Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology
What Is Psychology?
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Subdisciplines of
Psychology
The Origins of
Psychology
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Psychology Defined
Why Should You
Study Psychology?
Psychology in the
Real World: Intro to
Psychology in My
Everyday Life by
Stamatina Fileas
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A Brief History of the
Practice of Clinical
Psychology
o Prehistoric
Views
o Ancient Views
o Medieval to
Early Modern
Views
o Modern Views
A Brief History of
Scientific Psychology
o The
Philosophy of
Empiricism
o The
Psychophysics
of Human
Perception
o StructuralismFunctionalism
o Behaviorism
Humanistic
and Positive
Psychology
o Cognitivism
o Evolutionary
Psychology
and Behavioral
Neuroscience
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Ways of Thinking about
Mind, Body, and
Experience
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The Nature-Nurture
Debate
Mind-Body Dualism
The Evolution of
Behavior
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Connections Focus of
this Book
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Making Connections in
Psychology: Studying
Electronic Social
Interactions
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Chapter 2: Conducting Psychological Research
The Nature of Science
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Common Sense and
Logic
The Limits of
Observation
What Is Science?
o Science Is
Cumulative
o Science Is a
Process More
than a
Product
o Science Is an
Attitude
The Scientific
Method
What Science Is
Not: Pseudoscience
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Research Methods in
Psychology
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Principles of
Research Design
Descriptive Studies
o Case Study
o Naturalistic
Observation
o Interview and
Survey
Correlational Studies
Experimental
Studies
Breaking New
Ground: How the
Discovery of
Experimenter Effects
Changed
Psychology
Meta-Analysis
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Commonly Used
Measures of
Psychological Research
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Self-Report
Measures
Behavioral
Measures
Physiological
Measures
Multiple
Measurements
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Making Sense of Data
with Statistics
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Psychology in the
Real World: Beware
of Statistics in
Advertising
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Research Ethics
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Ethical Research
with Humans
Ethical Research
with Animals
Making Connections
in Psychological
Research: Can
Experience Change
the Brain?
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Chapter 3: The Biology of Behavior
Genes and Behavior
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The Complex
Connection Between
Genes and Behavior
Polygenic Influence
on Behavior
Genes and the
Environment
o Twin Studies
o Adoption
Studies
o Twin-Adoption
Studies
o Gene-byEnvironment
Studies
Epigenetics: How the
Environment
Changes Gene
Expression
The Nervous System
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Organization of the
Nervous System
The Cells of the
Nervous System: Glial
Cells and Neurons
o The Structure
and Types of
Neurons
o Neural
Communication
: The Action
Potential
o Communication
Between
Neurons:
Neurotransmis
sion
Common
Neurotransmitters
Summary of the Steps
in Neural
Transmission
The Brain
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Evolution of the
Human Brain
Overview of Brain
Regions
o Hindbrain
o Midbrain
o Forebrain
o The Limbic
System
o The Cerebrum
and the
Cerebral
Cortex
o Cerebral
Hemispheres
o Communication
Between the
Hemispheres
Brain Plasticity and
Neurogenesis
Breaking New Ground:
Neurogenesis in the
Adult Brain
Psychology in the Real
World: Using
Progesterone to Treat
Brain Injury
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Measuring the Brain
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Electroencephalography
Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI) and
Functional MRI (fMRI)
Positron Emission
Tomography (PET)
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The Endocrine System
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Making Connections
in the Biology of
Behavior: What Esref
Armagan’s Story
Reveals about the
Brain
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Chapter 4: Sensing and Perceiving Our World
Vision
The Long Strange Trip
from Sensation to
Perception
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Basic Sensory
Processes
Principles of
Perception
o Absolute
Thresholds
o Signal
Detection
o Difference
Thresholds
o Perceptual
Set
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Sensing Visual Stimuli
o Vision and the Eye
o Vision and the Brain
Breaking New Ground:
Specific Functions of
Individual Neurons in Vision
Perceiving Visual Stimuli
o Perceiving Motion
o Depth Perception
• Binocular
Depth Cues
• Monocular
Depth Cues
o Perceptual Constancy
• Size
Constancy
• Shape
Constancy
o Organizing Visual
Information: Gestalt
Laws of Grouping
o Visual Perception:
Bottom-Up or TopDown?
