2558
LIST OF NOSTRATIC ENTRIES
AND OF INDO-EUROPEAN ROOTS
Introduction: Alphabetical order of entries. The alphabetical
order
of consonants is as follows: * ? (incl.
), * ÷ (incl. ÷ 3 ), * b , * c (incl. c 1 ,
* c 2 , * c @ , * Ç ), *c' (incl. c '1, * c 2', * c '@, Ç ' ), * c 7 , * c 7', * c 6 , * c 6', * g , * 9 , * ˝ (incl.
G ), * h , Ó (incl. * é , * é ¡ , * é € ), * H , * k (incl. K , * k 3 ), * k ' (incl. K ' ), * l
(incl. * l ß , * l ∏ , * L ), l !, * m , * n (incl. * n ` , n 2 , n 3 , * ˆ ), * n 1 , * N , * p (incl.
* p ' , P , P 3 ), *q (incl. * Q ), * û q , *r (incl. * Â ), * r 1 , *s (incl. * s 1 , s 2, * s 1 ,
* s @ , * Í ), * s 7 , * s 6 , * t (incl. * Ê ), * t ' , * w , * X (incl. * Ù ), * y ,* z (incl. * z 1 , z 2,
* z @ , * Ω ),* z 7 , * z 6 , *Z (incl. * Z 1 , Z 2, * Z @ , * Û ),* Z 7 , * Z 6 .
Among the word-medial consonants we distinguish between "weak
consonants" ( * ? [incl.
and * ], * ÷ [incl. ÷ 3 ], * 9 , * ˝ [incl. G ], * h ,
Ó [incl. * é , * é ¡ , * é € ], * H ,* q , *X [incl. * Ù ], * w and * y ) and " s t r o n g
consonants" (all others).
The entries are arranged as follows:
[1] The basic arrangement: according the initial consonants and t h e
first word-medial strong consonants. If there are no strong Inlautconsonants, the weak consonants (according to their place in t h e
alphabet) are taken into account instead.
[2] Within each group of entries with the same initial cns. and t h e
same medial strong consonant the entries are arranged as follows:
(a) first those without any additional consonants,
(b) those with a weak cns. preceding the word-medial strong one,
(c) those with a weak cns. following the word-medial strong one,
(d) those with a third strong cns.
If in a N etymon in the medial position (Inlaut) there are two w e a k
consonants and no strong one, the priority of one weak c o n s o n a n t
over the other (as criteria for alphabetical oder) has been established
according to the fate of these consonants in daughter languages. For
instance, in N * k 'Å H w V 'seize, grasp, hold' the consonant * w h a s
survived in Kartvelian and Dravidian, while the laryngeal was lost,
therefore the entry was placed among the * k ' - w - entries.
[3] Within each group of entries with identical consonants the e n t r i e s
are arranged according to the first vowel. Order of vowels: * a (incl.
Å ), * a 4 (incl. * á ), *e (incl. e6 and * É ), * i , * o (incl. o 6 ), *u (incl. * Ë ,
* u 6 , * î ^ , * a 6 ), * u 4 , * V .
The entries with consonants of doubtful identity (those within t h e
brackets { }) and of doubtful presence (those with the brackets [ ] ) a r e
treated as those with regular consonants. The optional second e l e m e n t
*
*
* *
*?
*
*
*
* *
*
*
*
*
*
*
*?
¿
*
*
*
*
2559
of a N word (that within plain brackets
the order of the entries.
( ))
is not taken into account i n
The signs "( ⁄ ?)" and "( € ?)" mean that among the compared roots o f
the descendant languages only one (in the case of " ⁄ ?") or only two ( i n
the case of "€ ?") may be considered certain. If two language families a r e
compared, their presumably common N etymon (although not c e r t a i n )
may be preceded by "? € " .
' ⇑ ' = anaphoric sign "the above-mentioned
word\morpheme"
meaning
of the s a m e
* ? a , pc. of plurality
2. * ? a 'become, be'
2a. ( € ?) * ? Å , a marker of the male sex (“ '(young) man'??) > IE : o n e
of the sources of NaIE *-o- / -e (nom. *-o-s, voc. *-e ), sx. of d e r i v e d
1.
adjectives, masc.
3. * e ( ≠ ? * a 4 ) 'not'
4. * a ? V 'female', ‘ (in descendant lgs.) marker of feminine ( s e x
or grammatical gender) > IE : NaIE *-a2 , ending of the fem. gender
* ? a p ' a 'daddy, father'
5. ? (Ll.) * ? a b a ≠*
6. * ? o é € b V (= * ? o h b V ?) 'clan' > IE : NaIE *e2pi- 'friend'
7. € * ? { a } b Ó V 'water, watercourse' > IE : NaIE *ab- ≠ *a(:)p- 'river'
8. € * ? i b r É 'fig tree'
9. € * V c ' + c 6 ' V H V 'back (dorsum)'
1O. * a c ' @ P V ' ∈ leaf-bearing tree' ('aspen' or the like) > IE : NaIE
*a+osp- ≠ *a+ops- 'aspen'
11. * ? a c 6 ' V 'low place, depression, wadi, pond'
12. € * Å { d } V (= * ÷ Å { d } V ?) 'foot'
13. * ? u 6 Ó d V ( Â V ) 'breast' > IE : NaIE *o2u\d≈-/*u2d≈- 'female b r e a s t ,
mammilla'
13a. (€ ?) * ? u 4 { X + ˝ } d V (or * ? u H d V ?) ' o n e ' > ? φ IE : NaIE *°ed[≈]- in Sl
*ed(¥)-va 'hardly, only just' and *ed-in¥ ≠ *ed-Án¥ 'one'
14. ( € ?) * ? e d i ˆ V 'pater familias' (or 'owner'?) > ? σ IE : NaIE *°ed≈no(' ≈ clan'?) or cd. *sw-ed≈no- (' ≈ one’s own clan')
15. € Ll. * ? a g a 'uncle, elder person'
15a. € * ? á g V Â V '≈ bone of the leg\foot'
?
?
?
?
?
?
2560
* ? a { h } a 'thing(s)', collective pc. of inanimate (' ≈ de ç a ' ) > IE
*-h= ( > NaIE *-´ and AnIE *-a ), ending of pl. ntr. (nom./accus.)
17. € * ? { a } k e 6 'to chase, to drive away, to take away' > IE : NaIE *ag816. ? σ
'drive'
* ? a 4k a
'be evil, hate' > IE *éo+ag- (or *?o+ag-?), *é+?o+agos ' p a i n ,
ache', (?) 'evil'
19. * ? { o } k É (= * ? { o } k u 4 ?) 'self' ( ‘ 'myself') > IE *?eg8hV-m / *?eg8oh
'I'
2O. € * ? o { k } a 6 L V '∈ to eat'
21. Ll. * ? a K ' a 'elder relative, grandfather'
22. * ? a 4 l a , pc. of prohibition and categorical negation
23. * ? e l V 'clan, tribe' (‘ 'all', prn. of plurality) > IE *?ol- > *ol-yo-,
*ol-no- (*'everybody' ‘) 'whole, all, each'
24. * ? É l ß Å , dem. prn. of collectivity (connected with * ? e l ∏V ' c l a n ,
tribe'?) - an alternative reconstruction instead of 1249 (* l ß Å , analytical
marker of collectivity)
25. * ? e 6 l V 'deer' (and 'mountain goat'??) > IE *?+h8el-n- 'deer'
26. * ? i l { Å } 'stand still, stay; place to stay' > IE *?elï (or *x8 + h 8 e lï ?) ≠ ?
*{?}il- > NaIE *elï, *el-, *il- v. 'rest, stillstehen'
27. * i l ∏ V 'eye' > ? IE : Clt: OW {Flr.}
'eyebrow', W
'supercilium, ora'
28. * { } o l ∏V 'that (visible)' > IE : NaIE *ol- 'that (remote)'
29. * ? { o } L V (or * ? o y i l ∏ V ?) 'bough, hook' (‘ 'hang on a hook')
3O. € * u l ∏V 'soil, foundation, earth'
31. * [ ? u 4] L u 6d V 'to grow' > IE *?leu\ d ≈-/*?loud≈-/*?lud≈- 'grow'
32. * { ? } É L [ i ] m Å '∈ tree' ('elm' or the like) > IE : NaIE *l= m o- 'elm'
33. * { ? } a l !a 'food' > IE *?al- (or *éel- è NaIE *al- ) v. 'feed, nourish'
34. * ? u h [ V ] l !V 'hut'
35. * { ? } u 4+ u l ![ g ] a 'cold (Kälte)' > IE : NaIE *alg≈- 'cold'
36. * a m V (= * h a m V ?), dem. prn. ('iste'?), 'now'
37. Ll. * ? e m Å 'mother' (the most probable source of the fem. ending
of pronouns in B, Eg and Ch)
38. * ? e m V 'seize, hold' (‘ 'take') > IE *{?}em-/*{?}ôm- v. 'take, get'
39. * ? { o } m V 'kin, clan, everybody' > IE *?+Óom- 'every'
4O. € * ? a m g a 'dry, thirst(y)'
41. € * a 4 m P V '≈ wolf'
42. * ? a m [ V ] Â V (or * ? a m { o } ( - [ Â V ] ) ?) 'morning, daylight' > IE
*?+éxa2m(e)r / *?+éxa2m-n- 'day'
18.
?
?
?
?
?
ail
ael
2561
* { ? } { o } m r É 'burn' (intr.), 'shine, be bright', 'dawn' > IE
*?+éxa2m(e)r / *?+éxa2m-n 'day'
44. * { ? } o m s 1 a 'flesh, meat' > IE : NaIE *me2 m s- 'meat'
45. * ? i n 2 { Å } (= * ? i n { Å } ?) 'place'
([in daughter-lgs.] ‘ 'in') > IE
*?en/*n=, *?eni 'inside'; 'in, into'
46. * ? o n 2 V 'self, the same'
47. * ? a 4 y n 2 a 6 or * ? [ a 4 y ] É n 2 a 6 'nothing, there is no...'
48. * ? Å ˆ 3s 2V ( * ? a ˆ 3 s 2 V ?) '≈ ∈ foot'
49. * ? a n 2[ V ] s 2V ' ≈ friend(ly), favourable, useful' > IE : NaIE *ans- v.
43.
'be favourable'
5O. ( € ?) * ? i n 2 V s 7 e 6 'person, man'
51. * ? V n t ' V (or * ? V n t V ?) 'he', relative 'he who, that which' > IE *ent-/*-ont- , sx. of participles
52. (€ ?) * ? a N o '∈ snake' > IE : NaIE *angW≈i- ≠ *angWi- 'snake'
53. * ? a y N o 'marrow, brain, soft fat of animals' (‘ 'to smear, t o
anoint') - a variant rec. of a N word instead of 26OOa: * Ù a y N o ( =
* H + X a y N o ) 'marrow, brain, soft fat of animals' (which is m o r e
plausible)
54. * ? a 4 N ÷ 3 + 9 V 'chin'
55. * ? a N q { i } '≈ breathe' > IE *?+éx anÓ- ( > NaIE *an´-) v. 'breathe'
56. * ? a N g a 'to open', 'opening' (esp. 'mouth'), 'entrance' > IE : NaIE
* ° {a}ng[≈]- > Lt
'opening, aperture, orifice'
57. * ? { o } N K 'a 'to pant, to sigh, to groan' > IE : NaIE *enk-/*onk- v.
'sigh, groan'
58. * ? { a } P V 'take, seize' > IE *{?}ep- > Ht
( )
( ) v. ' t a k e ,
seize, grab, pick, capture', NaIE *´p-/*e2 p - '≈ touch, hold'
59 * ? e 6 p ' V 'mouth' ( ‘ 'speak')
6O. € * ? o p ' a '≈ powder, dust, small pieces of dirt'
61. ? € WW? ≈ * ? V p V 'monkey' > IE : a word reconstructible as NaIE
{P} *abo2 ( n)- 'monkey', but most probably spread by borrowing
62. * ? a 4 P { h } i 'bake, cook food on hot stones' > IE : *?+ÓepÓ- v. ' c o o k ,
bake'
63. ( € ?) * ? V q V 'thing(s)' and prn.\n. of plurality
64. * { } u 4 + u { q } y e 6 'night, dark hours' > IE *°éeu\Ó- / *é=weÓ- / *é=woÓ> NaIE *au\- / *´we2- / *´wo2- v. 'spend the night (übernachten), sleep'
65. * ? a r V 'earth, land, place' > IE: *{?}er- 'earth', NaIE *a2ro- ' o p e n
space'
anga~
ep p - / ap p -
?
2562
*?aÂV
'member of one’s clan\family'
> IE *?aro- ≠ *?aryo'member of one’s own ethnic group' ( ‘ ' f r e e m a n ' ) > NaIE *aryo- id.,
'member of one’s own ethnic group, peer, companion, friend'
Ht
67. * ? e r V 'to divide; one share, one, single'
68. * ? u Â É or * ? u 4 V 'drink, swallow'
69. * ? u r V 'to gather' (‘ 'everybody belonging to…', 'clan, relatives;
multitude') > IE : NaIE *wer-/*wr= - 'multitude, group of people, troop'
7O. * Ë r V ( b a ) 'squirrel' > IE : NaIE *wer- (and rdp.: *werwer-, a s
well as post-IE variants in daughter-lgs.: *we2wer-, *wai\wer-,
*wi[:]wer- ) '≈ squirrel'
71. * ? V { r } V ( > * r V ?), theme-focalizing (topicalizing) pc. (s e e 1953:
* r V [< * ? V { r } V ]) > IE : nom.-accus. ending *-r in heteroclitic nouns.
72. * [ ? V ] r V 'towards' (‘ 'in'?) > IE : NaIE *-r , locative sx. in adverbs
72a. * ? i [ + y ] r { a } 'drag, pull, push'
73. * ? u [ w ] r V (or * ? u 4 - ?) 'light (lux), fire'
74. * ? i r [ É ? ] u 6 'entrails' > IE : NaIE {P} *oreu\-/*ôreu\- 'gut'
75. * ? e r q { i } '∈ ruminant' > IE : NaIE *er-≠*eri- '∈ ruminant'
76. * ? u + o r V q V (or * ? u + o r V q V { ? } V ?) 'path, way'
77. * ? a  b a 'to lie in ambush, to scheme evil to so.', '(?) to use magic
tools'; an alt. et.: N * a  p a ? V 'make magic'
78. * ? Å Â c 7 Å (or * ? Å c 7 [ V ] Â Å ) 'trace' (‘ 'sign', 'choose')
79. * ? a r [ V ] k a (or * y a r [ V ] k a ?) 'see, observe' > IE : NaIE *re(:)g- id.
8O. ( € ?) * { ? } a Â é € V m V ( é € = * h ?) 'upper part of a limb' > IE : NaIE
*ar´mo- /*r=2mo- 'arm'
81. * ? o r 1 { u } 'antelope, deer, mountain goat'
82. * u 4r 1V o r * u r 1 É 'top' > IE : Ht
'high' ( × N * é ⁄ e r Ë ' g o
upwards, rise')  ? σ NaIE *wer- 'knob'
83. ( € ?) * ? { u 4 } r 1 V w V 'large feline'
84. * ? { a 4} s 1{ o } 'stay, be' > IE *?es-/*?s- > NaIE *es-/*s- v. 'be'
85. * ? i s V (or * ? i s V ?) 'to sit', 'seat (the part of the body t h a t
bears the weight in sitting)' > IE *?e2s- v. 'be seated'
86. * ? u 4s V 'fire'
87. * { ? } V s 1 V 'they' > IE : [1] *-es (< **-?es ), nom. pl. com. of n o m i n a l
parts of speech and participles, [2] *-n-s (< *-m accus. + *-s pl.), a c c u s .
pl. com. (of nominal parts of speech and participles) , NaIE *-n=-s acc. pl.
m./f. of consonantic stems
66.
ara2 -
?
?
?
?
?
aru-
?
2563
88.
89.
€ * ? i + u 4s 1{ Ë } t 'V
* [ ? V ] s 7{ u 4} é € V
'to sweep, to rake'
'wild boar' > IE: NaIE
*su2-s, *su≤w-os
'(wild o r
domesticated) pig'
9O. * { ? } a t V 'female, woman' (‘ HS marker of fem. in nouns &
verbs)
91. * ? i t e 6 'eat' > IE *?ed- v. 'eat' Ï IE *?ôdont-, *?dont-/*?dn=t'tooth'
92. * ? a t [ ] V 'come', ? 'walk' > IE : NaIE * ° a+ e + o t- 'go, walk'
93. € * É t u 6Â V 'day, noon'
93a. * ? { e } t ' V 'make' (‘ causativizing morpheme)
94. * ? e y { V } t ' V 'reach, obtain'
95. * ? o t ' V [ h V ] (or * ? o t ' [ h ] V ) 'heavy', ‘ 'difficult'
96. * ? { a } w u 6 'whether?' (pc. of general question), 'or' > IE: NaIE *0au\
'or', *we(:) / *u 'whether?', 'or'
97. * ? V w V y V 'island, seashore' > IE : NaIE *°ou\yo- > Gmc *awja'island'
98. € * ? u 6Ù i 'egg' (or 'white of egg') > IE : NaIE *ou\ ( y)o- 'egg'
99. * ? { a } y V 'say, speak, call' > IE : NaIE ≈ *ai\ - '≈ say, speak'
1OO. * { a } y V 'mother' ( ‘ 'female', a marker of the fem. [sex o r
grammatical gender]) > ? IE: pGmc *ai\Tï 'mother' (from a N or pre-IE
nominal phrase); NaIE *-ï , *-ï- , a nominal sx. of fem.
1O1. * ? a 4 y V (= * ? a 4 y a ?) 'which?', 'what?'
1O2. * ? { e } y V 'come, arrive' > IE *?ei\-/*?i- v. 'go'
1O3. € * ? á z 6 É k Ë (= * ? á z 6 i k Ë ?) 'thorn, hook' (‘ 'tooth')
1O4. * ? { u 4 } Z @ ? V (or * ? { u 4 } h Z @ V ?) 'throat; to swallow' > IE *?+ho?+hw(e)sor *?+ h ow?+ h (e)s- 'mouth'
1O5. € * ? u 6Z 7V 'hear', (‘ ?) 'ear' > IE *?+Óou\s-/ *?+Óus- 'ear'
1O6. * ÷ + G a ? V (= * ÷ + 9 + Ì a ? V ) 'grow, become' (‘ 'be')
1O7. * ÷ { á } b Ë 'female breast, bosom'
1O8. ≈ * ÷ 3V Ç u 4 [ ? V ] P V (or * ÷ 3 V Ç y u 6 [ ? V ] P V ) 'salt'
1O9. * ÷ 3Å c '@V (= * ÷ 3 Å c ' @ { Ë } ??) 'to blow, to yawn'
11O. € * ÷ V c ' V L V 'guts'
111. * ÷ a w c 6 V (or * ÷ a c 6 w V ) 'light of the sun below\on the h o r i z o n '
> IE : NaIE *au\ s -/*us- (/*wes- ?) 'shine (leuchten)'
112. * ÷ a 4 c 6 ' V 'bush, shrubs, forest'
?
?
?
2564
113.
* ÷ u c 6'É
* ÷ u 4c 6'V 'exchange,
*[éx]wes-/*[éx]wos-,
or
compensate\-ion'
(‘ ' t r a d e ' ,
{EI} *wes- 'buy', {EI} *wes-no-
'revenge') > IE
'purchase'
114. * ÷ a d V 'limit, edge' (?) ‘ 'up to, until, towards' > IE *éaÊ ({EI}
*h ed ) 'at, to' > NaIE *aÊ 'towards'
115. * ÷ { o } d Ë 'go'
116. * ÷ u d V 'follow' ( ‘ 'repeat, continue')
117. * ÷ { á } g o 'to drink' > IE *h8 eg≈W- 'drink'
118. € ≈ * ÷ 3 á { y a } g V 'fat'
119. * { ÷ } o g Ë l V (or * é € o û q Ë l V ) 'offspring, child, young (of a n
animal); to beget, to bear a child'
12O. € * ÷ 3 o k V (or * ÷ 3 o K ' V ?) 'listen' or 'ear'
121. ? σ * ÷ 3 a y k a ' ≈ move (quickly), jump' > IE : NaIE *ai\g- {P} ' ( s i c h )
heftig bewegen, schwingen, vibrieren'
122. * ÷ 3a K 'o 'water' > IE *éekW- (or *éakW- ) 'water' > NaIE *akW-a2 id.
123. * { ÷ } o k ' i 'sharp point\edge' > IE *éWek8- ( ≠ *éek8-?) / *é=Wk8'sharp, pointed' > NaIE *ok8 - / *´k8- id.
124. * ÷ 3 u K ' a ( o r * ÷ 3 u k V ? a , * ÷ 3 Å w u K ' a , * ÷ 3 Å w u k V ? a ?) 'see', 'eye' >
IE : *éWekW-/*éeu\ k - 'eye', v. 'learn'
125. ? σ € * ÷ 3 É K ' V { Z @ } V '≈ to peck, to prick' (of birds and o t h e r
animals)
126. * ÷ 3 Å l V (= * ÷ 3 a l É or * ÷ 3 a 4 l î ^ ) 'height, top', 'climb, go up'
127. * ÷ { a } l ∏ V 'burn (esp. sacrifices), use magic means (sacrifices,
magic formulae, etc.) to produce a particular result' > IE *{é}el- ( ≈
*{é}al- ) v. 'burn, burn sacrifices'
128. * ÷ 3 a 4 l ß Ë 'know'
129. * ÷ o l ∏V (= * ÷ o l ∏ u 4 ?) 'starve, die; dead' > IE {EI} *wel- 'die'
13O. * ÷ 3 + 9 { á } é l ∏ u or (if the Ht cognate is accepted) * G { á } é l ∏ u
'reddish, yellow, brown' > IE *Óelu-/*Óelw- 'reddish, yellow'; ? Ht {Pv.}
, {Ts.}
'green, yellow'
131. ( € ?) * ÷ 3 u l ÷ e 6 'recent' (‘ new, young')
131a. € * ÷ 3 + 9 o l [ V y ] V 'leaf'
131b. ?σ * { ÷ } a L [ o ] p V 'weak, exhausted' > IE *halp- 'weak, s w o o n e d ,
exhausted'
132. * ÷ 3 a l ! + l ß u 4 'a liliaceous plant (garlic, onion, aloë or sim.)' > IE : NaIE
*a(:)lu- '∈ liliaceous plant of sharp taste'
Å
hahli-
hahla-
2565
* ÷ 3a l !V ûq Ë 'to bend', 'a bend, a
'ankle') > IE *éelk[W]- / *éolk[W]- 'bent,
134. * ÷ 3i m { e 6} 'suck, swallow'
135. * ÷ 3 { o } m d É 'stand upright, rise'
133.
joint in a limb' (esp. ' e l b o w ' ,
elbow'
> IE
*Óend≈-/*Ón=d≈-
v. ' r i s e ,
appear'
€ * ÷ 3o m K e 6 '(∈ part of the) neck'
137. * { ÷ 3 } u m N + n 2 V 'to sleep, to lose consciousness/remembrance of'
138. * ÷ 3o 6y n 2V 'see, look; eye' > IE **[Ó]wei\n- > NaIE (in IIr o n l y )
* ° wei\n- v. 'look, see'; ? *é8e2n (or *?e2n) 'siehe da!'
138a. * ÷ 3 i n 2 [ V ] q V 'live'
139. * ÷ o n 2 Z @ V 'fang, stake' ‘ 'weapon (dart, javelin, or the like)' > IE
*{x}n= s i-s ({EI} *h€+ h ‹n= s is ) 'large (offensive) knife, dagger, ? sword'
14O. * ÷ 3u p 'V 'take wing', 'up' > IE *Óupo > NaIE *upo- 'upon, on t o ' ;
NaIE *up-ero- 'upper', *ups- 'high, upper'
141. * ÷ 3V P V r V '(river-)bank' > IE : NaIE *a2per-o-, *a2per-yo- ' s h o r e ,
136.
river bank', 'mainland'
142. ( € ?) * ÷ 3 V p ' V Â V 'wild boar' > IE *éepero- > NaIE *ap(e)ro-s 'wild
boar'
143. € * ÷ 3Å r V 'dry, arid'
144. * ÷ i  { i } '(male, young) big ungulate' > IE : NaIE *er(i)-b≈- ( w i t h
the sx. *-b≈(o)- of animal names) ' ∈ horned artiodactyl' (× N * Ó { á } Â V
'goat, sheep')
145. ? σ € * ÷ 3 V r V 'run'
146. * ÷ 3 a r é € + w u ¬ * ÷ 3 a é € r u 'back (dos), loins'
147. * ÷ 3 u r V K ' V 'to flee'
148. * ÷ a { r 1} V ¬ * ÷ a  i '≈ without, no' > IE : NaIE *ar- / *o2r- v. 'deny'
148a. € * ÷ 3 + 9 e r 1 V 'raincloud, rain'
149. * ÷ 3 a r 1 K ' { u } 'sinew' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'bowstring, bow') > IE
*éerku- ≠ *éerkW- 'bow, net'
15O. € * ÷ 3 É w V Í V '(∈ ) grass' > AdS of IE *[Ó]wei\s- > NaIE *wei\s- v.
'grow, sprout forth' ( < N * w i s 6 ? V 'to grow' [esp. of plants])
151. * ÷ e s 6 { i } 'make, do' > IE : Ht
/
'do, make'
152. * ÷ 3 o s 6 V ( - K ' a ) '∈ tree' > IE *éWes- 'ash-tree' ({EI} *h€eÓo2 s 'ash')
153. * ÷ 3a t 'Ë ' ∈ fish' > IE : NaIE *ateli- (and *{a}ti-?) ' ∈ fish' (× N
* Ù { o } t ' { i } '∈ fish')
154. * ÷ 3 a t ' V 'to throw, to cast'
essa- issa-
2566
155.
* ÷ 3o t 'V
'breathe,
blow' > IE
*éWot-/*é=Wt-
> NaIE
*o2t-/´t-
'breathe'
* ÷ 3 u t ' V '≈ hand (palm of hand with fingers?)'
156. * ÷ 3 a w y V 'shout, speak' > IE NaIE (?) *0au\- > o Gk (ipf.) a‘ye, f t .
] a y4 !s v , aor. ] a y4 s
8 ai 'cry out, shout, call aloud'
157. * ÷ 3a w { o y } V 'spend the night, sleep' > IE : *°éeu\Ó- / *é=weÓ- /
*é=woÓ- > NaIE *au\- / *´we2- / *´wo2- v. 'spend the night ( ü b e r n a c h t e n ) ,
sleep', *au\ s - id.
158. * ÷ u y { h } V 'to bend' > IE *hwei\ Ù - v. 'twist, weave, plait, braid'
159. ? σ * ÷ a 4 z V { û q } V 'wedge'
16O. * ÷ 3i Z @V 'strong, healthy' > IE : NaIE *ei\s-/*oi\s- 'move with
impetus', *is´ro-s 'vehement, strong'
16Oa. * ÷ a Z 7 V 'white, bright' > IE : Ht asara- ≠ esara- 'white,
155a.
bright'
*bÅ,
adjectival pc. forming analytical ( ‘ derived) names o f
quality bearers, nomina posessoris, and animal names > IE: NaIE *-b≈o-,
[1] sx. of animal names, [2] sx. of adjectives
162. € * b V , pc. forming analytical ( ‘ derived) nomina abstracta >
IE : NaIE *-b≈o-s , *-b≈a2 , sx. of abstract nouns
163. € * b o ? V 'to go'
164. o , i * b u 6÷ V 'blow, inflate', ( ‘ ?) 'swell' > IE : NaIE *°b≈o2u-\ /b≈´u\v. 'blow'
165. i * b i c ' V ≠ * b i c '6V 'small, little'
166. € * b V c ' @ [ V ] Â V 'to cut'
167. * b o c 7 a '(young) deer'
168. * b i c 7'V 'cut, crumble, crush' > AdS
of NaIE *pei\s-/*pis- v.
'crush, pound' < N * p ' { a 4 y } s 6 { i } or * p ' i s 6 { i } 'crush, break in pieces'
169. € * b V 9 { c 6' } V '≈ bad, wicked'
17O. * b { u } c 6 ' ÷ V ' ≈ to tear to pieces'
17Oa. € * b Å d V 'many, multitude'
171. * b e d { e 6 } 'to pierce, to prick' > IE *b≈ed≈- v. 'pierce, prick, dig'
172. * { b } e d V 'back of sth.'
173. * b o d V 'body, belly' > ? σ IE : NaIE *b≈ud≈-men 'lower p a r t ,
bottom'
* b u 4 d [ V ] ÷ 3 V 'be thick'
174. €*
174a. * b V d { h + ? } É 'to plait' (‘ 'net')
174b. € * b a d [ V ] Ù V 'be open'
161.
2567
* b u 6d [ V ] Ù + q V 'be awake; feel, pay attention; be excited, b e
cheerful' > IE : NaIE *b≈eu\ d ≈- {P} 'wach sein, geweckt\geistig\rege sein'
176. * b a Ó g u 4 (= * b a H + h g u 4 ? ) 'forearm' > IE : NaIE *b≈a2≤g8≈u-s 'elbow,
175. (€ ?)
forearm'
€ * b u 6 [ y ] g É 'stinging insect' > IE : NaIE *b≈ug8 [ ≈]- 'insect'
177a. * b Å 9 a (or * b Å X a ?) 'be(come) visible, appear' > IE : NaIE *b≈a2177.
'appear, become visible'
178. * b { i } 9 e 6 'much' > IE : [1] ≈
Phl
be2 v ar , NPrs
bewra4 'many,
rvyB biva4r
*°b≈e+oi\- >
Av
bae2-var, bae2-van ,
'ten thousand, myriad', Oss: I
much, very'  [2] one of the sources of
bïra4, D bera4,
*-b≈eÓ, sx. o f
abstract nouns
* b a 4 h a ?) 'shine, be bright' > IE *b≈eh+x- / *b≈oh+x- /
*b≈h=+x=- > NaIE *b≈e2- / *b≈o2- / *b≈´- 'shine (glänzen, leuchten, scheinen)'
18O. € * b a é € V 'to tie, to bind'
181. * b u Ó i 'grow, appear, become' > IE *b≈eu\ Ó - v. 'grow, be'
182. * b { o } k a 'put out, throw out' ( ‘ 'sweep out') > IE : NaIE *b≈eu\g≠ b≈eu\g≈- 'remove' (‘ v. 'clean, set free' ‘ 'save')
183. * b u k { o } (or * b u k { o } ÷ V ?) 'run, run away' > IE : NaIE *b≈e(:)gW- ≠
*b≈eu\ g - v. 'flee'
184. * b { o ÷ } k a 'to heat, to roast, to burn' > IE : NaIE *b≈o2g- vt. ' r o a s t ,
179.
*beha
bake, burn'
(or
* b u k É ÷ 3V
'billy goat, ram' > IE *b≈u(:)g8o-s 'buck, billy-goat',
NaIE ({P}: term of endearment) *b≈ukko-s 'he-goat, ram'
186. * b a K 'a (or * b a g + k [ a ] ? a ?) 'stick, sprout; (?) to sprout' > IE : NaIE
*bak- 'stick, staff used for support, club'
187. € * b a K ' V 'to look'
188. * b u K 'a 'bovines' > IE : NaIE ≈ *bu(:)k-/bou\k- 'bull'
189. * b u k ' V (or * b u 4 k ' V ?) 'cheek' > IE : NaIE *°buk8(k8)V or *°buk(k)V
'cheek'
19O. * b u 4 k ' a '∈ a stinging insect' > IE : NaIE *b≈ou\k-/*b≈uk- 'bee'
191. * b u 4K '{ a } 'to bend; bent' > IE : NaIE *b≈eu\g- ≠ *b≈eu\g≈- vt. 'bend'
192. * b { o 6h i } k 'o 'be white\bright\light (hell), shine white' > IE : NaIE
*b≈ei\gW-/*b≈oi\gw-/*b≈igW- 'shine (glänzen)'
193. ≈ * b Ë K ' c ' @ É (or ≈ * b Ë é € a K ' c ' @ É ?) 'to tie', 'tie' (‘ 'rope') > IE : NaIE
*b≈ask{o}- 'bundle'
194. * b a L { u 4 } 'bad, harm' > IE : NaIE *b≈alw- 'evil, wicked'
195. * b i l ∏Ë 'be warm, burn; warm'
185.
2568
* b u L V 'to stir up (liquid); turbid' > IE (+ ext. or sx.?): NaIE
*b≈l-end- v. 'be(come) turbid, mix'
197. € * b { u 4} l ß + l !V 'a shoot'
197a. * b V L V 'dove' > IE: NaIE: Ltv balo^dis, Lt balanfidis id. »» Oss:
I ba4 l on , D ba4 l a4 w 'domesticated pigeon', etc.
198. * b i L u ? e 6 (= * b i l ß u ? e 6 ?) 'cloud'
199. * b V L V ? a 'to blow, to inflate' > IE : NaIE *b≈l{a2}- ( /*b≈el[´]- ?) id.
2OO. * b a L ÷ 3V 'blind' > IE : NaIE *b≈l-end- v. 'be(come) blind, not t o
196.
see'
* b a l ß[ i ] Ì a (or * b a l ß [ i ] Ì { Ë } ?) 'to swallow; throat'
2O2. * b V L [ h ] V 'leaf, leaves, green plants' > IE *b≈elÓ-, *b≈l(o)Ó-t-,
{EI} *≤b≈olom 'leaf', (+ * t -ext.) IE *b≈lÓ=d- ({EI} *b≈lh=Å d-) 'leaf'
2O3. * b e L k V g V (= * b e l ∏ k V g V ?) 'belly, waist' > IE : NaIE *b≈elg≈+g8≈2O1.
'belly'
* b a l ∏[ i ] { k '} a 'to shine' > IE: NaIE *b≈elg-/*b≈l=g-/*b≈leg- ' b u r n ,
shine', NaIE *b≈lei\ g -/*b≈lig- 'light-coloured', 'shine'
2O5. € * b V L i ? + ÷ [ V ] k '{ u 4} 'beat, strike' > IE ≈ *b≈liÓg8 ( w)- 'strike'
2O6. * b a { L n 2} V 'wash, immerse' > Gk balanei6on 'a bath, bathing2O4.
room' and balaney1 ß 'bath-man'
2O7. € * b É l !V 'boil, cook'
2O8. * b i h l ! + l ß V 'shout, call, speak' > IE : NaIE *b≈el[´]- v. 'sound, speak'
2O9. * b a Ó l !V 'pain, wound' > IE *b≈eé8l- 'pain, wound'
21O. * b { o i } l ! + l ßV 'swell' > IE : NaIE *b≈el- v. 'swell'
211. * b o 6 l ! Ù { a } 'tail, penis' > IE : NaIE *b≈l=⊥o- (= *b≈l=no-, *b≈l=Óo-?)
'penis'
212. * b e n ` + n 1 V 'younger relative'
213. * b V h á n 2 y V 'bone' (esp. 'bone of a limb') > IE : NaIE *°b≈oi\no- >
Gmc *bai\ n a- 'bone, leg'
214. * b á n 2 t ' V (≠ * b á n 2 d V ?) 'to tie' > IE : NaIE *b≈end≈- v. 'bind'
215. * b o N É 'bosom, breast (front of the body)'
216. * b e N [ ÷ 3 + Ù ] i '≈ head'
217. * b u N g a 4 'thick; to swell' > IE *b≈eng8 ≈ -/*b≈n= g 8 ≈ - 'lump, thick'
217a. * b É P t ' V 'lip(s), mouth'
218. ? * b V ûq a 6 (= * b o û q a 6 ? ) 'side of body, side' > IE : NaIE * ° b[≈]ok[W] > Sl
*boŸk¥ 'side of body'
219. * b Å r V 'earth, land; dust'
?
2569
*beÂV
'mud, swamp' > IE: NaIE *°b≈{o2}r- > Sl *bara ' s w a m p ,
stagnant water, (?) small ruver'
219b. * b o r V 'mountain, hill'
22O. * b u  u (or * b u  u 4 ) 'break' > IE : NaIE *b≈reu\- 'break, tear', {EI}
*b≈reu\ - 'cut, break up', (+ext.) *b≈reu\s- 'break'
221. * b Ë r V 'turn round, rotate'
222. € * b u  V (or * b u 4  V ) 'flint' ( ‘ 'to cut\carve with a flint') o r
'to cut\carve' > (‘ 'flint' ) > AdS of IE: NaIE *b≈er- 'work with a s h a r p
instrument, cut' ( < N * b o 6 r 1 { a } 'pierce, bore')
223. * b u  V , * b u  [ V - ] { K } V 'storm, stormy wind' ( ‘ [in U and A]
'snowstorm') > IE : NaIE {AD} *b≈er-/*b≈eu\ r - v. 'be stormy', 'storm'
224. * b a { ? } e r i 'hold, take' > IE : NaIE *b≈er- v. 'take, bring, carry'
225. * b Ë ? Â V (probably * b o ? Â V ) 'to dig; a pit, well' > IE : NaIE
*b≈er- v. 'dig', ?σ NaIE *b≈re2u\-r= / b≈re2u\-n-/ b≈ru-n- 'spring (fons)'
225a. ( € ?) * b { Å } ÷ 3 V r V '∈ ungulate'
225b. € * b o h r V 'loose earth, dust'
226. € * b Ë h  V 'be light' (of colour)
227. ( € ?) * b V { h } Â V 'blow, inflate, swell'
228. * { b } u Ù r V 'back, rear'
229. * b a 4 r ? V 'to give'
23O. * b e r É ? a 'to give birth to; child' > IE : NaIE *b≈er-/ *b≈ôr- v. 'give
birth', 'child', *b≈er-no- 'foetus, child', IE *b≈reé-te2r > NaIE *b≈ra2-ter'kinsman of ego’s generation and of the same exogamous moiety' ‘
'brother'
231. * b u 4 + u r [ ? ] V 'lock of hair, down'
232. * b a 4 r ÷ 3 a 6 'bud, leaf' > IE : Ht
{Frd.} 'bud, sprout'
233. * b o r u 6 ÷ 3 V (or * b a r u 6 ÷ 3 V ) 'trunk' (‘ 'log') > IE : NaIE *b≈ruÓ- ≠
b≈reÓw- > NaIE *b≈ru2- ≠ *b≈re2u\- 'log'
234. * b o 6 r i { Ì } Ë 'loose earth, dust'
235. * b Å r h { e 6} 'to shine' > IE *b≈er[Ó]- (= *b≈eré8-?) > NaIE *b≈er[´]'shine (glänzen)', IE *b≈eré8 - +ext. > NaIE *b≈re2 - g8 - 'shine'
235a. € * b Å r { h } V 'be hungry, want' (‘ 'love')
236. * b o r Ó u 6 ' ≈ belly', 'internal organs' > IE : NaIE *b≈ru2-n- > OI
'embryo' »» MHG
,
'pudenda muliebria' »»
Cz
'placenta'
237. € * b u 6r u 6Ó V 'eyebrow, eyelash' > IE *≤b≈ruÓ- > NaIE *b≈ru2'eyebrow'
219a.
parsdu
bhru2≤n5a-m
brnka
briune bru2ne
2570
238.
239.
24O.
belly'
241.
* b a r q V ( ≠ * b a r Ù V ) 'to go, to go away, to step'
* b u 4r y i 'to cover'
€ * b V Â ÷ 3u 6c 7V '≈ belly' > IE: NaIE {Vn.} *b≈reu\s-/*b≈rus- ' ≈
chest,
*bÅÂ[V]dV
'pass,
'to pass; way, road' > IE: NaIE
*b≈re(:)d≈- v.
leap over, wade'
* b u r [ u ] d V { 9 } V (≠ * b a r [ u ] d V { 9 } V ?) 'facial hair, animal’s b o d y
hair, down' > IE : NaIE *b≈ard≈a2 'beard'
243. * b { i } r V g É 'high, tall' > IE *b≈erg8≈- 'high' Ï *b≈erg8≈o-s
242.
