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Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 1 – Finals/ 6/10/2009 15:36 Page 31 List of Contributors Amer, Ramses Senior Research Fellow, Center of Pacific Asia Studies Deparment of Oriental Languages, Stockholm University ASEAN, RELATIONS WITH SOUTHEAST ASIAN STATES, RELATIONS WITH VIETNAM, RELATIONS WITH Andrews, Julia F. Professor, Department of the History of Art The Ohio State University ART EXHIBITIONS ABROAD COMMERCIAL ART: PICTURE BOOKS (LIANHUANHUA) FEDERATION OF LITERARY AND ART CIRCLES LIN FENGMIAN LIU HAISU LUO ZHONGLI’S FATHER [SIDEBAR] ORACLE BONES [SIDEBAR] RUSTIC REALISM IN ART Andrews-Speed, Philip Professor of Energy Policy, Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy University of Dundee ENERGY: HYDROLOGICAL POWER ENERGY: OVERVIEW ENERGY: WIND POWER Antony, Robert J. Department of History University of Macau PIRACY, MARITIME Arlt, Wolfgang Georg Professor of International Tourism West Coast University of Applied Sciences, Heide, Germany TOURISM: TRAVEL ABROAD Baark, Erik Division of Social Science Hong Kong University of Science and Technology SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY Bachman, David Professor, International Studies University of Washington CHEN YUN PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARMY: MILITARY DOCTRINE Bailey, Paul J. Professor of Modern Chinese History School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh EDUCATION: 1800–1949 FILIAL PIETY SOCIALIZATION AND PEDAGOGY Baker, Hugh D. R. Emeritus Professor of Chinese, School of Oriental and African Studies University of London CANTONESE FAMILY: OVERVIEW LINEAGE Bakich, Olga Research Associate, Center for European, Russian, and Eurasisan Studies University of Toronto RUSSIAN ÉMIGRÉS Bakken, Børge Department of Sociology University of Hong Kong EDUCATION: MORAL EDUCATION Bartlett, Beatrice S. Professor Emeritus, Department of History Yale University ARCHIVES, PUBLIC: ARCHIVAL RESOURCES OUTSIDE CHINA ARCHIVES, PUBLIC: HISTORICAL PRESERVATION AND GOVERNMENT HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION, 1800–1912 Bastid-Bruguière, Marianne Research Professor Emeritus, Member of the French Institute The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Paris GIQUEL, PROSPER ZHANG ZHIDONG Baumler, Alan Associate Professor of History Indiana University of Pennsylvania OPIUM, 1800–1950 XXXI Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 1 – Finals/ 6/10/2009 15:36 Page 32 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Bays, Daniel History Department Calvin College HOUSEHOLD RESPONSIBILITY SYSTEM (BAOGAN DAOHU) LIAONING MISSIONARIES MORRISON, ROBERT NANJING MASSACRE PENG DEHUAI Béja, Jean-Philippe Senior Research Fellow at CNRS, CERI-Sciences-Po, Paris CEFC, Hong Kong DEMOCRACY WALL DISSIDENTS LIU BINYAN LIU XIAOBO PRODEMOCRACY MOVEMENT (1989) RIGHTS DEFENSE MOVEMENT Bender, Mark Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures Ohio State University MINORITY NATIONALITIES: ETHNIC MINORITY CULTURAL EXPRESSION NIAN UPRISING PRODUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION CORPS [SIDEBAR] SENT-DOWN EDUCATED YOUTH Brady, Anne-Marie S. Associate Professor, School of Political and Social Sciences University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Benton, Gregor Professor of Chinese History Cardiff University, Wales Braester, Yomi University of Washington CHEN DUXIU FENG XIAOGANG TROTSKYISM NANJING ROAD [SIDEBAR] NEW YEAR’S MOVIES Berg, Daria D. University of Nottingham ZHANG YIMOU PUBLISHING INDUSTRY Betta, Chiara Department of Historical Studies University of Bristol JEWISH COMMUNITIES AND REFUGEES PARSIS SASSOON, VICTOR [SIDEBAR] Bian, Morris L. Associate Professor of History Auburn University UNIT (DANWEI) Brandt, Loren Department of Economics University of Toronto AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION: OVERVIEW STANDARD OF LIVING Brandtstädter, Susanne Associate Professor, Department of Social Anthropology University of Oslo SOCIAL RITUALS Brautigam, Deborah School of International Service American University Bian, Yanjie University of Minnesota NEPOTISM AND GUANXI INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Bo Zhiyue Senior Research Fellow National University of Singapore 1978: COMMISSION FOR THE REFORM OF THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM AID Bray, David Department of Chinese Studies University of Sydney HOUSING: OVERVIEW Brown, Kerry Royal Institute of International Affairs London UNITED KINGDOM, RELATIONS WITH Bonnin, Michel Professor École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Paris RED GUARDS WAR CRIMES GANG OF FOUR [SIDEBAR] RICHARD, TIMOTHY WHITE LOTUS PROPAGANDA XXXII LOCAL GAZETTEERS Bohr, P. Richard Professor of History and Director of Asian Studies College of Saint Benedict and Saint John’s University Becker, Jasper Publisher Asia Weekly Magazine ECONOMIC REFORM SINCE Brook, Timothy Department of History University of British Columbia HANGZHOU XI’AN Bruun, Ole Associate Professor, Institute for Society and Globalization Roskilde University, Denmark MONGOLIA, PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF, RELATIONS WITH Buck, David D. University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee HEILONGJIANG JILIN JINAN SHANDONG Buoye, Thomas University of Tulsa DEATH PENALTY SINCE 1800 Burke Mathison, Christina WeiSzu Department of History of Art The Ohio State University LIN FENGMIAN LIU GUOSONG (LIU KUO-SUNG) PANG XUNQIN Cabestan, Jean-Pierre Professor and Head, Department of Government and International Studies Hong Kong Baptist University CENTRAL STATE ORGANS SINCE 1949: CENTRAL MILITARY COMMISSION CENTRAL STATE ORGANS SINCE 1949: CHINESE PEOPLE’S POLITICAL CONSULTATIVE CONFERENCE CENTRAL STATE ORGANS SINCE 1949: NATIONAL PEOPLE’S CONGRESS CENTRAL STATE ORGANS SINCE 1949: OVERVIEW CENTRAL STATE ORGANS SINCE 1949: PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN CHINA Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 1 – Finals/ 6/10/2009 15:36 Page 33 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS CENTRAL STATE ORGANS SINCE 1949: STATE COUNCIL, COMMISSIONS, MINISTRIES, AND BUREAUS CONSTITUTIONS SINCE 1949 FOREIGN POLICY FRAMEWORKS AND THEORIES: ONE-CHINA POLICY AND ‘‘ONE COUNTRY, TWO SYSTEMS’’ INSPECTION AND AUDIT POLICE, SECRET PROVINCIAL AND SUBPROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE SINCE 1949: COUNTIES PROVINCIAL AND SUBPROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE SINCE 1949: MUNICIPALITIES UNDER CENTRAL CONTROL PROVINCIAL AND SUBPROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE SINCE 1949: OVERVIEW PROVINCIAL AND SUBPROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE SINCE 1949: PROVINCES Cai, Yuan Peter University of Adelaide, Australia PAN-ASIANISM Cao, Cong Neil D. Levin Graduate Institute of International Relations and Commerce State University of New York Chan, Daniel Kam Yin Conjoint Professor, University of New South Wales, School of Public Health & Community Medicine Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital COMMUNITY CARE Chan, David K. K. Associate Professor and Program Leader of East & Southeast Asian Studies, Department of Asian and International Studies City University of Hong Kong HONG KONG: EDUCATION IN HONG KONG SINCE 1842 Chan, Gerald Professor of Political Studies University of Auckland, New Zealand INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: SINCE 1949 Chan, Kai Yiu Department of History Tunghai University, Taiwan LIU HONGSHENG Chan, Phil C. W. Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore HONG KONG: NATIONALITY ISSUES SINCE 1983 PRIVACY STRIKES YOUTH HIGH TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH IN THE SCIENCES RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY SCIENTIFIC EXCHANGES SURVEYS OF NATURAL RESOURCES [SIDEBAR] Carroll, Peter J. Department of History Northwestern University SUZHOU Chan, Wellington K. K. National Endowment for the Humanities Distinguished Professor of Humanities, and Professor of History Occidental College SINCERE DEPARTMENT STORES WING ON DEPARTMENT STORES Chang, Arnold Independent Scholar and Artist CONNOISSEURSHIP ZHANG DAQIAN (CHANG DAICHIEN) Chan, Alfred L. Professor Huron University College, University of Western Ontario WANG DAN [SIDEBAR] Chan, Cheris Shun-ching Department of Sociology University of Hong Kong EMPLOYEES’ HEALTH INSURANCE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN CHINA Chang, Bi-yu Centre of Taiwan Studies School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London FILM INDUSTRY: TAIWAN Chang, Chia-ju The City College of New York–Brooklyn College LEE, ANG Chang, Chiung-Fang Assistant Professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Criminal Justice Lamar University MINORITY NATIONALITIES: LARGE NATIONAL MINORITIES Chang, Maria Hsia Professor Emerita, Department of Political Science University of Nevada at Reno BANKING: PEOPLE’S BANK OF CHINA FASCISM MONEY AND BANKING, 1800–1949 Chang, Shih-Ming Li Associate Professor, Department of Theatre & Dance Wittenberg University DANCE Chang Yu-ting Texas A&M University MARRIAGE SEX RATIO Chappell, Hilary École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris HOKKIEN (MIN) Chen, Jianyue Assistant Professor of History Northeast Lakeview College COMFORT WOMEN [SIDEBAR] Chen Lei Law Faculty National University of Singapore COMPANIES: CORPORATE LAW Chen, Wenhong Department of Sociology Duke University FINANCIAL MARKETS Cheng, Joseph Yu-shek Professor of Political Science City University of Hong Kong COMMUNIST PARTY COMMUNIST PARTY ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE [SIDEBAR] ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: GREAT WESTERN DEVELOPMENT SCHEME FOREIGN POLICY FRAMEWORKS AND THEORIES: OVERVIEW JIANG ZEMIN SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS XXXIII Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 1 – Finals/ 6/10/2009 15:36 Page 34 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Cheng, Yinghong History, Political Science, and Philosophy Department Delaware State University INFLUENCES ABROAD: INFLUENCE OF MAOIST PROPAGANDA ON WESTERN AND THIRD-WORLD Connelly, Marisela Professor, Center for Asian and African Studies El Colegio de México Seoul National University CENTRAL-LOCAL RELATIONSHIPS KOREA, RELATIONS WITH (NORTH AND SOUTH) Cini, Francesca Freelance Sinologist and Consultant AFRICAN STATES, RELATIONS WITH YOUTH Cheung, Sui-wai Department of History The Chinese University of Hong Kong BAOJIA SYSTEM IMPERIAL HOUSEHOLD DEPARTMENT INVESTMENTS IN AFRICA: INFRASTRUCTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES [SIDEBAR] Chiang, Yung-chen DePauw University HU SHI HARBIN TAXATION SINCE 1978 Chongyi, Feng Professor University of Technology, Sydney HU YAOBANG Conner, Patrick Martyn Gregory Gallery London NINETEENTH-CENTURY CHINOISERIE AND CHINESE EXPORT Cook, Sarah Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex Claypool, Lisa Assistant Professor of Art History and Humanities Reed College INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS IN CHINA: OVERVIEW INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ART MUSEUMS Choi, Eun Kyong Assistant Professor Ajou University, South Korea DENG XIAOPING INFLUENCES ABROAD: Clausen, Soren Institute of History and Area Studies University of Aarhus INSTITUTIONAL LEGACIES OF THE TAIPING UPRISINGS [SIDEBAR] CHIANG CHING-KUO (JIANG JINGGUO) PROGRAMS IN CHINA: UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT REN XIONG PROGRAMME Cody, Jeffrey W. Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, California INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS IN CHINA: WORLD BANK ARCHITECTURE, HISTORY OF: Crespi, John A. Colgate University WESTERN ARCHITECTS AND BUILDINGS IN CHINA BAI HUA CLASSICAL SCHOLARSHIP AND INTELLECTUAL DEBATES: DEBATES SINCE 1949 HUNDRED FLOWERS CAMPAIGN Chou, Bill K. P. Assistant Professor, Department of Government and Public Administration University of Macau MACAU Christiansen, Flemming Department of East Asian Studies University of Leeds CHINESE OVERSEAS: DIASPORA AND HOMELAND Chua, Ying Assistant Professor, Art History Department Ithaca College ART SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES CAI GUO-QIANG OIL PAINTING (YOUHUA) XU BEIHONG XU BING Chung, Jae Ho Director of the Institute for China Studies XXXIV Cohen, Paul A. Edith Stix Wasserman Professor of History and Asian Studies, Emeritus, Wellesley College Associate, Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies, Harvard University BOXER UPRISING Comtois, Claude Professor of Transport Geography Université de Montréal TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE: AIR TRANSPORT TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE: OVERVIEW TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE: ROAD NETWORK Cong, Xiaoping Associate Professor of History University of Houston EDUCATION: HIGHER EDUCATION BEFORE 1949 PRIVATE SCHOOLS [SIDEBAR] Conn, Peter Professor, English University of Pennsylvania BUCK, PEARL S. Croizier, Ralph Professor Emeritus of History University of Victoria INFLUENCES ABROAD: MAOISM AND ART Crossley, Pamela Dartmouth College EMPERORS, 1800–1912 Culp, Robert Associate Professor, History & Asian Studies Bard College ZHEJIANG Dabringhaus, Sabine Institute for History Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg CIXI, EMPRESS DOWAGER Dal Lago, Francesca Leiden School for Area Studies Leiden University CHANG YU (SANYU) NEW WAVE MOVEMENT, ‘85 PAN YULIANG POLITICAL POP AND CYNICAL REALISM ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN CHINA Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 1 – Finals/ 6/10/2009 15:36 Page 35 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Dang, Suzhen Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research The Chinese Academy of Sciences Deng, Kent G. London School of Economics MONEY AND MONETARY POLICY, 1800–1927 RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS TAXATION AND FISCAL POLICIES, RIVER SYSTEMS: HUAI RIVER 1800–1912 Davin, Delia Emeritus Professor of Chinese Studies University of Leeds URBAN EMPLOYMENT TO ALL-CHINA WOMEN’S FEDERATION COMMERCIAL ART: PRODUCT DESIGN 1949 Denton, Kirk A. Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures The Ohio State University HU FENG COMMUNIST YOUTH LEAGUE LEAGUE OF LEFT-WING WRITERS DOMESTIC VIOLENCE LITERATURE SINCE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: UNDP LU XUN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT ON CHINA, 2005 EXTRATERRITORIALITY FOREIGN CONCESSIONS, SETTLEMENTS, AND LEASED TERRITORIES 1800 Dittmer, Lowell Professor of Political Science University of California at Berkeley COMMUNIST PARTY HISTORY REVISED (1981) HIV/AIDS FOUR BASIC PRINCIPLES [SIDEBAR] HUNAN AND HUBEI HISTORY: OVERVIEW, SINCE LIFE CYCLE: BIRTH HOW TO BE A GOOD COMMUNIST 1949 [SIDEBAR] LU ZUOFU LIU SHAOQI NATIONALISM POLITICAL CULTURE SINCE POPULATION POLICY: BIRTH- POLITICAL SUCCESSION PLANNING POLICY 1978: RURAL INDUSTRIALIZATION SOCIAL CLASSES SINCE 1978 SONG QINGLING WANG SHIWEI 1900 Doar, Bruce G. The University of Sydney WORKERS, INDUSTRIAL, FUZHOU XIAFANG NEW DEMOCRACY, YANG ZHENNING NEW LEFT PEI, I.M. PROSTITUTION, HISTORY OF SOCIALISM WANG MENG XIE JIN YAN FU CHINESE PAINTING (GUOHUA) YAN’AN FORUM WANG ZHEN (WANG YITING) ZHAO SHULI WU SHUJUAN (WU XINGFEN) DeBevoise, Jane Chair, Asia Art Archive GU WENDA Deng, Danielle Xiaodan Texas A&M University MARRIAGE SEX RATIO ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN CHINA (XYLOGRAPHY) Edmonds, Richard Louis Visiting Professor, Committee on Geographical Studies University of Chicago 1800 Elleman, Bruce A. U.S. Naval War College Dong, Madeleine Yue Professor, Department of History University of Washington BEIJING Dray-Novey, Alison J. Professor of History College of Notre Dame of Maryland POLICE, CIVIL WAR [SIDEBAR] Elman, Benjamin A. Professor of East Asian Studies and History Princeton University INTELLECTUAL DEBATES: 1949–1953 NINGBO (NINGPO) MOVEMENT IN [SIDEBAR] WOODBLOCK PRINTING CLASSICAL SCHOLARSHIP AND MAO DUN ART, NATIONAL ESSENCE NIANHUA (NEW YEAR PICTURES) RED ARMY [SIDEBAR] AVANT-GARDE FICTION 1911–1949 Edgren, J. S. Editorial Director, Chinese Rare Books Project Princeton University ZHOU ENLAI BUDDHISM ART, HISTORY OF: 1949 RURAL COOPERATIVE MEDICAL SYSTEMS NAVAL FACTORS IN THE CHINESE WOMEN, EMPLOYMENT OF Davis, Walter B. Assistant Professor University of Alberta MEDICAL CARE SINCE RESOLUTION ON PARTY HISTORY [SIDEBAR] WOMEN IN POLITICS 1860–1949 Duckett, Jane Professor of Chinese and Comparative Politics University of Glasgow EARTHQUAKES SINCE MIGRANT WORKERS RURAL DEVELOPMENT SINCE Dubois, Thomas David National University of Singapore Department of History 1800–1949 1800–1864 EXAMINATION SYSTEM, 1800–1905 Erickson, Andrew S. Assistant Professor U.S. Naval War College MILITARY REGIONS [SIDEBAR] PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARMY: COMMAND STRUCTURE OF THE ARMED SERVICES PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARMY: MILITARY ENTERPRISES AND INDUSTRY SINCE 1949 PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARMY: OVERVIEW Evans, Harriet Professor, Chinese Cultural Studies, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Languages University of Westminster SEXUALITY XXXV Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 1 – Finals/ 6/10/2009 15:36 Page 36 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Eyferth, Jacob University of Chicago PROPAGANDA ART: NEW NIANHUA HANDICRAFTS SICHUAN Fang, Xiaoping