CONTENTS PREFACE
x i i i T H E C O N S T I T U T I O N O F T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S A N D A M E N D M E N T S
C H A P T E R I T I M E L I N E x v i i C R E A T I N G T H E M O D E R N F E D E R A L J U D I C I A R Y
1 Incorporation and Interpretation of the Bill of Rights
Incorporation and Interpretation of the Bill of Rights
1 1 Introduction 3 The English Background of the U.S. Legal System
The Declaration of Independence 4 The Articles of Confederation 4 A New Constitution 4 3 The Organization and Operation of the Federal Judicial System 5 The Appointment, Confirmation, and Tenure of Judges and Justices 9 The Federalist Explains the Judicial Branch 10 The Jurisdiction and Power of Federal Courts 10 Between Judicial Activism and Judicial Restraint: Methods of Constitutional Interpretation 11 1. Theories of Constitutional Interpretation 13 The Development of Judicial Review of National Legislation 13 II. Incorporation and the Bill of Rights
States and the Bill of Rights 17 B ARRON V . B ALTIMORE ( 1833)
14 19 III. The Bill of Rights and Fourteenth Amendment
What Has Been Incorporated? 24 20 S LAUGHTERHOUSE C ASES ( 1873)
26 H URTADO V . P EOPLE O F S TATE O F C ALIFORNIA ( 1884)
29 C HICAGO , B . & Q . R . C O . V . C ITY O F C HICAGO ( 1897)
G ITLOW V . N EW Y ORK ( 1925)
33 P ALKO V . C ONNECTICUT ( 1937)
35 C ANTWELL V . C ONNECTICUT ( 1940)
A DAMSON V . C ALIFORNIA ( 1947)
P OWELL V . A LABAMA ( 1932)
M APP V . O HIO ( 1961)
37 39 41 G IDEON V . W AINWRIGHT ( 1963)
W OLF V . C OLORADO ( 1949)
43 44 46 G RISWOLD V . C ONNECTICUT ( 1965)
31 48 IV. Interpretation of the Bill of Rights 50 Constitutional Analysis Framework 54 A SHWANDER V . T ENNESSEE V ALLEY A UTHORITY ( 1936)
U NITED S TATES V . C AROLENE P RODUCTS C O . ( 1938)
K OREMATSU V . U NITED S TATES ( 1944)
S KINNER V . O KLAHOMA ( 1942)
54 55 56 58 V. Contemporary Interpretations of the Bill of Rights: The Second Amendment 60 D ISTRICT O F C OLUMBIA V . H ELLER ( 2008)
Glossary 70 Selected Bibliography 74 61 C H A P T E R I I T H E F I R S T A M E N D M E N T A N D R E L I G I O N
The First Amendment and Religion
timeline Introduction
7 5 75 77 The Religion Clauses of the First Amendment 78 The Establishment Clause 79 Beginnings 79 The Establishment Clause and Religious Exercises in the Public Schools 80 The Development and Application of the Lemon Test and Other Approaches
80 Symbolic Displays on Public Properties 81 One Candidate’s View 82 HOMAS T
JEFFERSON, THE VIRGINIA ACT FOR ESTABLISHING RELIGIOUS FREEDOM (1786)