'mountain'
€ * b { É } Â V { k } V 'knee'
244a. * b { i } Â k + g V (≠ * p { i } Â g V ?) 'to dig'
245. UA € * b u  [ u ] k + g V 'run, jump'
246. ( € ?) * b o 6 r a K ' É (or * b o 6 r a K ' É ) 'to fall, to fell, to throw' > IE : NaIE
*b≈rek8- v. 'fall, fell'; * b o 6r { Å } 'to fall, to let fall'
247. * b V Â [ V ] k 'á 'to flash, to shine' > IE : NaIE *b≈erk8- / *b≈rek8- v.
244.
parkuis
'clean'
'shine, glitter', ?σ Ht
248. * b a  m V '∈ stinging insect' > IE : o †NaIE amb *b≈rem- 'a buzzing
insect'
249. * b a  Z 1V 'be uneven, rough; bristle' > IE : NaIE {P} *b≈ars-,
b≈r=sti-, *b≈ =rsti- '≈ bristle, point, spike'
25O. * b { Å } r 1 V 'old'
25Oa. * b o r 1 V or * b u r 1 V 'sun, day'
251. * b o 6r 1{ a } 'pierce, bore' > IE : NaIE *b≈er- id.
252. * b u r 1 u ( - K ' Ë ) (or * b u r 1 u 4 ( - K ' Ë )) 'spurt, gush forth, boil, seethe' >
IE: NaIE *b≈reu\-/*b≈erw- 'boil', {EI} *b≈reu\- 'brew'; (here??) NaIE *b≈re2u\r= / b≈re2u\-n-/ b≈ru-n- 'spring (fons)'
253. * b { u } Ù r 1 a 'watercourse, river' > IE : NaIE *b≈{e}r[u]-/*°b≈{o2}r'body of water'
254. * b a r 1 ? V 'big, much, thick' > IE : NaIE *b≈er- 'good, big'
255. * b o r 1 [ ? ] u 6 'brown, yellow' > IE *b≈er- 'brown', *b≈reu\Ó- id., *b≈eb≈ru- 'brown' (‘ 'beaver')
256. ? * b V { r 1 } [ V ] d V 'hail' (and 'snow'?)
257. (€ ?) * b { i } r 1{ u 4w } ûq a (or * b { i } r 1 { u w } û q a ?) '∈ edible fruit' > IE : NaIE
*b≈ru2g- 'fruit', v. 'use (as fruit)'
258. ? € * b Ë s 1 + c @ V 'to rub, to grind' > IE *b≈es- 'rub (off\away)'
2571
259.
* b u ? [ V ] s 2V ' b a d '
bo6 s a
> IE: NaIE *°b≈ou\s- > Gmc
bo2si
*bau\si, *bau\su-
bo4 s e
>
OSx
'Posse', OHG
'useles, cowardly, weak', NHG
'bad,
wicked, angry'
26O. * b u s 6 V 'to uncover, to peel', 'bare' > IE : NaIE *b≈oso- ' n a k e d ,
bare'
261. * b Ë s 6 ÷ V (or * b Ë s 6 ˝ V ?) 'breath' (‘ 'odour, steam, smoke')
262. * b { a } t V ' ≈ luck; good' > IE : NaIE *b≈{e}d-, {P} *b≈ad- ' ≈ g o o d ,
fortunate'
262a. € * b o t V 'dust' or 'ashes'
262b. * b { á } 9 Ë t V 'thigh, (calf of) leg'
263. * b i t [ V ] { ? } V 'to hold'
264. * b o 6 t { ÷ } V 'to grow' (intr.), 'to sprout'
265. U A € * b a t ' V ' ≈ cold; to feel cold, to freeze'
265a. * b i t ' V 'louse', '≈ parasitic insect'
266. * b u t ' V 'cut, cut off, cut into pieces'
267. € * b u t ' V 'pistachio
(and terebinth?) tree\nut'
268. * b a ÷ 3 + 9 u t ' V 'kick, push' > IE : NaIE {Mn.} *b≈au\d- / {P} *b≈ud- v.
'beat, chastise', {EI} *b≈eu\ d - (prs. *≤b≈ou\ d ei\ ) 'strike, beat'
268a. * b a 9 [ V ] t ' { i } 'be quick; sudden'
269. * b { u 4 } { 9 } a 6 t ' V 'hunt, try to catch'
27O. * b u [ w ] t ' V 'the hinder part of a quadruped's body, the l o w e r
part of a human body, bottom' > IE: NaIE *b≈ud≈-men 'lower p a r t ,
bottom' (in some lgs. transformed
into *b≈ud≈-mo-,*b≈ud≈-no >
*b≈und≈o-), {EI} *b≈ud-≤no- 'bottom'
271. * b { i } X a (or * b { i } q a , * b u 4 y X + q a ?) 'beat, strike' > IE *b≈ei\Ó/b≈iÓ 'strike'
272. * b a y V 'place', 'to be (somewhere) (= 'estar') > IE : NaIE *-b≈ei\/b≈i , postpositive marker of locative
273. € * b V y V (or * b V y V ) 'bee' > IE *b≈ei\[Ó]-/*b≈oi\[Ó]-/*b≈iÓ'bee'
274. * b e ? y V 'body, self' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'soul')
275. * b a Ù y V ¬ * b a Ù i '≈ abundant' > (?) one of the sources of IE *b≈o-s , *-b≈a2 , sx. of abstract nouns preserved in Sl *-ba and Lt
276. ? σ * b { e } y Ù V 'tear, cut into pieces'
277. * b { e } ÷ V H y V 'to pour'
278. ( € ?) o * b u 6z 1V '∈ insect' > IE : NaIE *b≈ey[Ó]-/*b≈oy[Ó]-/*b≈iÓ- >
NaIE *b≈ey-/*b≈oy- /*b≈ï- 'bee' (× N ?? * b V y V 'bee')
?
-be$
2572
* b { a } h z 1 V 'strike, thump'
28O. * b a z 7 e 6 'ripen, be cooked (gar werden)', 'cook, (?) p r e p a r e ' > IE:
NaIE *0b≈o2- v. 'warm, ? roast', ? +ext. *-g+g8-: *0b≈o2g+g8- > Gk fv1gv v.
279.
'roast, toast, parch'
281. * b Ë y z 6V '∈ fur-bearing animal' > IE : NaIE *b≈el- ' ≈ marten', {EI}
'wildcat; any small carnivore'
281a. € * b o Û V 'hair, feather'
282. * b e 6 Z 7 Ë ( [ - q V ] ) ¬ * b e 6Z 7[ V ] q V 'big, high'
283. * b É G [ V ] Z 7 V 'ungulate animal (deer and sim.)'
284. ( € ?) * c 1 É 'that' (distal or intermediate deixis)
285. ( € ?) * c @ u q b É or * c @ u 4 q b V 'carry away, throw (away)' > IE : NaIE
*skeu\b≈- {P} 'dahinschießen (flink), schießen, werfen, schieben', {EI}
'push away, push ahead'
286. * c o G + X c 7V or * c 7 o G + X c V 'sweep, rub\scrape away\off'
287. * c 1 { u 4 } d V 'outstretched hand, span'
288. * c @ o d ÷ Ë '≈ defect, evil deed'
289. * Ç e g V 'breast, milk'
29O. € * c @ o k V 'shelter, primitive house'
291. € * Ç o { k } { u 4 } 'small, little'
292. i * c @+ c '@i K 'a K 'a 'to tickle' > IE : NaIE i * ° skek-/* ° skok- id.
293. * c i k ' P 3 V 'branch, shoot of a plant'
294. * Ç { a } l ßV ( = * c ' @ { a } l ß V ?) 'cold' > IE : NaIE *°k≈ol-d- > Sl *xo8ld¥
'cold'
295. * c 1e l ∏e 6 'to peel' > IE : NaIE *skol- 'peel' (n.)
296. * c 1 É l ∏ V 'be quiet, wait'
297. € * c o l ß + l ! V 'be\make empty'
297a. * c @ a Ù o l ∏ V (or * c @ o Ù a l ∏ V ?) 'to wind (round sth.), to tie'
298. € * c @ i l ∏ Ù V 'to defecate'
299. * c @o L K 'V ( ≠ * c @ o L k V ) 'to advance with effort (to creep, t o
crawl, to climb, etc.)' > IE : NaIE *slenk- (≠ *sleng- ) v. 'creep, crawl'
3OO. * c @ a 4 l ß û q V 'lean, thin' (of a body), 'reduced'
3O1. * c 1a l ![ É ÷ ] o 'to split, to cut' > IE *skel[éx]-/*skl=[éx]-, {EI} *skel'split (apart)'
3O2. * c { i ? Å } m V (or * c i y Å m V ) '∈ grass'
3O3. ( € ?) * c 1{ o } m é € É 'to smear, (?) to stroke' > IE : NaIE *sme2≠*smei\ - d- v. 'smear, stroke'
3O3a. ? € * c 1 V m û q Ë '∈ fruit, berry'
2573
€ * c { u } n 2 c 7 V or * c 7 { u } n 3 c V 'to crawl'
3O5. € * Ç + Ç ' u 4 n 3 d V '∈ mouse'
3O6. * c u N V 'to know' (“ 'to have seen'?), 'to see'
3O7. * c @ u 4 N ÷ 3 V 'finger, finger knuckle'
3O8. * c @ + c ' @ { a 4 } N K V 'to break'
3O9. € * c V { p '} V 'to cover', 'roof, a covering, shelter' > IE : NaIE
*(s)kep- v. 'cover'
31O. * c 1É ûq V (= * c 1 a 4 û q V ?) 'to jump'
31Oa. * c i û q Ë '∈ small rodent (mouse?)'
311. * c 1 a r V (or * c ' @ a r V ) 'hard\firm, hardened crust, h a r d \ r o u g h
surface' > IE : NaIE *sker- '≈ hard\dry skin, crust'
312. * c 1 É Â V 'small, little' > IE : NaIE (in Gmc) * ° sker- (+exts.) 'lean; v.
3O4.
'shrink, wrinkle, shrivel'
313. ?σ * c Ë Â V 'to move (go, swim, fly) away (or from one place t o
another)'
314. * c { a w e } r V 'finger, hand'
315. € * c @ á ÷ 3 Â V 'to burn sth.'
316. * c 1 o é € [ V ] r V 'to drip, to leak, to flow; drops'
317. ? σ € * c Å Â [ V ] ˝ V ¬ * c Å ˝ Â V 'freeze, feel cold', 'fever'
317a. * c @ u 6 Â { k } a 'watch, (?) watch over' > IE : NaIE *swerg[≈]- ' w a t c h
over, be concerned about'
318. * c @{ a 4} r 1V 'dirt, dung, excrement, rubbish; defecate' > IE *sk8er(d≈)- 'defecate (cacare), excrete; dung, excrements'; *≤sok8r=- ( g e n .
*s(e)k8 ≤ n-os ) 'dung, excrements'
319. € * c @ É t V 'to cover' > IE : NaIE *(s)k8 e d- 'cover'
32O. * c o w V 'look at, look after, protect\guard' > IE : NaIE *(s)kew'worauf achten (beobachten, schauen)'
321. * c 1 a w { h } V 'to cover, to dress, to put\hang
(on)' > IE
*(s)k[≈]eu\ Ó - 'cover, wrap'
322. ?σ * c 1 a + o X u 6 ' ≈ mix, process grains' > ? σ IE : NaIE *ske2u\'poke\rake\stir (the fire)'
323. * c @ { i } X É 'sweep, rub\scratch away' > IE : ? φ Ht
'sweep,
wipe away'
324. * c '@a or * c @ a (= * Ó i c @ + c @ ' a ?), a marker of relative constructions ( i n
descendant lgs.: ‘ sx. of adjectives and singulatives [‘ diminutives]) >
IE : NaIE *-isk- , sx. of relative adjectives
325. € * c 1'á 'away, downward' > IE : NaIE *°sk8- > Sl *s¥, p r e p .
'downward from'
sanh-
2574
* c '@+ c @i o r * c 6'+ c 6i , a marker of verbal frequentativity\iterativity >
I E sx. *-sk8 - , a marker of iterativity\frequentativity
327. * c ' @ o Ù i b V 'belly'
328. € * c ' @ u 4 + u b [ V ] 9 V 'dip in' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'dye'), 'immerse'
329. * c 1 ' u 6 d V 'point with a finger', (‘ ) 'true, just'
33O. ? σ * c ' a [ ? É ] d V 'hunt, hunt for, wish'
331. * c ' @ a ÷ { i } d V 'to advance with effort (run, climb, etc.), to step' >
? φ IE : NaIE *k≈ad- or *k≈´d- '≈ go, walk'
332. * c 1 ' u y ˝ a 4 'thorn' > IE : NaIE *sk≈wei\[´]-, {EI} *≤skwe2i\-s ( g e n .
*sku≤y-os ) 'needle of a conifer, thorn'
333. * c ' @ a k [ É ] ÷ V '∈ snow, ice-crust, hoarfrost'
334. i * c ' É k ' V 'small'
335. * c ' @ É l ∏ V ( * c ' @ e y l ∏ V ?) 'to jump' > IE : NaIE *(s)k8 e l- 'jump'
336. * c ' 1 u 6 l ß V 'stalk, stick'
337. * c @ ' { u 4 } l ∏ Ë (or * c @ ' i l ∏ Ë ?) '≈ entire, intact, pure'
338. € * c ' @ V L V 'bend, incline' > IE : NaIE *skel- 'bend, be bent\twisted'
338a. * c ' 1 u 6 ÷ [ V ] l ß + l ! V 'small'
339. * c ' u 6 l ! + l ß Ì V 'to prick, to wound'
34O. * c '1i l ∏Ó Å (= * c ' 1 i l ∏ h Å ?) 'be wet\moist', 'moisture (water, etc.)' >
IE : NaIE *sk8le2-k- / *sk8l´-k 'wet', 'splash, sprinkle'
34Oa. * c ' 1 { i } L H V '(char)coal, soot'
341. * c @ ' É m V (= * c 1 ' É m V ?) 'to maim, to torment' > IE : NaIE *sk8em326.
'mutilated,
hornless'
342. * c ' 1 { i } m V 'eyelid', 'to blink (eyes)'
343. ( € ?) * c ' @ a m g V 'cold'
344. * c ' @ É m p V (or * c @ - ?) 'bent, crooked' > IE : NaIE *(s)k+k8emb'crooked', {EI} *(s)kamb- 'curve'
345. * c ' e n 2 V 'tie, bind, plait'
346. ? σ,φ * c @ + c ' @ a N + n 2 V 'be of a shining white', 'be bright', 'moon' > IE
(+ext.) NaIE *skend- ≠ *skand- 'be of a shining white', 'moon'
347. € * c ' @ a P 3 V (or * c ' @ a P 3 K ' V , * c ' @ a K ' P 3 V ?) 'stalk, pointed stick, spear' >
IE : NaIE skep- 'stalk, spear'
348. € * c ' { i } p ' V 'navel'
349. πo * c ' @ i p ' u ( - r 1 V ) 'small bird' > IE : NaIE *sper-, *sperw- id.,
'sparrow'
35O. * c ' 1 { o } P 3 V 'watch, look out, spy' > IE : NaIE * ° sk+ k 8 e p- 'watch'
2575
351. o
* c '@a p '[ ÷ ] a 'beat,
strike, chop' > IE: NaIE
*skep[Ó]- ≠ *skeÓb[≈]-
'split'
* c ' @ É p ' ÷ V ([as.) > * c ' @ É b ÷ V ) 'finger'
353. € * c ' V q V 'make dirty; revile'
354. i * c 1 ' o û q [ a ] ÷ É 'beat\hit (so.), hurt; pain' > IE : [1] (+ext.)
*skeÓt[Ó]- ({EI} *sket[≈] or *skeh⁄t[≈]-) 'injure, harm', [2] ? σ (+ext.) NaIE
* ° ske2 - n- 'push, strike'
355. * c ' a û q [ a ] { l ! } V (or * c ' a û q V ) 'elbow, ∈ part of a limb' > IE : NaIE
* ° sk+ k 8 e l- > Gk ske1 l oß 'the leg from the hip downwards'
356. * c @'{ Å } Â V (= * c 1 ' { Å } Â V ?) 'to cross', 'across, over' ( d i r e c t i o n ) ,
'through' > IE : NaIE *(s)ker(-s)- 'across, through'
357. * c ' 1 o r V ( ¬ * c ' 1 a w r V ¬ * c ' 1 a r w V ?) 'tip, top, edge' > IE : NaIE
*k≈ar- 'pointed, sharp', (?) 'rock'
358. * c '@Ë r V 'narrow' > IE : NaIE (att. in Gmc) *°sk+ke
8 r- (+exts.) v.
352.
'shrink, wrinkle, shrivel; lean'
359. * c ' á G r V 'be in pain, feel hurt, resent'
36O. * c ' @ { u 6 } 9 r V 'be small, diminish'
361. * c ' @ a 4 { h } u 4 + u r V 'circle; to twist'
362. * c ' Ë y r V 'rot, stink, be spoiled\bitter' > IE *(s)k8er-(d≈-) ' c a c a r e ;
dung, excrements'
363. * c ' { e } r [ a ] ÷ V '∈ (stinging?) insect'
364. * c ' i r y a 6 'to scratch\chisel, to shape (an object), to fashion'
365. € * c '2a 6Â [ i ] p V ( ≠ * - b - ?) 'scratch\chisel, hew, cut' > IE : NaIE
*skerb-/*skreb- (≠ * -p-), *skrei\b/p- 'scratch, scrape'
366. ? * c ' 1 o r 1 V (or * c ' o r 1 V ?) 'to drip, to trickle'
367. € * c ' 1 Ë ÷ r 1 V 'squeeze out (liquid), strain, sift'
368. ( € ?) * c ' o t V 'drop'
369. * c @'{ u 4} t V (or * c @ ' { u 4 } t ' V ?) 'throw, fling, pour' > IE : NaIE *(s)keu\d/*(s)kud- 'throw, cast'
37O. * c ' Å Ó t V ¬ * c 'Å Ó d V (= * c ' Å ÷ + H t V ¬ * c ' Å ÷ + H d V ?) 'red'
371. * c '@o Q t 'V 'dark, darkness' > IE : NaIE *skot- 'shade, d a r k n e s s ,
shadow'
372. * c ' 1 o w V 'inform, make know\hear'
373. € * c ' V X Ë 'be alive\healthy'
374. € * c 7 a , dem. pronoun of distal deixis
375. * c 7 { u 4 } 'that of…, that which' > IE *-istÓo- > NaIE *-ist(≈)o-, sx.
of the superlative degree
2576
* c 7+ c 7'i b V 'stem of a tree, log' > IE: NaIE *ste2Æb(≈)- 'post, pillar,
stem of a tree', ‘ 'staff, stick'
377. € * c 7 u 6 b V 'bend, turn, turn back, give back' > ? IE : NaIE {P}
*°steu\b[≈]-ma, *°stou\b[≈]-ma > Clt: W ystum n. 'bend'
378. * c 7 { a ? u } b a 'cloth, sack'
379. ( € ?) * c 7a y V d [ V ] y V 'female breast' > ? φ IE : NaIE *d[≈]ed≈- ({P}
*d≈ed≈n-, {Dv.} *dad≈-) 'milk'
38O. € * c 7 É g V 'to prick' (‘ 'to butt') > IE : NaIE *steg≈- v. 'prick'
381. * c 7 a { h } a 'to stop, to stand (up)' ( ‘ 'to raise') > IE *steé- ( =
*ste´€-) / *stée- / *sté=- > NaIE *sta2- / *°st≈e- (preserved in OI only) /
*st´- 'stand'
382. * c 7 i k a 'to prick, to split' > IE : NaIE {EI} *stei\g- 'prick' ( o r
*(s)tei\ g - v. 'prick', 'pointed')
383. * c 7i k Ë 'base of limbs (shoulder, hip)' (‘ 'thigh') > IE : NaIE
*(s)tei\ g W- 'shoulder, thigh'
384. * c 7 Å k ' { Ë } 'to prick (stechen), to gouge'
385. * c 7 { o } K ' V 'much, heavy'
386. * c 7 Å l V 'stalk' > IE : NaIE *stel- 'branch, stalk, stem'
387. * c 7 a l V 'beat, knock down, fell'
388. * c 7Å l V (= * c 7 Å l Ë ?) 'to plait'
389. * c 7 e L V 'pull away, take away\out, rob' > IE : NaIE *stel- v. 'rob'
39O. * c 7u 6L V 'stalk, branch' > IE : NaIE *stel-/*°stwol-o- ' b r a n c h ,
376.
stalk, stem'
€ * { c 7 } V ÷ 3 L V ( - b Å ) '∈ canine'
391a. € * c 7 Å l V m V 'orifice, pit' or 'breach'
392. * c 7 a l ! [ Ë ] g V 'snow' or 'hoarfrost'
393. * c 7 { i } m a 6 'to be(come) quiet\silent'
394. € * c 7 o m a 'wild bovine'
395. ? € * c 7 a m V c 1 V 'get sour\rotten'
396. * c 7 i n 2 V 'other'
397. * c 7 { a } n 2 d V 'rise, emerge, jump (up)' > IE : NaIE *skand- 'jump
391.
up,
rise'
€ * c 7 u 4 N V 'smoke, smell'
399. € * c 7 + c 7 ' a N [ k ] a 6 ' ≈ push, kick,
398.
stumble' > IE: NaIE
kick, stumble'
4OO. ( € ?) * c 7 o { N t ' } V ' ≈ to step, to tread'
4O1. * c 7a p a 'sack, vessel'
*steng[W]-
v. ' ≈
2577
€ * c 7É q V (or * c 7 É X V ) 'chop, cut'
4O3. * c 7 a q y V (or * c 7 a X y V ?) 'to shine'
4O4. * c 7 Ë [ ? ] Â V 'stand, stand up'
4O5. ( € ?) * c 7 { i } 9 Â V ( ≠ * c 7 { i } Â { 9 } V ?) 'to
4O2.
stop up, to thrust, to plug,
to dam'
* c 7Å r { h } { u 6} 'to spread, to scatter' > IE: NaIE *ster-, *steru/*streu\-, *ster´-/*stro2+a2- id.
4O7. ( € ?) * c 7 É Â é € V (= * c 7 É Â ÷ V ?) 'to stick in, to gouge, to chisel'
4O8. * c 7 V Â u q V (or * c 7 V Â u 4 q V ?) 'pile up, put\lay on\over' > IE: NaIE
*streu\ [ ´]- / *strou\ [ ´] / *stru[:]- 'pile up, build'
4O9. * c 7 { a } w { u 6 } r y V 'bull, calf' > IE : NaIE *steu\ r -/stou\ r - 'bull'
41O. * c 7 { i } Â k V 'pus, rotten\filthy liquid' > IE : NaIE *(s)terg8+g- /
*(s)treg8+g- 'rotten liquid, filth', *(s)terk8- / *(s)trenk8- ' ≈ e x c r e m e n t s ,
4O6.
urine'
* c 7 i { t } V 'to clean, (?) to wipe'
412. i ? * c 7 i t ' [ H ] a 'little bird'
413. ? σ € * c 7 Å y V 'bring, give'
414. € * c 7 ' á + a b V { y } V '∈ horned animal'
415. * c 7 ' V c 7 ' X + Ì V 'be born; a young (of an animal)'
416. * c 7 ' a y d V 'strike, beat' > IE : NaIE *[(s)]k(≈)ai\ d - 'strike'
417. * c 7'Ë k a (or * c 7 ' Ë k [ V ? ] V ?) 'to shut, to stop up, to cover'
NaIE *(s)teg- v. 'cover'
418. € * c 7 ' + c 7 i k ' V 'to cut'
419. * c 7 ' É ÷ k ' V (or * c 7 ' a 4 ÷ i k ' V ?) 'squeeze; tight''
42O. * c 7' a 4 l ß V (or * c 7 a 4 ? l ß V ) 'feeble, lean; to shrink, to diminish'
421. € * c 7 ' { o } l ∏ [ w ] V 'shadow, shade, dark'
422. € * c 7 ' V ÷ + H + h m V 'to taste, to eat'
423. * c 7 ' a 4 m [ V ] X V 'sour, bitter'
424. * c 7 ' i w n V ( - c 7 ' V ) 'smell, stench, malodorous sweat'
425. * c 7 ' e n 2 ? V 'narrow, thin' > IE : NaIE * ° sten- 'narrow'
426. * c 7 ' { a 4 } n 2 c 7 ' V (or * c @ ' { a 4 } n 2 c 7 ' V ) 'tip, (back) end, tail'
427. * c 7 ' Ë p ' V ( Â V ) 'fingernail, claw'
428. * c 7 ' V p ' V ( - t V ) 'thong'
429. * c 7 ' i ÷ P 3 a 6 'branch, bough, rod'
43O. * c ' 7 É [ y ] p ' V 'sink, immerse; swim; flow'
431. * c 7 ' { a } r V 'to cut'
411. ( € ?)
> IE:
2578
* c 7 ' É Â V 'look
after, guard, observe' > IE: NaIE *ster-g-, *ster-kv. 'guard, care, take care of', NaIE *0ster- > Sl *starati seß 'to e x e r t
oneself, to do one’s best, to take care of'
433. * c 7 ' u 6 r V 'seize, take, carry'
434. * { c ' 7 } { u } Â V 'to soil, to stain; dirty' > IE : NaIE *(s)ter- 'filth, filthy
liquid, dung', v. stain, dacay' ('unreine Flüssigkeit, Mist; besudeln;
verwesen')
435. ( € ?) * c 7 ' V Â V 'flintstone, knife'
436. * c 7 ' o h r V 'vessel', (“ ?) 'basket'
437. * c 7' u 6 h [ V ] r V 'top, edge, highest point' > IE : NaIE ? *stu(:)r({Mn.} *st[≈]u2 Æ r - ) 'edge, tip, peak' ? NaIE {Mn.} *st´u\ro- 'post, stake'
438. ? € * c 7 ' V Â ? V 'hoarfrost', ( ‘ ) 'frozen soil'
439. * c 7 ' É Â { h á } 'heavy, hard, stiff, difficult' > IE : NaIE *(s)ter[´]/stre2- v. 'be stiff, be firm, be hard, be strong'
44O. * c 7'u 6r t V 'soot' > IE : NaIE *swordo- 'black, dirty' ( × N * s @ Ë Â t V
'dirt[y]')
441. * c 7 ' u 6 ÷ r 1 V ≠ * c 7'u 6r 1÷ V 'to see, to look'
442. ( o ?) * c 7'a w X V 'to cry, to exclaim' ( ‘ 'to praise', ' f a m e ' ) > IE:
NaIE *steu\ - 'praise'
443. € * c 6 u 4 c ' @ V (or * s 6 - ?) 'clean; to clean'
444. * c 6 É c 7 k V 'to crush, to split'
445. ? σ * c 6 Ë d V 'be weak, be damaged, be weary'
446. ( € ?) * c 6 V d { i } ( k a [ ? V ] ) ' ≈ wait, stay, have leisure' > ? σ IE : NaIE
*stei\ g - '≈ stand still'
447. € * c 6 o d h V 'break (esp. a body part), strike'
448. * c 6V d [ V ] ûq V ¬ * c 6V ûq V d V 'to tear, to split' > IE : NaIE *sk(≈)ed/*skend- 'split'
449. * c 6 i h { i } ' ≈ carry, bring' (‘ 'give')
45O. * c 6 É k ÷ V ¬ * c 6 É k ' ÷ V , ? * - r V 'to step, to tramp, to trample down'
451. € * c 6 u K ' V 'thorn, point (‘ blade), summit'
452. * c 6 a l V 'to pour (out)' > IE : (+ ext.) NaIE *selg- (WP, P, EI *selg8-)
v. 'pour out, let go\flow, discharge'
453. * c 6 o { h } l ∏ V 'similar; as; alone, one of two' > IE : NaIE *°so2lo- > L
'alone'
453a. * c 6 u m V 'to lift, to raise'
454. * c 6 i X m V 'fat (Fett)'
455. ≈ * c 6 { i } ? { a 4 } n 2 a 6 'recognize, know (connaître)'
432.
so2 l us
2579
455a. ( € ?)
sounds'
* { c 6} u n 2[ ? ] V
'to sound, to utter' > IE: NaIE
*swen- ' p r o d u c e
€ * c 6a + É n 2c 7'V 'large' (‘ 'high, broad')
* { c 6 } e { p } V 'heel, foot, part of leg'
* c 6{ a y } P 3V 'vegetation, leaves' > IE : NaIE *sai\ p - 'thicket, hedge'
* c 6i P [ V ] ÷ á (= * c 6 i b [ V ] ÷ á ?) 'eat one’s fill, feed to satiety' > IE
456. ? σ
457.
458.
459.
*speh8 -
'be sated'
* c 6a 4{ ÷ 3Ë } Â V 'the calf of the leg, shank' > IE *seÓWr-VÓ > NaIE
{P} *so2[u\]ra2 id.
461. * c 6u ÷ r V 'vulva, vagina'
462. * c 6 Ë r 1 V (or * c 6 Ë r y + ? V ?) 'to twist, to twine'
463. € * c 6 a t V 'to separate, to scatter' > IE *(s)ked- 'scatter'
464. * c 6i [ w ] t V ( or * c 6 u 4 t V ?) 'to split' > IE : NaIE *(s)ked- ≠ *skei\d- /
*(s)kend- 'split' ˚ An alt. conjecture: two N words: [1] N * c 1+ c 6o t V
'split', [2] * c 2 + c 6 + c 1 ' + c 6 ' i t V (or * c 6 i t h V ?) 'split, crush'
465. * c 6 a + o { t ' } V 'deviate from the right path, incline, be lame\cripple'
466. * { c 6 } { u 6 } w [ ? ] V 'meat' > IE : Ht {Ts.} zuwa 'food, bread'
467. € * c 6 V X V 'to burn' (trans.)
468. * c 6 V y [ ÷ ] V 'girl, (younger) sister' > IE : NaIE * ° sey[Ó]- 'sister'
469. € * c 6'Å ÷ 3V 'be lost, die'
47O. * c 6'{ a } ? b V '( ∈ ) fish'
471. € * c 6 ' a b V ? V 'war', 'warriors, host'
472. * c 6 ' á b ÷ 3 V 'shoulder'
473. * c 6 ' { i } b V Ì V (or * c 6 ' { i } b V ÷ V ) 'hyena'
474. ? σ € * c 6 ' o 6 b V Â V 'press together, squeeze (as in a fist)'
475. € * c 6 ' V [ Ç ' ] [ V ] û q V (= * c 6 ' V c 7 [ V ] û q V ≠ * c 6 ' V c ' û q V ?) 'squeeze, press'
476. ( € ?) * c 6 ' V H w V 'to burn' (trans.) (‘ 'to warm' [of the sun], ' h e a t
46O.
of the day')
477.
€ * c 6'o K ÷ É
(=
* c 6 ' o g ÷ É ?)
'sink
to a kneeling\squatting\lying
position'
* c 6'i K 'V (= * c 6 ' i û q V ?) 'tight, narrow, dense'
479. * c 6 ' Ë ? { i l } [ w ] V 'little, small'
48O. € * c ' 6 + c 6 V h L V 'be compassionate, have mercy'
481. * c 6 ' { i } l [ V ] ÷ V 'side of body' (‘ 'rib'), 'hip' ( ‘ 'thigh') >
*(s)k[≈]el- 'hip, thigh; rib'
482. ( € ?) * c 6 ' V é € [ V ] m V 'daylight'
483. * c 6 ' V m [ V ] { s } V 'to interlace, to plait\tie\wrap together'
478.
IE : NaIE
2580
€ * c 6 ' { a } n ? V 'to give birth'
485. ? σ * c 6 ' É ˆ [ V ] q V 'to press, to squeeze'
486. * c 6 ' Ë n 1 t V 'mucus' (in descendants lgs.: ‘ 'sweat', 'dung, filth') >
IE : NaIE {P, EI} *swei\d- v. 'sweat', *swei\des n. 'sweat', *swoi\do-,
*sweidro-/swidro- id.
487. i * c 6'a N Ë 'jump, skip'
488. * c ' 6 a p V 'clay, mud; to smear, to moisten'
488a. (?? i ) * c 6 ' a P V 'to grasp, to take'
489. * c 6'i p 'a 6 (or * c 6 ' u 4 p ' a 6 ? ) 'be narrow, be compressed'
49O. * c 6 ' a p V ÷ 3 É 'filth, dung', 'rubbish'
491. € * c 6 ' V P 3 Â V 'to twist, to plait' > IE : NaIE *sper- 'turn, twist' , {EI}
484.
'wrap around'
492.
* c 6'É P t 'V
'shut, close'
'to close, to shut, to hide' > IE (mt.): Ht
istap(p)- v.
* c 6 ' e h r V 'back'
493. * c 6 ' a 4 r ÷ V (or * c 6 ' a 4 r Ë ÷ V ?) 'female breast, udder'
* c 6 ' e r [ V ] Ù V 'wing, feather'
494. €*
495. € * c ' 6 o t ' V 'mud'
496. € * d { i } , a marker of imperfective (“ an aux. verb?)
497. * d i ÷ É ( ≠ * d V Ó Ë ?) 'to put, to place' > IE *d≈eh8- / *d≈ei\h8492a.
v.
'put, lay, place'
* d u 6b V 'edge, end'
498a. * d V b V 'hill'
499. * d u b [ ? ] V 'back, hinder part, tail'
5OO. € * d Å d V 'thick, fat, large'
5O1. * d i d V 'large, big' > IE : NaIE * ° d[≈]id[≈]-(i-) 'big'
5O2. * d o d [ é € ] V ' ≈ tip, nipple; to suck (mother’s breast)'
*d[≈]ed≈- 'milk'
5O3. * d { u 4} g a 'suitable, fit, good' > IE : NaIE *d≈eu\g≈- v.
498.
> IE: NaIE
'be r e a d y ,
prepare', {EI} 'be useful, produce sth. useful'
5O4. € * d a 4 h g Ë 'to watch, to look at'
5O5. * d a g o r V 'shoulder-blade, upper part of the back'
5O6. * d V w 9 + ˝ V 'sun, day, morning' ( ‘ 'be bright as the sun' ) > ? σ
IE : NaIE *d≈ew[´]- 'be bright, shine'
5O7. (€ ?) * d i { h } a 'look at' > IE *d≈eyé=- / *d≈yeé- / *d≈ié- v. 'see, l o o k
at' > NaIE *d≈ey´-/*d≈ya2-/*d≈ï- id.
2581
5O8. * d { É } é ⁄ a 'with', 'together
with' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'and') >
IE : Ht
'and'  NaIE *0d[≈]a2 + o 2 > pSl *da 'and, but'
5O9. * d e { ? o } Ó e 'make, do' > IE *d≈eé8- v. 'make, do'
51O. * d a k a 'back (dorsum), back (rear), behind'
511. * d { Å } k { o } ( ≠ * d { Å } g { o } ?) 'to burn' (trans.) > IE : NaIE *d≈egW≈vt., vi. 'burn'
512. * d u 6 k { Ë } 'strike, beat'
513. € * d É Ó i k { a } (= * d É ÷ 3 i k { a } ?) 'pierce, dig' > IE : NaIE *d≈e2i\g/*d≈o2 i \ g -/*d≈ïg- 'pierce, stick'
514. € * d a k [ V ] Ë '(young of an) equid'
515. * d i k [ É ] ˝ { Ë } 'rumple, knead, press' > IE : NaIE *d≈ei\g8≈- ' k n e a d ' ,
{P} 'Lehm kneten und damit mauern oder bestreichen'
516. * d a K ' V 'small, thin, short'
517. * d i k ' V 'edible cereals\fruit'
518. * d o K ' e 6 ' ≈ observe, learn (erfahren)' > IE : NaIE *dok8+k- v. ' ≈ m a k e
clear, teach, believe'
519. € * d { Ë } { K ' } V 'to approach; near'
52O. * d a l ß V 'tasty, sweet' > IE : NaIE *dl= ≤ k+ k 8 u - 'sweet'
521. * d { i } l ∏a (= * d { i } l ß a ?) 'sunshine, daylight, b r i g h t ' > ? IE : NaIE
*d≈el- 'sun, bright'
522. * d u l ∏i 'fire; to heat'
523. ( € ?) * d a Ó l ∏ V ¬ * d a l ∏Ó V 'lick'
524. € * d u 4 + u [ Ó + w + y ] l V 'itching, lust'
525. * d u 6 l ß Ë h V 'be mad, be stupid'
526. * d a l q a + Ë ' w a v e ' > IE *°d≈elÓ- > Ï Gk †a1lassa, Gk A †a1latta
'sea', Mcd dala1 g can accus. 'sea'
527. * d á L b V 'to gouge, to dig, to cut t h r o u g h ' > IE : NaIE *d≈elb≈- v.
'dig, gouge'
528. ? σ * d á L { k } a 'to prick' > IE : NaIE *d≈elg- v. 'prick; thorn', {EI}
'sting, pierce', 'pin'
529. ? σ € * d e L [ V ] P 3 V 'to flap, to wave', 'to fly' (“ 'to flap wings'?)
53O. * d V l ûq a 6 'feather'
531. * d É 9 l ! a 6 (= * d u 4 9 l ! a 6 ? ) 'bush(es), shrubs, thicket'
532. * d u 6Ó l !+ l ßV 'dust' > IE : NaIE *d≈eu\ [ ´]l-/*d≈u2 l -/*d≈wolo- 'dust'
533. * d e q l ! + l ß V '(to be) thin'
534. * d Å + o l ! [ V ] ÷ V (= * d Å l ! o ÷ V or * d Å l ! [ V ] ÷ o ?) 'to push, to p r e s s ,
(?) to squeeze' > ? µ IE (+ext.): NaIE *d≈els-/*d≈l=s- ≠ *d≈l´s-/*dla2s- v.
'squeeze, press'
ta
?
2582
* d a m V or * d a m V d V
* d Å m V 'steam, mist, dust'
535. ( € ?)
'to cover, to close'
536.
> IE: NaIE {P} *d≈em- v. 'smoke', 'fly
about' (dust); 'blow (blasen, wehen)'
537. * d u 6 m V 'be motionless, be silent, be quiet'
537a. ( € ?) * d V m V ( = * d i m V ?) 'to breathe, to blow' > IE : NaIE
*d≈em- 'blow (blasen, wehen)'
538. ( € ?) * d { u 6} h m V ≠ * d { u 6 } m h V '(be) dark' > IE : NaIE *d≈em(´)'dark'
538a. ≈ * d Ë m [ ? ] u 6 (= * d { o } m [ ? ] u 6 ? ) or * d Ë N w V (= * d { o } N w V ?)
'( ∈?) big tree' > IE: NaIE *d≈onu-/*d≈onw- 'fir'; d Ë m [ ? ] u 6 p ' u i ( ≠
* d Ë m [ ? ] u 6 b u ? i ?) or * d Ë N w V p 'u i (≠ * d Ë N w V b u ? i ?) '(∈?) big t r e e '
(with * p ' u i [≠ * b u ? i ?] 'tree') > IE: NaIE *0d[≈]omb[≈]- (or *0d[≈]amb[≈]?) 'oak'
539. * d i m [ V ] N a + á 'rubbish,
dirt, animal faeces' > IE: NaIE
* ° d≈eng≈+ g 8 ≈ - id. (‘ 'earth')
54O. € * d V m P V (= * d V m p ' V ?) 'back, hinder part, tail' > IE : NaIE
* ° dumb- 'tail, penis'
541. * d { o } n 2V 'flat, low', ( ‘ ?) 'lowland' > IE : NaIE *d≈en- 'palm o f
hand; plain, lowlands'
542. * d o 6 n ` V 'to cut' > IE : NaIE *°d{≈}en- > Al G
'haue a u s ,
'form with a bladed tool: chisel, carve, whittle,
schneide', Al T
sculpt; engrave'
543. * d u n 2 V (or * d u 4 n 2 V ) 'to stream, to flow' > IE : NaIE *d≈en- v.
