- Left pulmonary artery
5- Left pulmonary veins
6- Coronary sinus
7- Apex of the heart
Left side
Contents:
5- Internal Anatomy
of the Heart
INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE
HEART (661)
1- CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
2- VALVES OF THE HEART
3- INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF EACH
CHAMBER
4- FIBROUS SKELETON OF THE HEART
CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
The heart is composed of four hollow
chambers : two smaller atria and two
larger ventricles. The anterior part of each
atrium is called an auricle. The atria receive
blood returning to the heart through both
circulatory circuits. The right atrium
receives blood from the systemic circuit,
and the left atrium receives blood from the
pulmonary circuit.
CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
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RIGHT ATRIUM
RIGHT VENTRICLE
LEFT ATRIUM
LEFT VENTRICLE
VALVES OF THE HEART
(661, 665)
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Mitral Valve (Bicuspid valve)
Aortic Valve (Aortic semilunar valve)
Tricuspid Valve
Pulmonary Valve
LOCATION OF HEART VALVES AND AUSCULTATION
INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF RIGHT ATRIUM(660)
1- Opening of superior vena cava
2- Opening of inferior vena cava
3- Opening of coronary sinus
4- Interatrial septum
5- Fossa ovalis
6- Foramen ovalis
7- Right atrioventricular opening
8- Right atrioventricular (AV) valve
(tricusped valves)
INTERNAL VIEW OF RIGHT ATRIUM
STRUCTURES OF RIGHT VENTRICLE (662)
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Interventricular septum
Trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscle
Cordae tendineae
Pulmonary semilunar valve
(tricuspid)
INTERNAL VIEW OF RIGHT VENTRICLE
STRUCTURES OF LEFT ATRIUM
(662)
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Opening of left pulmonary veins
Opening of right pulmonary veins
Left atrioventricular opening
Left atrioventricular(AV) valve
(bicaspid) also called mitral valve
INTERNAL VIEW OF LEFT ATRIUM
STRUCTURES OF LEFT VENTRICLE (662)
1- Aortic similunar valve
( tricuspid )
INTERNAL VIEW OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE
FIBROUS
SKELETON
OF THE HEART
FIBROUS SKELETON OF THE HEART
(665)
The fibrous heart skeleton is located
between atria and ventricles, formed
from dense irregular connective
tissue encircle the four heart valves
and origin of pulmonary trunk and
aorta.
HEART VALVES
Functions of fibrous skeleton of the
heart
1- Separate the atria and ventricles
2- Provide electrical insulation
between atria and ventricles
3- Stabilizes the heart valves
4- Provide attachment site for
cardiac muscle