83 JOSEPH STORY, COMMENTARIES ON THE CONSTITUTION (1833) 84 EVERSON V. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF EWING TOWNSHIP (1947) 86 ENGEL V. VITALE (1962) 89 LEMON V. KURTZMAN (1971) 92 MARSH V. CHAMBERS (1983) 96 WALLACE V. JAFFREE (1985) 99 SANTA FE INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT V. DOE (2000) 104 ZELMAN V. SIMMONS HARRIS (2002) 109 VAN ORDEN V. PERRY (2005) 117 MCCREARY V. AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION (2005) 121 A VIEW FROM OUTSIDE THE COURT: ADDRESS OF SENATOR JOHN F. KENNEDY TO THE GREATER HOUSTON MINISTERIAL ASSOCIATION (1960) 125 Free Exercise Clause 127 The Belief-­‐Action Dichotomy 127 The Compelling State Interest Test Applied 128 The Compelling State Interest Test Reconsidered 128 WEST VIRGINIA STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION V. BARNETTE (1943) 129 SHERBERT V. VERNER (1963) 133 WISCONSIN V. YODER (1972) 137 EMPLOYMENT DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES OF OREGON V. SMITH (1990) 142 CUTTER V. WILKERSON (2005) 150 Glossary 154 Selected Bibliography 154 C H A P T E R I I I . F R E E D O M O F S P E E C H
Freedom of Speech
timeline Introduction
1 5 6 156 158 Theories of Free Speech 158 Speech That Criticizes the Government or Seems to Threaten Public Order: An Early Controversy 159 S EDITION A CT ( 1798)
161 R ESPONSES T O T HE A LIEN A ND S EDITION A CTS
162 V IRGINIA R ESOLUTION ( 1798) 162 World War I and Beyond 163 S CHENCK V . U NITED S TATES ( 1919)
G ITLOW V . N EW Y ORK ( 1925)
164 165 D ENNIS V. U NITED S TATES ( 1951)
168 B RANDENBURG V . O HIO ( 1969) 172 Time, Place, and Manner Restrictions 174 Careless Words versus True Threats 174 K OVACS V . C OOPER ( 1949)
175 W ARD V . R OCK A GAINST R ACISM ( 1989)
177 R ANKIN V . M C P HERSON ( 1987) 181 The Government as Speaker 184 R UST V . S ULLIVAN ( 1991)
185 N ATIONAL E NDOWMENT O F T HE A RTS V . F INLEY ( 1998)
189 B OARD O F R EGENTS O F U NIVERSITY O F W ISCONSIN V . S OUTHWORTH ( 2000) 193 Student Speech 196 T INKER V . D ES M OINES I NDEPENDENT C OMMUNITY S CHOOL D ISTRICT ( 1969) 197 B ETHEL S CHOOL D ISTRICT N O . 4 03 V . F RASER ( 1986)
200 H AZELWOOD S CHOOL D ISTRICT V . K UHLMEIER ( 1988)
203 M ORSE V . F REDERICK ( 2007) 207 Fighting Words, Hate Speech, and Hostile Audiences
211 C HAPLINSKY V . S TATE O F N EW H AMPSHIRE ( 1942)
T ERMINIELLO V. C ITY O F C HICAGO ( 1949)
F EINER V . N EW Y ORK ( 1951)
216 B EAUHARNAIS V. I LLINOIS ( 1952)
218 C OLLIN V . S MITH ( 7 TH C IR . 1 978)
220 R.A.V. V . C ITY O F S T . P AUL ( 1992)
W ISCONSIN V . M ITCHELL ( 1993)
Speech Plus 228 U NITED S TATES V . O ’B RIEN ( 1968)
C OHEN V . C ALIFORNIA ( 1971)
223 226 231 T EXAS V . J OHNSON ( 1989)
234 V IRGINIA V . B LACK ( 2003)
Glossary 244 Selected Bibliography 244 240 229 215 213 C H A P T E R I V F R E E P R E S S A N D A S S O C I A T I O N , O B S C E N I T Y , P O R N O G R A P H Y , C O M M E R C I A L S P E E C H , A N D C E N S O R S H I P 2 4 6 Free Press and Association, Obscenity, Pornography, Commercial Speech, and Censorship 246 timeline Introduction
