WRITING CENTRE
Note Referencing Guide
There are many different note referencing styles (see the Referencing Comparison Sheet for one other). This guide is
based on the Style manual: for authors, editors and printers and gives examples for a system that can be called
Footnotes, Endnotes or Oxford style.
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Use a superscript number in text ( ) each time you cite ideas from any source.
Use a new superscript number each time you cite ideas from any source.
Include a note for each superscript number at the bottom of the page (footnote) or at the end of the
assignment (endnote with the heading ‘Notes’) with details of the source as per the examples below.
Include a bibliography (in addition to footnotes or endnotes) only if specifically required.
Electronic media
Journal article from a database (example only – check with your lecturer)
1. EJ Palmer & PG Devitt, 'Limitations of student-driven formative assessment in a clinical clerkship. A randomised
controlled trial', BMC Medical Education, vol. 8, 2008, viewed 12 October 2010, (electronic PubMed Central).
Website
2. P Rael, How to read a primary source, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, 2004, viewed 29 November 2010,
<http://www.bowdoin.edu/writing-guides/primaries.htm>.
Lecture notes given online
3. G Glonek, 'Session 12: summary of advanced methods', lecture notes in Writing and speaking at uni: researcher
education & development: statistics for research students, University of Adelaide, 2010, viewed 20 December 2010,
<https://myuni.adelaide.edu.au/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_group_id=_2_1&url=/webapps/blackboard/exec
ute/courseMain?course_id=_115783_1>.
Conference paper found online
4. S Ball, 'Conservative principles in the first half of the 20th century', in 61st Political Studies Association Conference
Proceedings, London, 2011, viewed 13 July 2011, <http://www.psa.ac.uk/journals/pdf/5/2011/588_167.pdf>.
PowerPoint presentation found online
5. 'Wrestling the exegesis monster (creative writing)', PowerPoint presentation, in Writing and speaking at Uni:
researcher education and development: RED degrees workshops, n.d., viewed 20 December 2010,
<https://myuni.adelaide.edu.au/@@/83C4B9C5D293097BF4BE16D98CB9FA3D/courses/1/AU_LTDU_0004/content/
_3929653_1/Creative%20writingexegesis.ppt>.
Newspaper article viewed online
6. M Shaw, 'Bring back classic literature, says peer', Times Educational Supplement, 27 June 2003, viewed 20
December 2010, <https://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=381421>.
Magazine article viewed online
7. J Hutchinson, 'When IT governance goes wrong', Information Age, October 2010, pp. 32-35, viewed 13 December
2010, <http://www.acs.org.au/iage/201010/#/4/>.
Radio broadcast/podcast
8. 'The history of Australia's mining industry', Science Online, radio program, ABC Radio, Melbourne, 14 July 2010,
viewed 20 December 2010, <http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/science/articles/mp3/rvn_20100602.mp3>.
Television broadcast/podcast
9. 'The history of the world', Catalyst, television program, ABC TV, 16 September 2010, viewed 20 December 2010,
<http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/tv/catalyst/cat_s11_ep30_10YrsofPast.mp4>.
WRITING CENTRE
Level 3 East, Hub Central, North Terrace campus, The University of Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
T: +61 8 8313 5771 | E: writingcentre@adelaide.edu.au | W: www.adelaide.edu.au/writingcentre/
Note Referencing Guide
CD-ROM
10. S Campbell, Guide to financial risk management, CD-ROM, Thomas Reuters, Australia, 2010.
Archival material viewed online
11. Account of the value of goods exported to Africa 1714-1724, manuscript, The National Archives (UK), CO 390/7 no. 2,
1714-1724, viewed 10 January 2011, <http://www.slavery.amdigital.co.uk>.
Periodicals – journals, magazines and newspapers
Journal article with one author
12. B Ziino, '"A lasting gift to his descendants": family memory and the Great War in Australia', History and Memory, vol.
22, no. 2, 2010, pp. 125-146.
Journal article with two authors
13. J Hartman & MA Cox, 'Civil engineering achievement', Civil Engineering, vol. 72, no. 7, 2002, pp. 78-82.
Journal article with three or more authors
14. K Murphy, M Quartly & D Cuthbert, '"In the best interests of the child": mapping the (re) emergence of pro-adoption
politics in contemporary Australia', Journal of Politics and History, vol. 55, no. 2, 2009, pp. 201-218.
