active transport
adipose tissue
apical surface
basement membrane
base-pairing
The movement of substances
through the cell membrane
against their concentration
gradient is called?
Connective tissue that consists of
adipocytes and is used for insulation
and long-term energy storage (found
around the heart, kidneys, and in the
subcutaneous layers of the skin)
an upper free surface
exposed to the body
exterior or the cavity of
an internal organ
structure that attaches most
epithelia to underlying tissue;
consists of carbohydrates and
proteins secreted by the epithelia
and the underlying connective tissue
principle that bonds in DNA
can form only between
adenine and thymine and
between guanine and cytosine
cell
The structural and
functional unit of living
organisms; the smallest
living things
cell membrane
a phospholipid layer that
covers a cell's surface and
acts as a barrier, regulating
what enters and exits a cell
chromatin
Structures in the nucleus
that carry the hereditary
factors (genes).
chromosomes
bodies within the nucleus
made in DNA and proteins
called the histones; contains
genetic material
cilia
Whiplike cellular
extensions that move
substances along the cell
surface are called
concentration gradient
measure of the difference
in concentration between
two regions
connective tissue
A primary tissue; form and
function vary extensively.
Functions include support,
storage, and protection.
connexons
in a gap junction, a
protein channel linking
adjacent cells
crenation
shrinking/shriveling of
animal cells in a
hypertonic solution
cytokinesis
The division of cytoplasm
that occurs after the cell
nucleus has divided.
cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
The cellular material
surrounding the nucleus
and enclosed by the
plasma membrane.
A network of microtubules,
microfilaments, and intermediate
filaments that branch throughout
the cytoplasm and serve a variety of
mechanical and transport functions.
desmosome
a type of intercellular
junction in animal cells
that functions as an
anchor
diffusion
The random movement
of molecules (and ions)
down their concentration
gradient
endocytosis
process by which a cell takes
material into the cell by infolding
of the cell membrane;
phagocytosis, pinocytosis,
receptor-mediated endocytosis
enzymes
biological catalysts;
usually functional
proteins
epithelial tissue
sheets of tightly packed
cells that line organs
and body cavities
exocytosis
expulsion or secretion
of materials from a cell;
active transport
extracellular matrix
substance in which animal
tissue cells are embedded,
consisting of protein and
polysaccharides
facilitated diffusion
process in which substances are
transported across a plasma
membrane with the concentration
gradient with the aid of carrier
(transport) proteins; passive process
filtration
gap junction
The movement of fluid
through the cell membrane
from a high pressure area to
a lower pressure
a type of intercellular junction
in animals that allows the
passage of materials between
cells; communicating junction
gene
One of the biological
units of heredity located
in chromatin; transmits
hereditary information.
glycocalyx
sugar-rich covering of
cells; composed of
glycoproteins and
glycolipids
glycoproteins
proteins with short chains of sugars
attached to them; in eukaryotic cells
they are important membrane
proteins that allow cell-cell
recognition and interaction
goblet cells
a mucous secreting cell found
within simple columnar and
pseudostratified columnar
epithelial tissues
hypertonic
when comparing two
solutions, the solution
with the greater
concentration of solutes
hypotonic
when comparing two
solutions, the solution
with the lesser
concentration of solutes
interphase
The period of the cell
cycle when the cell grows
and performs its
metabolic activities.
microvilli
Tiny projections on the free
surfaces of some epithelial
cells; increase surface area
for absorption.
nucleolus
osmosis
passive transport
the organelle where ribosomes
are made, synthesized and
partially assembled, located in
the nucleus
Diffusion of a solvent, usually
water, through a membrane
from a dilute solution into a
more concentrated one.
The movement of materials
through a cell membrane
without using energy; diffusion
and filtration are major types
phagocytosis
process in which
phagocytes engulf and
digest microorganisms;
cellular eating
pinocytosis
process by which certain
cells can engulf and
incorporate droplets of
fluid
receptor-mediated
endocytosis
active transport involving
the intake of materials by
binding to cell surface
receptors
reticular connective
tissue
type of tissue that is
found in lymph nodes,
the spleen, and bone
marrow
selective permeability
process in which a membrane
allows some molecules to
pass through while keeping
others out
simple diffusion
net movement of
dissolved particles down
their concentration
gradient
solute
The component of a
solution that is present in
the smaller amount and
is dissolved.
solute pumps
protein carriers
energized by ATP; move
ions against
concentration gradient
tight junction
These membrane
connections prevent the
leaking of fluid between
cells.
translation
The step, during protein
synthesis, of assembling
proteins by decoding the
information in messenger RNA.