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26 June 2006
Flanders and UN Resolution 1325 on women, peace and
security
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Note in response to the request from the Flemish Parliament (Parl. St. Vl. Parl. ,2004-05, no 68/5) “to draw
up a general summary report concerning the manner in which the Flemish policy can and does implement
Resolution 1325 of the UN Security Council, while, at the same time, determining what kinds of lacunas and
obstacles exist in the implementation of it and how these may be addressed”.
On 31 October 2000, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1325 on women,
peace, and security. This Resolution is seen as a milepost in the recognition of the role of women in conflict
management and conflict solving, and in the maintenance of peace. The Resolution deals with 3 themes:
women’s active involvement during the various stages of a conflict, the need for a gender perspective in
programmes that are geared towards conflict prevention, conflict resolution or peace-building, and the
protection of girls and women in armed conflicts.
This note examines how Flanders can implement this Resolution. It offers a summary view of the provisions
of the Resolution and points out ways in which these can be implemented on the Flemish level. In the
process, consideration needs to be given to the competences possessed by the Flemish Community and
the Flemish Region. A number of topics that are touched upon in the Resolution relate to exclusive federal
competences. Nevertheless, Flanders too can call upon a number of different instruments for implementing
recommendations of Resolution 1325. A heightened representation of women at all decision-making levels
that are charged with the prevention, the control, and the resolution of conflicts may be a point of attention in
the Flemish policy. Offering training and stimulating sensitivities regarding issues of gender and conflict is
still one other initiative that Flanders can undertake towards the implementation of Resolution 1325.
Furthermore, Flanders can give form to this priority policy via government collaboration with and support of
projects of non-governmental and multilateral organisations.
1
Resolution 1325
In October 2000, the Security Council tackled the issue of women in relation to peace and security. The
discussion focused on the need for a gender approach in UN peace operations and the role of women in
peace consolidation and maintenance. On 31 October 2000, the Security Council unanimously adopted
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Resolution 1325 (2000) on women, peace and security . Resolution 1325 is regarded as a milestone for the
recognition of the role of women in conflict management, peace maintenance, and conflict consolidation.
Special attention also was paid to the fact that women are increasingly targeted by armed groups. Everyone
involved in peace operations is asked to take into account the equality of the sexes and the particular needs
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of women and girls who have become victims of armed violence .
Resolution 1325 is praised for its comprehensiveness, because it calls for attention to the role of women
during the different stages of conflict, and for its depth, because radical changes in habits, procedures, and
3
the mentality of all people involved will be needed to implement the resolution . However, it is the
implementation of the resolution that will be a challenge. The often general phrasing of the text will have to
be converted into practicable recommendations to the member states and their administrations in order to
prevent the Resolution from remaining a dead letter.
The preamble of the Resolution clearly refers to two previous action plans on the basis of which Resolution
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1325 was framed. Firstly, the Security Council refers to the Beijing Platform for Action (A/52/231) and to the
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agreements resulting from it, incorporated into the concluding document of the 23 Special Session of the
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General Assembly of the United Nations (A/S-23/10/Rev. 1) . The chapter on Women and Armed Conflict in
particular strongly inspired the Resolution. Secondly, the Security Council refers to the Windhoek
Declaration and the Namibia Plan of Action (S/2000/693), initiated by the Lessons Learned Unit of the UN
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Department of Peacekeeping Operations in which the urgent necessity to incorporate a gender perspective
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into peacekeeping operations is recognised, and, in this respect, recommendations have been formulated .
Resolution 1325 focuses in general on 3 topics:
1)
2)
3)
The active involvement of women in peace and security matters: both in the phase of conflict
prevention, conflict resolution, and in the execution of post-conflict projects or peace operations.
The need for a gender perspective in conflict prevention, conflict resolution, or peace-building actions
with special attention to training programmes for the troops/personnel concerned.
The protection of women and girls in armed conflicts.
In its resolution, the Security Council addresses the member states, the Secretary-General of the UN, all
parties involved in armed conflicts, and the Security Council itself. The paragraphs intended for the
Secretary-General and the Security Council will not be discussed further in this document. In this text, the
recommendations to the member states will be outlined with the purpose to see how Flanders can put the
Resolution into effect.