'stream, flow, leak' Ï NaIE *d≈o2nu- 'river'
544. * d o n 1 c 1 É 'large', 'heavy' (of load) > possibly IE *d[≈]+tes- > H t
'strong, heavy; mighty'
545. * d o N a 'to cover' > IE : NaIE *d≈eng≈- v. 'cover, press on'
546. (€ ?) * d u 4 N [ g ] a 6 '(be) quiet, silent' > IE : NaIE *°d[≈]eng+gW[≈]- > Ltv
'to be quiet, to keep one’s temper'
547. * d a P V ( K ' V ) 'to stick (adhere), to glue'
548. € ≈ * d u 6 p ' V 'to squat', 'to hide' (intr.) (‘ 'to steal') > IE : NaIE
*teu\ p - v. 'squat', 'cover (also in order to get hidden)', {EI} *teu\ b ≈- 'steal'
549. * d { a 4 ? i } p V 'to wave, to flap, to wave the wings, to fly; wing'
55O. * d a p ' [ V ] ˝ V ≠ * d a ˝ o p 'V 'to push' > IE *depÓ- > NaIE *dep≈'trample, push, knead, strike'
551. € * d É q V 'earth'
552. € * d u q V or * d u 4 q V 'blow (wehen, blasen), breathe' ( ‘ ' s m o k e ' )
> IE *d≈eu\Ó- v. 'shake, blow' Ï *dhuÓ-mo- 'smoke, steam'
?
?
gdhe4nd
dassudinfi g t
?
dhe6nn
2583
* d i ûq a 'goat' (or '∈ ruminant'?) > IE: NaIE {EI} *≤dik-s (*di≤g-os)
({P} *dig≈- ) 'goat'
554. ( € ?) * d Å r V 'have a suitable size (be just right, b y t ∆ v p o r u )'
555. * d u r i (or * d o r i ??) 'go, walk'
556. * d u r V (or * d u 4 r V ) 'hole, hollow' > IE : NaIE *d≈we(:)r- /
*d≈wo(:)r- / *d≈ur- / *d≈wr=-, {EI} *≤d≈wo!r (gen. *d≈u≤r-os) 'door, gate'
557. * d u 6Â V 'log, stick' > IE : NaIE *d≈we(:)r- / *d≈wo(:)r- / *d≈ur- /
*d≈wr=-, {EI} *≤d≈wo!r (gen. *d≈u≤r-os) 'door, gate'
558. € * d Ë Â V 'deaf'
558a. € * d { u 6 } r V 'woods, bush(es)'
559. € * d u 4 r V or * d Ë r É 'entrails, heart'
56O. * d a ? u r V 'to stand, to stay'
56Oa. * d e 9 a r V 'hill, summit'
561. * d a 4 [ y ] Â V ¬ * d a [ y ] Â É 'be(come) stiff\firm' > IE : NaIE *d≈{ ï }r- /
*d≈er- 'firm'
562. * d e r ? { i } 'thrust back, drive away' > IE : NaIE (+ext.) *d≈rei\b≈553.
'drive away, push', {EI} 'drive'
563. * d { u 6 } r [ ] V 'dirt' > IE : NaIE *d≈er-(k-), *d≈eri\-/*d≈rei\- v.
'defecate', 'faeces'
563a. € * d Å r ÷ 3V 'ashes'
564. * d a r [ V Ó ] V 'hold, hold fast, fasten' > IE : NaIE *d≈er(´)- v. ' h o l d ,
hold fast, hold up'
565. * d u 6r [ V h ] V 'to deceive, (?) to outwit' > IE *d≈wer(Ó)- > NaIE
*d≈wer(´)- v. 'deceive, seduce'
565a. € * d a r Ó V or * d a Ó r V 'path, way'
566. € * d e r { } u 6 b V 'way, path'
567. * d a  u g a or * d a  u 4g a 'tremble, shake' > IE : NaIE *d≈reu\ g [≈]- id.
568. * d á Â { h } V g a ≠ * d á Â { h } V k V 'to walk, to run; way, path' > IE:
[1] {EI} *d≈reg≈- 'run', [2] NaIE *°≤d≈or´g[≈]- > pSl *do¡rga 'road, way', [ 3 ]
?σ NaIE *d≈rog≈o- 'wheel'
569. * d V Â [ é € ] V g + K ' V 'sediment (in food), refuse' > IE : NaIE
*d≈er´g≈- 'sediment, residue', {EI} *d≈rog≈- 'dregs'
57O. * d o  k 'á ( ≠ * d o  g á ?) 'to bend, to turn, to wrap' > IE : NaIE
*d≈erg8≈-/*d≈org8≈-/*d≈r=g8≈-/*d≈reg8≈-/*d≈rog8≈- v. 'turn'
571. * d u r 1V 'camping-site,
abode' > IE: NaIE *d≈wor-/*d≈ur'courtyard, abode', {EI} *≤d≈woro-m 'enclosure, courtyard'
572. * d u 6 { r 1 } V [ 9 + q V ] 'lamb, kid (of a wild ram, etc.)'
?
?
2584
* d { o } r 1[ V ] k V 'to tread, to trample'
574. * d V s 7 t V 'moon' (‘ 'star')
575. * d o Ê g i ? u 6 'fish' > IE {EI} *d≈g8≈uÓ- > NaIE *d≈g8≈u2- 'fish'
576. * d a Ù w V ( ≠ * d a w Ù V ?) 'to press, to push' > IE : NaIE *d≈o+aw573.
v. 'press'
€ * d { á } w V ÷ 3 + 9 V 'wolf' or 'jackal'
578. * d V w [ V ] y V 'be ill\weak, die' > IE *d≈eu\-, d≈wei\(Ó)- v. ' d i e ,
faint', {EI} *d≈eu\ - 'die'
579. * d [ o y ] a ( > * d a ) 'place (within, below), inside' (‘ locative p c . ,
'in') > IE: NaIE *-d≈e, locative ending ('in') in adverbs, NaIE *-d≈i,
577.
locative ending
58O.
* d a 4{ z 6} V (or * d a 4? { z 6} V ?) 'to
strike' > IE: NaIE (+ext.)
*°d≈elg[≈]-
v. 'strike, beat'
581. * g { Ë } 'we' incl.
582. € * g a ? i or * g a ? y V 'high'
583. € * g u ? a (or * g u 4 ? a ) 'to butt, to stab, to strike'
584. * g a ÷ u 6 'catch, take, receive' > IE *g≈eéu\- > NaIE *g≈a2u\- 'receive,
catch'
585. ( € ?) * g u ÷ V 'to perceive, to care' > IE : NaIE *g≈ow(e2)- ({EI}
*g≈ou\ - ) v. *g≈ou\ - 'perceive, pay heed to'
586. * g a b V ( - l ß + l ! V ) 'head' (‘ 'top', 'skull') > IE : NaIE *g≈eb≈-el-/-ôl/-lo- 'head, top', {EI} *g≈eb≈o2 l 'head'
587. € * g o b V 'plain (Ebene), (?) earth'
588. ? * g u 4+ u b + p É 'heap, hump, hunchback' > IE : L
, VL {ML}
*gu" b bus 'hunchback'
589. € * g a ? b V 'thick, dense; large'
59O. * g u { ? b } V 'to bend' (trans., intr.) > IE : NaIE *g≈eu\b-/*g≈ub- id.,
'bent, crooked'
591. * g a ÷ b V (or * g a ˝ b V ?) 'hold, seize; collect' > IE : NaIE *g≈ab≈- v.
'seize, hold' ≠ *g≈ab- v. 'seize', {EI} *g≈ab≈- 'take, seize'
592. * g { u y } b V 'to heat' (‘ 'to cook, to roast, to burn, to dry') > IE:
NaIE *0g[≈]ob[≈]- or *0g[≈]Wob[≈]-, *0g[≈]ub[≈]- 'fire'
593. ? * g { Ë } b ÷ V ( L V ) 'hill, mountain' > IE : NaIE *°g≈+g≈8 Vb[´]- > MHG
( ) 'höchste Spitze' Ï dim. MHG
,
> NHG
G
'summit'
594. * { g } a b H É ≠ * - H b - 'blunt, weak' > IE : NaIE *k≈a2b≈- ≠ *k≈o2b≈'blunt(ed), weak, powerless (abgestumpft, kraftlos)'
giÆbbus
gupf e
ipfel
gu4pfel gipfel
2585
* g u b [ V ] Â É ≠ * g u  b V 'back, back side, nape (of neck)' > IE:
[1] NaIE *0g[≈][W]urb[≈]- > Sl *g¥rb¥ 'back (dorsum)', [2] NaIE *gWerwa2
≠ *gWrïwa2 'nape of neck'
596. ( € ?) * g i c 7 'V 'injure, irritate' > IE : NaIE *g8≈ei\sd- ≠ *g8ei\sd≈- v. id.,
595.
'rile'
597.
€ * g i { c 6} V
(or
* g i c 6'V ?)
of IE: NaIE
'hip, thigh' > AdS
*kei\s-
'arm, thigh, shank'
598. * g a d { a } 'bank, shore, side of sth.'
599. * g a d V '(to be) suitable\good; luck' > IE : NaIE *g≈ed≈-/*g≈od≈v. 'be suitable\good'
6OO. * g á d i 'back part; occiput, nape of neck' > ? φ IE : NaIE *g8≈ed'anus', (‘ ?) 'defecate' (× NaIE *0g8 ≈ + g ≈ed- 'hole')
6O1. ( € ?) * g u d V (or * g u 4 d V ?) '∈ to cut, to tear' > ?φ IE : NaIE *gWed≈'destroy'
6O2. * g u d V ≠ * g u t V 'belly, middle'
> IE: NaIE *gud-/*geu\d-,
*gudo-m 'gut'
6O2a. * g u [ ] d É ¬ * g u 4 [ ] d V (or * g u [ ] Z 7É ¬ * g u 4 [ ] Z 7 V ) 'to guard, t o
watch, to be on the watch for'
6O3. * g a [ y ] d i ( ≠ * g a [ y ] t i ?) 'kid, young goat', ? '( ∈ ) antelope' > IE:
NaIE *g≈+ g 8 ≈ ai\ d o- '(young) goat'
6O3a. * g e { d } u 4 s 6 V 'late, evening' (‘ 'yesterday') > IE : NaIE {P} *g8≈Dyes
/ ? *g8 ≈ Dis 'yesterday'
6O4. * g a ÷ 3u 4g á 'covet, long for', ( ‘ ?) 'mate, copulate' > IE : NaIE
*g≈ei\ g 8 ≈ - 'covet'
6O5. * g É h o 6w y V 'go away, drive away (forttreiben)' > IE > NaIE
*g≈e2 ( i\ ) -/*g≈i- or *g8≈e2(i\)-/*g8≈i- v. 'go away' ('fortgehen')
6O6. € * g o k É (= * g o k i ?) 'track' (‘ 'way'), 'to follow the tracks of'
6O7. * g a K t { a 4 } 'couple, one of a pair'
6O8. * g + k o K 'É ( r V ) 'chest, breast' (‘ [in descendant lgs.] 'belly',
'heart')
6O8a. * g a w K ' V 'long, high, far' > IE : NaIE *ko+ a u\ k + k 8 - 'high'
6O9. * g a L É 'shout, cry' (‘ 'weep', 'ask for') > IE: NaIE *g≈el- v. 'call,
shout (rufen, schreien)', {EI} 'cry out; sing'
61O. * g a L u 4 + u ( ¬ * g a { y a } L u 4 + u ) 'tortoise' > IE {EI} *≤g≈eluÓ-s > NaIE
*g≈elu2 ≠ *g≈(e)lo2u\ 'tortoise'
611. * g É l V (or * g É ? a l V ) 'stalk, twig' (‘ 'stick', 'trunk of a tree') >
IE : NaIE *g8 ≈ alg(≈)- '(flexible) twig, pole' ({EI} 'pole, stake')
?
?
?
?
2586
612.
*giL{Ë}
'illness, pain, distress' > IE : NaIE
*g8≈el-/*g8≈ol-/*g8≈l=- ( o r
*g8≈´l-?) id.
613. * g o L u (or * g o y V L u ?) 'skull' > IE : NaIE *gW≈olw-/*gW≈olu/*gW≈elu- (or *g≈olw-/g≈olu-/*g≈elu-) 'head'
614. * g o l ∏ V 'look, look for, wish' > IE : NaIE *gW≈el- ≠ *g≈el- v. 'wish'
615. * g o L V 'foetus, baby' > IE : NaIE *gWelb≈-/*gWolb≈- ' w o m b ;
young (of an animal)', *sm= - gWelb≈(e)yo- 'born from the same womb'
615a. € * g o L V 'tail'
615b. * g o l ß + l ! V 'to weep'
616. * g u 6 l É 'go (away), start going (away), set out'
617. * g u 4 l ∏ Å 'dwelling' ( ‘ [in descendant lgs.] 'house')
618. * g u 4 L a 6 'bend, be crooked' > IE: NaIE *g8≈wel-/*g8≈ul- id., ' g o
astray'
* g o H l V 'fire, glow of coal', 'to burn (brûler)' > ? φ IE (mt.): NaIE
*g≈lo2- (or *g8 ≈ lo2 - ) 'coals, charcoal'
62O. * g o w l u (or * g o w l u 4 ?) 'deep; valley' > IE : NaIE *g[≈]el(u)- ' d e e p ;
619.
valley'
€ * g u 4 + u [ ? ] l ∏V
?
?
(= * g u 4 + u [ ] l ∏ V ( - m V ) ?) or * g u 4+ u [ ] L V ( - m V ) ' ≈
roe deer, antelope, (?) goat'
622. * g o l [ ? ] V 'belly, entrails' > IE : NaIE *g≈el-ond-/*g≈ol-n=d'entrails'
623. € * g o [ y V ] l ÷ 3 V 'pudendum muliebre'
624. * g i l ∏ { h } o 'to shine, to glitter, to sparkle' > IE *g8≈el(éW)/*g8≈leéW- > NaIE *g8≈el´- / *g8≈lo2- 'yellow, green'
625. * g Ë l ß [ É ] H Ë 'be smooth' > IE *g≈leéW-d≈-/*g≈lé=W-d≈- > NaIE
*g≈lo2 d ≈-/*g≈l´d≈- 'be smooth'
626. € * g u 6 L Z @ V 'bend, twist'
626a. € * g Å l !+ l ßV 'wind (ventus)'
627. * g { Ë } l ! V 'season without vegetation' ('drought, dry s e a s o n ' ,
'winter')
627a. * g Ë H l ! É '≈ canine animal'
628. * g i l ! [ V # ] V { d } V 'ice, frost; to freeze' > IE : NaIE *g≈el´d- 'ice,
hail' (cp. * g i l !V without the second N component * V { d } V in pCK
{Md.} *˝i"l 'ice, block of ice' and probably in T *k… î l! 'winter')
629. € * g { Å } m V (and * g { Å } m ÷ V ?) 'altogether, full'
63O. * g { e } m V 'strong, firm'
63Oa. € * g Ë m V 'heavy'
621. ?
?
?
2587
* g o ÷ 3m V ¬ * g o m ÷ 3V 'hand, fist'
632. * g u m b V 'back (dos), (?) hump', (‘ ?) 'hill'
633. € * g i m [ V ] c ' @ V 'to make a grimace with one’s mouth a n d \ o r
nose' ([in some descendant lgs.] ‘ 'to grin, to smile, to mock, t o
631.
laugh')
* g { u } m [ V ] c ' @ V 'to incline, to bow, to bend'
635. * g { a 4 } m [ V ] s @ a '∈ waterfowl, ∈ bird (a shore bird?)' > IE : NaIE
*g8 ≈ ans- 'goose'
636. * g Å n ` + n 1 V 'see, perceive'
637. * g e n u 6 'jaw, cheek' > IE : NaIE *g8 ≈ enu-/*g8 ≈ enw- 'jaw, chin'
637a. * g { o ? a } n V 'much, big' > IE : NaIE *gW≈ono-s 'üppig, reichlich',
*gW≈en- 'be abundant'
638. * g { o } ? i n 2 V 'beat, strike' > IE *gW≈en-/*gW≈on-/*gW≈n-/*gW≈n=634.
'strike', Ht
639.
64O.
641.
642.
' ≈ jaw'
kuen-
f-is-qa2 n -
'smite, raze, slay, kill', Ld
v. 'destroy'
€ * g Å Ó n V 'lie (liegen), sleep'
* g u n 2[ h ] i ¬ * g u [ h ] n 2i (or * g u n 2[ ? ] i ¬ * g u [ ? ] n 2 i ) 'to think'
* g a 4 n H V 'side (of sth.), width'
* g V n 2 [ V ] b V or ≈ * g V n 2[ V ] b ? V 'side, edge' > IE: NaIE *g{a}mb≈a2
* g á n 3 d u 6 'male'
643a. € * g o n 3d V '∈ ant'
644. * g a 4 n [ V ] { p ' } V (≠ * g a 4 n [ V ] p V ?) 'stem, stalk, stick, stake, p i c k e t '
IE : NaIE *g+g8omb[≈] ≠ *g+g8omp- ( < **g≈+g8≈omp-?) ≠ *°g+gn
8 ob[≈]- ' s t a k e ,
643.
>
picket, (a cut off) piece of wood'
645. * g a n 2 t V 'hold, carry' > IE : NaIE
contain'
646. € * g Ë n 1 V or * g Ë n ` V 'male genitalia'
*g≈end-/*g≈n=d-
'hold,
get,
* g a N V ( o r * g a ? o N V ??) ' ≈ flesh of leg, thigh, buttocks'
NaIE *g≈eng≈-/*g≈n= g ≈- '≈ leg\thigh\buttocks'
647. i ≈ * g u 4 ÷ 3 a N { o } 'voice; to produce a sound' (‘ 'call', etc.)
NaIE *g8≈wen-/*g8≈won-, {EI} *g8≈wono-s 'a sound, voice'
648. * g { a 4 } N { Ù } a 'to step, to climb' > IE : NaIE *g8≈eng≈- v.
> IE:
646a.
> IE:
'step'
('schreiten'), 'step' ('Schritt'), {EI} 'step, walk'
649. * g u N { K ' } É ¬ * g u 4 N { K ' } V 'nape' ( ‘ 'neck'), 'rear part of the h e a d '
> IE : NaIE *knok(k)o-/knek(k)o- 'nape of neck; hill'
649a. ? φ ≈ * g o N { Ó } a 4l V ≠ mt.: * g o l { Ó } V n 2V ' f o r e a r m ' > ? φ IE
*ÓWelVn- 'elbow, forearm'
2588
65O.
* g u p '{ u 6}
'hollow, empty, hole' > IE: NaIE
*geu\p-/*gou\p-/*gup-
'hollow, pit'
651.
652.
/*keg-
€ * g á { ? } Ë p V 'body'
( € ?) * g o P K 'a '( ∈ ) tooth,
hook, sharp stick' > ? IE: NaIE
*kog-
'hook, claw'
653. * g a 4 { p } s Å 'paw, hand' > IE *g8 ≈ es-r- , *g8 ≈ es-to- 'hand'
654. € * g É q u 6 'to pour, to flow' > IE : NaIE *g8≈eu\-/*g8≈u- v. ' p o u r ' ,
*g8 ≈ eu\ - mn= 'sth. poured, libation'
655. € * g Å r V ' ≈ hand' > ¿¿ IE : NaIE {P} *g8≈er- 'hand', but in the light
'hand' Pokorny’s rec. is to be replaced by pIE *g8≈esr-,
of Ht
so that the IE root does not belong here
655a. € * g É Â V 'entrails' > IE : NaIE *g8 ≈ er- 'gut(s), *g8 ≈ or-na2 'entrails'
656. € * g e  V 'throat'
657. * g { i } r V 'hate, be hostile' > IE : ?? Ht
'enmity
(Feindschaft), enemy'; (+ ext.) NaIE *g≈ers- 'repugnance, abhorrence'
657a. ? σ € * g i  V 'leg, ≈ bone of the leg'
657b. € * g u  V 'belly, body'
657c. * g u  V 'forest' > IE : NaIE (att. in Blt) *°g[W≈]er- 'forest' o r
'tree'
658. € * g Ë Â V 'to roll'
659. € * g u 4Â V 'beast' > IE : NaIE *g8≈we2r- ({EI} *≤g8≈we2r / gen. *≤g8≈weros ) 'wild animal'
659a. * g É { } o r V (or * g É w o r V ?) 'grain' ||| € ≈ * g É Â V Í d V ( o r
cd. * g É { } o r V Í V d V ?) '∈ cereal' > IE {EI} *≤g8≈resd≈(i)- 'barley'
659b. * g i ? { o } r V ' ∈ grass' > IE (mt.) *g≈reéW-/*g≈ré=W- ' ∈ grass':
+ext.: NaIE *g≈ro2s-/*g≈r´s- 'grass, herbs'; + another ext.: AS
'grass'; Ht
'grass',
'grassland, lawn'
66O. * g e { ÷ V } r V 'to fence around, to encircle; enclosed place' ( ‘
'build walls, huts')
661. * g { u 4 } ÷ r V 'look, look for' > IE : NaIE *°g8[≈]er´- ≠ ?? *°g8[≈]wer´- >
Sl *zÁre7ti / *zÁr1oß 'look', Lt
'to look (at)'
662. * g á h  V ¬ * g á  h á 'sunshine, day, light (Licht)' > IE *g8≈eré8/*g8≈reé8- > NaIE *g8≈er´-/*g8≈re2- '≈ shine'
662a. * g a Ó r V (= * g a r V ?) '(∈ ?) fish'
663. ( € ?) * g u 6 { w } r V '(roof of a) hut; to dwell'
664. * g a r { ÷ 3 } i 'old' > IE : Ht
'early, formerly',
( )
'former, ancient'
kessar-
kurur
?
?
kariyant-
karitasXa
ÌrA2d
z7iure$!ti
?
karu2
karu u ili
2589
€ * g Å r ÷ 3 V 'belly, inside'
666. * g i r ÷ 3V 'to cut'
667. * g o  ÷ V ' ≈ hill, (small?) mountain' > IE : NaIE *°g[W][≈]er- > pSl
*go≤ra 'mountain', Lt giria~ , Ltv † dzir> a , dzire 'forest, wood(s)'
668. ( € ?) * g V Â á ÷ u 6 ' ≈ to fell, to strike; to fall in' > IE : NaIE *g≈re2u\/ *g≈r´u\ - /*g≈ru2 - 'fall upon, fall in'
669. * g a r Ó a 4 'sharp bough, sharp stick, sharp point' > IE *g≈er-,
*g≈eré8-/*g≈reé8- > NaIE *g≈er-, *g≈er´-/*g≈re2- 'sharp point'
67O. i ≈ * g É r Ó V 'to belch, to eruct'
671. * g o r h o 'be(come) big\long, grow' > IE *g≈reéW-/*g≈ré=W- > NaIE
*g≈ro2 - /*g≈r´- 'grow, become green'
671a. * g o Â Ó á 'to track (game), to smell, to hear; ear' > IE : NaIE
*gW≈re2 - vt. 'smell, scent out, feel'
672. * g a 4 r H V 'try to obtain, wish, need' > IE *g8≈er[éx]- > Ht kari ( ya ) - 'be gracious towards, gratify'  NaIE *g8≈er[´]-, {EI} *g8≈or-(ye/o)665.
'desire'
* g u r [ É ] w V ( - Ê V ) 'young (carnivorous) animal'
673a. ? ( € ?) * g { o } Â V Ó w V 'to pound, to scrape' or sim. > IE : NaIE
*g≈+ g 8 ≈ r´u\ - 'scrape, rub away'
674. * g u r { Ù } a 'antelope, male antelope'
675. * g o r V b + p V 'scratch, scrape' > IE : NaIE *g≈reb≈- id., 'dig'
676. ( € ?) * g a  u 6 { c 6 } a 'crush, break to pieces' (or * g V  u 6s 6 + c 6 V ' c r u s h ' )
> IE : NaIE *g≈reu\ s -/ *g≈rou\ s - vt. 'crush, break to pieces'
676a. € ≈ * g V Â c 1V ûq V or * g V Â û q V c 1 V '∈ stinging insect'
677. * g a 4 Â d V 'encircle, surround, fence in' > IE : *g8≈erd≈- ' s u r r o u n d ,
encircle; a fence', *g≈r=d≈- / *g≈ord≈- 'fence', v. 'enclose, f e n c e ' ,
*g≈+g8≈ord≈-to- > *g8≈or-to- 'encircled land'
678. € * g É + a  d V 'to plait, to tie, to gird (to wear sth. around o n e ' s
waist)' > IE : NaIE * ° g8 ≈ + g ≈erd≈- 'gird'
679. * g u  { k } { Ë } 'throat'
68O. * g Å r ? Å m V 'scrape, pound to small pieces, grind' > IE : NaIE
*g≈rem- 'crumble, grind, zerreiben'
681. * g Ë r a n 3 d V 'log, trunk of a tree' > IE : NaIE *g≈rend≈- 'log, beam'
682. ( € ?) * g É Â s 2V (= * g a 4 Â { s + s 7 } V ?) 'congeal, grow numb, stiffen' >
IE : NaIE *g8≈ers- v. 'stiffen', {EI} 'stiffen' (of hair), 'bristle'
673.
2590
683.
/*g≈rÓ=plants)
* g a  z 7V
' ≈ to stretch, to drag' > IE *g≈erÓ-/*g≈reÓ-/*g≈roÓv. 'be salient \ prominent (hervorstechen)', v. 'grow' ( o f
* g { o } Â Z @á
'to feel' > IE: [1] NaIE *gW≈re2- ( < *g≈Wreé8-?) vt.
'smell, scent out, feel', [2] ? NaIE (in Blt) * ° g[W][≈]erd[≈]- 'hear'
684a. o * g Å r 1 V ( { N } V ) 'to thunder' > IE : NaIE *g≈rem- id., ' r o a r ,
rage', *g≈romo-s ({EI} *≤g≈romo-s ) 'thunder, loud and low sound'
685. * g e r 1 a or * g e  y a 'to step, to walk' > IE : NaIE ( + ext.) *g≈red≈- v.
'step, walk', {EI} 'step, go'
686. * g o r 1 á 'hot; to heat; e m b e r s ' > IE : NaIE *gW≈er- 'burn, h e a t ' ,
*gW≈oros ntr. 'heat, embers', *gW≈re2- vt. 'warm, heat', *gW≈ermo-,
*gW≈ormo- 'warm, warmth', *gW≈or-no-s 'oven, heating fire'
687. * g u r 1 V ( d V ) (or * g u r V y V ( d V ) - ) 'hip, side' ([in s o m e
descendant lgs.] ‘ 'back side')
688. * g { e } [ y ] r 1 a 6 (or * g { e } i r 1 a 6 ) 'fire, hearth'
688a. * g u r 1÷ 3É or * g u 4 r 1 ÷ 3 V 'throat, neck'
689. € * g É y V s 6V 'to cast (spear); spear' ([in S): ‘ 'wage war'; ' h o s t
[armed force]') > IE: NaIE g8≈ai\so-s, {EI} *g8≈ai'≤so-s ≠ *g8≈ai\ses- 'javelin,
spear'
69O. * g { a 4 } y s 6 V ? a 'be frightened\sorrowful, worry' > IE : NaIE *g8≈ei\s'be frightened\scared', {EI} 'frighten'
691. ? € * g { u } s 6V ÷ a ( ≠ * g { u } s 6 V ? V ) 'belch, vomit'
692. € * g Å ? i t V 'body, flesh'
693. € * g u 6 { t } [ Ó ] V 'small, little'
694. * g a 4 t ' a 6 'grasp, take, possess' > IE : NaIE *g8≈ed- v. ' a c q u i r e ' ,
'acquisition'
694a. ≈ * g o 6 t ' V 'ant', (?) 'worm'
695. € * g o 6 t ' V 'pull, draw'
696. * g a t ' ÷ V 'to pass through\over, to get through, to cross'
697. * g a 4w ÷ V (or * g a 4 w ˝ V ?) 'to call' > IE *g8≈eu\(Ó)- 'call to, invite,
invoke' > NaIE *g8≈au\(´)- 'call, invoke', *g8≈awo-s 'a call', pp. *g8≈u(:)-to'called, invoked'
698. * g a y V 'side, outside'
699. * g o y V 'man, people'
7OO. * g a 6 [ ? ] y V 'to wave one’s hand, to point with one’s h a n d \ f i n g e r '
([later] ‘ 'to wave to so., to beckon')
7O1. * g a 4 h y a 'to throw, to leave, to let' > IE : NaIE *g8 ≈ e2 ( i\ ) - 'hurl, cast'
684.
?
2591
* g o Ù e y V 'light, sunshine, dawn, daybreak, aurora' > IE:
*gW≈eéy-/*gW≈é=y- > NaIE *gW≈a2i\- ¬ *gW≈´i\- 'light (hell), bright'
7O3. * g a z 1 V 'slanting, skew, bent'
7O4. ( € ?) * g { a } z 7 V 'to go; way, path' > ? IE *g≈+g8≈eÓ- > NaIE *g≈e2(i\)/*g≈i- or *g8≈e2(i\)-/*g8≈i- 'go away'
7O5. € * g á Z @ V '∈ hair, wool'
7O6. * g u 4 { Z 1 } V ¬ * g u { Z 1 } É 'tracks, path; to go, to pass'
7O7. ≈ * g Ë Z 7 l ∏ u 6 ( ¬ ≈ * g Ë z 7 l ∏ u 6 ) 'laugh, amuse' > IE : NaIE *g≈leu\- ( < IE
**g≈Óleu\ - < **guz7 l u- ?) v. 'be merry, joke, *g≈oi\ l os 'merry, wanton'
7O8. € * g Ë Z 6 ÷ V 'wish, be hungry'
7O9. * 9 u 6 b V 'to plait, to interlace, to wattle' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘
'to weave') > I E *xub- / *xweb- 'plait, interlace' > NaIE *ub≈-/*web≈- v.
7O2.
'plait, weave'
* 9 a { c '} V
7O9a.
'bough'
(or
* 9 a ? i c V ?) '(leafy)
* { 9 } o K ' V s 6 + c 6 V ( - Â V ) '∈ canine'
* 9 { e } { l } V ( - w V ) 'to rise in waves'
71O. ?
711.
'wave'
712.
* 9 u 6L V (= * 9 u 6l V ?) 'to
branch, bough' > IE
*Ùosd-o-
(of water) > IE: NaIE *°o+ald≈-
destroy, to fight; war' > IE
*xul-/*xWel-
'destroy, defeat'
713.
714.
* 9 i l ß { Ë } 'boy, young man'
* 9 { o } L p a (or * 9 u L p a ?)
'weak,
small'
> IE
*xWelp-/*x=Wlp-
'small'
* 9 a l ! V 'cereals' > IE *xel[V]g8 [ ≈]- ≈ 'cereals, grain'
716. € * { 9 } a m V 'mouth', (?) '(inside of) cheek'
717. * 9 V m V 'darkness, night'
718. * 9 e n ` { a 4 } 'be large, be copious'
719. € * { 9 } u 6 n 1 V (or * ÷ 3 u 6 n 1 V ) 'drink, eat'
72O. * 9 a r { i } 'valley, hollow in the ground, cave' > IE *xery- ¬ *xr=y({EI} *≤h€eryo-s ) 'cavity' (> Ht hari-s 'valley')
721. * 9 o r V 'to cry, to speak, to produce vocal sounds' > IE
*xWe(:)r-/*x=Wr- ' ≈ speak, call' > NaIE *o2r-/*´r- id.  Lv h°ru2t715.
'curse'.
*9ËrV
'skin' > ?? IE : NaIE ≈ *erp≈- ( < *Óeu\r-p≈-?) / ? *werp≈- ' ≈
tear off', 'skin (that can be torn off)'
723. * 9 a r Ó V 'crush, grind' > IE *éerÓ- or *éarÓ- > NaIE *ar(´)- v.
'plough'
722.
2592
724.
'dark'
725.
€ *9VÂVbV
*9u{rir}V
(or
(or
*-p-)
'dark'
> IE: NaIE
*e2Æreb(≈)-/*o2Ærob(≈)-
* 9 u r 1V ¬* 9 u r 1V r V ¬* 9 u r V r 1V ?)
'skill,
ruse,
deceit; to deceive'
€ * 9 o t K ' V 'popliteal space (back of the knee), a r m p i t ' > AdS o f
IE : NaIE *aks- ¬ *ag8(e)s- (and/or *ok- ?) 'armpit'
727. * 9 u Z 7 e 6 '≈ sheep, goat'
728. * 9 Ë Z 7 V 'feel, smell (sth.)' > IE *ÓWed-, *Óod- > NaIE *od- v.
'smell (sth.)', *od-ma2 n. 'smell'
729. ( € ?) * Ì { a } c 7 ' V 'bite, chew'
73O. ? φ * G a 4c 7'{ Ë } (= * G a 4 c 7 ' o or * 9 a 4 ? i c 7 ' { Ë } ?) '(∈ ) grass'
731. * Ì o 6c 7'V 'bone', (?) ' b a c k b o n e ' > IE *xWest[≈]- ¬ *xWost[≈]726.
'bone'
731a. ≈
* ˝ a y { e } c 6 V 'seek, look for' > IE : NaIE *ai\s-, *ai\s-sk8- v.
'seek,
wish'
* Ì Å c 6'V 'cut, cut into pieces' > ?φ IE *xat- 'cut, pierce'
733. € * G u 6 d V 'to tie; thong' > IE : *Óeu\d≈-/*Óou\d≈-/*Ówed≈- v.
732.
'tie',
n. 'tie, thong'
734. ( € ?) * G Ë L V 'knee, elbow' > IE *xWel- or *Ùol- (/ *Ùel-?)
v. 'kneel, genuflect'
'elbow' > NaIE *o2 Æ l ena2 , *o+ e lni- id., Ht
735. * G u n 2 V 'bend, be bent, sink, fall'
736. * G o n `[ V ] 9 a 'fingernail, claw' (‘ 'hook') > IE *éWeng[≈]Óo /
*éWnog≈[Ó]- '(finger)nail, claw' ( > NaIE *ongW≈[Ó]o-, *nogW[≈]Óo-, ?
*´nog≈[Ó]- id.)
737. * G a n 2{ c 6'} Ë 'cheek'
738. * G o n 2 t V 'heat; to heat' > IE *Ùend- > Ht
n. ' h e a t ' ,
v. 'kindle'
NaIE * ° Vnd- (= *ond- ?) > OIr
739. * G u 6 r u 6 'to flow, to stream' > IE *Ùwr- ' ≈ sprinkle' > H t
,
v. 'spray, sprinkle'  NaIE *wr=n-/*u2r-/*au\r- v.
'rain, drip, trickle'
74O. € * G V Â V 'wild boar'
741. * ˝ e r ? V 'eagle' or sim. > IE *x8 e r- / *x8 o r- 'eagle, big bird'
742. ? σ * ˝ É Â g É 'big beast, beast of prey' > IE *xr=k•t- ≠ *xr=tk•- 'bear'
743. * Ì { o } r k ' o 6 'bend, be bent\crooked' > IE *éerkW- ¬ *éerku- ({EI}
*≤h erkwo-s ) > NaIE *arkW- ¬ *´rkW- 'a bow', v. 'be bent'
744. € * Ì V Â [ V ] P V 'cloud'
haliya-
and-
hurnai\- hurniya-
Å
hantais-
2593
* ˝ V Â [ V ] { ûq } V 'to gnaw' > ? φ IE (with ass. t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s
and onomatopoeic infl.) *gWruk8+k- ≠ *gWru(:)g8≈-/gWrou\\g8≈ ≠ *gWru(:)g8/gWrou\g8- v. 'gnaw, bite'
746. ( € ?) o * G V Â G V é € Ê V (= * 9 V Â 9 V é € Ê V ?) ' ∈ waterbird' > IE
*Óer[Ó]e+oÓd- '∈ waterbird' > NaIE *´+aro2d-/´+ar´d- 'heron' or sim.
747. * Ì { u 4 } s 6 V 'live' > IE *xwes-/*xeu\s- 'live, dwell, stay' ({EI}
*h€wes- 'dwell, pass the night, stay' > Ht hues- / hwis- / hus- 'live,
be\stay alive', NaIE *wes- 'be, live, dwell'
748. ( € ?) * { Ì } i s 6 V b V 'to grow; vegetation'
749. ( € ?) * G { o } w V 'wild sheep\goats', (‘ or “ ) 'wild game' > IE
*x[W]owi- ({EI} *≤h€owi-s, gen. *≤h€ewy-os) 'sheep'
75O. * G o y V 'carry, bring'
751. i * h a , deictic pronominal pc. ('ille', distal deixis) > IE *{?}o/eno-, {Pv.} (?) *o-n-yo- , ?? {EI} *hÅen- 'that'
751a. € * { h } a , particle of collectiveness > IE *-h= / (with t h e m a t i c
nomina) *-e/o-h (*e/o- belonging to the stem), ending of nom.-accus.
ntr. pl. > NaIE *-´/-a2
752. ? € * { h } á ≠ * 0 { h } Ë , marker of dual (for nomina animata) > IE
*-Ó(e) ≠ *Óu\, dual ending (nom., animate gender)
753. i * h { e } 'this', deictic pc. (proximal deixis) > IE *?e- > NaIE *e(gen. *e-syo) *'he, this' may be suggested (as one of the solutions) o n
745. (€ ?)
asya
em
ahe
asma2i
, Av
'of this', the dat. OI
, Av
the basis of the gen. OI
'to this', OLat
'him', etc.
754. i * { h } i 'iste' (or 'hic'), demonstrative pc. > IE: AnIE: HrLw ï
nom. ï
'this'  IE *?ei\-/?i (or *h8ei\-/*h8i- ?), anaphoric dem. p r n .
{Bks.} 'that, the (just named)'
755. i * { h } u 'iste', dem. pc. (intermediate deixis?) > IE *?u- / *?ou\-/
*we- / *wo- 'iste', deictic pc.
756. € * h e d V 'to break'
757. * h u 6 d i 'rot, dissolve (by boiling), boil'
758. * h u + o d [ V ] ? V 'be motionless, sleep' (‘ 'be sleepy\giddy')
759. € * h a k V 'slow, inactive'
76O. * h + Ù { a 4 } k a 'to need, to lack' > IE : NaIE *eg+ g 8 - 'lack'
761. * { h } a w k { a } 'light (lux); bright' > IE : NaIE *au\g- v. 'shine' Ï NaIE
*au\ g -a2 , -o2 ( n) 'light, gleam'
762. € * h Ë w a 4 k e 6 'move, walk'
ahma2 i
-s
-,
2594
* h a k ÷ V 'stand, stop, stay, be'
764. € * h o K ' Ë 'copulate'
765. o ? * h a l V 'call out, call, pronounce magic words,
{Pv.} *xel-t-/*xl-et-, d. *xl=≤tye/o- ({∫Pv.} *Ó⁄l=tye1/o1-) ' ≈
763.
rejoice' > IE:
call', ? o : Gk
] a lalh1 , Gk D ] a lala1 'war-cry'
766. * h a l ∏V 'this' > IE : NaIE *al-i\o-s 'other' ({EI} IE *h eli\o-s), *°al-ter
'the other from two', IE * ° o+al-nei\ > Sl *olni 'last year'
767. * h Å l V 'to shine; bright'
768. € * h i L V (or * h É y L V ??) 'new heavenly light' ( ≈ 'new moon, t h e
first star in the sky')
769. € * h i L { Ë } 'stand, be, exist' ([in B] ‘ 'have')
77O. * h u 6 L V 'push, butt, pierce' > IE *Ùwel-/*Ùul- v. strike'
77Oa. * { h } a l [ V ? ] É 'on the other side' > IE * al-, * ol- 'on\from t h e
other side', {P} 'darüber hinaus'
77Ob. € * { h } a l i { w } V 'elephant'
771. € * h a L V K ' [ u ] 'to step, to walk'
772. * h Å l !Ë K '{ a } 'be in need (hungry, thirsty), covet' > IE : NaIE *elk/*olk- (or *alk- ?) 'v. 'hunger, be hungry'
773. * { h } V m P { i } 'venomous vermin\(?)reptile' > IE : NaIE *empi- ≠
*emb≈i- 'stinging insect'
774. * h a n V 'head' ‘ 'top' ‘ 'on, on the surface, towards' > IE
*{x}an ≠ *{x}anu ≠ *({x}a)no2 {P} 'an einer schrägen Fläche hin, hinauf'
775. * h É n 2V 'iste' > IE : NaIE *eno-/*ono-, dem. prn. ' t h a t '
( )i- 'that, yonder', ? IE *é8e2n ( o r
(intermediate or distal deixis), Ht
*?e2 n ) 'behold!', 'lo!', 'voilà'
776. € * h u 6 ? É n + N V 'wave' > IE *xun- / ? *xwen- > Ht
'wave', NaIE: pGmc *unTi\o2, *unTu- 'wave', L
id.
