Architecture during the Industrial Revolu4on Developing a Factory Building-­‐Type Industrial Revolu4on Background •  Began in Great Britain in late 1700s •  Occurred in America: c. 1820-­‐1870 •  Represented transi4on from hand and home to machine and factory Pre-­‐ Industrial Revolu4on Industrial Revolu4on Required Infrastructure Factories – Slater Mill – Boston Manufacturing Co. – BooM Mills Slater Mill, Pawtucket RI (1793) Slater Mill •  First water-­‐powered coMon mill in America •  Produced coMon thread •  U4lized contemporary building prac4ces •  Stone founda4on, wood construc4on •  Federal-­‐style Slater Mill, Pawtucket RI (1793) Slater Mill, Pawtucket RI (1793) Slater Mill, First Floor Interior, HAER, 1991. Slater Mill, Second Floor Corner Detail, HAER, 1991 Recap: Slater Mill •  No ver4cal integra4on –  Only preparing and spinning coMon •  Pre-­‐industrial building techniques –  Hand tools –  Local materials Boston Manufacturing Co., Waltham, MA (1814) Elijah Smith pain4ng of the Boston Manufacturing Company, 1825. Boston Manufacturing Co. Boston Manufacturing Company, HAER, 1968. •  Founded 1814, expanded throughout 19th c. •  Introduced ver4cal integra4on •  Established a mill/
factory building-­‐type Boston Manufacturing Co. Basement: water wheel and machine shop Boston Manufacturing Co. First Floor: Carding Boston Manufacturing Co. Second Floor: Spinning Boston Manufacturing Co. Third and Fourth Floors: Weaving Boston Manufacturing Co. Slater Mill Boston Manufacturing Company Boston Manufacturing Co. Elijah Smith pain4ng of the Boston Manufacturing Company, 1825. Boston Manufacturing Company, Top Floor of 1816 Mill, HAER, 1968. Recap: Boston Manufacturing Co. •  Ver4cal Integra4on –  Separate opera4ons on each floor •  Brick boxes –  Slow burning construc4on –  Large, open rooms BooM CoMon Mills, Lowell, MA (1830s) Kirk DoggeM illustra4on, BooM CoMon Mills c. 1850. BooM CoMon Mills •  Built in form of BMC mills •  Brick box •  Ver4cal integra4on •  Expansion into millyard BooM CoMon Mills, HAER, 1982. L.J. Richards and Co. Atlas of Lowell, MA (1896). BooM CoMon Mills, Detail Exterior Stairwell, HAER, 1982. BooM CoMon Mills, Detail of Window, HAER, 1982. Listen BooM CoMon Mills, Fifh Floor View, HAER, 1982. Recap: BooM CoMon Mills •  Applying BMC-­‐style mill buildings –  Ver4cal integra4on –  Slow burning construc4on •  Expansion from mill buildings to mill yard Ac4vity •  In groups, work with either (1) Pictures, (2) Floor plans or (3) census and employee records: •  Pictures: What is the architectural style of the factory and what are the notable architectural features? •  Floor plans: How might space have been divided or used? •  Census/Employee Records: Who were the people working in this building? Architectural Style and Features Slater Mill Boston Manufacturing Company Boo< Mills Conestoga Mills Use of Space Kinds of people Conclusion •  New types of buildings necessitated by Industrial Revolu4on •  New building forms mixed with adapta4on of popular styles •  Denser concentra4on of buildings and people Coming Up •  Next class: Housing factory workers –  Company-­‐built houses –  Boarding houses •  Later: What were some of the reac4ons against these events? How did Industrial Revolu4on change building materials and prac4ces? What did architecture look like in other industries that emerged during Industrial Revolu4on?