The Security Council of the United Nations:
1)
Urges Member States to ensure increased representation of women at all decision-making levels in
national, regional, and international institutions and mechanisms for the prevention, management,
and resolution of conflict;
– In the Beijing Platform for Action (1995), the world’s governments agreed to a minimum quota of
30% women in positions at decision-making levels. This target is far from being realised in peace
and security decision-making bodies. Women are significantly under-represented in peace
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negotiations, and are often entirely absent .
– Member states can attract more female diplomats, (top) officials, and civilians involved with their
own peace operations or detached to international institutions. The participation of female troops
8
in peace operations is also important .
– At international forums, member states can insist on the involvement of women in peace
operations, conflict resolution, and peace processes. For instance, the presence of gender
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advisors on the staff of peace operations has proven to be very useful . The Netherlands are
very active in this field, and at several international forums regularly plead for the involvement of
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women in conflict resolution and peace processes .
– In conflict zones, member states can also support the involvement of women in peace
processes, including peace negotiations. They can, in particular, grant financial support to
groups of women striving for peace, through bilateral relations, international organisations, or
NGOs. At the Conference of Tokyo in 2002, Belgium, for instance, agreed to improve the living
conditions of Afghan women, thus enabling them to contribute to a lasting peace and the
reconstruction of their country. Within the period 2004-2006, Belgium will spend five million euros
on the UN Development Programme (UNDP) and the UN Development Fund for Women
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(UNIFEM) to support women in Afghanistan ;
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2)
Urges the Secretary-General to appoint more women to the office of special representative and
envoy, and in this regard calls on member states to provide candidates to the Secretary-General for
inclusion in a regularly updated centralised roster;
– The UN draws up a list of peace and security experts. It is the responsibility of member states to
present competent female candidates to the Secretary-General in order to eliminate the underrepresentation of women in these positions;
3)
Invites member states to incorporate training guidelines and materials on the protection, rights, and
the particular needs of women, as well as on the importance of involving women in all peacekeeping
and peace-building measures – including HIV/AIDS awareness training – into their national training
programmes for military and civilian police personnel prior to UN peacekeeping and peace-building
missions;
– Training and instruction of personnel and troops taking part in such UN missions is in the first
place the responsibility of the member states. Expertise-building with regard to gender aspects
can be acquired through practical short and mission-oriented training programmes during the
different phases of the military career. Therefore, it is advisable to strive for a firm
implementation within the existing basic training for troops that might take part in peace
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operations .
– The UN and other regional organisations often offer supplementary training in order to promote
the cohesion amongst the troops;
4)
Urges Member States to increase their voluntary financial, technical, and logistical support for
gender-sensitive training efforts, including those undertaken by relevant funds and programmes such
as the UN Fund for Women (UNIFEM), the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the Office of the UN High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and other relevant bodies;
5)
Calls on all actors involved, when negotiating and implementing peace agreements, to adopt a
gender perspective, with special attention for, but not limited to:
(a) The special needs of women and girls associated with their repatriation and resettlement, with
their reintegration and rehabilitation, and with post-conflict reconstruction projects;
(b) Measures that support local women’s peace initiatives and indigenous processes for conflict
resolution, and that involve women in all of the implementation mechanisms of the peace
agreements;
(c) Measures that ensure the protection of, and respect for, human rights of women and girls,
particularly as they relate to the constitution, the electoral system, the police, and the judiciary;
UNIFEM draws attention to the fact that peace agreements are of the utmost importance because
they lay the foundation of the new post-conflict society. Power-sharing, economic reconstruction,
demobilisation and reintegration of soldiers, legislation, access to land, education and health care,
the status of displaced people, and the empowerment of civil society,... such an array of diverse
topics that have to be negotiated in the wake of conflicts. Post-conflict situations provide a unique
opportunity to transform institutions and relationships within society, thereby (also legally) integrating
gender equality. It is of paramount importance to offer protection to refugees and to displaced people
13.