777. * h Å w N V 'sense, mind, soul'
778. * h u P 3 Ë 'bad', 'error, sin' > IE *xWep-/*xWop-/*xup- '≈ evil'
779. * h e r V (or * h e r h + ? V ?) 'disintegrate, fall to pieces' > IE *é8er(Ó)( > NaIE *er[´]-/*´r[´]- ) v. 'disintegrate' (IS: 'r a z v a l i v a t ∆ s å ')
78O. * h o  { i } 'conceive', 'newborn, a young' > IE *éWer- > NaIE *or'child; be born'
781. * h e [ + y ] r { É } 'male' > ? acc. to IS I 248, possibly IE *é8ers-/*é8r=s(≈ {AD} *é8+?ers-/*é8+?r=s-) 'male'
782. * h { o } Â V b V 'run'
Å
?
?
an n
unda
?
hunhuwan-
2595
783. ( € ?)
* h u 4Â c @V
' ≈ wrinkle, rumple, crush, tear down' > IE: ¿ H t
'aufreißen'
{Ts.}
784. * h i r V g V 'kill' or 'die' > IE *xer{g≈}- 'disappear, die'
785. ( € ?) * h a  K ' a 'hold\grasp, keep, keep in one's possession' > IE
*xark- 'hold' > Ht
( ) ,
v. 'hold, keep, have', NaIE *ark- > L
'shut in, shut up; keep at a distance, hinder',
'stronghold,
fortress' »» Gk ]arke1v 'ward off, keep off' »» ? Arm argelum aRgelum
'hinder, restrain, hold back'
786. * { h } a s 6{ o } 'burn' (of fire) > IE *xes- ¬ *Ùas- 'hearth, ashes', v.
'dry'
787. * h i s 6 É 'to break'
788. ( € ?) * { h } o t V 'to smell (odorare, to get the odour of)', 'to smell
(olere, to have an odour\scent)' > IE *{xW}ed- 'odour' > Arm hot
'odour, smell', Gk }ozv vi. (pfc. }odvda) 'emit an odour, smell', Gk H m
] o dmh1 'smell, scent'
789. € * h a w t V 'call, speak' > IE *heu\ d > NaIE * °aud- > Gk a]ydh1 'voice,
speech', a] y da1 v 'I speak'  NaIE *wed- 'utter sounds, speak'
79O. * h a w V 'to desire, to love' > IE *éew- (or *?aw- ) > NaIE *aw- v.
'like, favour, want'
791. * h o w { i } 'become, appear' > IE : NaIE *-ew-(o2), *-eu\w-(o2), *-eu\y(o2 ) 'be X', sx. of denom. verbs
792. * h { o } w V 'pit, depression' > IE : NaIE *a+ o went- 'well, spring'
793. * h á [ ? ] w { Ë } 'to fall, to sink' > IE *é x ou\ ( e ) 'down, away' > NaIE
*o+au\(e) 'down (herab), away'
794. € * h o [ w ] ÷ 3 a (or * h o ÷ 3 w a ) 'to flow, to stream; a stream'
794a. ? * h V y a 'for, for the sake of', directive-designative pc. > IE:
NaIE *-ei\ 'to', ending of the dative case
795. * é € i , a pc. of past (preterite); IS tried to connect the IE *eaugment of the past tenses with the vw. *i or the cns. *y , which s e r v e
as affixes of past in B, K, U, C, and D
796. € * é ⁄ i c @X V ¬ * - c ' @ - ¬ * é ⁄ i c @ G + h V 'father, head of a family' ( ‘
or “ 'master, lord') > IE *h+?esxo-s ({EI} *h⁄es≤h€o-s ) 'master'
797. * Ó a 4c '@+ c 6'{ i } (= * Ù + Q + h a 4 c ' @ + c 6 ' { i } ?) 'father, a n c e s t o r ' > ?? σ IE : H t
'king'
798. * é € e c 1 ' { Ë } (or * é € e é € i c 1 ' { Ë } ??) 'to sink', (‘ ?) 'to dip'
799. * é € Ë d V (= * H Ë d V ?) 'sister', '∈ female relative'
8OO. * Ó u 4 w d V (= * G u 4 w d V ?) 'evening, night'
hars-
arce-o2
hassu
har a k- har-
arx
2596
* Ó o g É 'top, above'
8OOb. € * Ó Å k V 'leaf', (?) 'branch'
8O1. * Ó { o } k É (= * Ó { o } k u 4 or * Ó { o } k á ?)
8OOa. ( € ?)
'goat' > IE: NaIE
*o+ag8- ' g o a t '
('he-goat'?)
* { é € } o 6k Ë 'head'
8O3. * Ó { i } K 'á 'eat' > IE *hek8- v. 'eat'
803a. ≈ * { é € } e l V 'sprout, twig'
8O4. * é ‹ i L { i } (= * H i L { i } ?) (or * é ‹ i [ ? + y ] L { i } ??) ' ∈ entrails' > IE : NaIE
*ei\li- / *ili- / ? *jeli- (or *ïli-) 'entrails'
804a. * Ó { a 4 } l ! V (= * X + q { a 4 } l ! V ?) 'female'
8O5. * é ‹ a m { Ë } 'be/become quiet, enjoy' > ? σ IE : NaIE *am- v. 'love'
8O5a. * Ó o m g { u 4 } 'breast'
8O6. ( € ?) * Ó { e } m V n 2 V (= * ? { e } m V n 2 V ?) 'oak, tree' > IE : OIr omnae
8O2.
'tree, oak'
* Ó a n 2V 'other' > IE : NaIE *a+on- Ï : [1] NaIE *a+ o n-yo- 'other' , [ 2 ]
NaIE *a+ o ntero-s 'the other (from two)'
8O8. * é i n V (= * Ù i n V ? ) 'other' > IE : NaIE *ei\n- 'other'
8O9. o * Ó a n 2 { 9 } V ( t ' V ) (or * Ó a N { 9 } V ( t ' V ) ??) 'duck' > IE *Ón=Óti- /
*ÓenÓti- > NaIE *an´ti 'duck'
81O. * Ó o n 2k a (= * é o n 2 k a ?) 'angle, joint\bend (of a limb, etc.)' > IE:
NaIE *o+ a ng- 'joint (of body), angle'
811. * Ó É n 2 o m V (= ? * H É n 2 o m V or ?? X É n 2 o m V ) 'take hold of, have,
own' > IE : NaIE *enm-/*nem-/*i\ e m- 'take, acquire, have'
812. € * Ó { a 4 } n 2 t V 'kernel' > IE : NaIE *endr- 'egg, kernel'
813. * Ó Ë N { d } V 'root'
814. * Ó a 4 N k Ë 'fire' > IE {EI} *Ón=gWni-s > NaIE *n=gni-s ({P, Dv.} *egni/ogni- ) 'fire'
815. € ≈ * Ó Ë p 'V - ( t V k + g V ) or * Ó Ë [ P ] t V k V ≠ - V g V ) ( * Ó = * h o r
* H ?) 'stalk (of a plant), stem' > IE : NaIE {P} *a+o[:]d(e)g[W]o- 'stalk'
816. € * Ó { á } Â V 'goat, sheep' > IE *{ h8 }er(i)- ({EI} *h⁄er- 'lamb, k i d ' )
> NaIE *er- , eri- 'goat, sheep'; NaIE *er(i)-b≈- '∈ horned artiodactyl'
817. * é ⁄ e r Ë 'ascend, rise' > IE *her- (or *hWer- ) , *h[W]eru- id.
818. * Ó + w u r V 'male person\animal'
819. * é ⁄ a 6? V r 1 V (= * ? a ? u r 1 V ?) 'long, big' > IE *éx{a+o}éxr- 'long', ( ? )
8O7.
'far'
82O.
* Ó a [ w V ] s 7 V (= * ÷ 3 a w i s 7 V ?)
'male, male person'
2597
821.
ti
* Ó a y a 'pursue'
> IE
*Óai\- (= *éxei\-)/*Ói- >
i≤no2-ti, ≤invainaoîti 3s p r s .
OI
'advances upon, presses upon, drives', Av
'vergewaltigt, kränkt', ? Gk a] i no1 ß 'terrible'
822. * é € o y V (= * h o y V ?) 'by me, my' > IE : [1] pIE stative marker o f
1s *-xe  [2] pIE marker ({Bks.} *-h€ ) of 1s in md. (yielding Ht prs.
( ) , p.
( ) , L prs.
, etc.)  [3] NaIE *-o2 ( < *-o-Ó ), 1 s
marker in the pres. tense of the thematic verbs (*-o- being the t h e m a t i c
vw. of the stem)
823. * H Ë [ w ] c 6 ' V (or * H Ë w V c 6 ' V ) 'loins, lap'
824. * H a L u 6 (or * H a L w V ) '∈ a leaf-bearing tree' > IE *éelis- 'alder'
825. € * H V L i L V 'flower, a plant with flowers' > IE *éxlei\l- > NaIE
*lei\l- ≠ dis. *lei\ r - '≈ flower', Ht {Pv.}
'flower, bloom'
826. € * H É m V d V 'desire, covet'
827. * { H } o ˆ c @ a (or * X o ˆ c @ a ) '(front) end, extremity, edge, tip'
828. € * { H } a n 2 d V (or * X a n 2 d V ) 'shade, darkness' > IE *éend≈- > NaIE
*and≈o- 'blind, dark'
829. * H Ë [ n 2+ m ] p 'V ? V 'navel' > IE *éWemb≈- / *éWneb≈- ({EI} *h‹nob≈-)
> NaIE *omb≈-/*neb≈- 'navel'
83O. * ( H i ˆ V - ) r i m P V or * ( H i m V - ) r i m P V 'eyelid, eyelash' (cd.?) >
IE: Ht {Pv.}
,
,
,
,
'eyebrow'
831. * H o p ' [ V ] l ∏ É 'flow down'
832. * H { u 4 } r X V c 6 V 'to scratch, to comb'
833. * H { Ë } r e l ß + l ! V 'reed'
834. * H É [ y ] s 2 Ë 'faeces, filth' > IE : Ht
'residue, s e d i m e n t ,
refuse, scraps, waste, remains'
835. * H Ë Z 1 É ( - û q V ) 'look, see' > IE : Ht
v. 'see' and
id.
836. * k o 'whereas, but, also; doch' (adversative-thematic
and
reminding enclitic conjunction) > IE: NaIE *gWe (adversative enclitic
conjunction) 'but, whereas'
837. € * k Ë , particle of plurality (used mostly with pronouns)
838. * k V 'out of, from'
839. * k V ≠ * g V 'thee, thy'
84O. * k o ? { i } 'to call' > IE : NaIE *gWe2(i\)-/*gWo2(i\)-/*gWï- v. 'call,
shout' ( ‘ 'sing')
* k + K ' e y V ) 'make, do'
84Oa. * k e ÷ i (or €*
841. ? € * k É ÷ 3 u 6 'pour, flow' > IE : NaIE *g8 ≈ eu\ - /*g8 ≈ u- v. 'pour', *g8≈eu\-mn=
'sth. poured, libation' ( × N € * g É q u 6 'to pour, to flow')
ha ha ri -ha ha ti
-
-o-r
alel-
enera- enira- inira- innari- inniriisuwan
aus-
uski-
2598
* k u ÷ 3 a 'to
go, to advance, to follow', ( “ ?) 'to track (game), t o
follow the tracks' > IE *gWeé-/*gWé= - > NaIE *gWa2 - /*gW´- 'go'
843. € * k a b V 'sheep, goat' > IE : NaIE *gab≈- 'goat, lamb'
844. * k a b V 'rise, stand up'
845. € * k a b V 'calabash, gourd'
846. * k i b V 'hump, bend; to bend' > IE : NaIE *gei\ b ≈- 'hump, bend'
847. * k o b V 'to hew, to cut' (‘ 'to plane')
847a. * k o é € { a 4 } b V ( ¬ * k o é € { a 4 } p V ?) 'frog, toad' > IE : NaIE *gWe2b≈-a2 /
? *gW´b≈- 'toad'
848. * k { a 4 } c ' @ Ë 'skin'
849. * k É c ' 7 { Ë } ≠ * k { u 4 } c 7 ' { Ë } (or * - c 7 - ) 'knife'
85O. € * k { u } c 7 ' V or * K '{ u } c 7'V 'ant'
851. * k { a } d + t V 'rock'
852. * k u d V (or * K ' u d V ) 'to plait'
853. ( € ?) * k u 4 d { a } 'male person of the opposite exogamous m o i e t y
within an exogamic system of tribes' (‘ 'male relative-in-law')
854. * k o ÷ 3d V ≠ * k o d ÷ 3 V 'filth, dirt; abominable' > IE : NaIE *gWo2d≈- /
*gWe2d≈- id.
855. o * k + K 'É d V { s 1+ c 1} u 6 'to sneeze' > IE : NaIE *kseu\-/*kse2u\- (≠ *skeu\/*ske2 u \ - ) v. 'sneeze'
856. * k + g o g [ Ë ] Z 1 É [ V ] 'set fire to, burn (sth.)' > IE : NaIE *ksV∏- ( o r
*kWsV∏ - ) v. 'burn'
857. i * k a k ' É (= * k a k ' i ?) (or * k ' - ?) 'angry, bad' ('böse') > IE : NaIE
*k+k8ak+k8- 'bad'
858. ( € ?) ≈ * k { É h o } k 'a 'green\blue, green plants' > IE *k8eh8ko- ({EI}
*k8 e h⁄ko-m ) 'edible greens'
859. * k { a } l a (or * k a l i y a ≠ * k a l a y a ?) 'vessel, boat'
86O. * k a l V 'to lie (liegen)' (‘ 'to spend the night') > IE : NaIE *gol- /
*go2l- / *gôl- 'lie (down)'
861 * k a l ß + l ! V 'to bark (a tree), to remove vegetation'; ‘ ' b a r e ,
naked' > IE : NaIE *go+ a l- 'naked, bare'
862. * k a 4 l u 6 'woman of the opposite exogamous moiety within a n
exogamic system of tribes' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'female relative-inlaw', 'bride') > IE: NaIE *g8l=o2u\-/*g8lo2u\-/*g8elu- 'brother’s wife, husband’s
sister'
863. * k { o } l V 'bough, stick' > IE : NaIE *g[W]ol- 'bough'
842.
?
2599
* k { o } L i ? u ?) (= * k { o } l ß + l !i
smear' > IE : NaIE *glei\ - v. 'paste, smear'
865. * k u l V (or * k u w á l V ?) 'to work'
866. * k Ë l ß V (or * k V h o 6 l ß V ?) 'snake, worm'
864.
*k{o}Li
(or
colubra
[or
* k { o } l ß + l !i ? u ?]?)
'to
> ?? φ IE : Gk ce1l-ydroß
'snake' or 'tortoise\turtle', L
'snake'
867. * k u 6l ßV 'glowing coals; to heat\roast\fry\cook'
> IE: NaIE
*g+g8eu\lo-/*g+g8ou\lo- 'glowing coals', {EI} *geu\lo- ≠ gulo- ≠ *gulo-m 'fire,
glowing coals'
868. * k a [ h ] l V 'power, force; be able' > IE : NaIE *g[≈]al- 'be able'
869. * k a l ∏ { ? } V 'to approach, to come'
87O. * k o l ? a 'to die; end' > IE: NaIE *gWel- v. 'die, feel pain'
871. * k o l [ V ] ÷ V (or * k o l ß [ V ] ÷ V ?) 'to peel, to bark'
872. * k a 4 l { h } V 'to walk, to make one’s way (with effort), to wade'
873. * k a l w V 'together, whole'
874. * k { a } l ∏ Ù { o } 'call (appeler), shout' > IE : NaIE *gal- v. {EI} 'call o u t ,
speak'
875. ( € ?) * k V l [ V ] y V 'lumbar region' (in HS: ‘ 'kidney')
876. € * k a L c 7V 'voice; to speak\cry\weep' > IE : NaIE *ga+ol≤so-s, -m
'voice, a cry'
877. * k o l ! u 'to fly; wing' > IE: NaIE *gWelu- v. 'fly'
877a. * k u l ! V 'to flow, to gush, to leak'
> IE: NaIE *gWel- > OI
'drops (träufelt herab), falls down' »» Gk bly1v 'gush f o r t h '
, NHG
'to
('quelle hervor'), {EI} 'well up' »» OHG
( ) 'a spring'
gush, to well', NHG Q
878. * k u 4l !V or * k u l ! É 'cold; to freeze' > IE : NaIE *g8+gel- 'cold', v.
'freeze'
879. € * k o l ! ? V 'pair, one of a pair'
88O. € * k o l ! Ó a 'oak' > IE *gWelé-/*gWleé- > NaIE *gWel´-/*gWla2'acorn, oak', +ext. *-nd- : *gWla2 - nd- and sim. 'acorn'
881. * k a m a 'peel (rind)' (‘ 'dandruff', 'scab')
882. * k a m V 'to grasp, to press' > IE : NaIE *gem- v. 'press, s q u e e z e ,
squeeze together, grasp'
883. * k a m V 'full, whole, all' > IE : NaIE *gem- '(be) full'
884. * k a 4m e 6 (or * k a m e 6 ) 'blood'
885. € * k É m V (or * k É m h o ) 'to give birth' ( ‘ 'family') > IE {Pv.}
*g8emhW- (= {∫Pv} *g8em-A⁄W-), {EI} *g8emÓ- 'marry' (of a male) > NaIE
*g8 e m-/*g8 m e- ({† Pv.} *g8 e m´- ) v. 'marry', 'relative, relative-in-law'
≤galati
uell e
quellan
quellen
2600
€ * k o 6 m V 'sth. hollow'
* k { u } m V ( L V ) '(stinging) insect'
* k u 4m a 6 (or * k u 4 Ó m a 6 ) 'man, person'
886. UA
887.
888.
'man
> IE: NaIE
*g8≈om-/*g8≈m-
(person)'
€ * k V m c ' V (or * K ' V m c V ) 'to jump'
89O. € * k a m c 6 ' V (or * K ' a m c 6 ' V ) '(sth. connected with) hand\arm'
891. * k o m [ V ] d É '∈ basket, vessel'
892. * k o m [ V ] t ' V 'to cover; lid, cover'
893. * k a n 2 V 'pair, couple; one of a pair, comrade'
894. * k a n ` + n 1 V ( - t ' V ) 'stalk, trunk of a tree' (‘ 'log') > ? AdS of IE:
8 nb[≈]-/*°g+go8 nb[≈]-/*°g+gn8 ob[≈]- 'peg, stick, piece of wood' ( < N
NaIE *°g+ge
* g a 4 n [ V ] { p ' } V 'stem, stalk, stick, stake, picket')
895. * { k } o n É 'to touch' ([in K]‘ 'work up')
896. * k o n 2 i (or * k u n 2 i ) 'woman, wife' > IE *gWen(-eé) ({EI} *≤gWenhÅ
/ gen. *≤gWneh Å -s ) 'woman'
897. * k u n 2 a 4 'hair' > IE : NaIE *gou\ n -/gun- 'hair'
898. * k { a y } n 2 V (or k a n 2 V ??) (often in cds.) 'wing, feather'
899. * k u 4 [ y ] n ` u 6 ÷ Å 'a joint in a limb (knee, elbow); to bend in a j o i n t '
> IE *g8enu-/*g8onu-/*g8neu\- ({EI} *≤g8onu / gen. *≤g8enu-s) 'knee'
9OO. ( € ?) * k a 4 n 2 h á 'to give birth' > IE *g8ené8-/*g8neé8- 'give birth' ({EI}
*g8 e nh⁄- 'beget a child; be born') > NaIE *g8en´-/*g8ne2-/*g8no2- id., AnIE: H t
889.
kaena
n. 'relative-in-law, kinsman'
9O1. * k i n 2 h o ≠ * k i h n 2 o 'see, observe, examine, know' > IE *g8enhW/*g8nehW- (= {EI} *g8neh‹-) 'know' > [1] NaIE *g8en´-/*g8no2- 'know', [ 2 ]
NaIE pp. *g8no2-≤to-s, *g8n=:-≤to-s 'known', [3] NaIE n. act. *g8no2-ti'knowledge', [4] NaIE *g8no2-sk- 'become acquainted with, get knowledge
( ),
( ) 'recognize, discern, identify;
of'  Ht
acknowledge'
9O2. * k a 4 n 2 [ y ] u (or * k a 4 n 2 V y u ) 'cheek, side of the face' > IE : NaIE
*g+ g 8 e nu- id.; * k a 4 n [ y ] V - d V (originally a cd.?) 'cheek' > IE : NaIE *g8on´d≈/ *gn´d≈- '≈ cheek, (?) jaw'.
9O3. * k e n [ V ] c @ V d V 'joint (articulation), shoulder joint'
9O4. * k o n 2 d É 'to harm, to spoil', ( “ ?) 'to touch' > IE : NaIE *gWend≈v. 'injure, damagey'
9O5. UA € * K { u } n 2 y a Ó l ! É ≠ * K { u } y n 2 a Ó l ! É ¬ * K { u } n 1 a Ó l ! É 'sunshine ,
daybreak'
ganes s - kanes s -
2601
* k a n 2+ m p V 'soft excrescence (lip, mushroom)' > IE: NaIE {IS}
*gemb- (or *gWemb- ) 'excrecence, tumor, lip, mushroom'
9O7. * k u n 1 c 7' e 6 (or * k u n 1 c 7 e 6 ) (probably
= * k u n 1 c 7 ' i or * k u n 1 c 7 i )
'(finger)nail, claw' > IE: [1] NaIE *gwisti-s (or *g8Wisti-s) 'finger', [ 2 ]
NaIE *gwozd[≈]o-, *gwozd[≈]i- 'nail'
9O8. ( € ?) * k a N g a 'to wrap, to tie' > IE : NaIE *geng≈- v. 'wind, tie, spin,
9O6.
plait, weave'
9O9. ( € ?) * k a N g V '∈ waterfowl'
91O. € * k o N { Û } V 'crotch (of body)'
911. * k o h p ' V 'cave, pit'
912. * k o { q } p V 'mucus, slime' ([in some B lgs.] ‘ 'saliva'), ' f i l t h \ d i r t
on the surface (mould, soot)' > IE: NaIE *°gWe2b≈-/*°gW´b≈- 'slimy' ( ‘
'slimy fish')
913. * k e y p V ( ¬ * k u 4 y p V ?) 'light (not heavy)'
914. * k e p ' [ é € ] V (= * k e p ' ÷ V ?) 'jaw, chin' > IE *g8 e p[Ó]- > NaIE *g8ep≈- ≠
*g8eb≈- 'jaw, mouth'
915. * k o p V r V (or * - b - ?) 'many, big'
916. * k u P 3 s a 'extinguish, exhaust' > IE *gWes-/*gWo2 s - id.
917. * k a r V 'twist, turn around, return'
918. * k a  V 'rise, get up, jump up, wake up' > IE : NaIE *ger- 'rise'
919. ( € ?) * k i r a 6 or * g i r a 6 'to scratch' > ?σ IE : NaIE * ° g8 [ ≈]er- v. '≈ rake'
92O. ( € ?) * k o r e 6 '≈ ∈ deer, antelope'
921. o ? * k u r V ≠ * k a r V 'crane' > IE *ger[Ó]- ({P, EI} *ger- ) id.
922. * k u + o r V 'thick, fat' > IE (+exts.): [1] NaIE *gWretso- ' t h i c k ,
large' , ? [2] NaIE ¿*gWrend≈- 'big' ([in Gk]‘ 'proud')
923. * k { o } ÷ 3 Â V ¬ * k { o } Â ÷ 3{ u 6} (probably * k { o } ˝ Â V ¬ * k { o } Â ˝ { u 6 } ) ' b e
heavy, be stout\thick' > IE *gWreÓu-/*gWr=Óu- > NaIE *gWer(´)-,
*gWôru- 'heavy'
924. € * k o [ w ] r V 'embers, hearth'
925. € * k o y  V 'male animal'
926. * k u 4 r { } V (or * k u 4 r i { } V ??) 'to shine; flame' ‘ 'to p r o d u c e
heat' > IE : NaIE *g8 w er(´)- 'shine; be hot'
927. * k o r ÷ 3V 'eat (greedily), drink, swallow' > IE *gWer(Ó)- > NaIE
*gWer(´)- 'devour, eat, swallow'
928. * k o r [ V ] h V 'be angry\embittered' > ? IE : NaIE * ° gWer(´)- 'scold'
929. * k u r [ V h ] V 'hill, mountain' > IE *gWorÓ-/*gWr=Ó- > NaIE
*gWer´-/gWor´- 'mountain'
?
?
2602
93O.
* k u  h V 'shout, cry' > IE *gWerÓ- >
NaIE
*gWer(´)- 'shout,
praise; wail'
* k o 6r i { H } u 6
sing,
'throat, neck' > IE: [1] NaIE *gWrïwa2 ≠ *gWerwa2
'nape of neck', [2] NaIE *gWer(´)- 'throat'
932. * k o r V w a 'fade, rot, decay', 'coagulate' (of blood, etc.), ' g e t
sour\rancid\bitter' (of food) > IE: [1] NaIE (in IIr) *°g8er- 'decay', [ 2 ]
NaIE *greu\ t - 'curds'
932a. * k o r [ V w ] V '∈ a gallinacean'
933. * k a { r y } V 'to dig'
934. € * k a + á Â { c @ } V 'tie together, plait' > IE : NaIE *g+ g 8 e rs- id.
935. * k Ë Â c V 'scales, bark; to remove scales, to peel' > IE : H t
'skin, fleece, hide', NaIE *kru2 s - 'crust'
936. * k i  u 6 [ é ] g á 'to gnaw' > IE : NaIE (with ass. transformations a n d
onomatopoeic infl.) *gWru(:)g8≈-/gWrou\\g8≈ ≠ *gWru(:)g8-/gWrou\g8- ≠
*gWruk8 + k - 'gnaw, bite'
937. € * k { a } Â k a or * k { a } Â K ' a 'turn, plait, wrap' > IE : NaIE ? *gerg≠*gerk- 'bend, plait'
938. € * k a 4 r É m V 'wall, walled\fenced enclosure'
938a. * k i  V P 3 V '( ∈ ?) fish' > ?? IE : NaIE *°g+gV
8 rb- > Gmc *karp'carp'
939. * k a 4 Â t V 'cut (off), notch'
94O. * k e  t V 'to tie, (?) to plait' > IE : NaIE *°g8+gerd- > Gk ge1rdioß ≠
gerdio1 ß , ge1 r diß 'weaver'
941. (€ ?) * k V Â Ê V (≠ * g V Â d V ?) 'scratch, scrape' > IE : NaIE *°gred/* ° grod- v. 'scratch'
942. * k u r V t + d V 'worm, parasitic insect'
943. ≈ * k a r 1o (or * k { o } r 1 o ?) 'onager, wild ass (?)' > IE *g[W]orde≤b≈o-s
{EI} 'wild ass (Equus hydruntinus)' or 'onager/kulan (Equus hemionus)'
944. * k { a } r 1 V 'hawk, ∈ bird of prey'
945. * k o r 1u 6 'stick, log' > IE : NaIE *gWeru- 'sharp stick, roasting-spit'
946. € * k o r 1 V '≈ fig tree'
947. * k Ë r 1 V (= * k u r 1 V ?) or * k u  y V 'young of an animal, child' > IE:
NaIE *gWerb≈-/*gWreb≈- 'infant, young of an animal' (< * k Ë r 1V b Å o r
* k u r 1y V b Å with * b Å of animal names), amb Ht
'foal, colt'
948. * k u h r 1 V (or * k u 4 h r 1 V ?) 'rain clouds, rainy weather, rainy season'
949. * k i r 1 Ó a 'old' > IE *g8 e rÓ- > NaIE *g8 e r´- 'old, (?) grown up'
95O. ? * k o { r 1 } [ w ] V 'external ear'
931.
kursa/i-
?
kurka-
2603
€ * { k } u 4 + u Í V 'mouse'
952. € * k + g e Ó s V 'warm, hot, hot season'
953. * k a s w V 'grow, increase; (become) big'
954. * k { u 4 } s 7 ? V 'gravel, (coarse) sand' > IE : NaIE *g8 e i\ s - 'pebbles'
955. * k a 4 ÷ 3 s 6 V 'vexation, anger, quarrel'
956. * k i s 6 [ ? ] V 'tear (off), pinch, pluck'
957. * k a t V 'speak, think' > IE : NaIE *go(:)d- ( ≠ *g8o(:)d-?) ' s p e a k ,
951.
think'
958.
* k { i } t { Ë } ≠ * k { i } t ' { Ë } 'to
tickle', ? 'to itch' > IE : NaIE
*gei\d- v.
'≈
tickle, (?) sting'
959. ( € ?) * k { a 4 } ? i t V (or * k á ? i t V ?) 'suck, (?) eat liquid food' > IE:
NaIE *g8 e i\ d - 'suck'
96O. * k o y t V 'filthy liquid, filth' > IE : NaIE *gWei\d- id. ({EI} 'be foul \
purulent')
961. * k u { t } Ó É (or * k u 4 { t } Ó V ) 'to rise; (?) high place'
962. * k { o } t ' e 6 'belly' > IE : NaIE *gWet- 'belly'
963. € * k o t ' u 6 'to drip, to exude liquid' ‘ 'sap, pitch' > IE : NaIE
*gWetu 'pitch'
964. * k o t 'V ≠ * k u t 'V ' ≈ magic utterance and its results' (‘ [ 1 ]
'public utterances', [2] 'be fortunate'). An alt. hyp.: two N words: [ 1 ]
* k o t 'V 'public utterance', [2] * k u t 'V 'good luck, happiness' (“ 'magic,
sorcery'? ) .
965. * k { u 4 } t ' a (or * k ' - ?) fingernail, claw' (‘ 'nail')
966. * k a ÷ 3 t ' V 'hard, dry'
967. * k a w V 'call (exclaim), shout' > IE : NaIE *gow-/*gw- 'shout'
968. * k i w [ V ] H { e 6} ' s t o n e ' > ? σ IE : Ht
( )
'copper;
ornamental stone'
969. * k o y V ≠ * k a y V 'to draw (schöpfen)', 'scoop, spoon'
97O. * k a 4 { ? } y Ë '(small) bird'
971. * k o 6 { ÷ } y { u 6 } (most probably * k o { ÷ } y { u 6 } ) 'larva, worm' ( ‘ ' m o t h ' )
> ? σ IE: NaIE *°gWo2u-\ > Sl *gav-e7dÁ, *-e7da coll. 'small creeping animals
(lizards, frogs, vermin)'
972. * k o y ÷ { o } (or * k u y ÷ { o } ) 'fat, healthy' (‘ 'to fatten, to n o u r i s h ' )
> IE *gWei\ é W-/*gWyeéW- 'be healthy, live'
973. * k o y Ó V 'skin, bark' > IE *gWei\Ó- (*gWeÓi\ - ?) / *gWiÓ- > NaIE
*gWe2i\- / *gWï- 'skin'
974. * k o y H V 'be strong, overpower, take possession of' > IE : NaIE
*gWey´- v. 'overcome, ruin', *gWiya2 'violence'
ku wa nnan
2604
* k a 4 y w V 'to chew' > IE: NaIE *g8 y ew-/*gyew- 'chew'
976. UA € ? φ * k o y w { a } 'birch tree'
977. * k e z 6? e 6 'skin; to skin'
977a. * k u z 6 m V (or * k u z 6 V m V ) 'smoke, ashes' > IE : NaIE *°gWelm975.
'smoke'
€ * k a Û V '(young) dog'
* K a' , a pc. of request > IE : NaIE {Brg.} *ka2, *kom/*kem, e m p h a t i c
978. ?
979.
pc. (of request and sim.)
98O. ? * K ' a , substantivizing, singulative, or distinctive (singling o u t )
pronoun, name of quality bearers > IE: NaIE sx. *-k- in IIr *ai\-ka- ' o n e ' ,
L -k- in
(sene-k-s ) 'old man', Gk -k- in kh6 r yx 'herald'  NaIE *-ko(f. *-k-a2 ), sx. of denom. adjectives and nouns
981. * K ' o 'who?' > IE *kWo-/*kWe-/*kW-, a generalized interr. s t e m
(in *kWo-s 'who?', *kW-i-s 'who?', *kWo-d 'what?', etc. ||| UA € * K ' É
'who?'
982. * K ' { u 4 } , dem. prn. (animate?) > IE *k8e-, *k8ï-, *k8ei\-, *k8(i)yo- 'this'
983. * K 'V (= * k ' V ?) 'towards', directive pc. > ? IE : NaIE *k{u}
'towards'
983a. * k ' { Å ? i } b V or * k ' { i ? Å } b V 'cold, ice'
984. * k ' o ? b É 'to fill; whole'
985. * { k ' } u [ ? ] b É 'thorn' > IE : NaIE *keu\b- 'thorn, thorny plant'
986. * K ' a b { É ? } V 'wickerwork, bag, vessel' > IE : NaIE *kap- 'vessel,
box'
987. * k ' a 4 b ? a 6 'bite' (‘ 'eat') > IE : NaIE *g8eb≈- v. 'eat, gnaw, c h e w ' ,
NaIE *g8 e mb≈- 'bite, tear asunder' Ï *g8 o mb≈o-s 'tooth'
988. * K ' á b L V (or * K ' á L b V ?) 'to support, to lean' > IE : NaIE *k8elb≠ *k8elp- ≠ ? *g[≈]elb[≈]- 'help'
989. * k '{ a 4} c 1Ë or * k ' { a 4 } c 1 V w V 'wild goat', '∈ antelope'
99O. * k 'e c V 'to cut' > IE : NaIE *k8 e s- v. 'cut, stab, chop'
99Oa. * k ' e c 1 V 'clay, earth'
991. € * k ' i c @ V (or * K ' i c @ V ?) 'thigh muscle' > IE : NaIE *kei\s- 'thigh,
forearm (Vorderarm), thigh muscle'
992. * k 'o c 1V (or * û q o c V ) 'shorten by cutting' > IE : NaIE *°k[W]es/ * ° k[W]os- v. 'cut'
993. * k 'o ? a c 1V 'basket, wickerwork' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ ' e a r t h e n
vessel') > IE {EI} *kWas- ' b a s k e t ' Ï NaIE *kWas-yo-, *kWas-lo- ' w i c k e r
basket, Flechtwerk'
994. € * k ' a [ é € ] c + c 6 V 'young man' (‘ '[grown-up] man')
senex
2605
€ * K 'a w c @V 'share
*kau\s-
v.
* K ' a y Ç a 4 'hair' > IE : NaIE *kai\ s -(Vr-) '(long) hair'
996a. € * K ' a 4 c @ ' V '(be) cold; freeze'
997. * K ' e c ' @ { a } 'tip, end (extremity)'
998. * k ' Ë c ' V 'cut\chop into small pieces'
999. * k ' { o } c 7 V (or * k ' { o } c 7 ' V ?) 'bone' > IE : NaIE *k+kWost- 'bone, rib'
1OOO. * K ' a ÷ 3 c 7 V 'to advance with effort'
1OO1. * K ' a 6 { ÷ } c 7 ' + t ' V 'ram, sheep' > IE : NaIE *k≈et- (?) 'sheep'
1OO2. € * K ' a y e c 7 ' V 'heat, summer heat'
1OO3. * k 'a { c 6} Ë 'scratch, scrape off scales' > IE *kes-/*kseu\-
v.
995.
(Anteil)' (‘ 'lot', 'fate') > IE: NaIE
'draw lots'
996.
'scratch,
comb'
* K 'a c 6÷ 3V (= * k ' a c 6 ÷ 3 V ?) '(young) dog\wolf'
1OO5. * k ' Å c 6 ' V (= * k ' a 4 c 6 ' V ?) 'to burst, to crack; to split'
1OO6. * k 'a d V 'to plait, to wattle', 'wickerwork,
wattle' ( [ i n
descendant lgs.] ‘ 'to build, to make pottery') Ï cd. or d. * k 'a d V - L V
'wattle-fence' ( ‘ 'wall', 'building') > I E : NaIE *kat- 'wickerwork, wattle1OO4.
fence'
* k '{ a 4} d { i } 'take, hold'
1OO8. * { k ' } o 6 d V 'destroy, break, cut' > IE : NaIE *gWed≈- 'destroy'
1OO9. ? € * k 'Ë d V 'die'
1O1O. * K ' Å ? { u 6 } d V or * K 'u 6t 'V 'neck, (?) nape, shoulder'
1O11. * k 'o ÷ 3[ a ] d V 'be deprived of; deprive of' > IE : NaIE *ka(:)d1OO7. ( € ?)
v.
'deprive of, destroy'
1O12. * K ' a Ó d V 'grief, sorrow, anxiety' (‘ [in some IE lgs.] ' c a r e ' ) ,
'anger, hate' > IE: NaIE *k+k8a2d-/*k+k•´d- 'troubled state of mind, a n g e r ,
hate'
1O13. * { K ' } o Ó a d V 'dip, plunge, descend' > IE *gWeÓd≈- > NaIE
*gWa2d≈- 'plunge, dip in'
1O14. * k 'Å { H } d e 6 'to cover' > IE : NaIE *k´+ad≈- v. 'protect, c o v e r '
('hüten, schüzend bedecken')
1O14a. * k 'a w u d V ( r . . . ) (or * k ' a w u 4 d V ( r . . . ) ) 'tail' > IE : NaIE *kau\d(more plausible than *kou\ d - ) 'tail'
1O15. * K 'o 6Ù Å d V 'scold', (??) 'shout at' > IE *kou\Ód-/*kuÓd- > NaIE
*kou\ ´ d-/*ku(:)d- v. 'scold', (??) 'shout at'
1O16. * k 'u + o d { a } H V (≠ * k ' a d [ a ] H V ?) 'to pierce' > ? IE : NaIE *kWe(:)d/*kWo(:)d- v. 'sharpen', * ° kWod- 'sharp'
* K 'Å d Ù V 'strike fire, kindle'
1O16a. €*
2606
* K ' Ë d [ V ] Ù V 'draw (water)' (= 'schöpfen'), 'ladle out'
1O18. * K ' { a } d K ' u d V 'tip, top' > IE : NaIE *kakud- 'peak, summit'  AdS
of NaIE *kaput ≠ *°k+k8au\put 'head'
1O19. * k 'a k Ë (or * k ' o k Ë ?) 'hook', 'tooth, fang' > ? IE : NaIE *kog/*keg- 'hook, claw'
1O2O. * k ' Ë k É 'dark, black'
1O21. € Ll. * K 'a K 'a 'penis' > IE: NaIE *kak- 'male genitalia'
1O22. * K 'a K 'u 'stalk, rod, stick, cudgeal' > IE : NaIE *keku- ' ≈
1O17.
keulenformiger Stock', 'Stock mit hammerartigem Quergriff'
1O23. * K ' o K ' e 'to look, to see' > IE : NaIE *kWek8-/*kWok8-, *°kWek8-s-,
* °kWeg8- 'see'
1O24. i * k '{ o } k 'V 'beak', o †'to peck' (of a bird)
1O25. * K ' a l V ( - m V ) 'spot, stain; be spotty' > IE : [1] NaIE *kel- ' s p o t ,
stain', [2] NaIE *kel-mo- 's tain', [3] ?φ NaIE *ka2l-/*k´l- 'stain'
1O26. * K ' e 6 l a (= * K ' e l a ?) 'stalk, a hair' > IE : NaIE *k8el- 'stalk' ( ‘
'arrow')
1O26a. * { K ' } e l ß Å 'speak, say'
1O27. ( € ?) * k ' e l ∏ V (or * k ' e ÷ l ∏ V ) 'lack, be insufficient'
1O28. € * K ' o l ß + l ! a 'beat, strike' > IE : in BSl the expected reflex of N
* K 'o l ß + l !a (NaIE *°k[W]el- 'strike') is likely to have merged with IE
*k[W]olé-/*k[W]leé- > NaIE *k[W]ol´-/*kla2- v. 'strike, beat' ( < N * K 'o l ß
+ l ! q a 'knock, strike, hit')
1O29. * K ' o l a 4 (or * K ' o l [ y ] a 4?) 'long, far' > IE : NaIE *kWel- 'far, distant'
1O3O. * K ' o l V '(big) fish' (or * K 'o l ∏V and * k a l V ?) > IE : NaIE *kWo+al' ∈ big fish'
1O31. € * k 'o 6L V ( b Å ) (or * K ' - ?) 'dog\wolf, whelp' > IE : NaIE *°kWol/*°kul-, *kWelb-/*kWolb- '(young?) dog'
1O32. * K ' u l ∏ { a 4 } 'clan, village' ( ‘ 'everybody') > IE : NaIE *kWel- ' c l a n ,
troop'
1O33. € * K ' { u } l ∏ V 'brown'
1O34. * K ' u + o l ß V 'raven, crow'
1O34a. * K 'u 6l ßV 'fall, fall down\apart'
1O35. * K ' { e ? + h i } l e 6 'tongue'
1O35a. * K ' o 6 Ó l ß a 4 ¬ * K 'o 6l ßÓ a 4 'lake, small body of water'
1O36. * K 'e Ó u { h } l u 4Ó e 6 (or * K ' e { h } u l [ y ] e 6 ??) 'hear' > IE : NaIE *k8leu\´/*k8 l u(:)- 'hear', imv. *k8lu-d≈i 'hear!', pp. *k8lu(:)-≤to-(s) ' * h e a r d ' ,
*k8 l ewo(s) 'fame, announcement'
2607
1O37.