Postdoctoral Research Fellow, China Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences University of Technology Sydney MEDICINE, WESTERN, SINCE 1949 Faure, David Department of History The Chinese University of Hong Kong Fell, Dafydd Lecturer in Taiwan Studies, Department of Political Science and International Studies and Centre for Financial and Management Studies School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London CHEN SHUIBIAN LI DENGHUI (LEE TENG-HUI) TAIWAN, REPUBLIC OF CHINA: DEMOCRATIC PROGRESSIVE PARTY TAIWAN, REPUBLIC OF CHINA: 1945 Field, Stephen L. J. K. and Ingrid Lee Professor of Chinese Trinity University FENGSHUI Finnane, Antonia Professor, School of Historical Studies University of Melbourne 1800 DEMOCRATIC PARTIES: CHINA ZHIGONG (PUBLIC INTEREST) PARTY PEASANTRY SINCE 1900 URBAN CHINA: CITIES AND URBANIZATION, 1800–1949 URBAN CHINA: ORGANIZING PRINCIPLES OF CITIES YANGZHOU Fisher, Nevan Andrew Assistant Professor of History Nazareth College, Rochester, N.Y. ANHUI Flath, James Department of History University of Western Ontario XXXVI NATURAL RESOURCES STARS (XINGXING) PAINTING GROUP, 1979–1983 Gao Yunxiang Assistant Professor of History Ryerson University Fonoroff, Paul Film Critic and Movie Historian OLYMPICS, GAMES FILM INDUSTRY: HONG KONG 2008 BEIJING OLYMPIC OLYMPICS Fraser, Sarah E. Department of Art History Northwestern University SPORTS FIGURES SPORTS ARCHAEOLOGY AND WESTERN ARCHAEOLOGY, POLITICS OF LIN ZEXU CLOTHING SINCE Fok, Silvia Siu Har The University of Hong Kong EXPLORERS HAKKA POLITICS SINCE Gao, Yan Ph.D. Student, Department of History Carnegie Mellon University MONUMENTS Frederiksen, Lynn E. Freelance Choreographer and Dance Teacher Gardella, Robert Emeritus Professor United States Merchant Marine Academy COMMERCIAL ELITE, TEA SINCE 1800–1949 1800 Gerth, Karl Faculty of History Merton College, Oxford University DANCE Fung, Edmund Shiu Kay (Feng Zhaoji) Professor of Asian Studies University of Western Sydney CONSUMPTION AND CONSUMER CULTURES NATIONAL PRODUCTS MOVEMENT BEIYANG CLIQUE Girardot, Norman Religion Studies Department Lehigh University CLASSICAL SCHOLARSHIP AND INTELLECTUAL DEBATES: INTELLECTUALS, 1900–1949 1800–1912 POLITICAL PARTIES, 1905–1949 REVOLUTION OF 1911 WARS AND THE MILITARY, 1800–1912 DEFENSE, LEGGE, JAMES Galikowski, Maria Senior Lecturer, Chinese Programme The University of Waikato ART, HISTORY OF: SINCE 1949 ART, POLICY ON, SINCE 1949 PROPAGANDA ART: ART PRODUCTS OF THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION PROPAGANDA ART: OVERVIEW PROPAGANDA ART: POSTERS SOCIALIST REALISM IN ART Gallagher, Kelly Sims Director, Energy Technology Innovation Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard University ENERGY: ELECTRICITY GENERATION ENERGY: OIL AND NATURAL GAS Gao, Mobo C. F. Professor The University of Adelaide VILLAGES SINCE 1800 Goldblatt, Howard Director of the Center for Asian Studies University of Notre Dame MO YAN Gong, Haomin Assistant Professor of Chinese and Asian Studies St. Mary’s College of Maryland QIAN ZHONGSHU Goossaert, Vincent Centre National de la Récherche Scientifique & École Pratique des Hautes Études Paris, France DAOISM RELIGIOUS POLICY RELIGIOUS SPECIALISTS SINCE 1800 STATE CULT Gordon, Leonard H. D. Professor Emeritus of Chinese History Purdue University SUN YAT-SEN (SUN YIXIAN) ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN CHINA Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 1 – Finals/ 6/10/2009 15:36 Page 37 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Gottschang, Thomas R. Professor of Economics College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS, NATURAL AND HUMAN INTERNAL MIGRATION AND INTERNAL COLONIZATION SINCE 1800 Green, Colin Department of History Kwantlen University, Vancouver, Canada MILITARY CULTURE AND TRADITION Greene, J. Megan Associate Professor of History University of Kansas ACADEMIA SINICA (ZHONGYANG YANJIUYUAN) Gregory, John S. Emeritus Professor La Trobe University, Melbourne MORRISON, GEORGE E. Grieder, Jerome B. Professor Emeritus of History and East Asian Studies Brown University CLASSICAL SCHOLARSHIP AND INTELLECTUAL DEBATES: DEBATES, 1900–1949 DEMOCRATIC IDEAS, REFORMS, AND EXPERIMENTS SINCE THE 1880S Groot, Gerry Senior Lecturer, Centre for Asian Studies University of Adelaide DEMOCRATIC PARTIES: ALL-CHINA FEDERATION OF INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE DEMOCRATIC PARTIES: CHINA ASSOCIATION FOR PROMOTING DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC PARTIES: CHINA DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL CONSTRUCTION ASSOCIATION DEMOCRATIC PARTIES: CHINESE PEASANTS AND WORKERS DEMOCRATIC PARTY DEMOCRATIC PARTIES: DEMOCRATIC LEAGUE OF CHINA DEMOCRATIC PARTIES: JIUSAN (SEPTEMBER THIRD) SOCIETY DEMOCRATIC PARTIES: OVERVIEW DEMOCRATIC PARTIES: REVOLUTIONARY COMMITTEE OF THE NATIONALIST PARTY ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN CHINA DEMOCRATIC PARTIES: TAIWAN DEMOCRATIC SELFGOVERNMENT LEAGUE UNITED FRONT WORK Gu, Yi Ph.D. Candidate Brown University PHOTOGRAPHY, HISTORY OF: ART PHOTOGRAPHY Gunn, Edward Mansfield, Jr. Professor of Chinese Literature, Department of Asian Studies Cornell University CAO YU LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE POLICY LAO SHE LEXICOGRAPHY LIN YUTANG PLAYS (HUAJU) ZHU ZIQING (ZHU ZIHUA) Halperin, Mark Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures University of California, Davis WALEY, ARTHUR Hamilton, Robyn University of Auckland QIU JIN Hang, Xing Ph.D. Candidate University of California, Berkeley AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION: ANIMAL HUSBANDRY HOU HSIAO-HSIEN [SIDEBAR] INTERPRETERS OF THINGS CHINESE TO THE WEST MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT STILWELL, JOSEPH WESTERNIZATION WONG KAR-WAI [SIDEBAR] He, Baogang Professor Deakin University, Australia PROVINCIAL AND SUBPROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE SINCE 1949: VILLAGES He Jinli Visiting Assistant Professor of Chinese Trinity University ART SOCIETIES SINCE 1800 He Lei Texas A&M University MARRIAGE He Xi History Department Chinese University of Hong Kong HAINAN Heberer, Thomas Professor, Institute of East Asian Studies University of Duisburg–Essen, Germany CADRE SYSTEM CORRUPTION ENTREPRENEURS SINCE 1949 HARMONIOUS SOCIETY Hansson, Anders Chinese University of Hong Kong SERVILE STATUSES Harris, Kristine M. Department of History and Asian Studies Program State University of New York at New Paltz HU DIE LI XIANGLAN RUAN LINGYU Harwit, Eric Professor, Asian Studies University of Hawaii AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY Hayford, Charles W. Independent Scholar Northwestern University CHINA HANDS CHU ANPING HENAN MINORITY NATIONALITIES: CULTURAL IMAGES OF NATIONAL MINORITIES MINORITY NATIONALITIES: OVERVIEW PRIVATE ENTERPRISES PROVINCIAL AND SUBPROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE SINCE 1949: STREET COMMITTEES, COMMUNITIES PROVINCIAL AND SUBPROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE SINCE 1949: TOWNSHIPS SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS Heep, Sandra Research Group on the Political Economy of China Trier University, Germany CHINA INVESTMENT CORPORATION [SIDEBAR] XXXVII Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 1 – Finals/ 6/10/2009 15:36 Page 38 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS STATE ADMINISTRATION OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE (SAFE) [SIDEBAR] URBAN CHINA: OVERVIEW URBAN CHINA: URBANIZATION SINCE 1949 Heng, Michael Heng Siam (Wang Zhaoxing) Senior Research Fellow, East Asian Institute National University of Singapore SERVICE SECTOR (TERTIARY INDUSTRY) SOCIAL CLASSES BEFORE 1949 DIALECT GROUPS SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY Hong, Zaixin Associate Professor of Art History University of Puget Sound STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES WORK POINTS SYSTEM [SIDEBAR] ART MARKET, 1800–1949 LITERATI PAINTING (WENRENHUA) Hesketh, Therese Senior Lecturer, Center for International Health and Development University College London Honig, Emily Department of History University of California at Santa Cruz FAMILY: ONE-CHILD POLICY GENDER RELATIONS FOUR MODERNIZATIONS Hevia, James The New Collegiate Division and the Department of History University of Chicago Henningsen, Lena Institute of Chinese Studies University of Heidelberg MA, YO-YO WADE, THOMAS Herrmann-Pillath, Carsten Professor, Frankfurt School of Finance & Management BRANDS CENTRAL PLANNING COMPANIES: COLLECTIVES COMPANIES: JOINT VENTURES COMPANIES: OVERVIEW 1950 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: OVERVIEW ECONOMIC REFORM SINCE FIVE-YEAR PLANS INCOME INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT SINCE 1949 1949 IRON RICE BOWL [SIDEBAR] LABOR: MOBILITY LABOR: UNEMPLOYMENT MA YINCHU [SIDEBAR] INDUSTRIAL POLICY SINCE PRICE SYSTEM RURAL DEVELOPMENT, 1949–1978: COLLECTIVIZATION RURAL DEVELOPMENT, 1949–1978: CREDIT COOPERATIVES RURAL DEVELOPMENT, 1949–1978: LAND REFORM OF 1950 RURAL DEVELOPMENT, 1949–1978: OVERVIEW GOVERNMENT-ORGANIZED NONGOVERNMENTAL OPIUM WARS ORGANIZATION SMUGGLING FAN CHANGJIANG Hsu, Berry F. C. Professor, Department of Real Estate and Construction and Deputy Director, Asian Institute of International Financial Law University of Hong Kong LINGNAN SCHOOL OF PAINTING CHINA SECURITIES REGULATORY PHOTOGRAPHY, HISTORY OF: DOCUMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHY COMMISSION [SIDEBAR] FINANCIAL REGULATION PHOTOGRAPHY, HISTORY OF: PROPAGANDA PHOTOGRAPHY PICTORIAL MAGAZINES SINCE 1880 Hockx, Michel SOAS, University of London LITERARY SOCIETIES Holz, Carsten A. Social Science Division Hong Kong University of Science and Technology STATISTICS Holzman, Marie Solidarité Chine, Paris, France FANG LIZHI WEI JINGSHENG [SIDEBAR] 1800–1950 Howell, Jude Centre for Civil Society London School of Economics and Political Science Hill, Emily M. Associate Professor, History Queen’s University, Canada 1978: COPPER AND SILVER, INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND LATE IMPERIAL CHINA [SIDEBAR] Ho, Eliza Ph.D. Candidate Ohio State University DUAL-TRACK PRICING ECONOMIC REFORM SINCE OVERVIEW Higgins, Roland L. Keene State College 1978: Horesh, Niv University of New South Wales, Australia INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS IN CHINA: TREATY PORTS ECONOMIC REGIONS XXXVIII Hong Xiao School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand COMMUNES Henderson, J. Vernon Eastman Professor of Political Economy Brown University DOMESTIC TRADE: SINCE RURAL DEVELOPMENT, 1949–1978: PEOPLE’S Hsueh Yeh (Xue Ye) Associate Professor The University of Memphis TEACHER EDUCATION Huang, Alexander C. Y. Assistant Professor of Comparative Literature and Asian Studies Pennsylvania State University MODEL OPERAS AND BALLETS TAIWAN, REPUBLIC OF CHINA: MILITARY FORCES Huang, Grace C. Assistant Professor, Department of Government St. Lawrence University POLITICAL CONTROL SINCE 1949 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN CHINA Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 1 – Finals/ 6/10/2009 15:36 Page 39 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Huang Jianli Department of History National University of Singapore NATIONALIST GOVERNMENT, LIFE CYCLE: OLD AGE 1927–1949 Huang, Nicole Associate Professor of Chinese Literature University of Wisconsin–Madison CHANG, EILEEN (ZHANG AILING) Huang, Sophia Wu Agricultural Economist Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION: FRUIT AND VEGETABLE FARMING Huang, Yanzhong Associate Professor, Director of the Center for Global Health Studies John C. Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations, Seton Hall University SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME Huchet, Jean-François Director, French Centre for Research on Contemporary China (CEFC) Hong Kong (CEFC) FOREIGN INVESTMENT SINCE 1949 Huenemann, Ralph W. Professor Emeritus University of Victoria, Canada BANKING: BIG FOUR BANKING: OVERVIEW BUILD-OPERATE-TRANSFER (BOT) CONTRACTS FOREIGN CURRENCY RESERVES TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE: RAILWAYS SINCE 1876 Hussain, Athar Professor & Director, Asia Research Centre London School of Economics SOCIAL WELFARE: OVERVIEW SOCIAL WELFARE: PENSIONS SOCIAL WELFARE: SOCIAL WELFARE SINCE Ikels, Charlotte Professor of Anthropology Case Western Reserve University 1978 Hwang, Dongyoun Associate Professor of Asian Studies Soka University of America WANG JINGWEI Hyer, Eric Associate Professor Brigham Young University SOUTH CHINA SEA ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN CHINA Jin Qiu Associate Professor of History Old Dominion University LIN BIAO Ip, Manying Associate Professor in Asian Studies University of Auckland CHINESE OVERSEAS: CHINATOWNS CHINESE OVERSEAS: OVERVIEW CHINESE OVERSEAS: RETURNED OVERSEAS CHINESE Johnson, Kay Ann Professor of Politics and Asian Studies Hampshire College ADOPTIONS Johnston, Charles S. AUT University HUTONG Ip, Olivia Associate Professor, Department of Management The City University of Hong Kong LABOR: TRADE UNIONS Isett, Christopher M. University of Minnesota, Twin Cities LAND TENURE SINCE 1800 Jacka, Tamara Associate Professor, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University WOMEN, STATUS OF RADIO Judge, Joan Associate Professor, Division of Humanities/School of Women’s Studies York University FOOTBINDING Kamata, Mayumi Ph.D. Candidate Ohio State University ART, JAPANESE INFLUENCE ON LI HUA Janku, Andrea SOAS University of London Kang, Min Jay Associate Professor of Architecture Tanjiang (Tamkang) University GE GONGZHEN LOCUST PLAGUES SINCE Jones, Andrew F. University of California, Berkeley 1800 Jeans, Roger B. Professor of History, Emeritus Washington and Lee University TAIBEI (TAIPEI) Katz, Paul R. Institute of Modern History Academia Sinica POPULAR RELIGION FEDERALISM LIBERALISM ZHANG JUNMAI (CARSUN CHANG) Jeffreys, Elaine China Research Centre University of Technology, Sydney SELLING AND BUYING SEX IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA [SIDEBAR] Jensen, Mads Holst Human Rights and Business Department Danish Institute for Human Rights LABOR: CHINA AND THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION Jiang, Hong Assistant Professor of Geography University of Hawaii at Manoa DESERTIFICATION Keck, Frédéric Centre national de la récherche scientifique, Paris, France AVIAN INFLUENZA Keenan, Barry C. Professor of History Denison University ACADEMIES (SHUYUAN) Keister, Lisa A. Department of Sociology Duke University FINANCIAL MARKETS Kelly, David Professor of China Studies, China Research Centre University of Technology Sydney CHINESE MARXISM: FEUDALISM INDIVIDUAL AND THE STATE, 1800–1949 XXXIX Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 1 – Finals/ 6/10/2009 15:36 Page 40 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Kent, Ann E. Visiting Fellow ANU College of Law, Australian National University INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, RELATIONS WITH, 1900–1949 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, RELATIONS WITH, SINCE 1949 Kernen, Antoine University of Lausanne, Switzerland HEAVY INDUSTRY SHENYANG Kerr, David Durham University, United Kingdom EUROPEAN UNION, RELATIONS WITH Kinkley, Jeffrey C. Professor of History St. John’s University, New York SHEN CONGWEN XIAO QIAN (XIAO BINGQIAN) Klingberg, Travis Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Geography University of Colorado at Boulder LEISURE Köll, Elisabeth Associate Professor Harvard Business School HAIRSTYLES ENERGY: NUCLEAR POWER LI HONGZHANG ENVIRONMENT LU ZUOFU Kuo, Jason C. Professor, Department of Art History & Archaeology University of Maryland, College Park ART HISTORY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY Kuo, Margaret California State University, Long Beach ARMY AND POLITICS 1900–1949 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS IN CHINA: ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: TREATIES SINCE 1949 Krebs, Edward S. Independent Researcher and Translator Douglasville, GA Kwon Tai-Hwan Department of Sociology Seoul National University ANARCHISM REN YI (REN BONIAN) EDUCATION THROUGH LABOR, REFORM THROUGH LABOR Laing, Ellen Johnston Research Associate, Center for Chinese Studies University of Michigan EDUCATION: PRIVATE SCHOOLS 1980S Kwong, Luke S. K. Professor Department of History University of Lethbridge COMMERCIAL ART: CALENDARS Lam, Tong Assistant Professor, Department of History University of Toronto PUBLIC FINANCE SINCE 1900 Lam, Willy Wo-Lap Adjunct Professor of China Studies Akita International University, Japan & The Chinese University of Hong Kong DRUGS AND NARCOTICS HU JINTAO Ladds, Catherine Department of History Colorado State University THREE REPRESENTS [SIDEBAR] WEN JIABAO CHINESE MARITIME CUSTOMS SERVICE SHAANXI Krug, Barbara Rotterdam School of Management Erasmus University, Rotterdam SOCIAL SCIENCES Laamann, Lars Peter Lecturer in the History of China, History Department School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London FESTIVALS Lai Chi-kong Reader in Modern Chinese History University of Queensland CHINA MERCHANTS’ STEAM NAVIGATION COMPANY 1949 Lai Yu-chih Curator, Painting and Calligraphy Department National Palace Museum Kwong, Julia Distinguished Professor Emerita, Department of Sociology University of Manitoba CALENDAR 1800 CHINESE OVERSEAS: COOLIE TRADE KOREAN COMMUNITY IN CHINA LaFleur, Robert André Professor of History and Anthropology Beloit College OF, SINCE Lai, Walton Look Department of History