on their return. The international community can unquestionably play a role in this
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6)
Calls upon all parties to armed conflict to fully comply with international law bearing on the rights and
protection of women and girls, especially as civilians, with particular emphasis on the obligations
applicable to them under the 1949 Geneva Conventions (and the associated Additional Protocols of
1977), the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (and the associated Protocol of 1967),
the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (and the
associated Optional Protocol of 1999), and the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (and
both associated Optional Protocols of 25 May 2000), and to be bear in mind the relevant provisions of
the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court;
7)
Calls on all parties to armed conflicts to take special measures to protect women and girls from
gender-based violence, particularly rape and other forms of sexual abuse, and all other forms of
violence in situations of armed conflict;
8)
Emphasises the responsibility of all States to put an end to impunity and to prosecute those
responsible for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, including those relating to sexual
and other violence against women and girls, and in this regard explicitly stresses the need to exclude,
whenever and to whatever degree possible, these crimes from amnesty provisions that are often part
of peace agreements;
9)
Calls upon all parties to armed conflict to respect the civilian and humanitarian character of refugee
camps and settlements, and to take into account the particular needs of women and girls, also in
matters of the design and organisation of such camps and settlements, and to this end recalls its
Resolutions 1208 (1998) of 19 November 1998 and 1296 (2000) of 19 April 2000, in which the need
for special protection measures for the most vulnerable groups in African refugee camps, being
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women, children, and the elderly, is addressed ;
10)
Encourages everyone involved in programmes for disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration to
consider the different needs of male and female ex-combatants, and likewise of those people that are
dependent on them; UNIFEM points out that women are not only victims of conflicts, but also
participants in armed confrontations. While a number of women voluntarily join armed groups, a large
number of them are forced into combat against their will and regularly used as (sex) slaves. In
programmes for disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration, women must be made full
participants in the project. Their role should not only be considered from the perspective of their being
victims, they also ought to be assigned a task in the execution of the project at hand, for example, to
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assist with the collection of weapons .
2
Implementation of Resolution 1325 on the Flemish Level
2.1
Competences of Flanders
The implementation of this directive on the Flemish level takes into account the competences of Flanders
with regard to foreign affairs and development cooperation. The principle in foro interno in foro externo has
since 1993 been the basis for the division of the powers of external affairs between the federal level and the
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regions and communities . “Article 167 §1 of the Constitution confirms that the communities and regions
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have the power to regulate “the international cooperation with regard to matters for which they are qualified
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by virtue of the Constitution” . The concept of “international cooperation” is far-reaching and also includes
the development cooperation policy. This means that the communities and regions also have external
powers for their internal competence. With respect to development cooperation, there are exclusive and
parallel powers: the federal state has exclusive power with regard to development cooperation for federal
affairs such as justice. Additionally, the federal state and the communities or regions have parallel powers in
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community and regional matters such as education or agriculture .
A great number of demands placed by the Security Council upon the member states in Resolution 1325
concern exclusive federal powers. Actions relating to UN peace operations, gender mainstreaming in
military training programmes, recognition of refugees, diplomatic representation, or legal prosecution of
genocide suspects, crimes against humanity and war crimes are among these powers. Therefore, several
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initiatives have already been taken on the federal level. At the request of the Minister of Justice , the
Council of Equal Opportunities for Men and Women formulated an advisory opinion in February 2005 about
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the implementation of Resolution 1325 in Belgium . Besides this, following its conference on “women, war
and peace”, the Commission on Women and Development (DGDC) made a number of recommendations
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about the implementation of Resolution 1325 that related to the federal policy . Since 2000, the Chamber of
Deputies and the Senate have already introduced several resolutions on women, peace and security, asking
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the federal government to do pioneering work in the execution of Resolution 1325 . Finally, Federal
Minister for Development Cooperation De Decker submitted a report in 2006 describing Belgium’s
contribution to the Beijing report. In the chapter entitled Women and Armed Conflicts, he states that
Resolution 1325 is perfectly embedded in one of the three main action fields of Belgium’s development
cooperation, more precisely “the participation of women in building peace and security, including the
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repression of sexual violence” . The minister also clearly indicates by what means (governmental, nongovernmental, and multilateral cooperation) this objective is being pursued.
Via its foreign and development policies, Flanders too has a lot of potential for contributing to the
implementation of Resolution 1325 on women, peace, and security. Minister Bourgeois’ policy letter,
presenting his policy priorities with regard to the 2005-2006 foreign policy, promises to release funds from
the 2006 budget specifically intended to support peace-promoting initiatives. Special attention is to be
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focussed on the Western Balkan – on Kosovo in particular – and on Palestine . Via governmental
cooperation, or via support to projects of non-governmental organisations and multilateral organisations,
Flanders can actually realise this policy priority. It is important that Flanders, in the execution of this policy,
comply with the recommendations of Resolution 1325, and thus take into account the involvement of women
in the different phases of conflict/peace-building.