* K 'É Ó Ë y l { u 4}
'testicles'
> IE: NaIE
*k8e2u\l-/k8o2(u\)l-
'testiculi,
scrotum'
* K 'a w { h É } L V 'outgrowh, inflation, abscess, hernia' > IE: NaIE
d. *ka2w[´]la2 / *ku2la2 'inflation (in a body), hernia'
1O39. € * K ' o Ù l ∏ a 'be dry'
1O4O. * K ' Å y L a 'shout, call'
1O41. * K 'É { y + ? } a l ßa 'to burn' (intr.), 'to burn (sth.)', 'to heat, to b e
heated, to roast' > IE : NaIE *k8 e l- 'warm, hot; warm weather'
1O42. * K ' a l ∏ ÷ 3 a (or * k ' a l ∏ ÷ 3 a ?) 'throw, leave' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘
'remain, wait') > IE *kleé- 'lay' ({EI} *kleh Å - 'spread out flat') > NaIE kla21O38.
'lay, spread out'
* k 'a L ÷ a
'cut, hew, chop, stab' ( ‘ [in descendant lgs.]
'slaughter') > IE: NaIE *kel´-/*kla2 - v. 'hew, chop'
1O44. * k 'a l ÷ V 'rock, hill, stone' > IE {EI} *kolÓ-o2n- ≠ *kl=Ó-≤n-os 'hill'
1O45. * k ' { u 4 } l ß ˝ V (or * k ' { u 4 } l ß ÷ 3 V ?) 'dirt, mud'
1O46. * k ' a l ∏ { h } i 'high; be high' > IE *kel[Ó]- > NaIE *kel[(´)]- v. ' b e
high, rise (above)'
1O47. * k '{ a 4} l ß+ l !{ h } u 6 'stick, hook, bar' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'bar f o r
locking') > IE *kleÓw- > NaIE *kla2w- ≠ *kle2w- 'stick, hook, locking
bar, lock'
1O48. € * K ' É L [ Ó ] V 'cold' > IE : NaIE *k8 e l- 'cold'
1O49. * k ' a L [ V ] H V 'shout, cry, weep, make noise' > IE *kelh8- {EI} 'call
out t o ' > [1] NaIE *kel-/*kôle2-/*kôla2- (or *kl=-?) v. 'call, shout, m a k e
( ),
( ) ( ) v. ' e n t i c e ,
noise', AnIE *kalla-, *kle- > Ht
'fame'  [2] *klau\- v.
lure, evoke, summon up, adduce', Lc
'weep'
1O5O. * K ' o l ß + l ! q a 'to knock, to strike, to hit' > IE *k[W]olé-/*k[W]leé- >
NaIE *k[W]ol´-/*kla2 - v. 'strike, beat'
1O51. ( € ?) * K ' a l [ w ] V 'thick'
1O52. * K ' a l y V '(lock of) hair, eyebrow, eyelash'
1O53. * k 'o 6l ∏y V (= * k ' o l ∏ y V ?) 'round; to turn, to turn around, to roll
(sth.)' > IE: NaIE *kWel- 'round, circle', v. 'turn around', *kWek[W]lo'circle, wheel', *kWolo- id.
1O54. € * k 'a L k 'a ( ≠ * k ' a L k a ?) 'to wind, to twist' > IE : NaIE *kelg- vi.
'wind\twist', 'winding; crookedness', *kleng- ≠ *klenk- v. 'bend, wind,
twist together'
1O55. * k 'o L P V (or * K ' o L P V ) 'middle; 'inside, lap, sth. within a n
angle' > IE : NaIE *kle2 p - 'lap', v. 'embrace'
1O43.
kalles s - kal l is s kileima
2608
(= * k ' a l ! { u 4 + u } ?) 'skin, film, bark' > IE: NaIE *kl=no'callosity, hard skin'
1O57. * K ' a { l ! } V '(be) few, (be) too small\thin\light'
1O58. ( € ?) * k '{ u } l ! + l ßV 'short, (?) low'
1O59. * K ' o h l ! u 4 'to hide, to deceive, to tell a lie' > IE : NaIE *k+k8e2l/*k+k8o2l-/*k+k8´l(w)- v. 'deceive'
1O6O. * K ' i y [ V ] l ! i (or * K ' i y [ V ] l ! V ÷ 3 i ?) 'to bend, to bow' > IE : NaIE
*k8 l ei\ - v. 'bow, incline', {EI} 'lean'
1O61. * K ' a l ! ÷ 3 u 6 'bare, naked' > IE *kl=Ówo- > ({WH} NaIE *kôl´wo-)
'bald'
1O62. * k ' o 6 l ! ÷ { u 6 } 'track(s), way; to go, to travel' > IE : [1] NaIE *kelw/*kleu\ - v. 'travel', [2] NaIE *kal-nV- 'path'
1O63. * { k ' } a 4 m { o } 'to cover' > IE: NaIE *k8 e m- v. 'cover\veil', 'garment'
1O64. € * K 'e m V 'to bite' > IE : this N √ may have influenced NaIE
*g8emb≈-/*g8m=b≈- v. 'bite' and *g8 o mb≈o-s 'tooth'
1O65. * K ' o m V ( - b Å ) (or * K ' u m V ( - b Å ) ?) 'forehead, front part'
1O66. * K ' u m V 'sand'
1O66a. * K ' Ë m V 'black, dark'
1O67. * k ' u 4 m V ( - Ê a 4 ) / ( - Â V ) 'fog, mist; cloud' > IE : Ht
'mist, fog, vapour; shade, dimness (of sight')', NaIE: Gk [Hs.] ke1mmeroß:
] a cly1 ß , ]omi1clh 'mist, fog'
1O68. * K ' Ë ? a 4 m V ( - n V ) 'a hand with five fingers' > IE *de-k8 m = t 'ten' ( <
*d[w]e- 'two' + **k8omt 'hand with fingers'), Ï NaIE *k8m=≤tom ' h u n d r e d '
( < *dk8m=≤tom {EI} 'tenth decade', {P} '[Zehner]dekade')
1O68a. * K ' u m V '(be) hot, smoulder'
1O69. € * K ' { o } m H V (or * K ' { o } m X V ?) 'eat, swallow' > IE : NaIE *kWem'swallow'
1O7O. * k 'a m c 7'{ o } 'to bend; bend, corner' > IE : NaIE *kant≈o- ' e d g e ,
bend'
1O71. * k ' Ë [ y ] m V c ' 6 V (or * - c ' - ?) '( ≈ ) shin, thigh'
1O72. € * K ' a 4 m [ Ë ] r 1 V 'shoulder, shoulder-blade'
1O73. * k ' a m { t } V 'burn (be on fire)', 'shine' > IE : NaIE *kend- v.
'shine'
1O74. * { k '} a n { É } 'young, child' > IE: NaIE *ken- 'young; child, young o f
an animal', ? IE *-i-k(o)-, *-u-k(o)- dim. (× *-iko-, sx. of nouns d e r i v e d
from adjectives)
1O75. * k 'a n 2{ o } (or * k ' a n 2 y { o } ??) 'to tie' > IE : NaIE {P} *kenk- v. 'gird,
tie\bind around, tie on'
1O56.
* K 'a l !{ u 4+ u }
kammara-
?
2609
1076.
1O77.
* K ' a n V 'to sing, to sound' > IE : NaIE *kan- id.
* K 'a n V 'begin, originate, be new' > IE: NaIE *ken- ≠ *°kan-
'begin, originate, be born, be recent\young'
1O78. * K ' É n 2 + N { u 6 } 'empty' > IE : NaIE *k8 e n[(e)w]- 'empty'
1O78a. * K '{ o } n `V 'back, rear'
1O78b. * K 'u n `V 'belly, chest'
1O79. * k ' u n 2 V ( r 1 V ) 'small carnivore (marten, polecat, wild cat, o r
sim.)' > IE : NaIE * ° keu\ n -/* ° kou\ n - 'marten'
1O8O. € * K ' u 4 n 2 V ¬ * K 'u n 2É 'sun, day'
1O81. ? φ ≈≈ * K ' a { 9 } É n 2 a 'be hungry\thirsty, desire, long for' > IE : NaIE
*kenk- 'be hungry, long for'
1O82. * K ' u 6 y n 2 V 'bucket, basket'
1O83. * K ' u 4 y [ a ] n 2 V 'wolf, dog' > IE nom. *k8won- / *k8wo2n, obl. *k8un'dog'
1O84. * K ' a n ` ? i 'to hasten, to endeavour' > IE : NaIE *ken- v. 'hasten t o
do (sth.), strive with zeal'
1O85. * K 'i n ? u ( > as. * K ' u 4 n ? { u 4 } ) 'exercise magic; exercise magic
against so., hate' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'be jealous, envy') > IE: NaIE
*k8wen- 'exercise magic' (‘ 'participate in magic c e r e m o n i e s ,
sacrifice'), pp. *k8 w en-to- 'magic' (‘ 'holy')
1O86. * K ' o n { h } V 'yellow' (or '∈ a yellow substance'?) > IE *kWn=h- /
*kWnh=- > NaIE (+ ext.) *kôn´≤ko- 'yellow'  AnIE ı Gk Hm ky1anoß
'cyan, a dark-blue substance'; ?? Ht
( )
'copper; o r n a m e n t a l
stone'
1O86a. ( € ?) * K '{ Ë } n `[ Ó ] V o r * k { Ë } n ` + n 1 V 'bee' > ? IE *°k+kn
8 ≤= éonk/*°k+kn8 é= n=≤k- ({EI} *°kn=≤éonk-s [gen. *°kn=én=≤k-os]) {AD} 'honey, h o n e y coloured'
1O87. * k 'a n y V 'skin, film, bark' > IE: NaIE *(s)k+ k 8 e n-(d-) 'skin'
1O88. * K ' a 4 n ` [ y ] u 6 'light (levis), thin'
1O89. * K ' u n 2 y V 'ashes, dust' > IE : NaIE *(s)ken[Ó]- id.
1O9O. * k 'o n 2c 7'V 'to scratch (so.’s body or sth.), to wound, to m a k e
suffer' (‘ 'to suffer' > IE : NaIE *kWent≈- v. 'suffer' ('leiden, dulden')
1O91. * { k ' } u n 2 i g Ë (= * { k ' } u n i g Ë ?) 'to bend, to incline, to bow' > IE:
NaIE *knei\ g W≈- vi. 'bow, incline, bend'
1O92. * K ' a n [ K ] É 'to singe, to glow' > IE : NaIE *kenk- v. 'parch, dry u p ,
cause burning pain'
1O93. € * K ' { É } n 2 i t V 'louse, nit' > IE : NaIE *knid- ≠ *k8nid- id.,
*g≈ni(:)d- 'nit'
ku wa nnan
2610
* K ' Å n t ' V '∈ genitalia', 'gland (esp. of genitalia: glans penis,
clitoris)' > ?? IE : NPrs kun (< ClNPrs ku2 n ) 'vulva'
1O95. € * K ' É n 3 t ' V 'be angry, be in despair'
1O96. € * K ' E n 1 V or * K ' E ˆ y V 'nest'
1O97. € * K ' { u 4 } n 1 V 'to burn' (intr.)
1O98. € * K 'o n 1{ c 1'} V 'bark of trees'
1O99. * K ' u [ n 1 ] c 7 V 'worm'
11OO. * K ' u n 1 Z 1 V ¬ * - n 1 c 1 - , * - n 1s 1- (or * g + k u n 1Z 1V ¬ * - n 1 c 1 - , * - n 1 s 1 - ?) 'star' >
IE: NaIE *°g[≈]woi\sd[≈]- 'star'
11O1. ( € ?) * K ' { u 4 w a } N ÷ i '∈ blood vessel (with blood), blood' or sim.
11O2. € * k ' o N c 7 ' V '∈ part of leg'
11O3. * k 'É { N } c 6'V ( o r * k ' É m c 6 ' V ?) ( ≠ * k ' É n 1 c 6 ' V ?) 'gravel, p e b b l e ( s ) ,
coarse sand' > IE: NaIE *g8 e i\ s - 'pebbles'
11O4. * K ' a w i N g V 'shoulder joint, armpit'
11O5. * K ' a 4 N K ' a [ h V ] 'shell, conch' > IE : NaIE *k8onk≈o- ≠ *k8ok≈o1O94. ( € ?)
'conch, shell'
* { k ' } a p ' a 'to close, to cover'
11O7. i * K 'a p V ≠ * K 'a p 'V 'to seize' ( * K ' - = * û q - ?) ( ≠ * K ' a b V ) > IE:
NaIE *kap- v. 'seize'
11O8. * K ' a p ' { a 4 } 'palm of hand, sole of foot; hoof' > IE : NaIE *ko+ap11O6.
'hoof'
* k 'Å P 3V 'leaf'
11O9a. * k '{ a } p '{ Ë } 'bird' > ? σ IE : NaIE (+ext.) *kops- 'blackbird'
111O. * K ' o p ' V 'trunk, log'
1111. i * K ' u p É 'to boil' (intr.), 'to swell, to bubble' > IE : NaIE *keu\p'boil, evaporate'; IE *keu\pÓ-/*kwÓ=p- ( > NaIE *kw´p-) ' ≈ suffocate,
11O9.
extinguish'
* K ' u p É (or * K ' u 4 p V ) 'to bend (a joint of the limbs: elbow, k n e e ,
etc.)', 'elbow' > IE : NaIE *k+k8eu\b- 'sich im Gelenk biegen'
1113. * K ' { u } p ' V , - l ßV 'bubble, pustule, blister'
1114. * k ' u P 3 V 'heap, hill; cone, protuberance' > IE : NaIE *kou\po- 'pile,
1112.
heap, hill, mountain'
1115. * K ' u P 3 V 'box, basket' > IE : NaIE *kou\ p -/*kup- '≈ vessel'
1116. * k 'a é € á P 3V (= * k ' a h á P 3 V ?) 'chop, dig' > IE *ke[é8]p- > NaIE
*ke(:)p- v. 'chop, dig'
1117. * K ' o é € a p { Ë } (= * K ' o ? + ÷ a p { Ë } ? ) 'bark', (?) 'skin'
2611
* k '{ a } w [ o ] p 'É or * k '{ a } w [ o ] p 'V y V 'skull; occiput' (‘ [in B, IE]
'head') > IE : NaIE *kaput ≠ *° k+ k 8 a u\ p ut 'head'
1119. * k ' { a 4 } y a p ' V (or * q ° - and * - p - ) 'sharp stone\rock\cliff' > IE:
NaIE *k8ei\po-/*k8oi\po- '≈ sharp object'
112O. € * K ' a P 3 V L V 'occiput, skull' > IE : NaIE *kap(e+ e 2 ) lo- 'skull'
1121. € * K ' u P 3 V r 1 V 'hump' > IE : NaIE *k{u}pVr- id.
1122. € * K ' a P 3 [ V ] Í a 'box' (unless a WW ) > IE : L capsa 'box, case'
1123. * K 'É P 3V z 2V (= * K ' É P 3 V z V ?) 'paw, hoof' > IE : *k8opÓ- > NaIE
*k8 o p≈- 'hoof, claw'
1124. * k 'a r V 'curse, scold, (?) be hostile', ? 'punish' > IE : NaIE *kar1118.
v. 'abuse, blame, punish'
1125. € * K 'a  V 'to bend; crooked' > IE : NaIE *ker- 'bend'
1126. * K ' { a } Â V 'to hang' > IE : NaIE *ko(:)r- vi., vt. 'hang'
1127. * k 'a  V 'to fight; war, troop' > IE : NaIE *koro-, *koryo- ' w a r ,
troop', *koryo-no-s 'commander in war'
1128. * K ' a 4 r É 'trunk, (piece of) wood' > ? σ IE : NaIE *kred- (or *0k8red?) ≠ ? *0k[W]ord- 'top of a building, beams, roof'
1129. * k 'a 4r V 'tie' (‘ 'rope'); to tie' > IE : NaIE *k8er- 'cord, thread i n
a weft', v. 'plait, conjoin'
113O. * k ' á Â V (or * k ' É Â V ) 'horn' > IE : NaIE *k8er-, *k8er-w/u-, *k8er´s- 'horn', Ht
'horn(s), antler(s)', IE *k8 r = n o- , *k8 o rn- 'horn'
1131. * k ' a 4 r V ( - k ' a ) 'small stone' > IE : NaIE *k8 o rka2 'gravel'
1132. ( € ?) * K 'á Â V ' ≈ ∈ pod, fruit of a leguminous plant' > IE : NaIE
*k8 i k8 e r- 'pea(s)'
1133. ( € ?) * K ' É Â u 6 'deer, roe' > IE : NaIE *k8 e rwo-/*k8 r wo- 'deer'
1134. ?? € * K ' É Â V 'grow, be(come) big' > IE : NaIE *k8er- v. ' g r o w ,
make grow, breed, feed', *korwo- 'adolescens'
1135. * K ' É Â V (= * K ' É Â Ë ?) 'hair' > IE : NaIE *k8 e r- 'hair'
1136. ( € ?) * K ' i r V 'edge, end, (?) bank (Ufer)'
1137. * K 'o r { a } (or * K 'o  a and * { K ' } o r u 4 ? ) 'to flay, to bark', ' b a r k ,
'skin, fleece, hide' and NaIE
crust' > IE : Sl *kora 'bark'; ?? Ht
*krus- 'crust' (× N * k Ë Â c V 'scales, bark')
1138. * k ' o r u (or * k ' o r u 4 ) 'bite, gnaw, chew, eat away' > IE : NaIE
*kWeru- v. 'chew'
1139. ( € ?) * K ' { o } r V 'rock, isolated mountain'
114O. * K ' o 6 Â { É } (or * K ' o 6 Â [ V ] w É ?) 'worm, maggot' > IE : NaIE (att. i n
Sl) * ° k[W]r= w i- 'worm'
kara2 w ar
kursa/i-
2612
* k 'u r É ( - c @V ) 'run, run away' > IE: NaIE *kers- v. 'run'  Ï
NaIE *kr= s o-s 'vehicle, chariot'
1142. * k ' u 6 r { Ë } (= * k ' u r { Ë } ?) 'foot, hoof' ( ‘ 'hand') > IE : NaIE *kern/*korn- (or *k8 o rn- ?) 'hoof, (?) handle'
1143. * K ' u r V (= * K ' u r u 6 ?) 'plait\wattle\tie
together' > IE: NaIE
*kWer[u]- 'build, make'
1144. * K ' { u } r V 'short' > IE : NaIE *ker-t- , *ker- … 'short'
1145. * K ' o Ó r i 'to cover, to protect, to guard'
1145a. * ûK a [ é € ] r V 'sharp' > IE : NaIE *k≈ar- 'sharp, pointed, r o u g h '
( × N * û q a é € r 1 V 'hard, firm' × N * c ' 1 o r V 'tip, top, edge'??)
1146. * k ' u [ w ] Â { É } '(severe) cold'
1147. * k ' a y e r V ' ∈ bark, skin' > IE : NaIE *ker- 'skin, hide, b a r k ' ,
*kermen- 'skin'
1148. * k 'u y r V 'wood (Holz), log' > IE {EI} *kWr=sto-≠*kWr=sti'woods' (× N * k ' o 6 Â [ V ] Z 1 ( V X ) V ≈ 'oak')
1149. * k 'a  [ V ? ] V 'peak, rock, steep mountain' > IE : NaIE *ker1141.
'rock, stone'
* k ' e r i ? Å 'cry, shout, call' > IE : (+ext.): Sl *krik¥ n. 'shout'
115Oa. * K ' a r u 6 ÷ 3 V (or * K ' a r u 6 9 V ) 'female breast, milk' > IE *kruÓ-t- >
NaIE *kru2 t - 'female breast'
1151. * k ' { i } r u 6 ÷ V 'strike, hit' > IE : NaIE * ° k8 + k reu\ ´ - * 'strike'
1152. * K ' i r V ÷ 3 V 'to tear, to break' > IE *k8erÓ- > NaIE *k8er´- ' d e s t r o y ,
115O.
break'
* k ' u r [ V ÷ ] u 6 'to hammer, to pound' > IE : NaIE *kWeru- v. 'grind'
1154. * K ' u 4 + u r ÷ 3 V 'sharp'
1155. * K ' a r h Å 'black' > IE : NaIE *ker- '≈ black, dirty'  +ext.: *kersn- , *kr= s -no- 'black'
1156. * k ' a r é € { Ë } (= * k ' a r h { Ë } ?) 'to burn (sth..), to heat' > IE : NaIE
*ker´- vt., vi. 'burn'  ?? +ext.: (1) OI ku2d5ayati 'scorches, burns' ( i f
from *kr= 2 d - ) »» (2) L carbo 'coal'
1157. * K ' i r Ó V (= * û q { i } r ÷ V ?) 'top, summit, crown (of the head)' > IE
*k8r=Ó-, NaIE *k8r=- ≠ *k8ir- 'head'
1158. * k 'i r [ Ë ] q a 'ice, hoarfrost; to freeze' > IE : NaIE (+ extentions)
*≤k8erno-s, *k8er-m-, *k8 e r-sn- 'ice crust (n a l e d ∆ ), snow crust, hoarfrost'
1159. * k ' a  { i w u } 'come in contact (meet, come across, touch)' > IE:
NaIE *krei\ - {P} 'über etw. drüberhinstreifen, berühren'
1153.
2613
116O.
*krek-
* k 'u 4r w V
¬
* k 'u r w É
'hard roe, young of a fish' > IE: NaIE
'fish eggs, frog spawn'
1161. * K ' a r Ù V 'bank (Ufer), edge'
1162. * K ' i r { Ù } V 'scrape, scratch'
1163. * K ' u r { Ù u 6 } 'blood' > IE : NaIE *kreu\ Ó -/*kruÓ- 'blood (in the b o d y
of an animal\human)', 'flesh with blood'
1164. * k ' o r { u 4 y } V (or * k ' o r 1 i ) 'lamb'
1165. * K 'u r { y } V 'sprout from a root' (‘ 'sprout', 'root') > IE : NaIE
*kWer-/*kWor- 'root'
1166. * { k ' } a r b + p { i } 'belly, inside' > IE : NaIE *kerp-/*krep- (or *kWerp/*kWrep- ) 'body, belly'
1167. ( € ?) * K ' { i } Â u 6 Ç a 6 (= * K ' { i } Â u 6 c 7 a 6 ?) 'to strike' > IE : NaIE *krou\s- v.
'push, strike'
1168. * k ' { u 4 } r u 6 - Ì V c V 'shin' > IE : NaIE *k8 r u2 s - 'shin, shin-bone'
1169. € * K ' u  V c @ ' V 'sharp'
117O. * k ' { u } Â V c ' @V 'hard ( q e s t k i j )', 'to dry up, to harden' > IE:
NaIE *k+ k 8 e rs- 'hard'
1171. * K 'V r [ V ] c '@V (= * K ' a r Ë c ' @ V ?) 'to scratch' > IE : NaIE *kars'scratch, rub, comb (wool)'
1172. (€ ?) * K ' É Â V c 7 V 'rough hair, prickly\rough object, bristle' > IE:
NaIE *k8 e rst- / *k8 r = s t- 'rough hair, bristle'
1173. * k ' V Â c 7 ' V 'to cut'
1174. * k ' a 4 r d V 'breast, chest' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ ' h e a r t ' ,
'internal organs') > IE *k8 e rd-/*k8 e 2 r d-/*k8 r = d -/*k8 r ed- 'heart'
1175. € * K ' i  d V 'to scrape' (‘ 'to scratch', 'to comb')
1176. € * K ' { u 6 } r [ d ] V 'monkey'
1177. * k ' { u 6 } Â { ÷ V } d V ¬ * k ' u 6 Â t ' V ÷ V 'stinging insect'
1178. * k 'i  g V (or * k ' i  k ' V ) '∈ stinging insect'
1179. * { k ' } i  { g } V or * { k ' } e  { g } V '∈ bird of prey'
118O. * K ' o r g + k Ë 'dirt, dung' > IE : NaIE *gWorgW(or)o- 'dirt'
1181. * k ' V Â V k É 'skin, bark' > IE : NaIE *krog8 - no- 'skin, hide'
1182. * K ' a 6 Â K ' u b + p V 'top, summit, crown (of the head)' > IE : NaIE
*kakub≈- 'summit, tip'
1183. * K ' u  m { É } (or * K ' o  m { É } ?) 'to cover' > IE : NaIE *kWarmo- ' a
cover, lid'
1184. * K ' u  m V 'worm, insect' > IE : NaIE *kWr= m i- / *kWerm- 'worm'
2614
€ * K 'É Â V p 'V 'to cover' (‘ 'roof') > IE: NaIE *k8ro(:)po- ( o r
*k8 r a(:)po- ) 'roof'
1186. * k ' o  u p ' V ≠ * k 'a  u p 'V 'bark of trees' ( ∈ ?), 'skin' > IE : NaIE
*kreu\ p - 'crust, crusted', 'rough'
1187. * K ' u 4 Â p V 'to turn (round, towards)' > IE : NaIE *k8werp- ≠
*k8 w erb[≈]- v. 'turn'
1188. * k ' { u 4 } r y V p V 'sack, wicker basket' > IE : NaIE *krep- ≠ *kreb/*korb- 'basket, bag', NaIE * °k8u2rp- > OI s1 u 2 r pa-m 'winnowing basket'
1189. * K 'V r Ó V P 3V 'piece of leather (used esp. as footwear)' > IE:
NaIE *ker´p-/*kre2 p - 'piece of cloth, ∈ footwear'
119O. * K ' a 4 Â [ ? ] u 6 s + s 7 V 'to congeal' > IE : NaIE *kreu\s- v. ' f r e e z e ,
1185.
congeal', 'ice'
€ * k '{ u 4} Â V s 1u 6l V '∈ part of the foot'
1192. * k ' u r t V 'belt; to gird' (‘ [in descendant lgs.] ' ∈ garment') > IE:
NaIE *kerd- v. 'gird', *kerd-so/u- 'belt'
1193. * k 'V Â [ V ] t V 'summit, top' > IE : NaIE *0kred- (or *0k8red-?) ≠
*0k[W]ord- 'top of a building, beams, roof'
1194. * k ' á Â t ' V 'to crumble, to chop\cut into small pieces'
1195. * K ' { o } Â t ' V 'flame' > ? IE : NaIE *° k+ k 8 e rt- > Gmc *xerT- 'hearth'
1196. * k ' É Â é € V Z @ V (= * k ' É Â h V Z @ V ?) 'hornet, wasp' > IE : NaIE *k8r=2sr/-en- (= *k8 r ´s-r/en- ) {P} 'hornet (Hornisse)'
1197. * k 'o 6Â [ V ] Z 1( V X ) V ' ≈ oak' > IE : [1] NaIE *kWres-(no-) ' ∈ tree'
('oak'?), 'wood', [2] ? IE {EI} *kWr= s to-≠*kWr= s ti- 'woods'
1198. * k ' á Â Z 6 { i } 'cut into pieces, split, divide'
1199. * K a
' r 1V '(sharp) stick, peg'
12OO. € * k '{ Å } r 1V 'be full, fill'
12O1. * K ' o 6 r 1 [ i ? ] É '∈ a gallinacean' > IE : NaIE *k[W]ou\r(o)- id.
12O2. * K ' o y a r 1 [ w ] i 'fat, tallow'
12O3. € * K ' Ë s 2 É 'grown-up man, old (person)'
12O4. € * K 'u Í V 'nut' > IE : NaIE *kos(e)lo- (or *k+ k • o s(e)lo- ) 'hazel'
12O5. * K ' Ë s V 'to bend, to bow'
12O6. * k 'u 4s 1V 'breathe heavily' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'pant, sigh,
moan') > IE : NaIE *k8 w es-/*k8 u s- v. 'sigh, pant, breathe heavily'
12O7. * K ' u 4 [ y ] s 2 V ¬ * K ' u 4 ? i s 2 V 'look for, desire' (“ *'be hungry'?) > IE:
NaIE NaIE *°kwai\s- or *°kw´i\s- (or *°k8+kWa+´i\s-) > L quaer- / p f c .
quaes°vi ≠ quaes° 'look for, ask (a question)'
1191.
2615
* K ' a s [ ? ] V 'be hungry, wish' > IE *kes- 'be hungry'
12O9. * k 'o s 1[ é € ] V 'to kindle' > IE : NaIE *ksV∏- (or *kWsV∏ - ) v. 'burn'
121O. € * k ' Ë s @ d V 'to chop, to cut'
1211. * K 'É s 6Ë ( ¬ * K ' { u 4 } s 6 V ?) 'to skin, to tear'
1212. ( € ?) * K ' u s 6 V or * K 'u c 6'V 'to compensate' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘
'to pay') > I E *keu\ s - 'compensation, price'
1213. * k ' u [ y ] s 6 V 'tree' (‘ 'wood, Holz')', 'trunk of a tree'
1214. * k 'u 4s 6{ ÷ } V 'to fell, to fall'
1215. * k ' a t V (or * k a ? [ V ] t V ) 'mix, adjoin, gather'
1216. ( € ?) * K ' a 4 t V 'hand'
1217. * K ' o t V 'tip, end, sharp point; cutting instrument\weapon' > IE:
NaIE *kWe(:)d- / *kWo(:)d- 'sharp point; to sharpen'
1218. € * K ' o t V 'to finish'
1219. * K ' o t V ( - Â V ) 'smoke' > IE : NaIE *k[W]ed- 'smoke', v. ' s m o k e ,
12O8.
emit smoke'
122O.
1221.
1222.
* K ' { a h o } t { o } 'bite, chew, eat' > IE : NaIE *k≈[W]a2 d - v. 'bite, eat'
* K ' e y [ a ] t V 'to fall' > IE : NaIE *k8ad- v. 'fall', NaIE *k8+kei\d- v. 'fall'
* K 'u t ÷ 3V (or * K 'u t '÷ 3V ?) (probably * K ' u t + t ' ˝ V ) 'cut off, t e a r
(off)'
* K 'u 4[ y ] t [ V ] P 3V 'shoulder' > IE: NaIE *k8up-(t-) ≠ *sk8up-(t-) id.
1224. * k ' { a } t ' V (or * k ' a ? i t V ?) 'kill, wage a war' (in B, C, NOm, K[?]:
‘ 'die') > IE : NaIE *kat- v. 'fight'
1225. * K ' o t ' a ( ≠ * K ' o t a ?) 'fence, wall, hut, settlement' > IE : NaIE
*kot- 'shed, wall, hut' (‘ 'house'), Ht kutt- {Pv.} 'wall'
1226. * K ' o 6 t ' { É } (or * k o ? Ë t ' É ) 'membrum muliebre, anus' ( ‘ ' m a l e
genitalia') > IE : NaIE *kut- 'pudendum muliebre, anus'
1227. * k ' Ë t ' V 'small'
1228. * K ' a 4 w V 'cavity, hole' > IE : NaIE *k8ew[´]- 'cavity'  {EI}
*≤k8ou\Ór= / *k8uÓ≤n-os > NaIE {M} *k8ew´\-r= ≠ *k8u´\-r= / *k8u´\-n- ' h o l e ,
1223. ≈
emptiness'
* K ' { a ? e } w V 'to hear, to notice' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'ear') >
IE *kew- / *keu\- ({EI} *keu\ h ⁄- ) 'listen to, perceive, pay attention to'
123O. * K ' { o h a } w { i } ¬ * K ' { o h a } w [ i ] y V 'sinew, thread' ([in d e s c e n d a n t
lgs.] ‘ 'bowstring') > IE : NaIE *gWiya2 , *gWi≤yos 'sinew, bowstring'
1231. * k ' Å H w V 'seize, grasp, hold'
1229.
2616
1232.
* k 'a X u 4 ¬ * k 'a X y Ë 'strike, push'
> IE *kaéw-/ké=w- ≠ *kau\Ó-
'touch')
'strike, hew'
1233.
* K 'a y V
'look,
look
for'
([in descendant lgs.] ‘ ' h e w ' ,
> NaIE *k´w-/*ka2w-/*ku2- v.
> IE: ?? NaIE
*k[W]ey-/*k[W]oy-
'observe, look'
1234. ( € ?) * K ' { É } y u 6 'person of the same clan' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘
'friend') > IE : NaIE *k8 e i\ w - 'person of the same clan'
1235. ( € ?) * K ' o y V 'to compensate, to take revenge' > IE : NaIE *kWei\v. 'take revenge, reprove',
'worth,
price',
Ï NaIE *kwoi\na2
'compensation, price'
1236. * K ' u y a 'manner' (‘ 'like, as') > IE : NaIE *°-k[W]o (ending o f
adverbs of manner and of denom. adjectives), NaIE *ku[:] 'how?' ( < *kWku[:] 'which way?, quo-modo?')
1237. * k ' u y É 'be hungry, desire, want' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'be i n
heat, lust') > IE : NaIE *kwoi\ - 'desire'
1238. * K 'á { h } u y V 'to heat, to singe, to burn (sth.)' (‘ 'boil, c o o k ' )
> IE : NaIE *k8 e 2 u \ - /*k8 ´ u\ - /*k8 u 2 - vt. 'set fire to, burn'
1239. * K ' a y [ ? ] V 'wilderness, desert, woods (esp. in the m o u n t a i n s ) '
> IE : NaIE *kai\to- {P} 'woods, uninhabited land'
124O. * K ' u y h V 'to rest (from work, etc.), to repose, to b e
comfortable' > IE *kWei\Ó- > NaIE *kWei\´-/*kWii\e2- v. 'be at r e s t ,
repose' ({P} 'behaglich ruhen')
1241. ( € ?) * K ' a y [ i ] w a 'to dig' > IE : NaIE *koi\w- 'pit, hole'
1242. * k ' u 4 Ω + Û V ( - r V ) 'neck'
1243. * k 'V w z 1V ¬ * k 'V ? u 6z 1V (or * k 'V w Z 1V ¬ * k ' V ? u 6 Z 1 V ) 'to d r a w
'auslöffeln,
(schöpfen); (to) ladle; (?) to dig out' > IE: Ht
ausschöpfen'
1244. ? * K 'e z 6É 'warm, warm weather' > IE : NaIE *k8el-/*k8l- ( ≠ *k8ôl-)
id.
1245. * K ' o z 6 V 'to skin, to bark (wood)'
1246. * k ' a Z i X V ( ≠ * - Z 7 - ) 'to scold'
1247. * k ' o Z 7 ÷ V 'tree trunk'
1248. ( € ?) * l Å , a marker of verbal constructions [noun + * l Å =
analytical verb] ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ sx. of denom. verbs)
1249. * l ßÅ , an analytical ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ synthetical) m a r k e r
of collectivity) (or N * ? É l ß Å , dem. prn. of collectivity, p r o b a b l y
connected with N * ? e l V 'clan, tribe'?)
125O. * l ß Å , locative pc.
kasd-
2617
* l ßV , pc.
with diminutive meaning ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ sx.
of diminutives) > IE : NaIE *-elV- , sf. of diminutives
1252. * l ß e [ ? V ] (or * l e [ ? V ] ?) 'being, having', analytical adjectivizer
([in descendant lgs.] → formative of adjectives and quality-bearing
nouns) > IE *-l- , sx. of adjectives)
1253. € * l u ? V ¬ * l { i ? u w } V '∈ bovine'
1254. * L V ÷ a 'to hide, to lie hid, to lie in wait' > IE *leé- > NaIE {P}
*la2 - / *l´- (/ *la2 i \ - ) 'be hidden, lie in wait'
1255. * L a b V 'grasp, get, obtain' > IE : NaIE *lab≈- / *lamb≈- 'seize,
grasp'
1256. * L a b V (or * L a y i b V ?) 'be soft' > [from N * L a y i b V ]) > IE:
NaIE *lei\b≈- '≈ weak, lean'
1257. * L i b V 'heart' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'life', 'middle') > IE:
NaIE {P} *lei\b≈- or {WH} *lei\b[≈]- 'live'
1258. * L { o } b V ' ∈ grass' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'medicinal \
'stark
poisonous grass'?) > IE: Gmc *lubj{a} > OHG {OsS}
'Heilmittel,
wirkender
Pflanzensaft;
Gift, Vergiftung',
ON
Zaubermittel'
1259. * L u 6b V 'be thirsty, be hungry' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'wish,
love') > IE : NaIE *leu\b≈- / *lou\b≈- / *lub≈- 'desire, love, agree'
126O. * L i b H V (= * l ∏ i b H V ?) 'wet; to get wet' > IE : NaIE *lei\b- ' p o u r ,
be liquid\wet', {EI} 'pour, make a libation'; € * L i b [ H ] V K ' V 'wet; b e \ g e t
wet'
1261. * L { i } c @ V ( - t V ) 'jaw' > IE : NaIE * ° l{ei\ } st- '≈ edge, hem, stripe'
1262. * L a w c 7 V 'weak, soft' > IE : NaIE * ° leu\ s -/lou\ s -/lus- '≈ loose'
1263. * L i c 7 ' V 'to pass, to go away' > IE : NaIE *lei\t≈-≠ *l i(:)t≈- v. ' g o ,
go away, pass'
1264. * l ∏ e w d Å (or * z 6 e w d Å ?) 'look for, find'
1265. * l ∏ É g a 'lie (liegen), lie down; lay, put' > IE *leg≈- 'lie, lie down'
1266. * L a Ù g a (= * L a H g V ?) 'cut, chop' > IE : NaIE *l´g≈- (or *lag≈-)
v. 'cut, dig', 'cutting\digging instrument'
1267. * L i g [ ÷ ] á 'to lick, to sip, to suck' > IE : NaIE *lei\ g 8 ≈ - v. 'lick'
1268. * L a g u r 1 V 'body of water'
1269. ? φ € * L V { G } Ë '≈ fig tree'
127O. * l u G V 'wash, rinse' > IE *lou\Ó- 'wash, bathe'
1271. ≈ * L + z 6 a 9 Ë [ y V ] 'fat meat' > IE *lé= y - or *lai\ - 'fat'
1272. € * l ß Å k Ë 'circle'
1251.
luppi
lyf
-
2618
1273.
id.