249 Obscenity, Pornography, and Censorship
B URSTYN V . W ILSON ( 1952)
250 255 R OTH V . U NITED S TATES ( 1957)
257 K INGSLEY I NTERNATIONAL P ICTURES C ORPORATION V . R EGENTS ( 1959) 259 M ILLER V . C ALIFORNIA ( 1973)
S TANLEY V . G EORGIA ( 1969)
261 264 C ITY O F R ENTON V . P LAYTIME T HEATERS , I NC . ( 1986)
B ARNES V . G LENN T HEATRE , I NC . ( 1991)
265 267 A MERICAN B OOKSELLERS A SSOCIATION , I NC . V . H UDNUT (7 TH C IR . 1 985) 269 R EGINA V . B UTLER ( C ANADA 1 992)
272 A SHCROFT V . A MERICAN C IVIL L IBERTIES U NION ( 2004)
Commercial Speech
274 278 V IRGINIA S TATE B OARD O F P HARMACY V . V IRGINIA C ITIZENS C ONSUMER C OUNCIL , I NC . ( 1976) 281 C ENTRAL H UDSON G AS & E LEC . C ORP . V . P UBLIC S ERVICE C OMMISSION O F N EW Y ORK ( 1980) 285 P OSADAS D E P UERTO R ICO A SSOCIATES V . T OURISM C O . O F P. R . ( 1986) 288 44 L IQUORMART , I NC . V . R HODE I SLAND ( 1996)
Freedom of the Press
291 294 B RIDGES V . C ALIFORNIA , A ND T IMES -­M IRROR C O . V . S UPERIOR C OURT O F C ALIFORNIA ( 1941) 299 N EAR V . M INNESOTA ( 1931)
301 G ROSJEAN V . A MERICAN P RESS C O . ( 1936)
303 N EW Y ORK T IMES C O . V . S ULLIVAN ( 1964)
304 N EW Y ORK T IMES C O . V . U NITED S TATES ( 1971)
307 U NITED S TATES V . T HE P ROGRESSIVE , I NC . ( 1979)
B RANZBURG V . H AYES ( 1972)
310 313 R ED L ION B ROADCASTING , C O . V . F .C.C. ( 1969)
317 F EDERAL C OMMUNICATIONS C OMMISSION V . P ACIFICA F OUNDATION ( 1978) 321 G ANNETT C O ., I NC . V . D E P ASQUALE ( 1979)
324 R ICHMOND N EWSPAPERS , I NC . V . V IRGINIA ( 1980)
327 H AZELWOOD S CHOOL D IST . V . K UHLMEIER ( 1988)
330 Freedom of Association
332 D ENNIS V. U NITED S TATES ( 1951)
Y ATES V . U NITED S TATES ( 1957)
337 337 A MERICAN C OMMUNICATIONS A SS ’ N V . D OUDS ( 1950)
339 A DLER V . B OARD O F E DUCATION ( 1952)
342 K EYISHIAN V. B OARD O F R EGENTS O F T HE U NIVERSITY O F THE S TATE O F N EW Y ORK ( 1967) 344 N ATIONAL A SSOCIATION F OR T HE A DVANCEMENT O F C OLORED P EOPLE V . S TATE O F A LABAMA ( 1958) 346 R OBERTS V . U NITED S TATES J AYCEES ( 1984)
B OY S COUTS O F A MERICA V . D ALE ( 2000)
348 352 H URLEY V . I RISH -­A MERICAN G AY , L ESBIAN & B ISEXUAL G ROUP O F B OSTON , I NC . ( 1995)
355 H UTCHINS V . D ISTRICT O F C OLUMBIA ( C.A.D.C. 1 999)
Glossary 359 Selected Bibliography 360 C H A P T E R V C R I M I N A L D U E P R O C E S S
Criminal Due Process
timeline 357 3 6 1 361 363 Introduction
The Fourth Amendment 363 The Fifth Amendment 364 The Sixth Amendment 364 Excessive Use of Force 364 II. Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure 365 The Exclusionary Rule 365 Evidentiary Requirements and Exceptions 366 Electronic Surveillance 367 Stop and Frisk 368 Searches Incident to Arrest 368 The Vehicular Exception to the Warrant Requirement