Most projects supported by Flanders within the scope of its development policy are not directly focused on
conflict prevention or peace-building, but can indirectly contribute to the empowerment of civil society and to
a lasting peace. In the bilateral cooperation with the two partner countries, South Africa and Mozambique,
priorities were set on the basis of the priorities of the provincial authorities themselves: Agriculture, food
safety, local entrepreneurship, and the prevention of HIV/AIDS in South-Africa; health care, with special
attention to HIV/AIDS in Mozambique. Besides this, durable economy, development education and media,
communal development cooperation, the Millennium Development Goals (in this respect, Flanders focuses
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on health care), and emergency aid are the topics of the Flemish development policy .
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2.2
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How Flemish Policy can Implement Resolution 1325
Flemish contribution to the implementation of UN Resolution on women, peace, and security can
encompass :
1)
Higher representation of women on all decision-making levels charged with the prevention, control,
and resolution of conflicts.
–
–
–
2)
Diplomatic and consular representation is a federal matter; neither is the representation of
women in the army a Flemish matter. Cooperation agreements have nevertheless been signed,
enabling the inclusion of representatives for the communities and the regions (with the title of
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attaché or delegate) in the Belgian diplomatic and consular list of the post abroad . In the
composition of a “Flemish diplomatic corps”, the representation of women should be a focal point
of interest. At the moment, the diplomatic corps consists of nine representatives from the
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Flemish government, all of whom are men . Besides this, Flanders finances practical training at
international institutions. In the selection of the candidates, Flanders aims for equal
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representation of men and women . Flanders also sends experts abroad within the scope of
foreign trade, tourism in Flanders, agricultural policy, and development policy. Especially
development policy is relevant in the light of Resolution 1325. The Flemish Association for
Development Cooperation and Technical Assistance (VVOB) has 8 representatives abroad, of
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whom five are men and three women . This task will be taken over by the Flemish Agency for
International Cooperation.
In actual conflict zones, Flanders can contribute to a larger involvement of women in peace
processes by supporting women’s organisations or by its support of projects contributory to
lasting peace in which women are closely involved. Flanders can contribute to these projects by
means of its foreign policy or its cooperation development policy. The bilateral cooperation with
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Ukraine, for instance, focuses on capacity-building and conflict prevention . For the execution of
this policy, Resolution 1325 has to be taken into consideration. Also in Israel/Palestine and in the
other partner countries of Flanders, it is advisable to integrate a gender perspective in the
(peace) projects supported by Flanders. Within the scope of its development policy, Flanders
already has included gender as a transversal topic and focal point of interest in its strategy notes
with its partner countries. Some projects such as the Flemish support to the UNAIDS programme
in Mozambique, tackling the growing trend of the HIV/AIDS infection to target women, are
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specifically focused on women. In other projects, the gender perspective is less pronounced .
In the preparatory session preceding the international assemblies of the United Nations, the
European Union, the World Trade Organisation, the OECD, the Council of Europe, and the
international financial institutions, Flanders can, by means of its exclusive or mixed powers
contribute to the determination of the Belgian viewpoint and take the initiative to plead for more
attention to the gender issue in projects relating to conflict prevention, conflict resolution, or
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peace-building in the implementation of Resolution 1325 .
Flanders finds itself in an excellent position to offer financial, technical, and logistic support to training
programmes on gender-sensitive issues. After all, education and training are community powers.
Moreover, engendering sensitivity and offering education are ranked among the top priorities of the
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Flemish development policy .
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–
–
–
–
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Flanders can develop its own training modules/education programmes on women in conflict
situations. This can be done by supporting NGOs that develop such training programmes. Since
2004, Flanders has had a decree on development education. This decree states that gender as
a transversal topic has to be integrated in development education projects. The peace issue is
also mentioned as a possible topic. In 2005, 9 projects were selected. All of these projects must
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include a gender perspective, but none of them concerns peace or security . The target group
of the Flemish development education policy is, however, the population of the Flemish
Community, whereas Resolution 1325, on the other hand, primarily concerns the people who are
directly involved with conflicts and peace missions.
More important in the light of Resolution 1325 is that Flanders can support such projects on a
bilateral level in order to inform people in (post)conflict zones, to make women aware of their
rights, and to support projects involving women in the reconstruction of their society. As a donor,
Flanders can put gender on the agenda of the projects it supports, or directly support women
networks.