University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago SCRAMBLE FOR CONCESSIONS Kozyrev, Vitaly School of Arts and Sciences Endicott College ARCHITECTURE, HISTORIOGRAPHY ARCHITECTURE TO MARRIAGE LAWS SINCE Lai, Delin Department of Fine Arts University of Louisville ARCHITECTURE, HISTORY OF: KANG YOUWEI ZHANG JIAN XL FASHION HUNDRED DAYS’ REFORM RONG ZONGJING DOMESTIC TRADE: Kulacki, Gregory Union of Concerned Scientists ZHU RONGJI Lam, Wing Independent Policy Researcher Hong Kong INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS IN CHINA: FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS IN CHINA: OVERVIEW INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS IN CHINA: UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN CHINA Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 1 – Finals/ 6/10/2009 15:36 Page 41 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS IN CHINA: WORLD BANK Florida State University College of Law SHANGHAI MIXED COURT Landsberger, Stefan R. Associate Professor of Contemporary Chinese History, Leiden University Professor of Contemporary Chinese Culture, University of Amsterdam DAQING [SIDEBAR] DAZHAI [SIDEBAR] PERSONALITY CULTS Larus, Elizabeth Freund University of Mary Washington TAIWAN, REPUBLIC OF CHINA: FOREIGN RELATIONS SINCE 1949 Leese, Daniel Munich University HEBEI LITTLE RED BOOK (QUOTATIONS FROM CHAIRMAN MAO) [SIDEBAR] Leibold, James Asian Studies and Politics Programs La Trobe University IDENTIFICATION AND BELONGING Leonard, Jane Kate Professor Emerita of History University of Akron GRAND CANAL Lary, Diana Department of History University of British Columbia CIVIL WAR, 1946–1949 GUANGXI WARLORD ERA (1916–1928) YUAN SHIKAI Laurenceson, James Lecturer University of Queensland BANKING: NONPERFORMING LOANS Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei Department of History Pace University PATRIOTIC RELIGIOUS ASSOCIATIONS [SIDEBAR] PROTESTANTISM THREE-SELF PATRIOTIC MOVEMENT Lee, Ngok Public Policy Research Institute Hong Kong Polytechnic University ARMAMENTS Lee, Paul Tae-Woo (Lı̂ Taı̀Yû) Professor, Department of Logistics and Shipping Management; Director, Shipping, Port and Logistics Research Center Kainan University, Taiwan TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE: SHIPPING SINCE 1949 Lee Pui-tak Centre of Asian Studies University of Hong Kong FOREIGN INVESTMENT, 1800–1949 Lee, Tahirih V. Associate Professor of Law ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN CHINA HISTORY: OVERVIEW, 1800–1860 SEA TRANSPORT EXPERIMENT, 1826 [SIDEBAR] WEI YUAN Leung, Edwin Pak-wah (Liang Bohua) Professor and Chairman, Department of Asian Studies Seton Hall University LIUQIU ISLANDS Leung, Joe Cho Bun Professor, Department of Social Work and Social Administration University of Hong Kong SOCIAL POLICY PROGRAMS: MINIMUM LIVING STANDARD GUARANTEE SYSTEM SOCIAL WELFARE: SOCIAL CARE Leung, Vincent Doctoral Candidate, Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations Harvard University COSMOLOGY Lew, Alan A. Department of Geography, Planning, and Recreation Northern Arizona University TOURISM: DOMESTIC TOURISM: FOREIGN Lewis, Greg Professor of History Weber State University FILM INDUSTRY: OVERVIEW Li, Danke Associate Professor, Department of History Fairfield University PHYSICAL EDUCATION Li, Dian Department of East Asian Studies University of Arizona XU ZHIMO Li, He Merrimack College LATIN AMERICAN STATES, RELATIONS WITH Li, Hongshan Department of History Kent State University, Tuscarawas Campus STUDY ABROAD Li, Hui Faculty of Education The University of Hong Kong EDUCATION: KINDERGARTEN Li, Jun Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Policy and Administration Hong Kong Institute of Education CONFUCIANISM EDUCATION: POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION SINCE 1976 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Li, Lanying School of Economics and Management Zhejiang Forestry University AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION: FORESTRY AND TIMBER TRADE Li, Lillian M. Department of History Swarthmore College 1800 1800 FAMINE SINCE SILK SINCE Li, Linda Chelan Department of Public and Social Administration City University of Hong Kong ECONOMIC REFORM SINCE 1978: FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION Li, Lydia W. Associate Professor University of Michigan School of Social Work FAMILY: ROLES OF THE ELDERLY Li, Vivian Y. Ph.D. candidate XLI Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 1 – Finals/ 7/28/2009 12:45 Page 42 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS University of Michigan, Ann Arbor ART EXHIBITIONS ABROAD LUO ZHONGLI’S FATHER [SIDEBAR] PROPAGANDA ART: PEASANT PAINTINGS RUSTIC REALISM IN ART Li Xiaobing Professor of History University of Central Oklahoma KOREAN WAR, 1950–1953 Liang, Wannian Professor, Deputy Director-General, Beijing Health Bureau Beijing Municipality of Health COMMUNITY CARE Liang Zhiping Research Professor Institute of Chinese Culture, Chinese National Academy of Arts CUSTOMARY LAW, 1800–1949 Lifen Pu Ph.D. Candidate University of Hong Kong CHINA SECURITIES REGULATORY COMMISSION [SIDEBAR] FINANCIAL REGULATION Lijun, Sheng Senior Research Fellow, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy National University of Singapore CROSS-STRAIT RELATIONS [SIDEBAR] Lin, Hsiao-ting Research Fellow, Hoover Institution Stanford University LHASA [SIDEBAR] QINGHAI SONG ZIWEN (T. V. SOONG) TIBET Lin Su-hsing Assistant Professor, Department of Visual Communication Design Shu-Te University, Taiwan COMMERCIAL ART: ADVERTISING COMMERCIAL ART: CARTOONS, COMICS, AND MANHUA COMMERCIAL ART: GRAPHIC DESIGN COMMERCIAL ART: PICTURE BOOKS (LIANHUANHUA) FENG ZIKAI LI KERAN Lin, Wei Art Department Transylvania University DUNHUANG [SIDEBAR] XLII Georgia Institute of Technology Little, Daniel Chancellor and Professor of Philosophy University of Michigan–Dearborn PEASANTRY, BEGGARS SHANGHAI Lu Hu Department of Chinese Studies National University of Singapore 1800–1900 PEASANTS Liu, Changming Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Division of Geoscience, Resources & Environment, Beijing Normal University CHINESE OVERSEAS: TAN KAH KEE Lu, Tracey L-D Associate Professor, Anthropology Department The Chinese University of Hong Kong RIVER SYSTEMS: HUAI RIVER ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY OF RIVER SYSTEMS: PEARL RIVER DISCOVERIES [SIDEBAR] MAJOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL RIVER SYSTEMS: OVERVIEW RIVER SYSTEMS: RIVER Lu, Yixu School of Languages & Cultures University of Sydney COMMISSIONS RIVER SYSTEMS: WATER CONTROL RIVER SYSTEMS: YANGZI RIVER QINGDAO RIVER SYSTEMS: YELLOW RIVER Liu Ji’an Ph.D. candidate, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto Senior Editor, China Education Daily, Beijing INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS Liu, Xiaomang Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences RIVER SYSTEMS: PEARL RIVER RIVER SYSTEMS: YANGZI RIVER Lufkin, Felicity Lecturer, Folklore and Mythology Harvard University FOLK ART Luk, Michael Yan-lung The Centre of Asian Studies The University of Hong Kong COMMUNIST THOUGHT IN CHINA, ORIGINS OF Luo, Baozhen Department of Sociology Georgia State University LEISURE AND CULTURE FOR THE ELDERLY Loo, Becky P. Y. The University of Hong Kong LOVE AND FRIENDSHIP SOCIAL WELFARE: CARE AND AID TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE: POSTAL AND TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES Lou, Jingjing Assistant Professor, Beloit College EDUCATION: EDUCATION IN RURAL AREAS FOR THE DISABLED Ma, Qiusha Associate Professor, Department of East Asian Studies Oberlin College MEDICINE, WESTERN, 1800–1949 Louie, Andrea Associate Professor Michigan State University Ma Xiaofeng Professor Capital Normal University, Beijing Louie, Kam University of Hong Kong Mackerras, Colin Department of International Business and Asian Studies, Griffith Business School Griffith University IDENTITY, CHINESE TEACHER EDUCATION ROOT-SEARCHING LITERATURE SCAR (WOUND) LITERATURE Lu, Hanchao School of History, Technology, and Society GUIZHOU ISLAM MEI LANFANG ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN CHINA Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 1 – Finals/ 6/10/2009 15:36 Page 43 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS NINGXIA PROVINCIAL AND SUBPROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE SINCE 1949: AUTONOMOUS REGIONS YUNNAN MacKinnon, Stephen R. Arizona State University WARS SINCE 1800 Mazzone, Marian Department of Art History College of Charleston ART, SOVIET INFLUENCE ON McCord, Edward A. Associate Professor of History and International Affairs George Washington University MILITIA MacPherson, Kerrie L. The Kadoorie Institute, University of Hong Kong Author’s note: Research supported by the University Grants Council, project HKU747907H CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING HOUSING: 1800–1949 LAND USE, HISTORY OF SHOPS Madsen, Richard Distinguished Professor of Sociology and China Studies University of California, San Diego CATHOLICISM MORALITY Maeda, Tamaki Department of Art History, Visual Art, and Theory University of British Columbia INFLUENCES ABROAD: NINETEENTH- AND TWENTIETHCENTURY JAPANESE BUNJINGA (LITERATI) PAINTING Man Bun, Kwan (Guan Wenbin) Associate Professor, Department of History University of Cincinnati FOREIGN LOANS, 1800–1949 TIANJIN (TIENTSIN) Marmé, Michael Department of History Fordham University SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS Mathews, Gordon Professor, Department of Anthropology Chinese University of Hong Kong DIAOYUTAI, SOVEREIGNTY OVER [SIDEBAR] Matsubara, Kentaro Faculty of Law University of Tokyo CIVIL LAW, 1800–1949 [SIDEBAR] 1800–1949 CODIFIED LAW, ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN CHINA McDonnell, Brett H. Professor and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs University of Minnesota Law School TOWNSHIP AND VILLAGE ENTERPRISES McDougall, Derek Associate Professor University of Melbourne AUSTRALIA, RELATIONS WITH McKeown, Adam Associate Professor of History Columbia University CHINESE OVERSEAS: EXCLUSION IN RECEIVING COUNTRIES McNally, Christopher A. Research Fellow, Politics, Governance, and Securities Studies East-West Center CHONGQING Meisner, Maurice Harvey Goldberg Emeritus Professor of History University of Wisconsin–Madison CHINESE MARXISM: CLASS, THEORY AND PRACTICE CHINESE MARXISM: MAO ZEDONG THOUGHT CHINESE MARXISM: POSTREVOLUTIONARY MARXISM OTHER THAN MAO ZEDONG THOUGHT Mengin, Françoise Senior Research Fellow, Centre d’Études et de Récherches Internationales Sciences Po, Paris FRANCE, RELATIONS WITH Meyer, Maisie J. London School of Jewish Studies HARDOON, SILAS AARON [SIDEBAR] Miao, Yen-wei Assistant Professor National Chengchi University, Taiwan LITTLE, ALICIA Miles, Steven B. Associate Professor Washington University in St. Louis RUAN YUAN Miller, Joseph T. Academic Advisor in Liberal Arts and Sciences and Adjunct Professor in Political Science University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign CHINESE MARXISM: DEMOCRATIC CENTRALISM AND THE MASS LINE CHINESE MARXISM: OVERVIEW COMINTERN IN CHINA UNITED STATES, RELATIONS WITH Mitter, Rana Professor of the History and Politics of Modern China Institute for Chinese Studies, University of Oxford MANCHUKUO (MANZHOUGUO) MARCO POLO BRIDGE INCIDENT, 1937 Mittler, Barbara Professor, Chair and Director, Institute of Chinese Studies Heidelberg University MUSIC, IMPACT IN THE WEST MUSIC, WESTERN AND RUSSIAN INFLUENCE ON NEWSPAPERS TAN DUN Mok, Ka-ho The University of Hong Kong EDUCATION: COST OF EDUCATION SINCE 1978 Moore, Oliver Lecturer in Art History and Material Culture of China University of Leiden GAMES AND PLAY Mortensen, Eric D. Assistant Professor of Religious Studies Guildford College MINORITY NATIONALITIES : MOSUO AND NAXI NATIONALITIES Mühlhahn, Klaus Professor of History Indiana University GERMANY, RELATIONS WITH XLIII Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 1 – Finals/ 6/10/2009 15:36 Page 44 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 1949 1800–1949 PENAL SYSTEMS SINCE PENAL SYSTEMS, Murdock, Michael G. Associate Professor, History Department Brigham Young University—Hawaii THREE PRINCIPLES OF THE PEOPLE (SANMIN ZHUYI) Murowchick, Robert E. International Center for East Asian Archaeology and Cultural History, Department of Archaeology Boston University HERITAGE PROTECTION Murray, Dian H. University of Notre Dame SECRET SOCIETIES Muscolino, Micah Georgetown University AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION: FISHERY AND AQUACULTURE Nedostup, Rebecca Associate Professor, Department of History Boston College NANJING (NANKING) Newby, Laura J. University of Oxford GANSU MUSLIM UPRISINGS XINJIANG Ng, Emil M. L. (Man-Lun) Professor and Family Institute Associate Director University of Hong Kong HOMOSEXUALITY LAW ON THE PROTECTION OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN RAPE SEX EDUCATION SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION TRANSSEXUALITY AND SEX-CHANGE OPERATIONS Ng, Peter Tze Ming Professor of the Department of Educational Policy and Administration, and Director of the Centre for Religious and Spirituality Education The Hong Kong Institute of Education EDUCATION: CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES XLIV Ng, Sek Hong The University of Hong Kong Ownby, David Professor, Department of History and Center for East Asian Studies Université de Montréal LABOR: TRADE UNIONS Ng, Wing Chung Department of History University of Texas at San Antonio FALUN GONG QIGONG CHINESE OVERSEAS: SENDING AREAS Ngo, Tak-Wing Leiden University and Erasmus University, Rotterdam PEASANTRY SINCE 1997 HONG KONG: OVERVIEW HONG KONG: POLITICAL PARTIES SINO-JAPANESE WAR, AND SOCIOPOLITICAL CONSTITUENCIES TSANG, DONALD [SIDEBAR] TUNG CHEE-HWA (DONG JIANHUA) [SIDEBAR] 1894–1895 Parris, Kristen Department of Political Science Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA WENZHOU Nie, Jing Ph.D. Candidate, Comparative Literature University of California, Davis Peng Liu Independent Scholar RIVER SYSTEMS: OVERVIEW FILM INDUSTRY: SIXTH GENERATION FILMMAKERS RIVER SYSTEMS: RIVER COMMISSIONS RIVER SYSTEMS: YANGZI RIVER Niquet, Valérie Ifri Institut Frances des Relations Internacionales Perdue, Peter C. Department of History Yale University IRRIGATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES SPACE PROGRAM Notar, Beth E. Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology Trinity College, Hartford, CT ZUO ZONGTANG Pereira, Alexius A. Department of Sociology National University of Singapore MINORITY NATIONALITIES: BAI SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES NATIONALITY Peterson, Glen Department of History University of British Columbia Notar, Isabella Assistant Professor, Department of History Mount Saint Mary’s University CHINA’S AGENDA 1900 Paine, S. C. M. Professor of Strategy & Policy U.S. Naval War College, Newport, RI HONG KONG: GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS SINCE Padovani, Florence M-A Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences CHINESE OVERSEAS: REMITTANCES AND INVESTMENT SINCE 1800 21 Nyı́ri, Pál Professor of Global History from an Anthropological Perspective Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam TOURISM: OVERVIEW Ong, Lynette H. Assistant Professor of Political Science The University of Toronto [SIDEBAR] ILLITERACY Pong, David Professor and Director of the East Asian Studies Program Department of History, University of Delaware MARGARY AFFAIR, 1875–1876 QING RESTORATION REFORM UNDER THE QING RURAL DEVELOPMENT SINCE AGRICULTURAL BANKING 1978: RURAL DEVELOPMENT SINCE AGRICULTURAL POLICY 1978: DYNASTY, 1800–1912 SELF-STRENGTHENING [SIDEBAR] SHEN BAOZHEN ZENG GUOFAN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN CHINA Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 1 – Finals/ 6/10/2009 15:36 Page 45 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Pong, Myra Doctoral Candidate, Institute of Development Studies (IDS) University of Sussex BANDUNG CONFERENCE, 1955 [SIDEBAR] KAOHSIUNG (GAOXIONG) Postiglione, Gerard A. Professor and Head, Division of Policy, Administration and Social Science Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong EDUCATION: HIGHER EDUCATION SINCE 1949 Poston, Jr., Dudley L. Texas A&M University MARRIAGE Potter, Pitman B. Professor of Law Law Faculty, University of British Columbia 1949 Prazniak, Roxann Associate Professor of History Robert D. Clark Honors College, University of Oregon QING DYNASTY IN 1800 Puk, Wing-kin Department of History Chinese University of Hong Kong SALT, TAIWAN, REPUBLIC OF CHINA: SOCIAL CHANGE SINCE 1945 Reed, Christopher A. Department of History The Ohio State University LITHOGRAPHIC AND MODERN PRINTING Rhoads, Edward Professor Emeritus of History University of Texas at Austin GUANGDONG SEX RATIO LAW SINCE Rawnsley, Ming-Yeh T. (Cai Mingyeh) Research Fellow, Institute of Communications Studies University of Leeds 1800–1949 Putterman, Louis G. Professor of Economics Brown University TRANSITION ECONOMY Qiu, Jack Linchuan School of Journalism and Communication The Chinese University of Hong Kong CENSORSHIP Quintanilla, Sonya R. Curator of Asian Art San Diego Museum of Art INFLUENCES ABROAD: INFLUENCE OF CHINESE ART ON INDIA’S NATIONALIST MOVEMENT Rioux, Yu Luo University of Colorado at Boulder MUSEUMS 1978: RURAL DEVELOPMENT, 1949–1978: GREAT LEAP FORWARD Roberts, Claire Senior Curator of Asian Arts and Design, Powerhouse Museum, Sydney Research Fellow, The Australian