o The Perception of
Color
• Two Theories
of Color
Perception
• Deficiencies
in Color
Vision
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Hearing
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The Physics of
Sound and the
Psychology of
Hearing
The Ear
Hearing in the
Brain
Psychology in the
Real World:
Hearing Loss in
the Age of the
iPod
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The Bodily Senses
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Touch
Pain
o Pain
Perception
o Explaining
Pain
o Controlling
Pain
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Synesthesia
The Chemical
Senses: Smell
and Taste
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Smell
(Olfaction)
Taste
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Making
Connections in
Sensation and
Perception:
Differences
Across
Cultures
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Chapter 5: The Developing Human
The Developing Fetus
Stages of Prenatal
Development
• Brain and Sensory
Development Before Birth
• Environmental Influences
on Fetal Development
o Maternal Nutrition
o Teratogens
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The Developing Infant and Child
• Physical Development in
Infancy and Childhood
o Early Motor
Development
o Early Sensory
Development
o Early Brain
Development
• Psychology in the Real
World: Musical Training
Changes the Brain
• Early Cognitive
Development
o Theory of Mind
• Development of Moral
Reasoning
• Early Socioemotional
Development
o Attachment
o Developing Social
Relationships and
Emotions
• Breaking New Ground:
How Touch and Comfort
Influence Development
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The Developing Adolescent
• Physical Development in
Adolescence
• Cognitive and Brain
Development
• Social Development in
Adolescence
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The Developing Adult
Sensation and Perception
in Adulthood
Cognitive and Brain
Development in
Adulthood
Cognitive Decline in the
Aging Brain
Socioemotional
Development in Adults
Death and Dying
Making Connections in
Development: Personality
Across the Life Span
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Chapter 6: Consciousness
What Is
Consciousness?
Two Dimensions of
Consciousness:
Wakefulness and
Awareness
• Minimal
Consciousness
• Moderate
Consciousness
• Full
Consciousness
Attention:
Focusing
Consciousness
Training
Consciousness:
Meditation
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Selective
Attention
Psychology
in the Real
World:
Hazards of
Cell
PhoneInduced
Driver
Distraction
Sustained
Attention
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Meditation
and
Conscious
Experience
Mediation
Training
and the
Brain
Sleeping and Dreaming
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Sleeping
o Sleep and
Circadian
Rhythms
o Sleep and the
Brain
o The
Development of
Sleep over the
Life Span
o The Function of
Sleep
o Sleep
Deprivation and
Sleep Debt
o Disorders of
Sleep
Dreaming
o Psychoanalytic
Theory
o Biological
Theory
o Cognitive
Theory
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Hypnosis
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Breaking New
Ground: The
Cognitive
Neuroscience of
Hypnosis
Altering Consciousness
with Drugs
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Depressants
o Alcohol
o Sedatives
o Opioids
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Stimulants
o Caffeine
o Nicotine
o Cocaine
o Amphetamines
o Ecstasy
Hallucinogens
o Marijuana
o LSD
Making Connections:
Brain Injury Revisited
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Chapter 7: Memory
Three Types of Memory
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Sensory Memory
Short-Term or Working Memory
o Short-Term Memory Capacity
o How Short-Term Memory
Works
o The Serial Position Effect
Long-Term Memory
o Types of Long-Term Memory
Implicit Memory
Explicit Memory
o Stages in Long-Term Memory
Encoding
Consolidation
Storage
Retrieval
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The Biological Basis of Memory
Forgetting and Memory Loss
The Sensory Cortexes
Pathways of Short-Term Memory in
the Hippocampus and Prefrontal
Cortex
Long-Term Memory Storage in the
Cortex
Emotion, Memory, and the Brain
Breaking New Ground: The
Remembering Brain
Psychology in the Real World:
Memory in a Pill
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The Seven Sins of Memory
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“Sins of Omission”: The Act
of Forgetting
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“Sins of Commission”:
Memories as Reconstructions
of the Past
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Memory Loss Caused by Brain
Injury and Disease
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Making Connections in Memory:
How to Study
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Chapter 8: Learning
Basic Processes of Learning
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Habituation and the
Orienting Response
Association
Conditioning Models of Learning
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Social Learning Theory
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Classical Conditioning
o Pavlov’s Dogs
o How Classical
Conditioning Works
o The Conditioning of
Little Albert
Operant Conditioning
o Reinforcement and
Punishment
o How Operant
Conditioning Works
o Schedules of
Reinforcement
Psychology in the Real
World: Treating Autism with
Applied Behavior Analysis
Challenges to Conditioning
Models of Learning
o Biological
Constraints on
Conditioning
o Latent Learning
Breaking New Ground:
Conditioned Taste Aversion
o The Traditional
Learning Model
o Refining the
Learning Model
o Limitations of
Conditioned Taste
Aversion
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The Interaction of Nature and
Nurture in Learning
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Imprinting
Imitation, Mirror Neurons,
and Learning
Synaptic Change During
Learning
Experience, Enrichment, and
Brain Growth
Making Connections in
Learning: Why Do People
Smoke?
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Chapter 9: Language and Thought
Language
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The Nature of Language
The Evolution of Language in Humans
Language Development in Individuals
Theories of Language Acquisition
Can Animals Learn Human Language?
Language, Culture, and Thought
Thinking, Reasoning, and Decision making
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How Do We Represent Thoughts in our Minds?
o Visual Representation
o Verbal Representation
How Do We Reason About Evidence?
Critical Thinking
Psychology in the Real World: Applying Critical Thinking
Beyond the Classroom
How Do We Make Judgments and Decisions?
Breaking New Ground: Nonrational Decision Making
o Rational Choice Theory
o Evidence Against Rational Choice Theory
o How These Findings Changed People’s Minds
Making Connections in Language and Thought: Learning a
Second Language
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