Consent Searches 369 Ascertaining Probable Cause 371 Exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule 371 369 W OLF V . C OLORADO ( 1949)
M APP V . O HIO ( 1961)
373 374 W ARDEN , M ARYLAND P ENITENTIARY V. H AYDEN ( 1967)
375 S AFFORD U NIFIED S CHOOL D ISTRICT # 1 V . R EDDING ( 2009)
K ATZ V . U NITED S TATES ( 1967)
384 K YLLO V . U NITED S TATES ( 2001)
T ERRY V . O HIO ( 1968)
387 391 C HIMEL V . C ALIFORNIA ( 1969)
395 P ENNSYLVANIA V. M IMMS ( 1977)
399 W HREN V . U NITED S TATES ( 1996)
402 U NITED S TATES V . M ENDENHALL ( 1980)
G EORGIA V . R ANDOLPH ( 2006)
I LLINOIS V . G ATES ( 1983)
410 414 U NITED S TATES V . L EON ( 1984)
N EW Y ORK V . H ARRIS ( 1990)
419 424 F LORIDA V. B OSTICK ( 1991)
405 428 III. Fifth Amendment: Self-­Incrimination 431 Informing Individuals of Their Rights 432 Exceptions to Miranda 432 Links Between the Fifth and Sixth Amendments
The Shock the Conscience Test 433 M IRANDA V . A RIZONA ( 1966)
434 N EW Y ORK V . Q UARLES ( 1984)
438 S CHMERBER V . C ALIFORNIA ( 1966)
440 IV. Sixth Amendment: Fair Trial Provisions
The Right to Counsel 443 A Jury of One’s Peers 444 G IDEON V . W AINWRIGHT ( 1963)
443 445 E SCOBEDO V . I LLINOIS ( 1964)
446 B ATSON V . K ENTUCKY ( 1986)
448 V. Excessive Use of Force
433 452 T ENNESSEE V. G ARNER ( 1985)
G RAHAM V . C ONNOR ( 1989)
456 460 H UDSON V . M C M ILLIAN ( 1992)
Glossary 466 Selected Bibliography 467 462 C H A P T E R V I T H E E I G H T H A M E N D M E N T A N D C R U E L A N D U N U S U A L P U N I S H M E N T 4 6 8 The Eighth Amendment and Cruel and Unusual Punishment 468 Timeline Introduction: Constitutional Foundations
The Death Penalty and Proportionality
Special Circumstances 472 469 470 379 F URMAN V . G EORGIA ( 1972)
473 G REGG V . G EORGIA ( 1976)
487 C OKER V . G EORGIA ( 1977)
491 M C C LESKEY V . K EMP ( 1987)
494 H ERRERA V. C OLLINS ( 1993)
500 A TKINS V . V IRGINIA ( 2002)
504 R OPER V . S IMMONS ( 2005)
509 III. Issues Not Involving the Death Penalty
R UMMEL V . E STELLE ( 1980)
513 H ARMELIN V . M ICHIGAN ( 1991)
Glossary 522 Selected Bibliography 523 517 C H A P T E R V I I E Q U A L P R O T E C T I O N O F T H E L A W S
Equal Protection of the Laws
timeline Introduction
Race
513 5 2 4 524 527 531 D ECLARATION O F I NDEPENDENCE
537 T HE M EANING O F J ULY F OURTH F OR T HE N EGRO ( 1852)
P LESSY V . F ERGUSON ( 1896)
539 S WEATT V . P AINTER ( 1950)
542 B ROWN V . B OARD O F E DUCATION I ( 1954)
B OLLING V . S HARPE ( 1954)
537 544 546 B ROWN V . B OARD O F E DUCATION I I ( 1955)
547 S WANN V . C HARLOTTE -­M ECKLENBURG B OARD O F E DUCATION ( 1971) 548 W ASHINGTON V . D AVIS ( 1976)
553 U NITED S TATES V . F ORDICE / A YERS V . F ORDICE ( 1992)
Gender 559 Evolving Judicial Standards
561 556 S ENECA F ALLS D ECLARATION ( 1848)
B RADWELL V . I LLINOIS ( 1873)
H OYT V . F LORIDA ( 1961)