Flanders finances a number of programmes and projects of multilateral organisations. For the
development of training programmes and research into gender-sensitive issues and conflict,
Flanders can contribute to funds and programmes such as the UN Development Fund for
Women (UNIFEM), the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the UN Department of Peacekeeping
Operations (UNDPKO), and other relevant bodies.
Additionally, Flanders can invest in research into the consequences of armed conflicts suffered
by women and girls, which might be linked to programmes in the field (for instance, programmes
for demobilisation, disarmament, reintegration, and peace-building) on the impact of these
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interventions on women and girls .
3)
Flanders finances a number of programmes and projects of multilateral organisations. This is the
case for UNESCO, the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the World Health Organisation
(WHO), and the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The specialised UNAIDS receives Flanders’
support for its structural operation. Through the contributions to projects of these multilateral
organisations, Flemish policy can emphasise its own viewpoints. In this way, Flanders can contribute
to the implementation of Resolution 1325 by means of its support of projects aimed at the
involvement of women in conflict prevention/conflict resolution or that focuses on the consequences
of armed conflicts suffered by women and girls.
4)
Besides this, there is a separate budget line for emergency aid in case of humanitarian crisis
situations including wars. Via specialised NGOs or multilateral organisations, Flanders can make its
own contribution to humanitarian crisis situations, with attention given to the specific needs of women
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and girls before, during, and following armed conflicts . In 2005, Flanders lent support to the
Palestinian territories (via UN Refugees and Works Agency), to the tsunami in South-East Asia
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(Tsunami 1212), to Pakistan (via UNICEF and the Red Cross), etc .
5)
Pursuant to Resolution 1325, the Flemish Community has to take into account the special needs of
women and girls when it receives (candidate) refugees from conflict zones.
6)
Flanders must at all times comply with international law.
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Summary
In summarising, it may be said that Flemish policy, internally, bilaterally, as well as multilaterally, can indeed
contribute to the implementation of Resolution 1325. However, the contribution of Flanders to the
implementation of the directive is limited because a number of powers required for the execution of
Resolution 1325 are federal, such as training programmes for troops participating in peace operations, the
execution of UN programmes for disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration, peace agreement
negotiations, the asylum procedure, trial of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide,
representation in European Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), including European defence
policy.
Internally, Flemish policy can actually ensure that women be better represented in diplomatic positions.
Through its bilateral relations (both directly with the authorities and via indirect partners), Flanders can in its
foreign policy and development policy pay more attention to the issues relating to women and armed
conflicts. The Flemish government can see to it that the gender perspective is integrated into the
programmes for conflict prevention, management, resolution, and peace-building which it supports as a
donor. The Flemish Agency for International Cooperation must consider gender as a top priority action field
that passes beyond existing policy. Ultimately, at the multilateral level, Flemish policy can support projects
of international organisations focused on the role of women in armed conflicts. In order to achieve a
coherent policy for the implementation of UN Resolution 1325, the different authorities of the federal state
will need to join forces.
1
UN Security Council (2000), Resolution 1325 (2000). Consulted on 19 June 2006 via
http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N00/720/18/PDF/N0072018.pdf?OpenElement
2
Peacewomen (2006). Dutch Translation of Security Council Resolution 1325. Consulted on 19 June 2006 via
http://www.peacewomen.org/1325inTranslation/1325Dutch.html
3
UNIFEM (2004). Women peace and security: UNIFEM supporting implementation of Security Council Resolution 1325. Consulted
on 19 June 2006 via <http://www.unifem.org/attachments/products/supporting1325.pdf>
4
UN General Assembly (1998). Follow-up to the Fourth World Conference on Women and full implementation of the Beijing
Declaration and the Platform for Action. Consulted on 19 June 2006 via <
http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N98/772/99/PDF/N9877299.pdf?OpenElement>
5
UN General Assembly (2000). Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Whole of the twenty-third special session of the General
6
United Nations Transitional Assistance Group, Windhoek, Namibia (2000). Windhoek Declaration. Consulted on 19 June 2006 via
7
UNIFEM. Security Council Resolution 1325 annotated and explained. Consulted on 19 June 2006 via
Assembly. Consulted on 19 June 2006 via http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/followup/as2310rev1.pdf
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/wps/windhoek_declaration.pdf
http://www.womenwarpeace.org/toolbox/Annotated_1325.pdf
8
De Hoop Scheffer, J., Van der Knaap, C. Kamerbrief: Notitie stand van zaken mbt uitvoering van de aanbevelingen
9
United Nations Transitional Assistance Group, Windhoek, Namibia (2000). Windhoek Declaration. Consulted on 19 June 2006 via
10
De Hoop Scheffer, J., Van der Knaap, C. Kamerbrief: Notitie stand van zaken mbt uitvoering van de aanbevelingen
Veiligheidsraad resolutie 1325 vrouwen, vrede en veiligheid, Parliament of the Netherlands, 26 March 2003.