Journal article written in a foreign language (translate the title only)
15. S Rougier-Blanc, 'L'interprétation politique et sociale de l'œuvre d'Archiloque: bilan et perspectives' (The political and
social interpretation of the work of Archilochus: achievements and prospects), Pallas, vol. 77, 2008, pp. 15-31, 235.
Newspaper article
16. N Fontaine, C Cleveland, R Gutierrez & M Britten, 'Assessing disinfection systems for recycled water project',
WaterWorld, vol. 25, no. 6, 2009, pp. 1-36.
If a newspaper article has no obvious author, do not use a footnote. Instead, include the newspaper title, date and page
number in brackets in the text e.g. (Australian, 14 October 2010, p. 13).
Magazine article
17. D Burchell, 'Backstage at the pantomime of modern politics', The Australian, 13 September 2010, p. 14.
Books
Book with one author
18. J Warner, Human information retrieval, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 2010.
Book with two authors (with an edition number)
19. T Doyle & D McEachern, Environment and Politics, 3rd edn, Routledge, Milton Park, Oxfordshire, 2008.
Book chapter
20. A Symon, 'Ethical business practice or camouflage? Energy and mining companies and corporate social
responsibility', in ST Devare (ed.), A new energy frontier: the Bay of Bengal region, ISEAS energy series, Institute of
Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 2008, pp. 168-182.
Book of readings (example only – check with your lecturer)
21. A Maalouf, The crusades through Arab eyes, Schoken Books, NY, 1984, pp. 261-266, in 'Conflict and crisis in the
Middle East', POLI 2120, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Summer School 2011.
Book with a volume number
22. Standards Association of Australia, Australian standards for civil engineering students, vol. 1, Civil engineering
materials and testing, 2nd edn, Standards Association of Australia, North Sydney, 1986.
Book written in a foreign language (translate the book title only)
23. A Maurois, Les origines de la guerre de 1939 (The origins of the war of 1939), Gallimard, Paris, 1939.
Conference proceedings
24. J Lu, Y Li, B Zhou, D Kang & Y Zhang, 'Distributed reasoning with fuzzy description logics', in Y Shi, GD van Albada, J
Dongarra & PMA Sloot (eds), Proceedings of the 7th International Computational Science Conference: part 1, Beijing,
2007, pp. 196-203.
Writing Centre, The University of Adelaide
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Note Referencing Guide
Dictionary
25. RE Bjork (ed.), The Oxford dictionary of the Middle Ages, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010.
Encyclopaedia – author prominent
26. AJ Andrea, Encyclopedia of the crusades, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 2003.
Encyclopaedia – author not prominent
27. The environment encyclopedia and directory, Routledge, London, 2010.
The Bible (not included in bibliography)
28. Acts 17:26
Other source types
Australian Bureau of Statistics
29. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Mining operations, Australia, 2006-07, cat. no. 8415.0, ABS, Canberra, 2010, viewed
20 January 2011, <http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyTopic/
D96FCC4AEEA50923CA2568A90013940B?OpenDocument>.
Conference presentation – unpublished
30. C Shi, 'Directors' accountability towards investors, workers and the environment under Chinese laws', presented at
Asian Studies Association of Australia 17th Biennial Conference: is this the Asian century?, Melbourne, 1-3 July 2008.
DVD
31. AW Jones, M Corowa & K Rudd, The Apology to the stolen generations of Australia, DVD, ABC Commercial , Sydney,
2008.
Film
32. The birth of a nation, motion picture, Griffith, USA, 1915.
Lecture in which you take your own notes (not included in bibliography)
33. D Buob, 'Adelaide & Parkside asylums: cycles of change', History of Science and Ideas lecture, University of Adelaide,
7 March 2011.
Personal communication (e.g. emails, phone calls, interviewee responses - not included in bibliography)
34. M Purdy, pers. comm., 5 April 2011.
Lecture notes given out during a lecture (example only – check with your lecturer)
35. Cole, P, 'Part 5: advanced electromagnetic theory', lecture notes distributed in the topic 7052 Electromagnetic theory
and RFID applications, University of Adelaide, on 12 July 2010.