National University HUANG BINHONG PAN TIANSHOU Rohlf, Gregory Associate Professor University of the Pacific, Stockton, California STATE FARMS [SIDEBAR] Rose, Caroline University of Leeds JAPAN, RELATIONS WITH INNER MONGOLIA RUSSIA, RELATIONS WITH ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN CHINA 1966–1969 Rosenbaum, Arthur L. Claremont McKenna College CHANGSHA EDUCATION: TEXTBOOKS AND MORAL EDUCATION, 1900–1949 Ross, Heidi Director of the East Asian Studies Center Indiana University, Bloomington EDUCATION: EDUCATION IN RURAL AREAS Rowe, William T. John and Diane Cooke Professor of Chinese History and Chair, Department of History Johns Hopkins University 1800–1900 Saari, Jon L. Professor Emeritus Northern Michigan University LIFE CYCLE: INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD Sabban, Françoise Professor, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (Paris) Centre d’Études sur la Chine Moderne et Contemporaine FOOD SINCE 1800 Salmenkari, Taru Researcher, Institute for Asian and African Studies University of Helsinki POLITICAL REPRESENTATION Sautedé, Eric Lecturer and Research Coordinator Macau Inter-University Institute INTERNET TELEVISION Schak, David C. Department of International Business and Asian Studies Nathan campus, Griffith University CIVIL SOCIETY POVERTY PEACE SETTLEMENT AFTER WORLD WAR II Radchenko, Sergey Fellow in International History London School of Economics CULTURAL REVOLUTION, DOMESTIC TRADE: Riskin, Carl Queens College, City University of New York Weatherhead East Asian Institute; Columbia University ECONOMIC REFORM SINCE GRADUALISM University of Southern California Rosen, Stanley Director, East Asian Studies Center and Professor, Department of Political Science Scharping, Thomas Modern Chinese Studies University of Cologne, Germany POPULATION POLICY: OVERVIEW POPULATION POLICY: POPULATION CENSUSES XLV Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 1 – Finals/ 6/10/2009 15:36 Page 46 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS POPULATION POLICY: POPULATION GROWTH PROJECTIONS Schucher, Günter GIGA Institute of Asian Studies Hamburg, Germany LABOR: MARKET LABOR: OVERVIEW ANTI-JAPANESE WAR, 1937–1945 FLYING TIGERS [SIDEBAR] Shao Yiyang Associate Professor, Art History and Theory Department Central Academy of Fine Arts, Beijing, China ART EXHIBITIONS SINCE 1949 Shen, Kuiyi Professor, Art History University of California, San Diego EPIGRAPHIC SCHOOL OF ART FEDERATION OF LITERARY AND ART CIRCLES MODERNIST ART OF THE AND 1930S NEW PRINT MOVEMENT 1920S WU CHANGSHI (WU JUNQING) Shen, Shuchi Ph.D. candidate, Department of Art and Archaeology School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1800–1911 Shi Xiaoling Ph.D. candidate University of Arizona LI RUI Shi, Yaohua Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures Wake Forest University ARCHITECTURE, HISTORY OF: ARCHITECTURE, 1949–1979 LIANG SICHENG Shichor, Yitzhak Professor Emeritus The Hebrew University of Jerusalem MIDDLE EASTERN STATES, RELATIONS WITH Shiroyama, Tomoko Graduate School of Economics Hitotsubashi University COMPRADOR XLVI 1800–1950 Suleski, Ronald Director, Rosenberg Institute for East Asian Studies Suffolk University, Boston Skar, Lowell Assistant Professor of History University of Michigan–Dearborn MANCHURIA Sun Huei-min Assistant Research Fellow, Institute of Modern History Academia Sinica ACUPUNCTURE Seybolt, Peter J. Professor Emeritus of History University of Vermont ART, HISTORY OF: FOREIGN TRADE, GREAT DEPRESSION Smith, Richard J. Rice University LEGAL TRAINING AND THE LEGAL HART, ROBERT PROFESSION, So, Billy K. L. Professor of History The Chinese University of Hong Kong LAW COURTS, 1800–1949 Sung, Yun-Wing Department of Economics The Chinese University of Hong Kong FOREIGN TRADE SINCE 1800–1949 1950 Sutton, Donald S. Professor of History and Anthropology Carnegie Mellon University Song, Lina Chair in Economic Sociology and Social Policy Nottingham University LIFE CYCLE: DEATH AND FUNERALS LABOR: LABOR AND PERSONNEL MIAO UPRISINGS MILITARISM ADMINISTRATIONS SUICIDES [SIDEBAR] Stainton, Michael York Centre for Asian Research Toronto, Canada Swanström, Niklas L.P. Director Institute for Security and Development Policy NATIONALIST PARTY CENTRAL ASIAN STATES, RELATIONS Steinhardt, Nancy Department of Asian &Middle Eastern Studies University of Pennsylvania WITH Szonyi, Michael Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations Harvard University IMPERIAL PALACES Steuber, Jason Cofrin Curator of Asian Art Samuel P. Harn Museum of Art, University of Florida CHINESE OVERSEAS: HISTORICAL PATTERNS OF GOVERNMENT POLICY AND EMIGRATION FUJIAN COLLECTIONS AND COLLECTING Tam, Siumi Maria Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Stoecklin, Daniel Associate Professor Institut Universitaire Kurt Bösch CHILD PROTECTION [SIDEBAR] SHENZHEN [SIDEBAR] Sturman, Peter C. Department of History of Art and Architecture University of California at Santa Barbara Tan, Qingshan Professor, Department of Political Science Cleveland State University MOST-FAVORED-NATION TREATMENT CALLIGRAPHY Sui, Yujie Head, Associate Professor Department of Social Work, Renmin University of China, Beijing, PRC FAMILY: ROLES OF THE ELDERLY Taneja, Pradeep School of Social and Political Sciences University of Melbourne INDIA, RELATIONS WITH ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN CHINA Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 1 – Finals/ 6/10/2009 15:36 Page 47 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Tang, Jinhong Indexer CCH Australia Thomson, Elspeth Energy Studies Institute National University of Singapore LIBRARIES, ORIGINS AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF Tang Kwong-Leung Director and Professor of Social Work University of British Columbia URBAN EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT SINCE 1949 Tang, Xiaobing University of Michigan SHAO XUNMEI Teiwes, Frederick C. Emeritus Professor of Chinese Politics, University of Sydney Note: The author wishes to thank the Australian Research Council for its support CHINESE MARXISM: MASS MOVEMENTS DALAI LAMA MAO ZEDONG SINO-SOVIET SCHISM (1976) Teng, Siow Song East Asian Institute National University of Singapore Tong Chee Kiong Special Academic Advisor Universiti Brunei Darussalam FAMILY: RITUALS Tong, Q. S. School of English University of Hong Kong Thelle, Hatla Senior Researcher Danish Institute for Human Rights, Copenhagen, Denmark 1949 RURAL DEVELOPMENT, 1949–1978: FIVE GUARANTEES SOCIAL POLICY PROGRAMS: FOODFOR-WORK SCHEME Thompson, Roger R. Associate Professor of History Western Washington University CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS, 1800–1905 [SIDEBAR] CONSTITUTIONALISM CONSTITUTIONS BEFORE 1949 ELECTIONS AND ASSEMBLIES, 1909–1949 FENG GUIFEN GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION, 1912–1949 JIANGSU JIANGXI REGIONALISM SHANXI ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN CHINA EAST CENTRAL EUROPEAN STATES, Tran, Emilie Assistant Professor, Coordinator of Social Sciences, School of Management, Leadership and Government Macau Inter-University Institute Tran, Lisa Assistant Professor, Department of History California State University, Fullerton GENTRY [SIDEBAR] HISTORY: OVERVIEW, HISTORY: OVERVIEW, 1860–1912 1912–1949 IMPERIALISM Tsai, Kellee S. Department of Political Science Johns Hopkins University MICROFINANCING Tsai Weipin Royal Holloway, University of London ZHONGGUO Tsu, Jing Assistant Professor of Modern Chinese Literature, Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures Yale University YU DAFU Tuohy, Sue M. C. Department of Folklore and Ethnomusicology Indiana University CUI JIAN MUSIC, POPULAR MUSIC, PROPAGANDA, AND MASS MOBILIZATION Unger, Jonathan Professor and Head, Contemporary China Center The Australian National University RURAL DEVELOPMENT SINCE 1978: OVERVIEW ELITE GROUPS [SIDEBAR] TEXTILES Tubilewicz, Czeslaw School of History and Politics University of Adelaide RELATIONS WITH Todd, Daniel Professor of Geography University of Manitoba CULTURAL POLICY HUA GUOFENG HUMAN RIGHTS SINCE DING LING Thurman, Robert Jey Tsong Khapa Professor of IndoTibetan Buddhist Studies Columbia University TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE: PORTS GU HUA TIANANMEN INCIDENT ENERGY: COAL Tu, Chung-min (Zhongmin Du) Assistant Professor, Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures University of Delaware Van Dyke, Paul A. Assistant Professor University of Macau CANTON SYSTEM [SIDEBAR] EAST INDIA COMPANY, 1800–1834 Vassilev, Rossen Ohio State University NORTHERN EXPEDITION EIGHTH ROUTE ARMY [SIDEBAR] NEW FOURTH ARMY [SIDEBAR] SNOW, EDGAR WHAMPOA MILITARY ACADEMY [SIDEBAR] Vertzberger, Yaacov Y. I. Professor The Hebrew University of Jerusalem PAKISTAN, RELATIONS WITH Vickers, Edward