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/wps/windhoek_declaration.pdf
Veiligheidsraad resolutie 1325 vrouwen, vrede en veiligheid, Parliament of the Netherlands, 26 March 2003.
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Belgian Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation (2006) Bijdrage van de minister van
ontwikkelingssamenwerking Armand De Decker aan het Pekingrapport 2004-2005. Consulted on 19 June 2006 via
http://www.dgcd.be/documents/nl/themas/gender/pekingrapport_2004_2005_nl.pdf
12
De Hoop Scheffer, J., Van der Knaap, C. Kamerbrief: Notitie stand van zaken mbt uitvoering van de aanbevelingen
13
UNIFEM. Security Council Resolution 1325 annotated and explained. Consulted on 19 June 2006 via
Veiligheidsraad resolutie 1325 vrouwen, vrede en veiligheid, Parliament of the Netherlands, 26 March 2003.
http://www.womenwarpeace.org/toolbox/Annotated_1325.pdf
14
UNIFEM. Security Council Resolution 1325 annotated and explained. Consulted on 19 June 2006 via
http://www.womenwarpeace.org/toolbox/Annotated_1325.pdf
15
UNIFEM. Security Council Resolution 1325 annotated and explained. Consulted on 19 June 2006 via
http://www.womenwarpeace.org/toolbox/Annotated_1325.pdf
16
In 1993, the constitutioner and the special legislator had in mind three basic principles: 1) the autonomy of regions and
communities (in foro interno in foro externo), 2) the unity of Belgium’s foreign policy and 3) the compliance with international and
European public law. Velaers, J. (2006), “In foro interno in foro externo”: de internationale bevoegdheden van gemeenschappen
en gewesten, in F. Judo and G. Geudens (Eds.), Staatsrechtconferentie 2005 Vlaamse Juristenvereniging, internationale
betrekkingen en federalisme, Ghent: Larcier, 3-86.
17
Velaers, J. (2006), “In foro interno in foro externo”: de internationale bevoegdheden van gemeenschappen en gewesten, in F.
Judo and G. Geudens (Eds.), Staatsrechtconferentie 2005 Vlaamse Juristenvereniging, internationale betrekkingen en
federalisme, Ghent: Larcier, 3-86, p7.
18
Velaers, J. (2006), “In foro interno in foro externo”: de internationale bevoegdheden van gemeenschappen en gewesten, in F.
Judo and G. Geudens (Eds.), Staatsrechtconferentie 2005 Vlaamse Juristenvereniging, internationale betrekkingen en
federalisme, Ghent: Larcier, 3-86.
19
The advice was asked by the vice-minister and minister of justice. De Béthune, S., written question 3-2077 of 25 April 2006 to
minister Onkelinx, Bulletin van vragen en antwoorden 3-65, Senate.
20
Council of Equal Opportunities for Men and Women (2005), Advies nr 92 van Bureau van de Raad voor Mannen en Vrouwen van
11 februari 2005 inzake resolutie 1325. Consulted on 19 June 2006 via
http://www.raadvandegelijkekansen.be/navigatieframeset.htm
21
DGDC – Commission on Women and Development (2004), Conferentie vrouwen, oorlog en vrede – voorlopige aanbevelingen.
Consulted on 19 June 2006 via
http://www.dgos.be/documents/nl/themas/gender/conferentie_vrouwen_oorlog_vrede_aanbevelingen.doc
22
De Béthune, S., Thijs, E., Proposition for resolution (2-732) and (3-158), Voorstel van resolutie betreffende vrouwen in gewapende
conflicten en de rol van vrouwen in de preventie en beheersing van conflicten, Senate, 3 May 2001. De Béthune, S., Roelants du
Vivier, F., De Schamphelaere, M., Proposition for resolution (3-902), Voorstel van resolutie over vrouwen, vrede en veiligheid,
Senate, 17 November 2004. De Roeck, J., Vandenberghe, L., Galand, P., Proposition for resolution (3-926), Voorstel van resolutie
betreffende de bevordering van de rol van vrouwen bij vredesopbouw en een federaal actieplan voor de uitvoering van resolutie
1325, Senate, 19 November 2004. Belhouari, T., Ghenne, V., Déom, V., Proposition for resolution (51-2521), Voorstel van
resolutie betreffende de versterking van de rol van de vrouw in het vredesproces, Belgian Chamber of Deputies, 1 June 2006.