Map
36. Mason, J, Map of the countries lying between Spain and India,1:8,000,000, Ordnance Survey, London, 1832.
Media release
37. CSIRO, Bringing space technology to Australian mining, media release, Canberra, 10 March 2010, viewed 11
January, <http://www.csiro.au/news/Bringing-space-technology-to-Australian-mining.html>.
Pamphlet
38. T Jefferson, Jefferson's ten rules, Brooklyn Eagle Book, Job and Pamphlet Printing Department, Brooklyn, 1900,
viewed 11 January 2011, <http://memory.loc.gov>.
Patent
39. J Peters & N Canto, Reinforced concrete foundations, International Patent E02D27/42, 2006.
Play
40. Euripides, The Bacchae and other plays, trans. P Vellacott, Penguin Books, Baltimore, 1954.
Poem (not usually included in bibliography)
41. Lucretius, Of the nature of things, book 1, lines 166-169.
Picture or graph
42. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 'Australian Indigenous language speakers by language group', in Population
characteristics, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2006, cat. no. 4713.0, ABS, Canberra, 2010, viewed
Writing Centre, The University of Adelaide
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Note Referencing Guide
8 March 2011, <http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/4EE6FB80745B3119CA257718002A7B91?
opendocument>.
Report
43. S Bricknell, Environmental crime in Australia, Research and public policy series, vol. 109, Australian Institute of
Criminology, Canberra, 2010.
Thesis
44. N Mak, 'The impact of macroeconomic announcements on the Australian fixed income market', MComm thesis,
University of Adelaide, 2007.
Notes
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Note referencing uses a different order to other styles – put authors' initials before their surnames and put the year
of publication at the end.
Numbering
• Use Microsoft Word to insert a new superscript number each time you cite ideas from any source by clicking on
'Insert Footnote' or 'Insert Endnote' (on the 'References' tab (or ribbon) in Word 2007).
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1
• Put superscript numbers after punctuation at the end of sentences (. ), but before other punctuation marks ( ,).
First and subsequent citations
• After the first citation, footnotes can be shortened – provide just enough detail to be unambiguous, e.g. the second
citation to Ziino (see 12) could be:
45. Ziino, p. 130.
• The first time you cite a book chapter or journal article, you must include page numbers
for the whole chapter or article and cannot include a page number for one specific idea
in the source (see 12 above). After the first citation, you should include a page number
for the specific idea if possible (see 45 above).
Place of publication
• Book or report with many places of publication – choose the first.
• Book or report with no place of publication – write n.p.
Date
• Source with no date – write n.d.
Editions
• Book with several editions – write the number of the edition you have used (see 19 above). NB This is not the
same as the printing or reprinting date.
Explanations
• Footnotes can include explanations (in addition to referencing details), e.g.
46. There is extensive literature on this topic emphasising the two distinct viewpoints. See for example Maurois,
p. 73, and Ziino, p. 14.
Multiple and secondary sources
• If two sources are cited at the same point in-text, use only one number and put details for both sources in the
matching note, e.g.
47. Palmer & Devitt; Warner, p. 54.
• For secondary sources, notes start with the family name of the originator of the idea, followed by 'cited in' and
the details of the source you actually read, e.g.
48. Todman, cited in Ziino, p. 125.
When a bibliography is required
• Use the heading 'Bibliography' and repeat the full details of each source with three changes – do not number
the sources, put the sources in alphabetical order, and put the family name of the first author before his/her
initial, e.g.
Doyle, T & D McEachern, Environment and Politics, 3rd edn, Routledge, Milton Park, Oxfordshire, 2008.
• Do not include details of the Bible, lectures in which you take your own notes, personal communication, or
poems.
Examples in this guide are based on:
Style manual: for authors, editors and printers, 5th edn, rev. Snooks & Co, John Wiley & Sons Australia, Stafford,
Queensland, 2002.
Please see that book for examples of notes for other source types not included here.
8 February 2012
Writing Centre, The University of Adelaide
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