* L i k V 'be
ill, suffer disaster' > IE: NaIE
*lei\g- / *loi\g- / *lig-
*Luka
'to bend; (?) 'flexible twig' > IE: NaIE *leu\g- / *lug'bend, bind together, entwine'
1275. * l u k e 6 'to gather' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'to count') > IE : NaIE
*leg8 - 'gather, count'
1276. * l ∏u 4k e 6 'beat, strike, break' > IE : NaIE *leu\g8-/*lou\g8-/*lug8'break, break off'
1277. * l ∏ i ? V k Ë 'let, let go', 'move' (trans.) > IE : NaIE *lei\kW/*loi\kW-/*likW-/*linkW- 'let, leave'
1278. * L o { ? } i k a 'cutting instrument' > IE : NaIE *slei\ g - id.
1279. * L u [ ? a 4] k a 'valley, low-lying lands, plain' > IE : NaIE *lou\ko'open land, field, woods and meadows'
128O. * L u k a 4? V ' ≈ flexible rod, thong' > IE : NaIE *log8- 'rod, sapling',
( ) 'branch'
?? Ht
1281. * l ß u 4 k [ V ] ? Å (or * l ß u 4 K ' Å ?) 'push, shove, thrust, fasten to'
1282. * l ∏ u 4 k s V 'needles of conifer trees'
1282a. * L a K ' a (= * l a K ' a ?) 'leg' > IE : NaIE *lak- 'foot, ∈ part of leg'
1283. * l ß a K ' { u } 'body of water (lake, river, etc.)' > IE : NaIE *laku- /
*lakw- 'lake, pool, puddle, pond'
1284. o * l ∏ a k ' { Ë } 'to lick, to lap'> IE : NaIE *lak[W]- 'lick'
1285. € * L u 6 K ' a 'to shine' > IE *leu\ k - 'shine', Ht
( )- 'grow bright,
dawn'
1286. * L u 6 k ' a 'to swallow' > IE : NaIE *leu\k- ( ≠ *°lau\k-?) 'throat', ?
* ° luk[W]- v. 'swallow, drink' ||| d.: * L u 6 k ' a - m V 'to swallow'
1287. * l ∏ u k ' { á } '∈ canine' (‘ 'lynx') > IE : NaIE *luk8- ( ≠ *lunk8-?) 'lynx'
1288. * L a 4 h a K ' o 'to grow; sprout, twig' > IE : NaIE *le2 k W- {WP, P “ Vn.}
' ≈ flexible twig'
1289. * L É Ó K ' á (= * L É ÷ 3 K ' á ?) 'make one's way with effort (crawl,
climb)' > IE : NaIE (att. in BSl) * ° le2 g 8 [ ≈]- 'crawl'
129O. * l u 4Ó K 'a ( ≠ * l + l ! u 4 K ' a ÷ 3 V ?) 'to jump' > IE : NaIE *le2k-/*lo2k-/*l´k'jump, leap (lebhaft springen), fly'
1291. * l ∏ o w K ' V ÷ 3 V 'hole, opening' > IE *°lug+g[8 Ó]-: NaIE *°lug+g-8 ' ≈
hole, opening' > OHG
(gen.
) 'hole, opening, cave; Loch,
Öffnung, Höhle'
1292. * L e q É K 'a 'cut, tear' > IE : NaIE {P} *le2 k -/*l´k- 'tear asunder'
1293. € * L u 6 K ' [ a ] Ó V 'see, know' > IE : NaIE *leu\k- 'see', *la+ok- ' s e e ,
look'
1274.
alkista n -
luk k
loh
lohhes
2619
€ *LVK'[V]HV ≠ L V Ù [ V ] K 'a + á 'to grasp, to
NaIE *°l´k+k-8 > L [Fest.] lax 'deceit, fraud',
1294. ? σ
*°lÓ=k+k-8
'entice'
>
catch' > ?σ IE
,
lacio -e"re
* l ∏u K 'Ë z 7V 'twig,
strap, lash, whip' > IE *leÓkW- > NaIE *le2kW' ≈ flexible twig (used to make a whip and a snare for animals)'
1296. € * L i L V 'water, sea' > IE : NaIE * ° liro- > Clt: OIr
,W†
'sea'
1297. ( € ?) * L + z 6 i l ß + l ! V (= * L + z 6 i l ! V ?) 'reed, ∈ water-plant' > IE : NaIE
*lei\l- ≠ *lei\r- '≈ water-plant'
1298. * l ∏ u m V 'magic, spell, fortune'
1299. * l ∏ a 4 ? [ V ] m { Ë } 'crust, scab'
13OO. * l ∏[ É { 9 } ] u m e 6 (= * l ∏ i { 9 } u m e 6 ? ) 'wet\cold weather, dew' ( ‘ ' w e t
snowfall' ‘ 'snow')
13O1. * l ∏ a h m { Ë } 'swamp; body of water' > IE *leémeé > NaIE *la2ma2
'puddle, swamp'
13O2. € * L { Ë } m ? V 'lion'
13O3. * l ∏ a m [ V ] d V 'low' > IE : NaIE *lend≈-/*lond≈- 'plain, lowland'
13O4. * L u 4m V 4g V '∈ eat, swallow' > ? φ IE : NaIE ( o ?) *√(s)lung- /
*√(s)leu\g- '≈ swallow'
13O5. ( € ?) * L + z 6 a n 2 V 'side (of b o d y ) ' > IE : NaIE (+ext.) *lend≈- 'loins,
kidneys', {EI} *≤lond≈u / gen. *ln= d ≈≤w-os 'loins'
13O6. * l ß e y n 2 a (or * l ß e y n 1 a ?) 'soft, weak' > IE : NaIE *lei\n-, *lei\- ' s o f t ,
tender, weak'
13O6a. * l ß É ˆ d V 'to fly' (‘ 'bird') > ?φ IE : Sl *let- v. 'fly'
1307. * L u 4 + u N { g á ? } V '∈ beast of prey' > IE : NaIE *lunk8 - 'lynx'
13O8. € * L Å N K ' V 'tongue, (?) palate' > possibly IE : AdS of L
'tongue' ( < N * n 1 a N g u 4 'tongue')
1309. * l ß { o } N K ' a 'to bend' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'a bow') > IE : NaIE
*lenk- v. 'bend', *lonko-s 'a bow'
131O. € UA * L a P 3 V 'stick to; mould'
1311. * l { á } p ' Å 'spleen' > ?σ IE : NaIE *lep- 'liver'
1312. * L i p V 'fat; to smear with fat' > IE *lei\p- v. 'smear, smear with
fat', n. 'fat'
1313. € * L i P 3 V 'crawl, clamber' > IE : NaIE *lei\ p - 'climb, clamber'
1314. o * L a ? p V ' ≈ to gulp, to eat (esp. liquid food), to eat greedily'
> IE : o NaIE *lab- ≠ *lab≈+p≈- v. 'gulp, swallow'
1315. * l ß e { ? } a 4 p a 'leaf, foliage' > IE : NaIE *lep- 'leaf'
1295.
ler
lly6r
lingua
2620
* L a h P V 'flame; to burn, to shine' > IE *lahp-/*lh=p- > NaIE
*la2 p -/*l´p- vi. 'shine, burn'
1317. * l ß a [ q ] p ' a 'palm of hand, sole of foot; sth. flat' > IE *leép- o r
*laÓp- 'palm of hand, sole of foot'
1318. * L a y P 3 V 'good, beautiful' > IE : NaIE (in BSl) *°la+oi\p- id.;
possibly (but not necessarily}: NaIE *lei\ p - 'covet'
1319. * l ∏ u p [ V ] ? a 'bast, bark, film (e. g. of a plant)' > IE : NaIE *leu\p≠ *leu\b- ≠ *lep- (< **lu\ e p- ) v. 'bark\peel', n. 'bark, skin'
132O. * L u 4 p i ? V ( ≠ * L i p u 4 ? V ) ( > * L u 4 p y V ) 'to slip; slippery' > IE:
NaIE *sleu\ b [≈]- 'slip, slippery'
1321. ? o € * L { a } p [ Ó ] V 'to lick' > IE : NaIE *lab- ≠ la[:]p(≈)- 'lick, lap'
1322. * L i P [ H ] a 'to stick, to stick to; sticky, glue' ([in d e s c e n d a n t
lgs.] ‘ 'to make earthenware') > IE : NaIE *lei\ p - 'be sticky'
1323. ( € ?) * l a P Ê V 'flat, low'
1324. * L V q Ë 'be moist\liquid, flow' > IE : Ht la2h- 'pour, pour o u t
(luquids)', lah(h)u- / lah(h)uwai\ 'pour (liquid, salt, etc.)', vi.
1316.
'overflow'
* L Å ûq u 6
'tender, mild' (‘ 'sweet') > IE : NaIE *dl= ≤ k+ k 8 u - 'sweet' ( <
N * d a l ß V 'tasty, sweet' + N * L Å û q u 6 ) .
1326. ( € ?) * l ∏ a r w V 'together, many'
1327. ? € * L V { r } k V 'branch of a tree, stick, club' > IE : NaIE *lorga2,
*lorgi- 'stick, club, cudgel'
1328. * L Å Í V 'be weak, be worn out' (or * L Å s 1V 'rub, wear o u t '
→ 'weaken') > IE : NaIE *les-/*los- 'weak, damaged, bad'
1329. * L i s V 'to gather' > IE : NaIE *les- v. 'gather, pluck'
133O. ( € ?) * L i Í a 6 'small, little, thin' > IE : NaIE *lei\ s - / *loi\s- ' ≈ small,
thin'
133Oa. ? * l ∏ i s 7 V 'eat; food' > IE : NaIE (in InA) * ° l+ r es- v. 'taste'
1331. ? € * l ∏ u 6 s 7 V 'weak' > IE : NaIE *los-/*les- 'weak, damaged, bad'
1332. * L V s 7V * L V s 7V 'to lick' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ v. ' t a s t e ' ,
'tongue') > IE : NaIE (in InA) * ° l+ r es- v. 'taste', 'tongue'
1333. * l u H a s 7 V or * l a H u s 7 V 'lip, mouth'
1334. * L { a } t ' V 'skin\leather, bark' > IE : NaIE (+ext.) *letro- ' l e a t h e r ,
skin'
1335. * [ æ ] l ∏ i t ' V 'exercise magic forces against so., detest; suffer f r o m '
> IE : NaIE *[æ]lei\ t - v. 'detest'
1336. * L u [ ? V ] t ' V 'mud' > IE : NaIE *lut- 'mud, mire'
1325.
2621
1337.
mire'
1338.
* l ß i w ÷ + H a 'dirt, silt' > IE *leu\ Ó - > NaIE *lew´- / *lu2- 'dirt,
*L{a}XV
'to strike, to fight' > IE
*laÙ-
(or
filth,
*lex-/*lox-?)
'≈
attack, fight'
* L É X + q o 'be ill; ache'
134O. * L a w Ù V '(piece of a) trunk, bough' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘
'board, plank') > IE : NaIE *lo2 | a2 w - 'board, plank'
1341. * L { o } y X i ? a 'cheek' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'face') > IE : NaIE
*lei\ k - 'face, cheek'
1342. * l ßa [ ? ] y V ¬ * l ß a y [ ? ] V 'not; to disappear' > IE : Ht le2 'do not!',
'not', NaIE *lei\ - 'disappear, shrink'
1343. € * l ∏V y h V 'to pour; water' > IE *lei\Ó-/ *liÓ- > NaIE *lei\´- /
*lï- '≈ flow, pour'
1343a. * L { a + á } y w [ É y ] V 'crooked', 'to bend, to twist' > IE : NaIE
*lai\ w o- 'crooked' ‘ 'left (gauche)'
1344. * L i z u 6 'saliva, mucus, (?) 'slime'
1345. * L V Z 7V (or * L V w Z 7 V ) ' ∈ nut', 'nut-tree\bush'
> IE: NaIE
*lasd- 'hazel bush'
1346. * l !V ( < * ? a 6 l ! V ?), pc. in deverbal nominal constructions t h a t
nominalizes verbal action ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ sx. of n o m i n a
actionis) > IE : NaIE *-lV- , sf. of nomina actionis
1347. * l !i H c '@V (or * l ∏ - ?) 'to press, to squeeze' > ? IE : NaIE *°l´+aK- >
1339.
Gk la1 k tiß, -ioß 'pestle'
1348. * l ! { u 4 } k [ ? ] V 'thick' (of liquids), 'dense', 'narrow, tight'
1349. * l ! + l ß a y Ë l ! + l ß V (= * l ! a y Ë l ! V ?) 'to sleep; sleeping time' (“ Ll. )
135O. * [ æ ] l !a m [ Ù ] V 'be weak\soft; make soft, knead' > IE : NaIE
*[æ]lem[´]- 'weak, mild'
1351. * m Å ({IS} *-mÅ ), pc. of marked accusative > IE *-m / *-m=,
accus. case ending of nouns of the animate (active) gender
1352. * m Å , marker of nominalized syntactic constructions
(≈
subordinate sentences), nominalizer (originally a prn.) that f o r m e d
analytic equivalents of nomina actionis, nomina agentis, and o t h e r
derived nouns > IE *-mo- , sx. of denom. and deverbal derivates
1353. * m a 4 ¬ * m a 4 h { o } 'do not' (prohibitive pc.) and 'not' (negative)
> IE *meé8 , {EI} *me2 > NaIE *me2 , prohibitive pc.
1354. * m i 'I' > IE : [1a] *-mi 'I', "primary" verbal ending of 1 s
subiecti  [1b] *-m 'I', "secondary" verbal ending of 1s subiecti  [ 2 a ]
2622
*me(:)- , stem of the obl. cases of the
m  [2b] gen. *me-ne ≠ *mei\-ne 'of
'my' > Ht
-mi- , etc.
prn. of 1s, e.g. accus. *me2, *me(:)me, my'  [3] postnominal *-mi
'we' (* m i 'I' + * ? a of plurality) > IE: [1] *-me, verbal
ending of 1p subiecti, [2] NaIE ∆ *me-{s} 'we', pers. prn. of 1p.
1354b. * m i t ' { u 4 } 'we' incl. (* m i 'I' + * t ' { u 4 } 'thou')
1355. * m i 'what?' > IE {EI} *mo-/*me-, {Ped., IS} *mo- ' ≈ what?', H t
'how many?',
'how?',
'how?'
1356. Ll. ? * m a { ? } a ( - y V ) 'mother' > IE : NaIE *ma2-, *ma2-ya2 ' m o t h e r '
 d. NaIE *ma2 - ≤ter 'mother'
1357. * m Å ? V 'ruminant (deer, antelope?)'
1358. * æ m Ë ? á (probably * æ m Ë ? e ) 'cut, reap (‘ 'mow') > IE : NaIE
*æme2- v. 'mow, cut'
1359. ( € ?) * m a ÷ 3 + 9 a 'good' > IE : NaIE *ma2- 'good, in due time', ( ? )
'great', d. * ° ma2 - no- 'good, early'
136O. * m Ë c ' @ V 'to press, to squeeze'
1361. * m u c ' @ V ( - k V ) 'to immerse, to wash' > IE : NaIE *mesg- v.
'immerse', {EI} 'dip under water, dive'
* m V c ' @ V w V '∈ rodent'
1362. ? σ €*
1363. ( € ?) * m e c ' @ Ù Å 'forest, tree, wood (Holz)'
1364. * m u c 7 [ ÷ 3 ] V 'damage, (physical) defect, illness'
1365. * m o 6 { c 6 + s 6 } [ V ] ÷ 3 V 'cut, cut into pieces, tear off'
1366. * m u c 7 ' V 'cupped\clenched hand'
1367. * m u c 7 ' ÷ 3 V 'end'
1368. * m { Å } c 6 ' V 9 V 'be foolish, be mad, be intoxicated'
1369. * m Å d u 6 'honey' > IE : NaIE *med≈u- 'honey'
137O. € * m Å d Ë 'lake' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ pond')
1371. * m u d V 'finish', 'to end'
1372. ( € ?) * m á { h } u 6 d V 'speak' > IE : NaIE *me2u\d≈-/*m´u\d≈-/mu2d≈'speak' ( ‘ 'think')
1373. € * m e d [ V ] Ù V '∈ fig tree'
1374. € * m a g e 6 'earth, land' > IE : NaIE *mag8 ≈ + g ≈- 'land, earth'
1375. € * m a g Ë 'bad'
1376. * m i g V 'make a present' > IE : NaIE (att. in IIr) *meg[W]≈'present, gift', *°meng[W]≈- (with a nasal infix of prs.) 'make a p r e s e n t ,
grant'
* m Ë { ÷ 3 } i g V (= * m Ë ÷ i g V ?) 'snake'
1377. €*
1354a.
masi-
*mi ?a
mahhan
ma2 n
2623
€ *máhgá
'young, small' > IE: NaIE *me2g8≈-/*mo2g8≈-/*m´g8≈'young (person), little, small'
1379. * æ m u 4 y g a 'mist, fog, cloud' > IE : NaIE *æmei\g≈- / *æmig≈- id., d .
NaIE *mig≈-[V]la2 id.
138O. ( € ?) * m a g [ i ] z a 'liver'
1381. * m a 9 y { É } 'to swing, to wave, to sway' > IE *meÓ(i\)-/*moÓ(i\)'wave, swing'
1382. * m u 6 h i (or * m u 6 h y i ?) 'water, fluid' > IE : NaIE *meu\ ´ - / *mu2- ' ≈
plunge, wash'
1383. * m a 4 k e 6 , * m a 4 k e 6 - t É 'top, head, hill'
1384. € * æ m i { k } o 'carry, bring, give in exchange' > IE : NaIE *æmei\gW'exchange'
1384a. * m u k V 'top, head, hill(ock)'
1384b. * m o 6 { ? } k V 'tree, (piece of) wood'
1385. * m o ÷ 3 k É 'to press' > IE : NaIE *m´g8 - /*mo2 g 8 - 'knead, smear'
1386. * m e [ h ] k e 6 'to make, to work' > IE : NaIE *°m´g8+g- > Gmc *makko2 n 'to make'
1387. * m É k ÷ á (or * m É ÷ k á ) 'big' > IE *meg8éx-/*meg8oéx-/*meg8é=x'big' > NaIE *meg8- / *meg8≈- 'big'
1388. * m a 6 k [ V ] H a '(nape of the) neck, back'' > IE : Irn: Pmr: Shgh, Wx
ma4 k , Srk mok , Ish mak 'nape of neck, neck'
1389. € * m Å k s { a } 'give, reward'
139O. * m u k s { a } ¬ * m u g Z { a } (or * m a + o é € u k s { a } ¬ * m a + o é € u g Z { a } ?)
'∈ rodent (mouse, mole, or sim.)' > IE : NaIE *mu2 s 'mouse'
1391. * m a K ' Ë ( = * m a k ' Ë ?) 'baby, son', (?) 'be pregnant' > IE : NaIE
*°makW- > Clt: OgIr gen.
, OIr
'son', Crn
/
'son', OW
, MW, W, Br
'son, boy'
1392. € * m o K ' V 'blunt'
1393. * m u 4 K ' V or * m u K ' É 'a bend, corner, hump'
1394. € * m { a } ? [ V ] K ' V 'cry, shout'
1395. € * m V K ' a + á ≠ * m V ÷ 3 K ' a + á 'plain, steppe, field' > IE : NaIE
*ma2Æk+k8o- ¬ *m´k-/*mo2 k 8 - 'plain, steppe'
1396. * m á Ó a K ' V 'bend, turn'
* m Ë [ Ó a ] K ' a 'frog'
1397. €*
1398. * m a { Ù } K ' É 'thin\lean and long' > IE *mehk8-/*mh=k8-/*mhek8- >
NaIE *ma2k8- / *m´k•- / *mak8 - 'thin and long, slender'
1378.
map
maqqWi
mab
macc
map mab
2624
1398a. (1)
* m u K '[ V ] Ó V
'mouth';
(2)
* m u K '[ V ] ÷ 3V
'eat\drink
(greedily, in large mouthfuls)'
1399. € * m u K ' c 7 ' [ V h ] V 'arrive'
1399a. € * m { a } K ' V Â V 'big, long' > IE : Gk makro1 ß 'long, large'
14OO. * m Å l V 'another, second' or 'two'
14O1. * m a l V 'incline, bend'
14O2. * m á L V (= * m á l ! V ?) 'to hide' > IE : NaIE *mel- (*(s)mel- ?) v.
'deceive; be mistaken'
14O3. ?? * m { á } L V ' ≈ eye' > IE : NaIE *°mVl- > Clt: OIr
(gen.
) 'eyebrow', MBr
'eyelid'
14O4. * m o l ∏V (or * m o l ∏ h V ??) 'to pound, to gnaw\smash into p i e c e s '
> IE *mel-, *melh8 - v. 'grind, pound'
14O5. * m { a } Ó l ß V (or * m { a } y l ß V ) 'little, young' > IE : NaIE *mo2lo- ≠ ??
*smelo- 'small, little'
14O6. * m Ë h L V (≠ - L h - ) 'slow, quiet' > IE : NaIE *mel- 'linger, delay,
be slow'
14O6a. * m e Ó { a } l ∏ V 'a person (of ego’s generation?) from t h e
opposite exogamous moiety within an exogamic system of tribes'
14O7. * æ m i H L i ¬ * æ m i L H i 'be weak' > IE : NaIE *æmle2i-\ / *æmlï- / ? *mle[:]u\- ' ≈ weak', Ht
≠
'weak; 'light,
unimportant (?)'
14O8. * m Ë [ w ] l ∏ V y V ' ∈ animals, meat' > IE : NaIE *me2lo- 'sheep a n d
'meat' ({Ts.}
goats, young\small animal', Ht {Ivn.}
≠
'Körperteil, Weichteile')
14O9. ( € ?) * m e [ y ] l ∏ V 'mind; be clever' > ? s IE : NaIE *mel- 'deceive'
141O. * m a 4 l ? V 'full, much' > IE *mel- 'much, very, (?) strong'
1411. * m Å l [ ÷ 3 ] V 'hill, mountain, sth. protruding' > IE *mel[Ó]- >
NaIE *mel- '≈ high bank, mountain'
1411a. * m á L V ˝ + X V 'lizard, small reptile' or sim. > IE : NaIE *mol- /
'∈ worm'
(?) *mel- 'small reptile', ??σ OI
1412. * m e l { é ⁄ } V 'soft' > IE *mel{éx}- (or *æmel{éx}-) > NaIE *[æ]mel´'soft'
1413. € * m { a } L d V 'young, soft\tender' > IE : NaIE *mald≈- id.
1414. * æ m a 4 l g e 6 (or * æ m a 4 l k e 6 ?) 'breast, udder' > IE : NaIE *æmelg8- v.
'milk'
1415. € * m Ë L V k a 6 (= * m u L V k a 6 ? ) ' ≈ think, deliberate, come to a
decision'
malach
mala
malvenn
malisku-
maluli-
milisku-
miluli-
malu2 k a-h5
miluli-
2625
* m V L K 'a 6 ' ≈ to erase, to undo, not to do' > IE: NaIE
* °ml=k[W]- > Sl *mÁlc7a¡-ti 'keep silence' » ?σ Lt mu~ l kis 'fool'
1416a. * m Å l Å N k V 'eel', (?) 'worm, snake' > IE : ? φ OI malu2ka-h5
1416. ? σ ( € ?)
'∈ w o r m '
1416b.
me2le2s
* m V l !V '∈ small
p r e d a t o r ' > IE: NaIE {EI} *meli- > L
≠
'marten, badger', Sl *melÁcÁ > Kshb {Lrn.} m‰lc 'badger'
1417. * m Å l ! Ó o ( + . . . ) 'head, (?) skull' > IE : NaIE *môlo2d≈-/*mol´d≈'head, top'
1418. * m Å n ` V 'herd\flock, gregarious animal(s)'
1419. * m Å n 2V 'hut, dwelling' (sd. of N * m a 4 n 2 V 'remain, stay'??) > ?
IE : Psh me2 n a 'house', Ygn mayn, meyn, men 'village', KhS
'abode'
142O. * m a 4 n 2 a 'remain, stay' > IE : NaIE *men- (prs. *mimne/o-)
'remain, stay'
1421. * m a n 2 u 6 'man, male' > IE : NaIE *ma+onu 'man, person'
1422. * m { á } n 2 V 'front' > IE *men- ' ≈ front' > Ht
,
'face, cheek', NaIE *men- v. 'protrude, project', 'mouth'
1423. * m e n e 6 'walk, go' > IE : NaIE *men- 'go, walk'
1424. € * m e n ` V 'tear, tear into pieces, divide'
1425. ( € ? * m É ˆ V (= * m É n 1 V ?) 'from' > ? σ IE : NaIE *-mis instr. pl.;
NaIE *-mis × dat. pl. *-mos > Gmc dat./abl./instr. pl.*-miz
1426. € * m É n 2 V 'tell a lie, deceive' > IE : NaIE *men- 'tell a lie, lure'
1427. * m o n 2 V 'many, much'
1428. * m o n 2 V 'to test, to think' > IE : NaIE *men- 'think', d. *men-os /
*men-es- 'mind', d. *mn=-ti-s (≠ *men-ti-s) 'mind, thought'; NaIE c d .
*mens-d≈e2-/*mn=s-d≈e2- 'learn, become wise', Lw
(<
*mimne/o- ) v. 'regard, favour'
1429. * m u n ` V ( - t + d V ) 'egg' (‘ 'testicle') > IE : NaIE *°mond[≈]- > Sl
*moß d -o 'testicle' (du. *moß d -e7 )
143O. * m u 6 n 2 V 'defect, damage, physical defect' > IE *mend- '≈ defect'
1431. * m u + o n 2 V (or * m u + o n 2 [ V ] Ê V ?) 'mountain, hill' > IE : NaIE *mn=t-,
*moniyo-, {EI} *men- 'mountain'
1432. ? * m V n 2 i '∈ fish' > IE : NaIE *môni- '∈ fish' ({EI} *mn=Ó- ' ≈
minnow, small fish')
1433. * m Å y n 2 V 'desire, ask'' > IE : NaIE {Vn.} * °mei\n-/*°moi\n- (in Clt)
'desire, wish', NaIE *men- 'wish eagerly'
me2 l is
mu2 n a
meni- mena-
mimma-
2626
* m e [ y ] n 2u 6
'oneself, one's own', 'body' (‘ 'alone'; reflexivepassive formatives in the IE, HS, and Tg verb) > IE *monwo- / ( ? )
*menu- 'alone', NaIE *-meno-/*-mno- , sx. of medial-passive participles
1435. * m { a 4 } n ` [ ? ] V 'rumple, bend' (trans.) > IE : NaIE *men- ' s q u e e z e ,
press, trample'
1436. ? σ * m a n 2 ÷ 3 a 'to cease', 'to delay' (trans.), 'to finish'
1437. ( € ?) * m á n 2 ÷ 3 V (= * m á n 2 + N ˝ V ?) 'hold, carry' > IE : NaIE: it is
,
vt. 'drive (cattle)', ltL (= p r o t o tempting to adduce here L
,
v. 'lead'
Romance) [LxS]
1438. * m a n `y { u 6} 'paw, foot\leg of animals' > IE : NaIE *man[u]- ( o r
*m´n[u]- ) 'hand', ??σ Ht
'hand over'
1439. * m a n 2 [ V y ] V 'speak, call, invoke magic forces' > IE : NaIE *mon'warn, admonish; remind'
144O. € * m Å n 3 V y V or * m Å n 1V '∈ genitalia; copulate'
1441. * m i n 2 [ i ] y a 4 (or * m i n 1 a 4 ) 'woman, female relative'
1442. ( € ?) * m Å n 2 d V 'excitement, wish, desire' > IE : NaIE *mend≈- ' b e
excited, wish'
1443. * m a n 2 V g a (or * m a N g a ?) 'strong, numerous' > IE : NaIE *meng≈/*môneg≈-/*mônog≈- 'numerous'
1444. ( € ?) * m i n 3 t { u 6 } 'jump, (?) run away'
1445. * m { o } n t V ¬ * m V t n 2V 'to be slow, to last' > IE : NaIE *me+ondo'slow'
1446. * m Å n 2 t ' V 'jaw, chin, (?) skull' > IE : NaIE *mento- 'chin'
1447. * m e n 2 { t ' } { a 4 } (or * m e N { t ' } { a 4 } ) 'miss one's aim' ([in d e s c e n d a n t
lgs.] ‘ 'be mistaken', 'forget') > I E : NaIE *ment- '(in) vain; liar, d e c e i t ' ,
v. 'lie (lügen)'
1448. * m { o } w É { n 1 } V 'entrails, belly'
1449. ≈ * m É ? a w Ë n 1 V (or * m Ë n 1 V ?) 'breast, heart'
145O. * m o y Å N V 'neck, nape of neck' > IE : NaIE *mon- id.
1451. * m Å N { g } V ¬ * m Å ˆ [ i ] { g } V 'monkey'
* m V N K V 'beaver, mole' (a substratum word?)
1452. U A €*
1453. * m u N K ' a + u 6 (= * m u N k ' a + u 6 ?) 'make great efforts; (?) be heavy' >
IE : NaIE (in Sl) * ° monk[W]- > Sl *mo¡ ß k a 'torment, hard work'
1454. * m u N i { Ó } o r 1 K ' V (or * m u N i ÷ 3 a r 1 K ' { u } ?) ' ≈ gristle, horn, muscle,
sinew'
1455. * æ m i q Ë [ ? V ] 'to push, to fell' > IE *æmeu\Ó- ≠ *æmi\eu\Ó- > NaIE
*æmeu\(´)-, *æmi\eu\´-/*[æ]mïu\- 'push, push away'
1434.
mino2 -a2 r e
mino2 -a2re
maniyyahh-
2627
(or * m a û K a ?) 'humid, wet' > IE: NaIE ≈ *mak/*ma2 k - 'wet', 'moisten'
1457. * m á û q Ë Â V 'frog, toad' (or '∈ reptile\amphibian')
1458. € * m a  V 'sand, dust, earth'
1459. * m Å r { u 6 } 'trace, path; to follow, to trace'
146O. * m e r V 'to flash, to sparkle, to shine' > IE : NaIE *mer- v.
'sparkle, glitter, flash', {EI} 'shine, shimmer'
1461. * m o Â É (= * m o  i ?) 'body of water' > IE : NaIE *mor-, *mori /
*môri 'sea, lake', Ht {Ot. ‘ EI}
( ) 'swamp, marsh'
1462. * m u r V ' ≈ twist, roll, go round, tie' > IE : NaIE *mer-, (+ext.)
*mer´g≈-≠*merg≈- 'tie together, twist'
1463. * m u r V 'to break, to crush, to cut' > IE *mer- v. 'crush, crumb'
1464. * m u  V 'go away, perish, die' > IE *mer-/*mr=- 'die'; NaIE d .
(pp.) *mr= - ≤to- , *mr= t -u-o 'dead'; *mr= - ≤to-m , *mr=≤ti- 'death'
1465. * m V Â u 6 'ant' > IE : NaIE *morwi- 'ant', *mou\ro- / *meu\ro-,
*morm- id.
1466. * m V Â V '(hollow) hand; to grasp' > IE : NaIE *mar- ' h a n d ' ,
*mar-n- v. 'grasp'
1467. * m u G r a 'emit vocal sounds (shout, sing)'
1468. * m u h r V 'part, piece'
1469. * m a r i ? V 'young man, young male' > IE : NaIE *meryo-, *mer'young man' ( → ' h u s b a n d ' )
1469a. ( € ?) * m a  i ? V (or * æ m a r 1 i ? V ) 'animal fat' > ? IE: NaIE
*smeru- n. 'fat, ointment'
147O. * m á Â [ h ] V (= * æ m á r 1 [ h ] V ?) 'be wounded, be ill' > ?? IE : ¿
NaIE *(s)mer- (+ ext.) 'pain, sickness'
1471. * m a 4 r i q V 'spot, stain, (?) dirt' > IE : NaIE *mer[´]-/*mor(u)'dirty, dark'
1472. * m { a } r w e 6 '∈ tree' > ?? IE : Ht
( ) {CHD} ' ∈ terrain',
{Frd.} 'Dickicht'
1473. * m a  [ y ] V '(mul-, black-) berries' > IE : NaIE *mor- ' m u l b e r r y ,
blackberry'
1473a. * m Å r [ y ] V 'horned mammal'.
1474. * m V Â [ V ] Ç V 'to crumb, to crush' > IE : NaIE *mers- ' c r u s h ,
grind'
1475. ( € ?) * m { a 4 } Â [ V ] c 6 ' V 'be ill, be wounded' > ?? IE : NaIE: Lt
'agonize'
1475a. € * m { u 6 } r g V '∈ (male?) horned mammal'.
1456. ( € ?)
* m a ûq a
marmar r a-
marmarr a -
merde$ ! t i
2628
* m u r [ ? ] V g É (probably = * m u r [ ? ] V g á ) 'animal fat, brain, ( ? )
marrow' > IE : NaIE *mreg8 ≈ -/*mr= g 8 ≈ - 'brain; skull'
1476a. ( € ?) * m a 4 Â [ k ] V 'think, believe, be clever'
1477. * m a r ? { o } k É 'side (of body), side, edge' > IE : NaIE *morg8/*mrog8 - /*mr= g 8 - 'edge, border'
1478. * m Ë r k 'V ( - N K 'V ) 'root, root-crops, edible roots', ( ‘ ?) ' s i n e w '
> IE : NaIE *mr= k - (≠ *br=k-) 'edible roots, (‘ ?) carrot'
1479. ( € ?) * m V Â [ V ] K ' a 'moist, liquid; to moisten' > IE : NaIE *merk(or {P} *merk- ≠ *mer´k-) v. 'soak; become wet', *mrôku- ({P} *mr´ku-)
1476.
'swamp'
* m Å r 1 V 'rain' (“ or ‘ 'to drop'?), 'cloud'
1481. ? φ € * m Å { r 1 } V 'pluck out hair, make bald'
1482. € * m e r 1 V 'hoe'
1483. * m { u } r 1 V 'make loud noise'
1484. * m u 6 q [ É ] r 1 i 'shoulder'
1485. * æ m e r 1 u 6 q V 'to smear' > IE : NaIE *smeru- 'ointment'
1486. * æ m a 4r 1V Ç 'V 'contents of animals’ stomach\intestines' > IE:
NaIE *smerd- 'dung; to stink'
1487. * m u s 1V 'to cover, to conceal, to clothe' > IE : NaIE *mus/*mou\ s - v. 'steal, conceal'
1488. * m u 6s 2V (= * m u 6 s V ?) 'insect, fly, ant' > IE : NaIE *mus-/*mou\s148O.
'fly'
* m a ÷ 3 i s V '≈ rub, polish'
1489a. € * m Å [ Ó V ] Í V 'snake'
149O. ( € ?) * m V s 1 + s 6 + Ç k a { H } V 'marrow, brain' > IE : NaIE *mosg-o/en≠ *mosg≈o- id.
1491. * m e ? i s 6 V 'hide', ( → ) 'clothes' > IE : NaIE mo+ai\so-s ' h i d e ,
1489.
fleece'
1492.
1493.
*mátV
*mËtV
tribe')
1494. ( € ?)
'feel, realize' > IE : NaIE *med- 'think'
(or * m Ë t ' V ) 'man, person' ([in A] ?σ ‘ ' p e o p l e ,
* m u 6t V 'die',
( ← ?) (?) 'go away, be removed' > ?σ IE: H t
v. 'remove (evils)', ??
( ) 'garbage, scraps'
1495. * m a t ? V ≠ * m a { ? } t V 'approach' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘
'meet', 'enter') > IE: NaIE *ma2d-/*m´d- (or *mo2d-/*m´d-) ' a p p r o a c h ,
meet'
mutai-
mudan s
2629
* m a t V { ? } V 'moisture' > IE: NaIE *mad- 'wet, moist, liquor', v.
'drip' ||| N d. or cd. € * m a t V { ? } V Â V 'rain' or 'rainy season'
1497. * m e t V H a 'head, top, summit'
1498. * m Å t V d V ¬ * m Å d V t V 'to stretch' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘
'to measure')' > IE : NaIE *med- v. 'measure' ({EI} id., 'weigh')
1499. € * m a t  V ¬ * m a  t V 'midday' ([in ObU]‘ 'south')
15OO. * m a t ' V 'to bend'
15O1. * m Å t ' V ' ≈ increase, make long/broad'
15O2. * m o t ' É 'sprout, stem, penis, genitals'
15O3. € * m o 6 t ' É 'whole, complete'
15O3a.* m Ë t 'V 'man, person, a young' (an alternative to 1493:
* m Ë t V or * m Ë t ' V 'man, person')
15O4. € * m u 6 t ' V (or * m u 6 K t ' V ?) 'drop', 'tear(s)'
15O5. € * m V { t ' } V 'to pull, to pull out (a plant, etc.), to uproot, t o
reap' > IE : NaIE *met- v. 'reap, harvest'
15O6. * m { a ? i } t ' V (or * m { o ? i } t ' V ?) 'worm, larva, (?) small insect' >
IE : NaIE *mat- (or *mot- ) 'worm, larva'
15O7. * m u 6 [ ÷ ] t ' V 'woman, female'
15O8. * m { a 4 y } t ' V 'earth, land, place, place of residence' > IE : NaIE
*mei\ t (≈)- 'live (wohnen), remain'; 'stay, residence; place of residence'
15O9. * æ m e y t ' V 'throw' > IE : NaIE *(s)mei\ t - /*met- 'throw, cast'
151O. * m u [ w V ] 'this, that', dem. prn. > ? IE : NaIE: Crn -ma sx. ( “
encl.) 'this', W yma 'here, this', Br ma ( n% ) 'this'
1511. * m o y V 'give, give back, restore' > IE : NaIE *mei\- 'exchange'; ?
d. *moi\-no- 'exchange'  ? IE *mV 'to' (dative) Ï NaIE *-mus ( d a t .
pl.), *-me+oÓ (??) (dat. du.)
1512. € * m u + o y V 'touch, feel (by sense of touch)'
1513. € * m V y V 'come' or 'go, pass' > IE : NaIE *mei\- ({EI} *mei\Ó-)
1496.
'go, pass'
* m a Ù y V 'lose force, weaken, disappear, be worn out' > IE
*meÓi\ - > NaIE *ma2+o2(i\)- 'be\make tired\exhausted'
1515. ≈ * m e Ù Å z @V 'man (vir), male' > IE ≈ *°meés / *°mé=s- > NaIE
* °ma2s / *°m´s- > L ma2 s (gen. ma" r -is ) adj./n. 'male'
1516. * m { É ˚ X a z 6V '∈ berry, fruit' > IE *mexl- > NaIE *ma2l- 'apple', H t
1514.
mahla
'branch of a grapevine \ apple (?)'
2630
* m i z 6[ w ] V - ( k V ) 'mix, stir' > IE: NaIE *misg8- / *mei\sg8- ' m i x '
(> as. *misk8- / *mei\sk8-) ≠ mt. *mei\g8s- ≠ *mei\g8- id.
1518. € * m i Z @÷ 3V (or * m i ÷ 3 Z @ V ) 'sheep, goat' > IE : NaIE *°mo+ai\so-s
1517.
'sheep'
* m u Z [ V ] ˝ V 'fist, fingers; to squeeze\hit with a fist, to p u n c h
on the head' > IE : NaIE *mus-ti- 'fist, clenched hand'
152O. * m e Z 6 V 'sun, light; 'to shine' > ??? IE : NaIE *molk- 'fire,
1519.
firewood'
* m a y Z 6V 'tasty beverage, sap of trees' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘
'honey', 'milk') > IE *mel-i-(t) / *mel-n- 'honey'
1522. * n 2 { a 4 } , prn. of collectivity and plurality > IE : "primary" verbal
ending of 3p *-(e)nti, "secondary" ending of 3p *-(e)nt (AnIE: Lw, Pal 1521.
nta , Lc nasalized vw. + -te )
* n É , dem. prn. of duality, 'they (two)'
1524. * n ` i 'not' > IE *nei\ , *ne 'not', *n= - 'un-, -less'
1525. * n u (or * n u 4 ?), postp. and pv. 'from', postp. 'of' > IE : *-n
'from' within *-d≈e-n (in Gk po1-†en 'where form?', o]yrano1†en 'from t h e
sky')  *-n-, the marker of oblique cases (presuffix, a m o r p h e m e
preceding the case endings) in heteroclitic nouns  NaIE adv. *no2
1523.