23
Belgian Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation (2006) Bijdrage van de minister van
ontwikkelingssamenwerking Armand De Decker aan het Pekingrapport 2004-2005. Consulted on 19 June 2006 via
http://www.dgcd.be/documents/nl/themas/gender/pekingrapport_2004_2005_nl.pdf
24
Bourgeois, G., Beleidsbrief Buitenlands Beleid, Beleidsprioriteiten 2005-2006 stuk 546 (2005-2006) – nr 1, Flemish Parliament, 25
October 2005.
25
Departement Internationaal Vlaanderen (2006), De Vlaamse ontwikkelingssamenwerking, activiteitenverslag 2005, Brussels:
Colophon, Flemish authority.
26
Velaers, J. (2006), “In foro interno in foro externo”: de internationale bevoegdheden van gemeenschappen en gewesten, in F.
Judo and G. Geudens (Eds.), Staatsrechtconferentie 2005 Vlaamse Juristenvereniging, internationale betrekkingen en
federalisme, Ghent: Larcier, 3-86.
27
http://docs.vlaanderen.be/buitenland/vertegenwoordigers/regering_vtw.htm
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ADVICE
28
│
Flemish government (2001), Reglement houdende de toekenning van een financiële tegemoetkoming voor een stage bij
multilaterale organisaties. Consulted on 19 June 2006 via
http://docs.vlaanderen.be/channels/hoofdmenu/vlaanderenint/pdf/reglement%20stages.pdf
29
http://docs.vlaanderen.be/buitenland/vertegenwoordigers/regering_vtw.htm
30
Bourgeois, G., Beleidsbrief Buitenlands Beleid, Beleidsprioriteiten 2005-2006 stuk 546 (2005-2006) – nr 1, Flemish Parliament, 25
October 2005.
31
Departement Internationaal Vlaanderen (2006), De Vlaamse ontwikkelingssamenwerking, activiteitenverslag 2005, Brussels:
Colophon, Flemish authority.
32
Flemish authority (2006) , Internationaal Vlaanderen, uw wegwijzer binnen het departement. Consulted on 19 June 2006 via
http://docs.vlaanderen.be/channels/hoofdmenu/vlaanderenint/Ontwikkelingssamenwerking/Beleid_context_1.jsp
33
Flemish authority (2006) , Internationaal Vlaanderen, uw wegwijzer binnen het departement. Consulted on 19 June 2006 via
http://docs.vlaanderen.be/channels/hoofdmenu/vlaanderenint/Ontwikkelingssamenwerking/Beleid_context_1.jsp
34
Flemish authority (2006), Vlaamse ontwikkelingssamenwerking, sensibilisatie en ontwikkelingseducatie. Consulted on 19 June
2006 via http://docs.vlaanderen.be/channels/hoofdmenu/vlaanderenint/Ontwikkelingssamenwerking/Sensibilisering_Educatie.jsp
35
Council of Equal Opportunities for Men and Women (2005), Advies nr 92 van Bureau van de Raad voor Mannen en Vrouwen van
11 februari 2005 inzake resolutie 1325. Consulted on 19 June 2006 via
http://www.raadvandegelijkekansen.be/navigatieframeset.htm
36
Flemish authority (2006), Internationaal Vlaanderen, uw wegwijzer binnen het departement. Consulted on 19 June 2006 via
http://docs.vlaanderen.be/channels/hoofdmenu/vlaanderenint/Ontwikkelingssamenwerking/Beleid_context_1.jsp
37
Departement Internationaal Vlaanderen (2006), De Vlaamse ontwikkelingssamenwerking, activiteitenverslag 2005, Brussels:
Colophon, Flemish authority.
The Flemish Peace Institute was founded by the Flemish Parliament as an independent institute for
peace research. The Peace Institute engages in scientific research, documents relevant information
sources, and informs and advises the Flemish Parliament and the general public at large on
questions of peace.
www.flemishpeaceinstitute.eu
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