Senior Lecturer in Comparative Education Institute of Education, University of London EDUCATION: EDUCATION SINCE 1949 FORBIDDEN CITY WORLD HERITAGE SITES [SIDEBAR] von Spee, Clarissa Curator British Museum, London WU HUFAN XLVII Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 1 – Finals/ 6/10/2009 15:36 Page 48 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Wachman, Alan M. Associate Professor of International Politics The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University TAIWAN, REPUBLIC OF CHINA: OVERVIEW Wagner, Rudolf G. Professor of Chinese Studies University of Heidelberg ENCYCLOPEDIAS GORDON, CHARLES HONG XIUQUAN [SIDEBAR] Wang, Mark Y. L. Associate Professor of Geography, Department of Resource Management and Geography The University of Melbourne Wilson, Michael D. School of Education University of Leeds THREE GORGES AND GEZHOUBA DAMS [SIDEBAR] WUHAN EDUCATION: ADULT EDUCATION Wang, Q. Edward Professor of History Rowan University TAIWAN, REPUBLIC OF CHINA: EDUCATION CLASSICAL SCHOLARSHIP AND INTELLECTUAL DEBATES: MAJOR, ERNEST GONG ZIZHEN TAIPING UPRISING HISTORY: INTERPRETING MODERN Walt, Melissa J. University of Washington ARCHITECTURE, HISTORY OF: ARCHITECTURE SINCE 1979 FURNITURE WOMEN IN THE VISUAL ARTS Wang, Ban William Haas Professor in Chinese Studies, Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures Stanford University LIANG QICHAO Wang Danning Instructor Anthropology Department, The Chinese University of Hong Kong URBAN CHINA: DEVELOPMENT ZONES URBAN CHINA: REAL ESTATE MANAGEMENT Wang Di Professor, Department of History Texas A&M University Wolf, Arthur P. Department of Anthropological Sciences Stanford University Wang, Fei-ling Professor, Sam Nunn School of International Affairs Georgia Institute of Technology HOUSEHOLD REGISTRATION Wang Hsien-chun (Wang Xianqun) Institute of Modern History Academia Sinica 1884–1885 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Wang, Ke-wen Professor of History Saint Michael’s College CHIANG KAI-SHEK (JIANG JIESHI) LIFE CYCLE: MARRIAGE AND CONTEMPORARY CHINA WANG GUOWEI Wong Chack-kie Professor, Social Work Department The Chinese University of Hong Kong Wang, Rujie Associate Professor of Chinese The College of Wooster SOCIAL POLICY PROGRAMS: SMALL WELFARE BA JIN GAO XINGJIAN Wang, Wensheng Assistant Professor of History University of Hawaii at Manoa POLITICAL CULTURE Worthing, Peter Associate Professor of History Texas Christian University/Fort Worth, Texas 1800–1900 MILITARY, Wang, Ya Ping School of the Built Environment Heriot-Watt University HOUSING: HOUSING SINCE 1980 Wang, Yiman Assistant Professor, Department of Film & Digital Media University of California, Santa Cruz CHEN KAIGE SUN DAOLIN 1912–1949 Wright, Tim Professor of Chinese Studies White Rose East Asia Centre and School of East Asian Studies, University of Sheffield COAL-MINE ACCIDENTS [SIDEBAR] INDUSTRIALIZATION, 1860–1949 MINES AND METALLURGY, 1800–1949 ZHAO DAN ZHOU XUAN CHENGDU XLVIII GUANGZHOU (CANTON) 1864–1900 JOURNALISM SINO-FRENCH WAR, Weng, Qihao Professor of Geography Indiana State University Wang, Yiyan Department of Chinese Studies University of Sydney JIA PINGWA Wank, David L. Professor of Sociology and Director of the Graduate Program in Global Studies Sophia University/Tokyo XIAMEN (AMOY) Wasserstrom, Jeffrey Department of History University of California, Irvine STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS AND ACTIVISM, 1900–1949 Wu, Fulong Cardiff University GATED COMMUNITIES [SIDEBAR] URBAN CHINA: SMALL-TOWN CHINA URBAN CHINA: URBAN HOUSING Wu, Guoguang Chair in China and Asia-Pacific Relations, Centre for Asia-Pacific Initiatives University of Victoria ZHAO ZIYANG Wu, Jiaping Department of Resource Management and Geography University of Melbourne, Australia DALIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN CHINA Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 1 – Finals/ 6/10/2009 15:36 Page 49 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Wu Yongping Professor and Deputy Dean, School of Public Policy and Management Tsinghua University, Beijing TAIWAN, REPUBLIC OF CHINA: Yeh, Michelle Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures University of California, Davis AI QING (AI CH’ING) ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SINCE GUO MORUO 1945 LIN HUIYIN Wue, Roberta Assistant Professor, Department of Art History University of California, Irvine SHANGHAI SCHOOL OF PAINTING Xiang Biao Research Council United Kingdom Academic Fellow, Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology University of Oxford CHINESE OVERSEAS: EMIGRATION AND GLOBALIZATION HUMAN TRAFFICKING [SIDEBAR] LABOR: OUTMIGRATION Xu, Haigen Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection, China Nanjing, China ENDANGERED SPECIES, PROTECTION OF Xu Jiang Assistant Professor Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong URBAN CHINA: URBAN PLANNING SINCE 1978 Xu, Xueqing Associate Professor York University MANDARIN DUCK AND BUTTERFLY LITERATURE Yao, Pauline J. Independent Scholar and Curator ART IN NEW MEDIA Ye, Yang University of California, Riverside GARDENS AND PARKS Yeh, Anthony G. O. Chair Professor and Director, Centre of Urban Studies and Urban Planning The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR URBAN CHINA: URBAN PLANNING SINCE 1978 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN CHINA National University of Singapore GRAMOPHONE AND GRAMOPHONE RECORDS Zader, Amy University of Colorado, Boulder AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION: RICE LING SHUHUA LITERATURE OF NATIONAL DEFENSE POETRY: CLASSICAL POETRY POETRY: MISTY POETRY POETRY: MODERN POETRY YANG MO (YANG CHENGYE) Yen, Chuanying Senior Research Fellow Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica ART EXHIBITIONS, 1850–1949 Yick, Joseph K. S. Professor of History and Honorary Professor of International Studies Texas State University–San Marcos Zamperini, Paola Assistant Professor of Chinese Literature Amherst College SAI JINHUA Zhan, Heying Jenny Department of Sociology Georgia State University SOCIAL WELFARE: CARE AND AID FOR THE DISABLED SOCIAL WELFARE: FAMILY-BASED CARE Zhang, Enhua University of Massachusetts LONG MARCH ZHU DE Yin, Runsheng Department of Forestry Michigan State University AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION: FORESTRY AND TIMBER TRADE Ying, Hu Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures University of California, Irvine BINGXIN TRANSLATION OF FOREIGN LITERATURE Zhang, Heather Xiaoquan Senior Lecturer, Department of East Asian Studies University of Leeds RURAL DEVELOPMENT SINCE 1978: THREE RURAL ISSUES SOCIAL POLICY PROGRAMS: OVERVIEW Zhang, Hong Associate Professor of East Asian Studies Colby College, Maine FAMILY: INFANTICIDE WANG SHUO Yip, Ka-che Professor, Department of History University of Maryland, Baltimore County ANTI-CHRISTIAN/ANTI-MISSIONARY MOVEMENTS EPIDEMICS HEALTH CARE, 1800–1949 Yu Maochun Naval Academy YAN’AN Yung, Bell Professor of Music University of Pittsburgh PEKING OPERA AND REGIONAL OPERAS Yung Sai-shing Department of Chinese Studies Zhang, Jingyuan Georgetown University CAN XUE WANG ANYI YU HUA Zhang Rui Beijing ART MARKET SINCE 1949 Zhang, Yongjin Professor of East Asian Studies University of Bristol INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: 1800–1949 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: TREATIES, 1800–1949 UNEQUAL TREATIES [SIDEBAR] Zhao Yuzhong Assistant Professor, Faculty of Arts XLIX Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 1 – Finals/ 6/10/2009 15:36 Page 50 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Kunming University of Science and Technology MINORITY NATIONALITIES: BAI NATIONALITY Zheng, Yiran Ph.D. Candidate, Department of East Asian Studies University of Arizona HOUSING: 1949–1980 MEDICINE, TRADITIONAL NATIONAL FLAGS AND NATIONAL ANTHEMS ORACLE BONES [SIDEBAR] Zheng Zhenzhen Professor, Institute of Population and Labor Economics Chinese Academy of Social Sciences EDUCATION: WOMEN’S EDUCATION L POPULATION POLICY: DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS SINCE 1800 Zhihao, Qin Institute of Agro-Resources and Regional Planning Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing CLIMATE Zhong, Xueping Tufts University ZHOU YANG Zhu, Yanfei Department of History of Art Ohio State University SCAR (WOUND) ART SCULPTURE AND PUBLIC ART Zhu, Ying Associate Professor of Cinema Studies, Department of Media Culture Co-coordinator of Modern China Program, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York FILM INDUSTRY: FIFTH GENERATION FILMMAKERS Zurndorfer, Harriet T. Sinological Institute, Faculty of Humanities University of Leiden LIU HAISU HUIZHOU LUO GONGLIU SINOLOGY ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN CHINA