R EED V . R EED ( 1971)
564 565 567 569 F RONTIERO V . R ICHARDSON ( 1973)
C RAIG V . B OREN ( 1976)
571 574 R OSTKER V . G OLDBERG ( 1981)
577 M ICHAEL M . V . S UPERIOR C OURT O F S ONOMA C OUNTY ( 1981)
580 M ISSISSIPPI U NIVERSITY F OR W OMEN E T A L . V . H OGAN ( 1982)
583 U NITED S TATES V . V IRGINIA ( 1996)
IV. Affirmative Action
586 592 R EGENTS O F T HE U NIVERSITY O F C ALIFORNIA V . B AKKE ( 1978)
C ITY O F R ICHMOND V . J . A . C ROSON C OMPANY ( 1989)
596 604 M ETRO B ROADCASTING , I NC . V . F EDERAL C OMMUNICATIONS C OMMISSION ( 1990)
A DARAND C ONSTRUCTORS V . P ENA ( 1995)
G RUTTER V . B OLLINGER ( 2003)
611 615 621 P ARENTS I NVOLVED IN C OMMUNITY S CHOOLS V . S EATTLE S CHOOL D ISTRICT N O . 1 E T A L . (2007) 629 V. Other Classifications 636 Immigration 636 Mentally and Physically Disabled Persons 637 Sexual Preference 638 Poverty/Right to an Equal Education 641 A MBACH V . N ORWICK ( 1979)
P LYLER V . D OE ( 1982)
642 646 C ITY O F C LEBURNE, T EXAS V . C LEBURNE L IVING C ENTER ,I NC . ( 1985) 650 B OWERS V . H ARDWICK ( 1986)
R OMER V . E VANS ( 1996)
654 659 L AWRENCE V . T EXAS ( 2003)
663 S AN A NTONIO I NDEPENDENT S CHOOL V . R ODRIGUEZ ( 1973)
E DGEWOOD I NDEPENDENT S CHOOL D ISTRICT V . K IRBY ( 1989)
Glossary 675 Selected Bibliography 676 668 673 C H A P T E R V I I I P R I V A C Y A N D R E P R O D U C T I V E R I G H T S
Privacy and Reproductive Rights
timeline Introduction
6 7 8 678 680 The Right to Privacy
681 W ARREN A ND B RANDEIS , “ R IGHT T O P RIVACY ” ( 1890)
P IERCE V . S OCIETY O F S ISTERS ( 1925)
686 O LMSTEAD V. U NITED S TATES ( 1928)
688 G RISWOLD V . C ONNECTICUT ( 1965)
III. The Right to Abortion
R OE V . W ADE ( 1973)
684 692 693 696 W EBSTER V . R EPRODUCTIVE H EALTH S ERVICES ( 1989)
H ODGSON V . M INNESOTA ( 1990)
701 707 P LANNED P ARENTHOOD O F S OUTHEASTERN P ENNSYLVANIA V. C ASEY ( 1992) 713 W OMEN O F M INNESOTA V . G OMEZ ( 1995)
IV. The Right to Assisted Suicide
722 726 W ASHINGTON V . G LUCKSBERG ( 1997)
728 V ACCO V . Q UILL ( 1997) 734 Glossary 736 Selected Bibliography 737 C H A P T E R I X S T A T E A C T I O N
State Action
Timeline 7 3 8 738 Introduction
739 Historical Development
740 C IVIL R IGHTS C ASES ( 1883)
744 S CREWS V . U NITED S TATES ( 1945)
S HELLEY V . K RAEMER ( 1948)
745 747 M ARSH V . S TATE O F A LABAMA ( 1946)
750 F ASHION V ALLEY M ALL , L LC V . N .L.R.B. ( C AL . 2 007)
M OOSE L ODGE N O . 1 07 V . I RVIS ( 1972)
752 755 J ACKSON V . M ETROPOLITAN E DISON C OMPANY ( 1974)
758 D E S HANEY V . W INNEBAGO C OUNTY D EPT . O F S OCIAL S ERVICES ( 1989) 760 T OWN O F C ASTLE R OCK , C OLORADO V . G ONZALES ( 2005)
Glossary 767 Selected Bibliography 767 7 6 9 7 9 5 C A S E I N D E X
8 0 5 8 1 2 APPENDICES
GLOSSARY
G E N E R A L I N D E X
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