'from, away'
*n2V 'we' excl. > IE *ne-/*no2 'we' (stem of oblique cases), e.g.
[1] accus. *no2-s ≠ *n=-s, [2] other oblique cases: Ht dat. anzas, nas , L
dat.-abl. no2-bis, Gt dat. uns(is), OCS dat. nam5 namË, [3] p o s s .
prn. 'our' > HrLw azis ( < n= s o- ), L noster, OCS naw6 nas7Á, Gt
unsar, IE *n=s-mos > Gk Ae }ammoß, OI as≤ma2ka-, Av ahma2ka-, [ 4 ]
1526.
accus. du.: OI
1526a.
nau\ , OCS na na 'us two', as well as Gk A nv1 id.
* n 2V ,
a marker (pronoun) that formed analytic equivalents o f
passive participles ([in descendant lgs.]‘ derived passive verbs) > IE:
NaIE *-no-, sx. of passive partiples and deverbal adjectives; p r o d u c t i v e
and pf. p r t c .
sxs. of daughter-languages: OI prs. prtc.
ÿ
'bind', Gmc *-ono-/-eno-: Gt
,
, ON
'geworden', Gt
'bitten', a s
OHG
'carried, getragen', zab5ven5
well as OCS nesen5
'forgotten'
1527. * n 2 a ÷ É 'go' (‘ 'go to do sth.') > ?? IE : NaIE *na2- 'help, b e
useful'; one of possible sources of the *n- infix in the IE verbal
imperfective\present forms
bibhid-a2≤na-h5 bhidgi-wortan orÎenn
nes-en-Ë
bËv-en-Ë
bhind-a2≤na-h5
wau1r†-an-s
bit-an-s
za-
2631
(or * n 2 a ÷ 3 b V ?) 'hungry and thirsty', 'not to d r i n k '
( ‘ 'to be sober' > IE : NaIE *na2b≈- 'sober, hungry and thirsty'
1529. * æ n 2 V Ù i b V 'thin, meagre' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'weak') >
IE : NaIE *(s)ne2b≈-ri- / *(s)no2b≈-ri- 'narrow, thin'
1529a. ? € * n 3 e c @ V 'to plait, to tie together'
153O. ??? € * ˆ { a } c ' @ V 'falcon'
1531. * n 3 Å d V '(the whole) clan'
1532. ( € ?) * n 3 i d V ' ≈ eye; to look' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'to look f o r ,
to seek'?)
1533. * n 2i [ ? Ë ] d a or * n 1 i [ ? Ë ] d a 'to tie' > IE : NaIE *ned≈- id.
1534. € * n 2 a Ó g o (or * n 2 a g V ? o ) 'hungry, thirsty' > IE : NaIE *na2gW≈'sober; hungry and thirsty'
1535. * n i g [ É ] Ù a 4 'to butt, to push, to pierce' > IE : NaIE *nei\g8≈- v.
'pierce'
1536. * n 2 i g É Í V (= * n 2 i g É s 1 V ?) 'butt, pierce' > IE : NaIE *°nei\k+8 g[8 ≈]s- v.
'pierce'
1537. * n 2u 4é ⁄ { á } ¬ * n 2u 4w { á } 'now' > IE *nuéx 'now' > Ht
'now,
'still, yet', NaIE *nu2 'now'
||| N * n 2u 4é ⁄ { á } n u
and, but',
( * n 2 u 4 é ⁄ { á } + genitive pc. * n u ) '(of) the present time' > IE *nuéx-nV >
NaIE *nu2 - no- 'jetzig'
1538. * n 2 { i } H w V ( ¬ * N { i } H w V ¬ * n 2 + N o H i w V ?) 'to lead, to d i r e c t
(oneself) towards' (‘ 'carry [somewhere]') > IE *nei\éx- ' ≈ lead, d i r e c t
vt. 'send, dispatch'
towards' > NaIE * ° nei\ - id., Ht
1538a. * n 2 Å k V 'woman' > IE *neK- > Ht
≠
'sister'
1539. * n 2 É k o 'to open (?), to bare, to uncover' > IE : NaIE *nogW- (Ï
*nogWod[≈]o-, *nogW-no-) 'naked'
154O. n 2{ u } k Ë (= * n 2 u k { u } ?) (or * n 2 { u } k [ V ] Ë ??) 'darkness, night' >
IE : Ht
'es wird Abend',
'evening',
'evening,
night', NaIE *nok[W]t- / *nuk[W]t- 'night', NaIE *°neu\K- > Lt
'appear\be gloomy, be murky', NaIE * ° nug≈+ g 8 ≈ - or * ° nuk≈+ k 8 ≈ - 'night'
1541. * n 2u 4k V ¬ * n 2 u k É 'now' > IE : Ht
'jetzt, sofort'
1542. * n 2 a K ' a 'fell, skin' > IE : NaIE *nak- id.
1543. * n 2 á K ' á 'pursue (the enemy), wage war, kill' > IE : NaIE *nek8'kill; corpse', NaIE **n=k8- > OIr
( < *n=≤k8u-) 'death', Gmc *aNhto2 > OHG
'hostile persecution'
1528.
€ * n 2a Ù [ V ] b V
nu
nu2wa-
nai-/ne-
neku-
nega- neka-
neku-
?
nukku
a2 h ta
e1c
nekut
niu2kso!ti
2632
1544.
* n 2á K '{ u 4} 'carry, bring' > IE: NaIE *nek8-/*n=k8-/*enk8- 'carry',
? Ht
'mobilize \ set (people) in motion; move, remove, t r a n s f e r ;
set in motion'
1545. * n á K ' V 'to plait, to tie'
1546. * n 2 e K ' Ë 'relative(s) of a younger generation' > IE : NaIE *nepo2t'grandson, nephew' (if from **nekpo2t-, a cd. with the second e l e m e n t
*po2t-)
1546a. * n 3 i k ' u 'small, little'
1547. * n ` Ë K ' V 'to strike, to peck, to hit' > IE : [1] NaIE *neu\k-/nuk'hit, push', [2] NaIE *nek8 - 'kill', *nek8 u -s 'dead person, corpse'
1548. € * n 2 u 4 K ' V ¬ * n 2 u K ' É 'hole'
1549. * n a 4 K ' [ V ] h e 6 'see, perceive'
155O. € * n 3 o h l ∏ V 'to walk\lead; way'
1551. * n 2 o 6 ÷ 3 m V 'pleasant, gentle, fine'
1552. * æ n i m ? V 'name, word' > IE *æno(:)m-n(-)/*æn=m-n(-) 'name'
1553. * n 2 V ˆ c 6 V [ ? V ] 'high, big, strong'
1554. * n ` i N { u } 'hair (of animals)' ([in U] ‘ v. 'unhair, pluck o u t
hair\feathers')
1555. * n 3 a p V 'move to and fro, sway'
1556. * n o p { É } 'breathe, blow'
1557. * n 2 o 6 p [ V ] { h } { i } 'fog, cloud' > IE *neb≈- Ï [1] IE *neb≈os
/*neb≈es- ntr. 'cloud, fog, sky'  [2] NaIE *neb≈-ela2 'cloud, fog'
1557a. € * ˆ V p ' V Â V 'bank, shore, edge'
1558. € * n 2u 6q V 'to bend, to swing, to sink' > IE *neu\Ó- > NaIE *neu\´vi.\vt. 'bow, nod'
1559. € * æ n 2V q a 'assist (help, protect)' > IE : NaIE *°æna2- 'help, b e
useful'
156O. * n 2a r { u 6} 'thin, narrow' > IE : NaIE: Gmc *narwa 'narrow'
156Oa. * n 3 o { ÷ 3 } r V 'moist, mud; (?) to gush'
1561. * n 3 a h e r V 'day, sun, daylight'
1562. * n 2 e { q } V r V 'forehead, front of the head, (?) nose'
1563. * n 2 i Ù Â V 'hollow (in the ground, in a tree), hole, pit' > IE : NaIE
*n´+o+ar-/*ne2r- 'hole, hollow in the ground'
1564. € * n 2u 6r 1V 'to p e n e t r a t e ' > IE : NaIE (in BSl) *°ner- ' p e n e t r a t e ,
plunge, dive'
1565. * æ n 2V y a 4r 1V 'man (vir), male animal' > IE *æner- 'man, m a l e
animal'
1566. * n 2 u s V 'to breathe' > IE : NaIE *neu\ s - vt. 'smell'
ninink-
2633
1567.
* æ n 2u 6s [ y ] V
'woman' (general term), 'woman of the o p p o s i t e
exogamous moiety within an exogamic system of tribes' > IE: NaIE
*snuso-s 'son’s wife, brother’s wife'
1568. * n 2 i s 6 u 'smell (odorare), breathe heavily' > IE : NaIE *neu\sv.'smell (sth.)'
1569. * n 2 a t ' { o } 'bend, bow, incline' (intr.) > IE : NaIE (in Gmc.) *°net'lie down, rest'
157O. * n 2 a é € t ' { o } 'woman (of ego’s generation) belonging to t h e
opposite exogamous moiety within an exogamic system of tribes' ( [ i n
descendant lgs.] ‘ 'sister-in-law')
1571. * 2n 2a t 'é ⁄ V 'to seek, to seek help; help' > IE *netÓ- 'help, grace,
' ≈ Glück, Wohlbefinden, Ansehen' or sim.,
≠
favour', ? Ht
' ∈ desirable condition'
1572. € * n 2 a { h } w { É } 'vessel' > IE : NaIE *na2u\- 'vessel (made of a
trunk), boat' (in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'ship')
1573. * n 2á w [ y ] V 'new' > IE *newo-/*nowo- 'new', NaIE *newyo/*nowyo- 'new'
1574. * n a y É (probably
= * n a y i ) ' w o m a n ' > IE: NaIE *-nï,
derivational marker of the feminine sex
1575. ( € ?) * n 2 i z { ÷ } Ë 'female'
1576. * n 3 e Z 6 { i } 'finger, toe; ? knuckle of a finger'
1577. € * n 1 a b { ? } V 'warm, heat'
1578. ? ( € ?) * n 1a c 7'X V 'wet, moist' > (possibly) ? σ IE *yes- v. 'boil,
seethe, ferment' (× N * n 1 o c 6 ' V [ q V ] )
1579. * n 1 o c 6 ' V [ q V ] 'to moisten, to be moistened; to sprinkle ' > ? σ IE
*yes- v. 'boil, seethe, ferment' (“ *v. 'become moist'?)
158O. € * n 1 u g V '≈ ∈ deer, antelope'
1581. ( € ?) * n 1a h á g { u 4} (or * n 1 a h [ V ] g É ?) 'drive, chase' > IE : NaIE
*ya2 g 8 ≈ - 'chase, hunt'
1582. * n 1 o g u 4 l ß V (or * n 3 o g u 6 l ß + l ! V ?) 'tear out\asunder, pinch'
1583. ? σ,φ ( € ?) * n 1a 4g o  V (or * n 2 a 4 g o  V ) 'groin, small a b d o m i n a l
organs (kidneys, pancreas, and sim.)' > IE : NaIE *negW≈≤ro-s 'kidney(s)'
1584. * n 1 u k V 'shake, swing, tremble'
1584a. * æ n 1 a K ' o 'laugh, be amused' > IE : NaIE *æyekW-/*æyokW- 'laugh,
play, be amused'
1585. * n 1 o k [ V ] Ù V 'be in front, take the lead, precede, be first'
1586. * æ n 1 { a } K ' o 'soft parts of the animal's body (liver, marrow, s u e t ) '
> IE: NaIE *æyekW-r=(t-) / gen. *æyekW-≤n-es 'liver'
nu2-
nut-
nu2t-
2634
* n 1o 6K 'V or * n 1 a G o 6 K ' V '∈ canine'
1587a. ? σ * n 1 u K ' V (+ an additional
1587.
N word)
'∈ small fur-bearing
animal'
* { n 1 } u 4 K ' { u 4 } (or * { n 1 } i K ' { u 4 ) 'lie down, sink, bow (down)'
1589. * n 1 { o w + Ó a } K ' i (= * n 1 o q a K ' i ?) 'to bend, to be crooked'
159O. € * n 1 u 4 K ' ÷ V (or * n 1 u 4 k ÷ V ?) 'tear, tear out'
1591. i * n 1a 4l V ' t o n g u e' > ? IE : i Ht lala- 'tongue', Lw {Lar.}
1588.
la2 l a/i-
lali-
'tongue (?)', {Mlc.}
'tongue, gossip'
1592. ( € ?) * n 1 o ÷ 3 l e 6 (or * n 1 a ÷ 3 l e 6 ) 'sinew' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ ' b o w '
‘ 'arrow'), 'to tie together', ([in HS] ‘ 'to put on footwear')
1593. * n 1 u 4 ÷ 3 l ∏ V 'pluck, tear out (hair, branches), pinch'
1594. * n 1 a 9 l ß V (or * n 1 a 9 l V ?) 'fade, be worn out, be spoiled'
1595. * n 1 o 9 { a 4 } l [ y ] V 'slime, tears (?), moisture, fluid; raw' > IE
*yeé8lo-/*yé8=lo- > NaIE *ye2lo-/*y´lo- 'unripe, raw'
1596. * n 1 i h l a 'moist, slippy'
1597. * n 1 { e q } [ a ] l V 'bed of a torrent, valley'
1598. Regional € * { n 1 } a 4 l y V 'four'
1599. * n 1 u 4 l ∏ u N [ K ] V (= * n 1 u 4 l ß u N [ K ] V ?) 'marrow, brain'
16OO. * n 1 V l ! V (or * n 1 V l ß V ) '∈ insect'
16O1. € * n 1 i q Ë l ! V 'scrape, scrape off, rub, polish'
16O2. * n 1 a m { o } 'squeeze, grasp' > IE : NaIE *yem-/*ym=- 'hold, h o l d
fast, grasp'
16O3. i * n 1 a 4 ÷ 3 m V 'soft'
16O4. * n 1 a [ n ` ] c 7 + c 7 ' V 'grass'
16O5. € * n 1 u N V 'to rest, to slumber, to sleep'
16O6. * n 1Å y N { i } '∈ coniferous tree' > IE: NaIE *yoi\ n i- 'juniper'
16O7. * n 1 { e } N Ó V ' ≈ woman' (and 'woman from the o p p o s i t e
exogamous moiety within an exogamic system of tribes'?) > IE: NaIE
*yen´-ter / *yôn´tr- 'wife of husband’s brother'
16O8. * n 1 o N u d a (or * n 1 o N u 4 d a ?) 'follow in the traces, hunt, p u r s u e ' ,
'move quickly' > IE: NaIE *yeu\d≈- / *you\d≈- / *yud≈- 'stir, move' ({P} ' i n
heftiger Bewegung sein'), ?? (with pre-IE depalatalisation *n1- > *n- ?) H t
'Eile, Hast', {CHD}
adv. 'promptly, w i t h o u t
{Ts.}
delay, soon'
16O9. i * n 1 a N g u 4 'tongue' > IE : NaIE *yn=g8≈u2- ≠ *dn=g8≈u2-/*dn=g8≈wa2 ≠
*ln=g8≈u2- id.
nuntar-
nuntaras
2635
161O.
* n 1á N s { i }
dirt, mud'
1611.
1612.
'dirt, dirty liquid' > IE: NaIE
€ * n 1 { a } p a 'face', (?) 'nose' ([in
* n 1a 4p V r V 'tender, beautiful',
*n=si-
'dirty-coloured;
A] ‘ 'front')
'thin (not dense)',
'sparce'
(of
hair, wool)
* n 1 i û q { u } 'grind, crush, rub, rub down\off, rub to powder'
1614. € * n 1 o û q a 'lowland, depression'
1615. * n 1 a Â Ë 'swamp'
1616. * n 1 i  V 'rub, scratch, scratch\draw\make a sign'
1617. € * n 1 u  V 'become very hot, shine'
1618. * n 1a ? Â a 4 (or * n 1 a 4 ? Â Å ?) 'pungent, strong' (of sensations,
feelings, etc.) > IE: NaIE *yo2r- (an apophonic grade of *ye2r-?) ' s t r o n g ,
1613.
violent'
* n 1 É { G } Å r V 'sprout'
162O. * n 1 i h r { a } 'to stream; a stream, liquid'
1621. ( € ?) * n 1 e [ Ó ] r V 'plain, ground'
1622. * n 1 a Ù [ i ] r Ë ( - k + g e 6 ) 'cartilage' ([in descendant
1619.
lgs.]
‘ 'cartilage
of the vertebrae', 'backbone')
1623. * n 1 a 4 r é € e 6 (or * n 1 a 4 é € r e 6 ? ) 'unripe, tender, weak'
1624. ( € ?) * n 1 { a } Â K ' a + á (= * n 1 { a } Â û q a + á ?) ' ∈ deer' > IE : NaIE *york+k8'roe deer'
1625. * æ n 1a ÷ 3r 1É ' ≈ young, new-born'
([in descendant lgs.] ‘
'springtime') > IE *æyeh8r- > NaIE *[æ]ye2r- / *æyo2r- / *[æ]y´r- ' y o u n g ' ,
'springtime' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'year')
1626. * n 1 i t u 6 r V { û q } V 'fist, knuckles of fingers; to strike with t h e
fist\knuckles, hold in the hand'
1627. * n 1 e t ' V 'stalk, stem, trunk'
1628. € * n 1 o [ ÷ ] w V (or * n 1 o ˝ w V ?) 'to hunt, to pursue'
1629. * n 1 a 4 w 9 a 'hair, down'
163O. ≈ * { n 1 } É X a 'to see', ? 'eye'
1631. * n 1 É { y Ë } ( - N V ) (= * n 1 { a 4 y Ë } ( - N V ) ?) 'larvas, worms, nit(s)'
1632. € * n 1 a Û i r V 'sun', '≈ sunshine, heat (hot weather)'
1633. * N { Ë } [1] 'thing', [2] 'what?' (most probably, a p h o n e t i c
reduction or an ellipsis from * y a N { Ë } or * ? a 4 y V N { Ë } 'which thing?')
1634. ( € ?) * N i b + p V (or * N á y b + p V ) 'to bend down, to sink' > IE : NaIE
*knei\ b - '≈ bend down, decline'
1635. ??? * æ N Ë c @ + c ' @ V (= * æ N Ë c + c ' V ?) 'late, evening, night; (?) delay' >
IE : NaIE *°æwes- 'sunset' , NaIE *æwesperos 'evening'; it is possible t h a t
2636
this etymon took part in the creation of IE *wes- 'dwell, pass the night,
stay'
1636. € * N Ë Ç ' V 'small, few'
1637. * N a { ? } i g u 'to bow, to bend (down), to hang (by sth.), to h a n g
down' > IE : NaIE *knei\ g W≈- 'bend, bow'
1638. * N i K 'a (more probable than * n ` i K ' a ??) 'cervical v e r t e b r a e ,
neck, nape of neck' > IE : NaIE *knok(k)o-/*knek(k)o- 'nape of neck; hill'
1639. * N { i w o } l ß V 'extend, stretch, become long'
164O. * N V l !V { h } V m P { i } 'gnat, mosquito' ( ≈ N * n 1V l !V ' ∈ insect' + N
* { h } V m P { i } 'venomous vermin'?)
1641. * { N } a m Ê V 'give'
1642. * N á n 2É 'go (away)' > amb IE ( × N ? * n 2 { i } H w V 'to lead'?): H t
,
vi. 'drive, ride in an animal-drawn vehicle', vt.
'drive (animals, persons, evils)'
1643. * N a n 1 V 'take so. with oneself, lead' > IE *nei\éx- > NaIE *nei\(´)/ *nï- v. 'lead', Ht {CHD}
vt. 'send, dispatch'
1644. * N [ V w ] a n 1 V 'sky, cloud'
1645. * N e h { Ë } r { i } 'light, fire'
1646. * N a 4 q a s 6 a 'nose' > IE *neés- ( > NaIE *na2 s - ), in oblique c a s e s
*néos- 'nose'
1647. ( € ?) * N { i } Ó a t { a } ' ∈ sharp instrument, sharp tooth; to b i t e \ c u t '
> IE : NaIE *kne2d- / *ken´d- 'bite, cut with a sharp instrument'
1647a. ? * N i t ' u 6 'worm(s), maggot(s), nit' > IE : NaIE *knid- ≠ *k8nid'nit, louse'
1648. * N a ÷ 3w { i } 'dead, dead person' > IE : NaIE *na2u\- 'dead b o d y ;
death'
1649. * N u 6 w a 4 y V 'long hair'
165O. * N u h y { a } 'to rest, to lie, to repose' (‘ 'to sleep')
1651. * p ' { a 4 } 'ille, another (animate)'
1652. € * P 3 { i } ? V 'sharp edge, blade'
1653. * p ' u i ( ≠ * b u ? i ?) 'tree, bush'
1654. € * p ' o ÷ 3 + 9 y V 'wooded bank (of a waterway)'
1655. * { p ' } o ÷ 3 y u 6 'small', 'child', 'young (of an animal)' > IE : NaIE *po2u\/ *p´u\ - /*pu2 - 'little, child, a young of an animal; few'; with sxs., e.g. *putlo- 'child'
1656. * p Å ? i c @ V 'axe, hammer'
1656a. ? φ P 3 a Ç k + K ' V (= p a Ç k + K ' V ?) 'hand' (‘ 'handful')
nanna- nanniya-
nai-/ne-
?
2637
1657.
1658.
1659.
166O.
1661.
1662.
* P 3 u c ' [ V ] Ì V 'to press, to squeeze, to crush by squeezing'
* P 3 { i } c 7 V 'stalks of plants and their fibres used for plaiting'
* p ' o c 7 V 'to plait' (‘ 'sth. plaited, cloth')
? φ * p u c 7 [ V ] n 1 V 'worm, snake'
* P 3 u c 7 ' V 'to fall'
* p [ e ? + y ] i c 7'u 6 (or * p i ? e c 7 ' u 6 ) '∈ coniferous tree' > IE: NaIE *pit[u]-
' ∈ coniferous tree'
1663. * p ' a c 6 V 'to open' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'hole, slit'), to b e
widened, to spread'
1664. * P 3 u 6 c 6 ' { o } 'hair' > IE : NaIE *pou\s-/*pus- 'body hair, down'
1665. * p ' a { 9 } d V 'leg' (or '∈ part of a leg'), 'foot' > IE *pe(:)d/*po(:)d- 'foot'
1665a. * p ' Ë { h } [ V ] d V ( - Â V ) 'long, spacious, (?) far'
1666. * P 3 u q d V 'leather bag, scrotum'
1667. * P 3 e d [ V ] 9 V 'to break, to tear, to wound'
1668. * p ' { i } g V 'to pour; rain'
1669. ? φ * p Ë [ g i ] N V (or * p ' - ?) 'faeces, filth'
167O. * P 3 o G i 'cavity, valley' (‘ 'lowland'), 'to hollow out'
1671. * p ' a 4 { ˝ } u 4 w Å 'fire' (‘ 'heat', 'daylight, day') > IE *peÙw-r/n'fire'
1672. * p 'a { Ó [ V ] ? } { u 4} (= * p ' a q V ? u 4 ? ) 'strike, split, chop' > IE *peé8w/*pé8=u\- > NaIE *pe2 w - /*p´u\ - /*pu2- v. 'beat, strike, cut'
1673. o * p u H V 'blow (blasen)' > IE : NaIE *pu(:)-/peu\-/pou\-/p≈u'breathe, blow'
1674. * p i k { u 4} 'to press' ( ‘ 'to crush') > IE : NaIE {P} *pu{ k• }'zusammendrängen, eng umschließen'
1675. ( € ?) * p 'o k a 'side of a body, side' > IE : NaIE *pog-/*po2g- 'side o f
a body' , *po(:)k-s- 'side, flank' ({P} *pog-/*po2g-, *po(:)k-s- 'Achsel,
Hüfte, Lende, Seite')
1676. * P 3 a { h } k V 'spring of water; to spout' > IE : NaIE *°pa2g+g-8 > Gk
phgh1 , Gk D pa2 g a@ 'spring of water'
1677. * P 3 { a 4 } Ó a k V (= * P 3 { a 4 } q a k V ?) 'hut, village' > IE : NaIE *°pa2g+go
8 ->
L
'community of peasants, village, country district'
1678. * p { a } k [ V ] ? V (= * p a k Ë ? V ?) (partially i ) 'to split'
1679. * p ' a 4 k ' o 6 'to heat (on fire)', 'to be hot' ( ‘ 'to cook, to bake', ' t o
dry') > IE : NaIE *pekW- v. 'cook, bake, prepare food on fire'
168O. * P 3{ o } K 'V 'to
scratch,
to comb'
> IE: NaIE *pek8+k, *pek8+k-t- v. 'comb', pek8 + k ten- n. 'comb'
pa2 g us
2638
€ * p ' o K ' u 4 '(herds of) ruminant animals, wild cattle'
*pek8 u /*pek8we- 'cattle'
1682. i * p o { k ' } V 'bladder, blister'
1683. ( o ?) * p ' É X k ' V 'rub, scrape'
1684. ( € ?) * p ' { É } K ' y V (or * P 3 V K ' y V ) 'to track (game), to
tracks of' > IE: NaIE *(s)pek8- 'look, observe' , *(s)peg8- ' ≈
1681.
> IE: NaIE
follow t h e
look, l o o k
after'
* { p ' } o 6 { K ' V } d V (or * p - ?) 'to run'
1686. * P 3 i K ' V z 7 V 'sticky liquid, pitch' > IE : NaIE *pik- 'tree-pitch'
1687. € * P 3a l V '( ∈ ?) tooth'
1688. * p ' a 4 l ∏ { Å } 'time (mal, fois), once, one'
1689. * p 'a l { o } 'open ground, plain' > IE : NaIE *pol- 'field, plain',
*pel[´]-t- 'plot (of land), place'
169O. * p a 4 l ∏ V 'inside, entrails, liver'
1691. * P 3i l V 'a hair, tuft of hair, feather' > IE : NaIE *pilo- 'hair' ,
*pil-t- 'felt', *piles-/pils- 'felt', *pleu\-k-, *pleu\-s- 'feather, hair, wool'
1691a. * p ' Ë l É 'be much\big, increase'
1692. * p u l ß u (or * p u l ß u 4 ? ) 'to spring forth' ( ‘ 'to flow'), 'to plunge i n
water' > IE : NaIE *pol-/*pl= - v. 'pour\stream', NaIE *pleu\ - 'flow; swim'
1692a. € * p u 6 L V 'to blow (blasen)'
1693. * p V L u 'lungs, pluck' > IE : NaIE *pleu\-mon-/*plu-m(o)n- ' l u n g ' ,
*0pleu\-tya2 ≠ *0plou\tya2- 'lung(s)'
1694. * p { i } { ? } L V 'strong' > IE : NaIE *bel- 'strong'
1695. * p { Ë ? É } l V (or * p ' - ?) 'stinging insect'
1696. € * P 3 { É y } L V 'to fly, to soar'
1697. * p ' i [ y ] l ∏ a 6 (or * p ' i l ∏ [ y ] a 6 ?) 'to fall' > IE : NaIE *(s)p≈ol- v. 'fall'
1698. * P 3 e l ß ? e 6 ¬ * P 3e ? l ße 6 'side of body, side' > IE : NaIE *pol- id., 'half'
1698a. * P 3 u L [ V ] ¿ V '∈ tree (poplar or sim.)' > IE : NaIE ? *pel1685.
'poplar'
* p 'o l ßi ÷ É (or * p ' o l ß i ˝ É ?) 'to split' > IE: NaIE *(s)p≈el- ' ≈ split'
and NaIE *p[≈]el- , *p[≈]ol- 'board (Brett), log of wood'
1699. * { p } u l ÷ 3 + H u or * { p } u l ÷ 3 + H a 'red, yellowish, pale' > IE *pl=Ów-,
*pol[Ó]w- > NaIE *pl=∏w-/*pol(´)w- 'light yellow, blond, pale, dun'
17OO. * p a l V { 9 } V 'settlement,
home, wall' > IE *polÓ-/*pl=Ó1698b.
'fortified
settlement'
17O1. * p a l ß Ì V 'mud,
*pelÓ- 'swamp'
swamp, lake' > IE
*bolÓ-
' ≈ swamp, p o o l ' ,
2639
* p ' Ë l ∏ Ó V 'be
liquid, be wet' > IE: NaIE *°pl´+ad- > Gk pla1doß
'abundance of fluids', plada1 v 'humid, fluid', pladaro1 ß 'wet, damp'
17O2a. * P 3 u 6 l V [ Ó u 6 ] 'grass' > IE ≈ *peloÓ-/*peleÓ-, *pel[Ó]ou\- ' s t r a w ,
chaff'
17O3. * P 3 a 4 l ß q Å 'half, part' > IE : NaIE *pol[´]- 'side of body, side, half'
17O4. * p e l q e 6 'to tremble, to fear' > IE {IS} *pelÓ- / *pleÓ- ' ( m a k e )
tremble, fear'
17O5. * P 3 i L É q i (= * P 3 i l ß + l ! É q i ?) 'open, uncovered, bare' > IE : NaIE
*ple2i\-/*pl´i\-/*plï- 'bare, naked'
17O6. * p { a } l ß Ù V 'spade; to dig; pit (sth. dug)' > IE : NaIE *bel[´]- ≠
* ° b´l- v. 'dig, hollow'; ? L
'spade'
17O7. * p a l ∏{ i Ù } { a 4} '∈ fish'
17O8. * { p } o 6 l ∏ X + q + G a 'broad and flat' > IE *plex- 'broad' > Ht
'wide, broad', NaIE *pla2-/*pel´- 'broad and flat', *pla2-no-/*pel´-no'flat'
17O9. * P 3 o l Ù á 'to fill' > IE *pelé8-/*pleé8- v. 'fill' , NaIE pp. *ple2-to'filled, full', *ple2-no- ≠ *pl=∏-no- ( < IE *pleé8-no- ≠ *pl=é8-no-) 'full', *ple2-mn=
n. act. 'filling'
171O. * p ' a l y u 6 'much, superfluous' > IE : NaIE *≤pelu- 'great, many' /
*pô≤lu- 'much'  d. *ple2 - yo2 s 'more', *ple2 - yo2 s -tos 'most'
1711. * p ' e L [ i ] y Å 'to split, to separate' > IE : NaIE *(s)plei\-, *splei\-d'split, split off'
1712. ( i ?) * p u L y V 'bubble, blister, round swelling' > IE : NaIE i *bul/*bou\ l - 'round swelling'
1713. * { p ' } u 4 l [ u 6 y ] V 'to wash' > IE: NaIE * ° spel- v. 'rinse, (?) wash'
1714. * p a L u Ç V (or * p a L u 4 Ç V ?) 'stinging insect (flea, m o s q u i t o ,
tick)' > IE : NaIE *b[≈]lus- ≠ *plus- 'flea'
1715. € * p { u 6} l ßi { c 7' } V (or * p { u 6 } l ! i { c 7 ' } V ?) 'grey, grey-haired' > IE : NaIE
*pelit- 'grey'
1715a. UA € * p Å { l ∏ y } a k + g V 'foot' (and 'sole of foot'?)
1716. * p a l ∏ Ë K ' u 4 'axe, hammer' > IE : NaIE *pelek8 u - 'axe'
1717. * P 3 a 4 { l ß } V k ' V (or N * P 3 É l ß V { g ? } V ) 'to split lengthwise, to divide'
1718. * p a l ∏ [ V ] t ' V 'to split', 'axe'
1719. * P 3a L t 'V q V 'broad and flat' > IE *pletÓu-/*pl=tÓu- > NaIE
*plet(≈)u-/*pl=t(≈)u- 'broad and flat', IE *pletÓ-/*pl=tÓ- > NaIE *plet(≈)/*pl=t(≈)- v. 'extend, spread'
17O2.
pa2 l a
palhi
2640
€ * P 3 V L h É { Z 7 } V or/and * P 3 V L [ h ] É c ' + c 1 ' V 'split up, separate' > IE:
NaIE *ple2 s -/*pl´s- 'splinter off, tear off'
1721. € * P 3 e l ! + l ß V (= * p e l ! + l ß V ?) 'pigeon' > IE *p{e}l- ( ≠ *bel-?) 'pigeon'
1722. * p o l !V 'hollow, empty' > IE: NaIE *bel- 'hollow out, dig' , *po+al172O.
'hollow, bare'
* p e [ ? ] l !u 6( - n 1É ) 'dust, ashes' > IE: NaIE *pel(w)-, *pe≤lo2u\-s /
*pel≤w-os 'dust' , ? σ *p{e}lw- 'chaff, husk', ??σ IE *polt- ' s o u p \ p o r r i d g e
1723.
of meal'
1724.
* p { i ? u 6} l !V
'slit'
>
IE : NaIE
*bul[i]-
'vulva',
*'anus'
(‘
'buttocks')
* p a l ! + l ß Ó { a 4 } 'to burn' (intr.), 'to be heated on fire' > IE: *pelé8/*pleé8- > NaIE *pel´-/*ple2(w)-/*plo2(w)- vi. 'burn, be w a r m ' ;
coalescence with NaIE *(s)p(≈)el- v. 'shine'
1726. * p 'a 4l !X + Ì V 'thumb, big toe; (?) finger' > IE : NaIE *po2l- ' t h u m b ,
1725.
big toe'
* p 'Å l ! [ V ] g á ≠ * p Å l ! [ V ] g á 'spleen' > IE *b[≈]l=Óg8≈en- ≠ ≈
*(s)pl=Óg8≈en- > NaIE *b[≈]l=´g8≈en- ≠ *(s)pel[´]g8≈(-en, -a2) ≠ *(s)pleng8≈- ≠
*(s)ple(:)g8≈- 'spleen'
1728. * p ' a { l ! } Ó i N a 'palm of hand' > IE *pl=Óm- > NaIE *pl=∏ma2 'palm o f
1727.
hand, hand'
* p '{ u } y Å m V ( { b } V ) 'snake'
173O. * p 'e n `V (or * p ' e n 2 [ i y + é € ] V ) 'small dog, whelp'. KU
1731. * p ' { i } n 2 V 'piece of wood, trunk' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'log,
board, pole') > IE: NaIE *pin- 'piece of wood, trunk'
1732. * P 3 { o } n 2 V 'path, ford' > IE *≤pontoh-s, gen. *pn=≤th-os 'way, p a t h ,
1729.
ford'
* P 3 u n 2 { a 4 } or * P 3 u 4 n 2 a 'red colour, (?) fox'
1734. * p 'a [ ? V ] n e 6 'put, lay'
1735. * P 3 Ë ? [ V ] ˆ V (= * P 3 Ë ? [ V ] n 2 V ?) 'meat, (?) blood (as food)'
1736. * P 3 u n [ É ] y a 'hair'
1737. * P 3 u n [ V ] y a (i.e. * p ' u n [ V ] y a ≠ * p - ) 'to turn, to twist, to tie' ( ‘
'to plait') > IE: NaIE *(s)pen- v. 'plait, spin, tie'
1738. * { p } u n 2 + N y u 6 'to breathe; wind, smoke' > IE : NaIE *pneu\1733.
'breathe, blow'
1739. ( € ?) * P 3 u 4 + u n 2 y É ¬ * P 3 u 4 + u n 2 i 'smell (odour); to smell (sth.)'
174O. ( € ?) * p V n 2 c 7 ' V 'nose' > IE : ? σ NaIE {P} *bend-/*bn=d-no'vorspringende Spitze'
1741. € * { p ' } o n 3 { d } V '≈ leg, foot'
2641
1742.
* P 3 V n [ V ] - s 7 V (≠ * - Z 7 V ?) '∈ insect'
(€ ?) * P 3 a n 2 t ' V h V 'belly' > IE *pant(V)x- >
NaIE *pant- ≠ *pVnd'belly', Ht
{Ts.} 'stomach (?)', {CHD} 'bladder (?)'
1744. * P 3 u 6 ˆ Z 1 V '∈ part of the leg of animals' ('knee', 'foot'?)
1745. * p '{ Å } n 1V (= * p ' a 4 n 1 V ?) 'hollowed-out vessel'
1746. * p ' É Ù + Q n 1 a 'keep, protect' > IE *peÙy- v. 'protect, keep, t a k e
care of' > NaIE *pa2(y)-/*po2(y)-/*pï- v. 'protect, graze (cattle)', H t
'protect, keep, guard'
1747. * p ' i n 1 [ V ] Ì a 'to turn, to plait' ([in descendant languages] ‘ ' t o
spin', 'to weave')
1748. * P 3 a y n 1 V [ q V ] 'to press, to squeeze, to close'
1749. * P 3 u n 1 + n 2 c 7 e 6 'body hair, down, (?) feathers' > IE : NaIE *pou\s/*pus- 'body hair, down', fell'
175O. { p ' } a 4 N V 'forehead' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'face', 'head')
1751. ( € ?) * P 3 i N u 6 (or * P 3 u 4 N É ) '∈ a game bird of medium size ( g r o u s e
or sim.)'
1752. * { p ' } V ÷ 3 i N { Ë } (= * { p ' } o ÷ 3 i N { Ë } ?) 'palm of hand, (sole of) foot'
1753. * p ' Å N [ i ] k V 'joint, shoulder joint'
1754. * P 3 o N s 1 V 'dust' > IE: NaIE *pe2s-, *pe2ns- 'dust, sand'
1755. * p ' o q i 'to cover, to close' > IE: NaIE *po2- v. 'cover'
1756. ? φ o € * P 3 u q V (or * P 3 u 4 q V ?) 'to let out air\gas', (?) 'to e m i t
smell'
1757. * { p ' } a û q É ? V or * { p ' } a û q [ V ] ? É 'skin, film, bark' > IE : NaIE *pok8o/*pek8o-, *pek8u- 'fleece'
1758. * p ' a r V 'to fly, to jump' > IE: NaIE *per- v. 'fly', {Bn.} 'flotter e n
air, se déplacer dans l’espace'
1759. * P 3{ Å } Â V 'finger' and * P 3Å Â [ V ] N + n 2a k V 'finger, thumb' > IE
[1]: Tc A
, B
'finger', [2]: mt.: NaIE *°penKro- > G m c
*fingra- 'finger'
176O. * P 3 Å r u 6 'stone, rock' > IE *perw-/*peru- 'rock, mountain'
1761. * p '{ e } r V ≠ * p 'u 6Ó r V (both from * p ' u 6 { e } r V ?) 'fruit' > IE : NaIE
*pu2 r o- 'corn, grain'
1762. * P 3 e  V 'ground, earth'
1763. * p 'e r V (= * p ' e r { o } ?) 'lip, edge' > IE : [1] Ht
'lip; r i m ,
edge, border', [2] IE *per- (with a hardly identifiable meaning; {P}: ' d a s
Hinausführen über'), a noun used (in its different case forms) as adv.,
pv. and prep.: IE *pro, *pro2 'in front of, forward, before, forth', NaIE
1743.
panduha-
pahs- / pahhas-
pra2r
pra2ri
?
puri
2642
*pro2 'early,
in the morning', NaIE *prai\, *pôrai\, *prei\-, *pôri (dat. o f
direction from *per- ) '≈ forward, in front of, before'; *pr= - (nom. or loc.
without sx.?) 'hervor', *pera(:) (instr.) 'in front'
1764. * P 3 e r V 'bottom, buttocks'
1765. * p 'i  o ( - K 'á ) 'to ask' > IE : NaIE *prek8-/*pr=k8- v. 'ask ( a
question); ask for sth.'
1766. * p ' o 6 r { i } (or * p ' o 6 Ó a r { i } ?) 'child, offspring' > IE : NaIE *pari-k-a2
'concubine' or 'whore' ( “ 'girl')
1767. * p o r V 'leaf' > IE : NaIE *per-, *per-n- 'leaf, fern', Ht
{Ts.} 'Trieb', {CHD} 'leaf, foliage'
1768. ( € ?) * P 3V Â V 'to cross, to pass through' (= N * p á r V , if Az
ba4 r a4 belongs here) > IE: NaIE *per- v. 'cross, go through\over' (‘ ' b r i n g
over, lead'), IE *per- , *peri (instr. case?) 'across, beyond'
1769. * { p ' } a 4 r É (= * { p ' } a 4 h r É ?) 'to look', 'to be seen' > IE *pehr/*ph=r- > NaIE *pa2r-/*p´r- ({P} *pa2Ær-) v. 'be visible', Ht
v.
'appear, emerge (?)'
177O. * P 3 o 9 Ë r V 'hollow', 'to gap', 'to be open' (a hollow)
1771. * p ' i { h + Ù + Q } Â É ' a r o u n d ' > IE *peri >
NaIE *peri (instr.?)
'around'
1772. P 3 É y  V ( c 7 V ) 'belly, stomach, contents of the intestines' > ? σ
IE : ¿ Ht {Ts.}
'lying prone'
1773. * P 3 Å r [ ? ] V 'bring forth, give birth' (of animals), 'young o f
animals' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ v. 'breed') > IE: NaIE *per- v. 'give
birth', IE ds. for youngs of animals (*pr= - tV )
1774. € * p ' Å r i [ ? V ] 'take out, pull out\off'
1775. * p ' a 4 r i { ? } É (or * p ' a 4 r y É ?) 'to tear, to split' > IE : NaIE *(s)per- v.
'tear, be torn, break'
1776. * p ' a r [ V ] ÷ 3 { i } '∈ stinging insect(s)'
1777. ( € ?) * p ' Å r i { ÷ } V 'to strew, to spread, to extend' > IE : NaIE
*(s)p(≈)er-, *sprei\-, *spreu\- 'strew, scatter, sow', Ht
( )-,
'spread, strew, scatter'
1778. * p 'o r { ÷ } u 6 'to heat with fire, to burn' > IE: NaIE *preu\ s - vi. 'burn'
1779. * p ' o r { a 4 } ÷ V 'summit, top' > IE *perw-/*peru-, *per-k- ' r o c k ,
mountain'
178O. * p u 4 r 9 Ë ( - c 7 V ) ≠ * p u 4 r c 7 V 9 V 'flea, gnat, mosquito'
1781. * p ' a r a { h } i + u 4 (or * p ' a r a ? i + u 4 ) 'weak' > IE : NaIE *pra2yu- 'lacking i n
energy'
1782. * P 3 e r { w } V 'skin, hide, bark'
parsdu
?
parai-
paratarru
isparriya-
ispar r
2643
* p '{ o } r [ w ] V '(female, young?) ungulate (esp. bovine)' > IE:
NaIE *per- 'calf, young bull'
1784. ( € ?) * P 3o 6Â w V (= * p ' o 6 r 1 w V ?) 'to turn, to revolve' > ? IE : NaIE
*sper- v. 'turn, twist' ('drehen, winden')
1785. * p a  [ a ] Ù i (= * p a r 1 [ a ] Ù i ?) ' ≈ happy, dear' > IE *preéy- > NaIE
*pra2 i \ - /pr´i\ - /prï- 'wish so. well, favour so.'
1786. * p 'Å r [ y ] V 'run, flee'
1787. * { p ' } u r [ y ] V (or * { p ' } u 4 r [ y ] V ?) 'wing, f e a t h e r ( s ) ' > IE : NaIE
*[(s)]per- 'feather, wing', Ht partawar 'wing', (?) 'feather'
1788. * P 3 V Â Ç V 'flee, run (from, after smb.)' (or * p 'Å r { y Ë } Ç V ……,
a cd. with * p ' Å r [ y ] V 'run, flee') > IE: Ht pars- v. 'flee, escape'
1789. ( € ?) * P 3 V Â Ç V [ - ] n 2 V 'heel' or '(sole of a) foot' > IE *pers-na2,
*pers-ni- 'heel'
179O. * P 3 V Â V c 1 [ X ] V 'fingernail, claw' > IE : NaIE (att. in BSl) *°pr=st1783.
'finger, (?) toe'
* P 3 V Â i c 1 ' V 'break
*pers- ≠ *prïs-
v.
* P 3a 4r g a 'to split' > ?σ IE : NaIE *perg- '≈ beat, strike, wound'
1793. * p ' u 4 r V K ' V 'be startled, be scared, fear' > IE : NaIE *perk- n.,
v.
1791.
through,
tear' > ? IE
'break to pieces'
1792.
'fear'
1794. ? σ
€ * P 3V Â [ V ] K 'á
'tear out\asunder\off, detach' > IE: NaIE
*perk8 - '≈ dig a ditch\chasm', {P} 'aufreißen, aufwühlen'
1795. * p 'a 4Â p 'V z 6V ≠ ? i * p 'a 4Â p 'V Â + l V 'butterfly' > ?? i IE : NaIE {EI}
*pelpel- 'butterfly'
1796. * p a r Ê V 'rock, hill' > IE : Gk pe1 t ra2 'rock'
1797. € * P 3Ë Â [ V ] t V ' ≈ moisture, water' > IE : NaIE *pôrd- ' ≈ wet,
moist, slimy'
1798. * p ' u 6 Â t V [ X V ] 'to spit, to vomit, to fart' > IE: NaIE *perd- v. ' f a r t
with noise', *pr= d i-s n. 'fart'
1799. € * P 3 V Â { t ' } V 'jerk, pull (out), tear off' > IE : Ht
{CHD}
v. 'disentangle (?), unravel (?)', {Ts.} 'auszupfen, entwirren'
18OO. ( € ?) * { p } { Å } Â t ' V { h } V ¬ * { p } { Å } t 'Â V { h } V ' ≈ rod, young twig,
shoot' > IE : NaIE *pert≈- 'pole, rod, shoot'
18O1. * P 3o r 1÷ V 'hair'
18O2. * p 'V r 1d V [ X + q V ] 'quiver, tremble, start (from fear, with
suddenness)' > IE: NaIE *sperd≈- 'move convulsively (zucken)', jump u p
(aufspringen)
partai-
2644
18O3. * p 'Ë r 1[ u 6] g a 4
≠ * p 'Ë r 1[ u 6] k a 4 'to jump' > IE: NaIE *sperg8≈-/*spreg8≈v. 'jump, move energetically', ? *(s)prewg-/*(s)prowg- v. '≈ jump'
18O4. * P 3e r 1[ V ] K 'u 4 '( ∈ ) bone', 'rib' > IE: NaIE *perk8 u - 'rib, chest'
18O5. * p ' e r 1 K ' V [ ÷ a ] (or P 3 e  K ' V [ ÷ V ] ?) 'turn round, twist' > ? σ IE : NaIE
{P} *sperg- , *spreng- 'wrap up, constrict'
18O6. ( € ?) * P 3 a 4 s 1 u 4 (or * p V { ? } a 4 s 1 u 4 ?) 'root, stem of a plant'
18O7. € * P 3 i s V 'to remain, to stick (steckenbleiben)'
18O8. i * { p ' } i s 1 V 'to spray, to sprinkle, to drip'
18O9. * p ' o s 1 i 'be hot\warm'
181O. * p 'o s V ( ≠ * b o s V ) 'to fart (without noise)' > IE : NaIE *pesdid.
* P 3 u s + s 7 { É } or * P 3u 4s + s 7{ É } 'to spit, to sprinkle'
1812. * P 3É s 7V 'grain, nut'
1813. ( € ?) * p i s 7 a 'to get\make ready (cooked, ripe)'
1814. * p i s 7V 'gall' > IE: NaIE *bis-(t)lV id.
1815. i * P 3u s 7V 'to blow' > IE : [1] NaIE *peu\s- v. 'blow, blow u p ,
inflate' ('aufblasen'), [2] NaIE *pe2 Æ s - v. 'blow' (of a person, of wind)
1816. * P 3u 6s 7V 'rub, smear' > IE : Ht pes(s)- 'rub, scrub (with s o a p ,
1811. ( € ?) i
pasihai-
v. 'rub, squeeze, crush'
1817. € * p ' V s 7 q V ≠ * P 3e q s 7e 6 'spear' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'arrow')
1818. * P 3 a [ y ] s 6 e 6 ' penis' > IE : NaIE *pes- id., Ht
'male
parts (penis, scrotum, etc.)'
1819. * p ' { a 4 y } s 6 { i } ( ¬ * p ' i s 6 { i } ?) 'crush, break to pieces' > IE : NaIE
*pei\s- (?) / *pis- v. 'crush, pound'
182O. * p 'a t V 'ground, plain; b o t t o m ' > IE : NaIE *ped-, *ped-om
'ground', Ht
'place'
1821. * { p ' } a t V 'basket, box' > IE : NaIE *pod- 'box, vessel, pot', IE
*pot[Ó]r= / pôt[Ó]n-os 'basket' ‘ 'dish'
1822. * p 'a 4t V 'to fall' ( ≠ ? * p ' V t V - Ù É 'fall, cast [to the ground]') >
IE : NaIE *ped- 'fall', *pet(´)-/pte2 - /pto2 - 'fall' (× *pet(´)- v. 'fly'?)
1823. * p ' É t V 'to pass, to go out' > IE: NaIE *pe(:)d- v. 'go, walk'
1824. * P 3i t Å 'hold, grasp, seize' > IE : NaIE *pe(:)d- 'grasp, j o i n t \ f i t
together'
1825. * P 3u t V 'feather, hair' > ? IE *pet-Vr/n- / *pter- 'feather, wing'
1826. * p a [ ? i ] t V (or * p a ? e t V ?) ' ∈ skin, bark' > IE {P} *bai\ta2 ' g o a t skin, garment'
1827. € * P 3 o t K ' V 'to split, to cut'
etc.)',
pisnatar/-n-
peda-n
2645
* p ' a t ' V 'beat, strike'
1829. * p { a 4 } t ' V 'pinch, pluck'
183O. * p ' É t ' V (or * p É t ' V ?) 'to fly; bird' > IE: NaIE *pet- v. 'fly'
1831. * P 3 V t ' V 'fright, confusion of mind'
1832. € * P 3 Å Ó t ' V 'old man' > IE *pÓ= t -ter(-) > NaIE nom. *p´≤te2r, voc.
*p´ter, gen. *p´≤tr-os 'father, head of a clan' Ï NaIE *p´truu\yo-s
1828.
'father’s
brother'
* p V { h } t 'i ? V
'liquid secretions, sweat' > IE: NaIE *(s)po2t/(s)p´t- 'dirty moisture, sweat'
1834. * p u [ w ] t ' É ( ≠ * p ' u [ w ] t ' É ?) 'hole' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘
'vulva, anus') > IE: Ht
v. 'dig',
'excavation, h o l e ,
pit'
1835. * p 'a t 'H V 'to be open, to open' > IE *pet(Ó )- id., 'expand, b e
spread'
1836. * p ' i X + Ì y V 'sharp bone, sharp tool, (?) flintstone' > IE : NaIE
*(s)p(≈)e(:)i\ - /*(s)p(≈)i(:)- 'pointed (spitz), a pointed piece of wood'
1837. * P 3 a y V '(∈ ) fish' > IE: NaIE *pei\sk(o)-/*pisk- 'fish'
1838. * p ' u 4 Ó + Q y V (= * p ' u 4 9 y V ?) 'to boil, to get ready' (food), 'to r i p e n '
> IE *speé8y- > NaIE *sp(≈)e2i\-/*spï- and *sp≈e2-/*sp≈´v. ' r i p e n ,
become thick'
1839. * P 3u 6Ù y V 'to be sick; wound' > IE *peé8y- ( > NaIE *pe2(i\)-/*pï-)
v. 'hurt, harm' (‘ v. 'blame, abuse')
184O. * p ' a 4 z 6 V 'to strain, to percolate, to screen (durchsieben)'
1841. * P 3 É Ó + y ] a z 6 V '∈ wild galliform bird'
1842. * P 3 o z 6 [ V ] ÷ 3 V 'to become hard on the surface\top',
'hard
surface ( 'crust, bark, skin)' > IE : NaIE *pel([´])- 'film, skin'
1843. * { p } o q É Z 7V ≠ * { p } o Z 7 V q V 'thigh, haunch' > ?? φ IE : NaIE *b≈ed'thigh'
1844. * q a b ? V 'to scoop (schöpfen), to draw water'
1845. ( € ?) * q Ë b z 1 V ( < * q Ë p ' [ V ] z 1 V ?) 'food maid of ground cereals',
'flour'
1846. ? σ € * q É c V 'wear out, be weakened'
1847. € * q i c @ V 'shadow, shade'
1848. * q { o } c 1 V [ ? V ] 'to remove'
1849. € * q i c 7 E 'see'
185O. * q { e 6 } c 6 [ V ] ÷ V 'sink' > IE : ?? AdS of IE *?e2 s - v. 'be seated'
1833.
padda
pattessar
2646
*qV{c6'}V ( = * q a { c 6 ' } i ?) (or * q V { c 6'} ÷ V ?) ' ≈ conceive, give
birth' > IE *Ùe+os- > Ht has(s)-/hans- 'beget, procreate, give b i r t h ' ,
HrLw has ( a ) - 'beget'
1852. € * q a d V 'to hurry, to run'
1853. ( € ?) * q { Å } d V 'belly'
1854. € * q e + i d V (¬ * 9 - ) 'speak'
1855. * q { Å } d [ V ] ? { o } 'to step, to walk' > IE : NaIE * ° a+ e + o t- 'go, walk'
1856. * q a g [ ? ] a 'to fear' > IE : NaIE *ag≈- v. 'fear', 'sorrow', *a2g≈1851. ( € ?)
'dread,
1857.
1858.
1859.
186O.
1861.
1862.
1863.
1864.
1865.
1866.
1867.
1868.
have'
1869.
187O.
horror'
* q { a } l ß i 'extend one’s hand, seize, take, hold'
* q a l V 'bottom, down' > IE : Ht halluwa- 'deep'
* q á l ∏ V 'hand'
* q o 6l ßV (= * q u l ß V ?) '≈ lizard, snake'
€ * q V L [ V ] ? V 'knee; to kneel'
* q á { l i y } V (= * q a 4 { l i y } V ?) 'melt, dissolve, be wet\moist'
? φ € * q V L Ç V 'to tear, to be torn'
* q V L [ V ] K ' á 'blister, pimple' > IE : NaIE *elk8 o s- 'sore, ulcer'
* q a 4 l ! V 'strike, pierce'
* q o l ! + l ß ÷ V 'fur, mane' ([in HS] ‘ 'wool')
* q Å m V 'cry, make noise'
* q Å m V 'grasp, seize' > IE: NaIE *em-/*ôm- 'take, a c q u i r e ,
€ * q É + a m V 'to dry'
* q u m V 'prey, ask' (“
*'to exercise magic in order to fulfill
one’s wish')
* q u m ? V 'to drink; beverage'
1872. ( € ?) * q a m + n 2 b V 'other, different, else, more
*amb≈o2(u\) du. 'both'  NaIE loc. *amb≈i / *m=b≈i
1871.
(than)' > IE: NaIE
'from both sides,
around'
€ * q V m [ V ] L V (= * q Å m [ V ] L V ?) 'fur, fell'
1874. € * q É n 2 + N K ' V 'strangle, kill' > IE *x8enk+k8- ' ≈
1873.
henkan, hinkan-
wage war, kill' > H t
'death, deadly disease', ? NaIE *enk8+k- 'pursue t h e
enemy; death'
1875.
hant-
* q a n 2t 'V
'forehead, front' > IE
'forehead, front(age)', NaIE *ant-
*xant- 'forehead, front'
*'front' (in prepositions)
> Ht
2647
* q a p V 'to stream, to flow' ‘ 'watercourse' > IE *xap({M} h€ep-) ≠ *xab- 'river, (stream of) water' > Ht hapa- 'river', Lw
hapa/i- v. 'irrigate, water', NaIE *ab- ≠ *a(:)p- 'river'
1877. * q u p ' V (or * q u 4 p ' V ?) 'to cover, to close; a lid, a cover'
1878. ( € ?) * q { a } p { ? } V 'bank, shore' > ?? φ IE: Arm aπn ap≈n ' b a n k ,
1876. ( € ?)
shore'
* q { á } p ÷ V (more plausible than * q { á } p ˝ V ) 'seize, hold' >
IE : NaIE *´p-/*e2p- '≈ touch, grasp'
188O. * q a p Ë Â V ¬ * q a p Ë - ( Â V ) 'to protect, to help'
1881. * q e r V '(wild) ox'
1882. * q Ë Â { É } 'bend, incline'
1883. * q u r V 'to strike, to chop'
1884. * q { u } r V 'pierce, make a hole; hole, pit'
1885. * q e [ ? ] r V or * q e r [ ? ] V 'brook, stream'
1886. * q a  P 3 V 'to pluck and gather' ([in descendant languagest] ‘
'to harvest', [in A] ‘ 'cereal') > ? IE *xa+orP- > Ht harpas, harpiyas
1879. i
{Ts.} 'feast of harvest' (unless it means {Pv.} 'feast of winter a n d
summer')
1887. ( € ?) * q o  [ V ] t ' V 'cut into, incise, make a hole'
1888. * q Å r 1 i ? V (or * q Å ÷ V r 1 i ? V ?) 'filth, dirt, faeces' > ? IE: H t
'verunreinigen, beflecken'
1889. * q { a 4 } s V 'remember, have in mind'
189O. € * q a t V ' ∈ corn' > IE : NaIE *ades- / *ados- ' ∈ corn', H t
( ) '∈ cereal' ('eine Getreideart')
1891. ( € ?) * q { i } t V 'appear, become visible'
1892. ( € ?) * q V t V (or * q V p ' [ V ] t V ) 'tail, hinder part' (probably '∈
tail of some animal') > IE : NaIE o2 + a 2 d (e)g[W]o- 'tail' (or 'stalk')
1893. ? € * q { a } t ' V '∈ tree, stick'
1894. ( € ?) * q á t ' { i } 'to turn back', 'to return' (intr.) > ? σ IE : NaIE *eti
/ *oti 'again' (‘ 'and')
1895. * q á t ' Ë (= * q á t ' u 4 ?) 'to cross', 'over\through' (direction) > IE:
NaIE *eti 'over' (direction) ('darüber hinaus')
1896. * q o [ h a ] t ' a 6 'to burn' (trans., intr.), 'to kindle', 'fire, glowing
coals' > IE : NaIE *a2 t - , *(w)a2 t -r- 'hearth'
1897. * q u 6[ h É ] t 'V 'entrails; sinew, thread; to tie' > ? φ IE : NaIE
*e2 t (e)r-/*o2 t (e)r- 'entrails', (?) '∈ thread'
harra-
hat t ar
2648
1898.
*qow{i}
to make a hole'
(or possibly
* q o ? a w { i } or * q a ? o w { i } ) 'orifice,
hole;
* q á w { h } V 'lack, be empty\incomplete' > IE: NaIE ' b e
empty\wanting' Ï*eu\ ´ -n- 'empty, wanting'
19OO. * q a w [ V ] y V ¬ * q a w i 'to protect, to defend, to help' > IE:
NaIE *aw- 'help, take care'
19O1. * { q } u 6 y V ( o r * { q } á w V ?) 'to wrap, to cover' ([in d e s c e n d a n t
lgs.] ‘ 'to drape', 'to cloth'), 'to tie\bind to' > IE NaIE *eu\-/*ou\- vt.
1899.
'dress, put on (clothes)'
19O2. * û q V , pc. of collectivity ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ a marker o f
plurality) > ? IE: NaIE *°-ko > Gmc *-xa / *-Ga, sx. of collectivity,
?? φ Arm pl. ending - ˚ -k≈
19O3. * û q Å b V 'jaw, cheek'
19O4. * { û q } á b V 'belly, stomach'
19O5. * ûq Ë b ÷ { É } 'basket' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'vessel') > ? φ IE:
NaIE *kap- 'vessel, box'
19O6. * ûq a c V 'gray' (esp. of hair), ' w h i t e ' > IE : NaIE *kas-, *kas-no(or *k8 a s- , *k8 a s-no- ) 'gray, white'
19O7. * û q u 6 d { i } 'hut' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'house') > IE: NaIE
*°k+k8ud≈ya2 > Gmc *xuÎjo2n- 'hut'
19O8. * û q Ë y i g N Ë (or * û q i g N Ë ) 'cold'
19O9. * û q u 6 ÷ k a + á (or * û q u 6 k ÷ a + á ) 'to s q u a t ' û > IE : NaIE *°k+ke
8 u\g+g-8 v.
'squat'
191O. * û q a L V 'neck' > IE : NaIE *kol-so- 'neck'
1911. * û q o l a 'to kill'
1912. * ûq { Ë l Ë } 'boy, child'
1913. * û q Ë [ ? ] l ß V 'speak, call'
1914. * û q a w l V (or * û q a w É l V ) 'leg, bone of a limb' > IE : [1] NaIE
*kau\ l -/*kul- 'hollow bone', (?) 'leg'  [2] NaIE *k[W]el- 'limb'
1915. * ûq Å l ß + l !Å b + p V (? *'to cover' ‘ ) 'to hide, to conceal' ( [ i n
descendant lgs.] ‘ 'to steal', 'to lie, to deceive') > IE: NaIE *klep- v.
'hide, conceal' ‘ 'steal'
1916. o ? * ûq { o } L u 6p { ? } u 4 'to gulp, to swallow' > IE : NaIE *°g≈+g≈8 leu\b- >
Gmc *gleu\p- > Dn
,
, Frs E, MDt
'to swallow
eagerly'
1917. ( € ?) * û q Ë L p V 'hot ashes, embers; to roast\heat on embers o r
hot stones'
gylpe gulpe
gulpen
2649
* { û q } u L y Ë ) '(hollow) stalk, reed, hollow ( t u b u l a r )
bone' > IE : NaIE *kau\ l -/*kul- 'hollow stalk, tubular bone'
1918a. * ûq Ë { l !+ l ß} É 'penis, ? vulva'
1919. * û q Å l ! + l ß ÷ V 'to break, to tear, to pluck' > IE : NaIE *k+k8l´- ' b r e a k ,
1918.
* { ûq } u l !Ë
(or
cut'
€ * û q a l ! [ V ] ÷ 3 V 'urinate'
1921. * û q a l ! { u 4 } P V 'to bark (a tree), to skin, to cut off; bark, peel' >
IE : NaIE *gleu\ b ≈-/*glub≈- 'peel, take off the bark, strip,cut off'
1922. * û q o m { i } (or * 9 i ? o m { i } ?) 'be hungry\thirsty' ([in d e s c e n d a n t
lgs.] ‘ 'wish')
1923. * û q a { h } n ` V 'to dig' > IE *kÓen[Ó]- > NaIE *k≈en´-/*k≈n=2- ≠
*ken[´]- '≈ dig'
1924. * û q { o } n 3 t V 'fall, descend, plunge'
1925. € * û q u [ n 1 ] c 1 V 'crawl', 'climb'
1926. * û q Ë N a ( - P V ) (or * û q o ? a N a ( - P V ) ?) 'nose' > σ IE: NaIE *°kWe{n}, {Ped.} *kWeNgno- 'head'
1927. ( € ?) * û q u p V 'to divide; a part'
1928. * û q a 4 r V 'smell' > ? σ IE: NaIE *krem-us- / *kerm-us- ' ( p l a n t )
192O.
having strong smell'
1929. * û q o  u 6 (or * û q u  V ?) 'to copulate' > IE : NaIE *kou\r[u]- ' ≈
fornicate'
193O. * ûq o  V (or * û q o 6 r V ?) 'frog, t o a d ' ([in decendant lgs.] ‘
'tortoise') > IE : NaIE *gWred≈- 'frog, toad'
1931. * ûq Ë r V (or * û q i h Ë r V ¬ * û q Ë h i r V ?) 'reach, enter', ( ‘ )
'happen'
1932. * û q o 6 w [ V ] r V 'blind, one-eyed'
1933. € * { û q } o [ w + V ] r V 'tooth, large\canine tooth, tusk'
1934. * û q u y V r V 'to love, to covet' (‘ 'to prefer')
1935. * ûq V { y o } Â V 'heap of stones, bank (rampart), stone wall,
walled settlement'
1936. * û q o  [ ÷ ] V 'gourd' > IE ( < cds.?): [1] NaIE *kWerkW- > OI
ï '∈ gourd' »» AS
'cucumber'  [2] ? NaIE
*k[W]erb≈eto- 'gourd'
1937. * û q Å r u 6 é € V (= * û q Å r u 6 h V ?) 'to keep (sth.) out of sight, to h i d e '
> IE *°kruÓ-/*°krou\Ó- > NaIE *°kru2-/*°krow´- v. 'cover, hide'
1938. * û q u r { H } V 'to bark, to howl' (of canines), 'to cry, to shout' > ? σ
IE : NaIE *kWer-, *kWr- 'cry, shout'
?
karkat5
hwerhwe$tte
2650
* û q Ë Â [ w ] V (= * û q Ë r 1 [ w ] V ?) 'ear'
194O. * û q o  b V 'hearth, stove; to roast, to b u r n ' > IE : NaIE *°k+ka
8 rb[≈](unless it is * ° k+ k 8 a rd≈- ) > L carbo2 (gen. carbo2 n is ) 'charcoal'
1941. * û q á Â û q Ë m V 'weasel, ermine' > IE : NaIE *k8 o rmen id.
1942. * ûq V Â V s 1V (= * û q V Â Ë s 1 V ?) 'to be(come) silent\dumb' > IE : H t
karus ( siya ) - 'be\fall silent; keep quiet (about)'
1943. * ûq a é € r 1V 'hard, firm' > IE : NaIE *k≈ar- 'hard'
1944. o † * ûq u ? [ V ] s e 6 (or * û q u é ⁄ [ a ] s e 6 ?) 'to vomit, to cough' > IE
*kWeés- > NaIE *kWa2s- v. 'cough'
1945. * û q u 4 y t V 'bright; to shine' > IE : NaIE *k8wei\d-/*k8wid- v. ' s h i n e ,
be white'; *k8 w ei\ d -t- > *k8 w ei\ t - 'white, bright, shining'
1946. * û q e w V 'bark, crust, shell'
1947. o † * û q u 6 w { i } { ÷ } V 'shout, cry, utter sounds (inter alia of a n
1939.
animal)'
* û q e w y V 'stay, lie, rest motionless' > IE *k8 e i\ - 'lie (liegen)'
1949. € * ûq o y V 'make', (?) 'pile up, build' > IE : NaIE *kWoi\-/*kWei\/*kWi- 'pile up, gather, build, make', {EI} kWei\ - 'pile up, build'
195O. * û q a y w É (- L V ) 'alone', 'entire' > IE : NaIE *kai\w-(elo-) ' a l o n e ,
entire, whole', NaIE *kai\ - ko- 'one-eyed'
1951. ( € ?) * û q É { z 1 } u 6 'to shape (an object) by chopping, beating, etc.' >
IE *kaéw-/ké=w> NaIE *ka2u\-/*k´u\- v. 'shape an object b y
1948.
chopping\hammering'
1952. * ûq u Z V 'entrails, pluck' > IE : NaIE *keu\s-/ku(:)s- ' ≈ intestines,
abdomen'
1953. * r V ( < * ? V { r } V ?), theme-focalizing (topicalizing)
particle >
IE : nom.-accus. ending *-r in heteroclitic nouns
1953a. ??? * r { i } , a particle of plurality \ collectivity, an alternative
reconstruction of the grammatical marker of plurality that is otherwise
(and probably better) reconstructed as N * r V y É (= * r V y { i } ? )
1954. * r u 6 ? V 'go', (?) 'run' > ?? IE : NaIE *reu\-/*erw-/*ru-/*r- ' m o v e '
(vi.), 'hasten'
1955. ?σ € * r V ? i 'see' > IE: NaIE *re2-/*r´-, *rïÆ-/ *re2i\- 'think, r e c k o n ,
count'
1956. * r a ÷ V 'remain, stay'
1957. € * r a b V 'much, big'
1958. * æ r i b V 'to cover' > IE : NaIE *æreb≈- 'cover with a roof'
1959. * r V { b } V (or * r V b h V ?) ' ≈ move, shake (sich bewegen,
schwanken)' > IE : NaIE *reb≈- vi. 'move'
2651
*r{a}hbV
'tremble' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ [1] 'be disquiet,
fear', [2] 'rage against so.' ‘ 'attack') > IE : NaIE *ra+eb≈-/rôb≈- 'rage'
1961. € * r i c @ V 'small pieces; to crush'
1962. * r V 9 V c 1 V (= * r É 9 a c 1 V ?) '≈ to add'
1963. * r e c @ V û q a 'to tie, to plait' > IE : NaIE *resg- '≈ weave; rope'
1964. € * r a c 7 V 'dirt'
1965. € * r Ë c 7 ' V 'to run' > IE : NaIE *ret≈- v. 'run'
1966. * r a c 6 e 6 'to spread, to stretch'
1967. * r a 4 c ' 6 V 'to break into pieces; piece, part'
1968. ( € ?) * r { e } c 6 ' V ' ≈ to please, to be pleased; pleasant, acceptable'
1969. * r V c 6 ' [ V ] X V (or * r V X [ V ] c 6 ' V ) 'to wash'
197O. * r { o } d É 'to seek, to wish' > IE : NaIE *red≈-/*rod≈- (or *rad≈-?)
v. 'seek, find, get; care for'
1971. * r a y d V 'foot; track; to walk' ([in descendant lgs.] → ' t o
journey, to ride, fahren') > IE: NaIE *rei\d≈- v. 'travel, move (fahren, i n
Bewegung sein)'
1972. * r V g [ V ] ÷ V 'to quake, to move in agitation' > IE *h8erg≈[éx]- >
NaIE *erg≈- ' ≈ tremble, leap, fidget', Ht
'stoop to r a g e ,
come to violence'
1973. * r i g { H } a (or * r i g ÷ a ?) 'a scratch, line' > IE *rei\kÓ- > NaIE
*rei\ k (≈)- 'line, row; scratch'
1974. ( € ?) * r V g [ V ] l ßV (or * l ß V g [ V ] l ß V ) 'foot, paw' > ? σ IE : OIr
'shin-bone'
1975. ? σ * r o 9 Ë '≈ incline, incline\turn towards'
1976. * r Å w 9 { Ë } 'to destroy, to tear' > IE *reu\Ó- > NaIE *rew´-/*ru2'tear to pieces, tear out'
1977. * r Å ˝ [ i ] ? V 'follow, accompany' ([in descendant lgs.] → ' d r i v e
[a herd], graze') > ?σ IE : NaIE *reu\ - /*erw-/*ru-/*r- 'move, hasten'
1978. ( € ?) * r V é € i (= * r V h + ÷ + H i ?) 'thing' > IE *reé8y- > NaIE *re2i\( /*rei\ - ) 'thing'
1979. ? * æ r { i } k á ' ≈ straight, row', (?) '≈ to arrange' > IE : NaIE *æreg8' ≈ straight; to stretch, to stretch out', *reg8ï- 'direction, line'; ? NaIE
*rei\g8- > OHG
, AS
'reach, attain', Lt
'stretch,
tighten', {Frn.} 'recken, straffen'
198O. ( € ?) * r V k É (or * r V k u 4 ? V ?) 'moist', 'contain\conduct water' >
IE : NaIE *reg8 - 'moist; pour\conduct water'
196O.
argatiya-
lurga
reichen
rA2can
re!iz7ti
2652
* r V k [ Ë ? ] V (or * r V w k [ V ? ] V ?) '∈ horn' > IE : NaIE (att. in BSl)
* °rogW[≈]- or * °rog[≈]- 'horn'
1982. * r V k V ? o 6 'speak, shout, say' > IE : NaIE *rek[W]- / *re2k[W]- id.
1983. * r { a } K ' a 6 'time, term' > IE : NaIE *°rok[W]- > Sl *rok¥ ' t i m e
1981.
appointed
beforehand'
1984. * r { o } k ' o 6 'shelled animal (e.g., tortoise, crayfish)', 'shell (of a n
animal)' > IE : NaIE *ro2 + a 2 k [W]- > Sl *ra¡ k ¥ 'crayfish'
1985. * r V k ' V 'to skip, to hop, to dance'
1986. * r á [ w ] K ' á 'sinew' ([in descendant lgs.] → 'cord, rope'), ' t o
tie' > IE : NaIE *rek8 - 'rope, strap'
1987. * r a K ' a Ù V (= * r a k ' a H Ë ?) 'arrange, put in order' > IE : NaIE *rek≠ *re2k- {P} '(an)ordnen'
1988. * [ æ ] r o 6 m V 'quiet; to rest' > IE : NaIE *[æ]rem(´)- 'rest, be c a l m ,
quiet'
1989. * r u 6 m V (or * r u 6 m V n 2 V ) ' ≈ vein, muscle, strap' ([in d e s c e n d a n t
lgs.] ‘ 'string, rope') > IE: NaIE *reu\mn=-/*rou\mn=- > Gmc *reu\man- ' ≈
leather strap, thong', Lt
(gen.
) 'muscle', NaIE
* ° remn= - > Sl *remÈ / gen. *remene 'leather strap'
1989a. € * r { u 4 } m V 'ant(s), vermin'
199O. * r { u 4} Ó m V ( = * r { u 4 } 9 m V ?) 'dark' > IE : NaIE *re2mo- 'dark'
1991. * r a 4w m V 'chew' > IE : NaIE *reu\men-/*rou\men- ' r u m e n ;
ruminate'
1992. * r a Ù u 6m V 'womb, belly, stomach of ruminating animals' > IE:
NaIE *reu\ m en-/*rou\ m en- 'rumen, belly'
1993. * r V y a m V '∈ (big) fish'
1994. * r i [ n 2 ] c 6 V '(tuft
of) hair'
([in descendant
lgs.] ‘
'eyebrow\eyelash, beard', 'stalk of grass') > I E : NaIE *°rens- (or *°renk8-)
' ≈ eyelash, fringe'
1995. * æ r e p 'V 'tear off, break' > IE : NaIE *ærep- ' ≈ seize by plucking,
tearing off, etc.'
1996. * r { e } p ' ÷ V 'make one's way with effort, climb, crawl' > IE *reé8p(mt. of **rVpÓ- ?) > NaIE *re2 p - 'creep, crawl'
1997. * r i û q a + á 'shake' (intr..), 'be shaky' (= 'wackeln, wackelig
sein') > IE : NaIE (att. in Gmc) * ° rei\ k + k 8 - vi. 'shake' ('wackeln')
1998. * r i ûq u 6{ z } V (= * r i û q u 4 { z } V ?) 'to tie; loop' ([in descendant lgs.]
‘ to tie [an animal)] with a strap)' > IE: IE *rei\g8+g[Ó]- > NaIE *rei\g8+g'tie, bind', IE ** ° reg8 + g [Ó]- > NaIE (att. in Gmc) * ° reg8 + g - '≈ a tie'
raumuofi
raumens
2653
* r a 4s 6V
'to sprinkle'; ( ‘ ?) 'dew, moisture' > IE: NaIE *ro(:)s-,
*ros-a2 'moisture, dew'
2OOO. * r V h V t 'V 'branch, stem, rod' > IE *reé8t-/*roé8t-/*ré=8t- > NaIE
*re2t-/*ro2t-/*r´t- '≈ rod, stem'
2OO1. * r o w V (or * r o w Ó V ?) 'dig, scratch, carve' > IE : NaIE *reu\[´]/*ru(:)- 'dig'
2OO2. * r V w V 'water, stream of water; to drink (one's fill)'
2OO3. ( € ?) * r V [ H ] w V 'mix, (?) shake, (??) 'turn round'
2OO4. € * r V w Ù V 'broad' > IE *reu\Ó- / *ruÓ- > NaIE *reu\´- / *ru2'spacious, broad', d. *rewes- 'space; wide'
2OO5. * r V y É (= * r V y { i } ?), a compound prn. of plurality \
collectivity > IE *-e2r/*-r=, 3p ending of the non-active paradigm of t h e
paradigm, NaIE perfect)
verb (> Ht
2OO6. * s É 'he\she' (prn. of active [animated] beings and active
objects) > IE: [1] NaIE *so 'he, this', m. nom., [2] IE *-s, nom. c a s e
ending of the animate gender ( > NaIE nom. m., f. ) ; [3] possibly IE *es/*-os, genitive case ending (preserved best in the nominal inflection
of consonantic stems) ( < the pN deictic * h a or * h { e } + the N
sÉ)
pronominal *s
2OO6a. * s 1 { u 4 } ( > * * s 1 i ) 'thou' (possibly an assibilated variant o f
* t '{ u 4} ( > * t ' i ) > IE *-si (/* ° -sei\ ?), "primary" ending of 2s (pres. active)
 NaIE *-s , "secondary" ending of 2s (past tenses, active)
2OO7. * s 1 V 'to, towards', directive\inessive postp.
2OO8. ( € ?) * Í V ? [ y ] { u 6} 'be full' > IE : Ht
'full',
v. 'fill
(füllen)', md. 'swell, become full'
2OO9. € * s 1 { i ? } b V 'strap, thong'
2O1O. * s 1 i [ ? u ] b V (or * s 1 i [ ? u 4 ] b V ?) 'clean' > IE {EI} *seu\p- 'pure, w h a t
'pure',
'flesh\viscera o f
is taboo for humans' > Ht
'viscera of sacrificed animals'
sacrificed animals'  Um
2O11. ? σ * s 1 a h { i } b V (or * s 1 a h u 4 b a ??) 'desert; saline earth'
2O12. * s 1 a b { ? } V 'clay'
2O13. * s 2 i b V ÷ 3 V 'beast of prey'
2O14. * s 1 { o } b [ V ] t ' V (or * s V b [ V ] t ' V ) 'stem, piece of wood' > IE : [ 1 ]
(obl. stem
) 'spit, skewer', NaIE
IE *spVt- > Ht
*spit- (≠ *°spid-) ' ≈ spit, spear, needle', [2] mt. NaIE *ste[:]b(≈)- ' p o s t ,
pillar, stem of a tree'
2O15. € * { s 1 } Å { c 1'} V '∈ stinging insect'
1999.
hi-
suw-
suppisupa
ispatar
?
suppa-
ispann-
suwat-
2654
(or * s 1 { a 4 } c 7 { u } ) 'scatter, spread about, pour' ([in t h e
prehistory of descendant lgs.] ‘ 'to winnow, to sift') > IE: H t
v. 'filter, strain',
'sieve'
2O17. * s + s 7 á d V (or * s + s 7 i d V ?) 'lower part'
2O18. * s 2 i d V 'sprinkle, pour'
s a { h } i d a 'to take aim', 'to direct (e.g. a weapon) straight t o
2O19. *s
the aim', (‘ ?) 'to hit (the goal)' > IE: NaIE *se+o[:]d≈-/ *si(:)d≈- / *s´d≈'go straight to a goal\aim'
2O2O. ( € ?) * Í i d [ ˝ ] V r V (≠ * Í i d V r [ ˝ ] V ) 'to shovel, to sweep' > ??σ
IE : NaIE *ster[´]- v. 'rob'
2O21. * s a g á (= * s a g e ?) 'obtain, hold' > IE : NaIE *seg8≈- 'hold, seize,
win (in a battle)'
2O22. ( € ?) * s e 6 g + k V 'to eat, to swallow'
2O23. * Í u 6 g V 'back of the neck, back'
2O24. * s 1 u 6 y g V l ß V 'produce sounds by voice or by blowing' > IE : NaIE
*swei\ g ≈+ g 8 ≈ l-/*swig≈+ g 8 ≈ l- 'produce sound by blowing'
2O25. € * Í i g i r V '∈ (part of a) leg'
2O26. € * s 1 { V y } Ì Ë 'surface of water'
2O27. € * s 2 a k V 'sit, dwell'
2O28. * s 2{ a 4} k a + á 'strew, spread' > IE : NaIE *seg+ g 8 - v. 'sow'
2O29. * s 2 a H k { a } 'search, find, know' > IE *sehg-/*sh=g- > NaIE *sa2g/*s´g- 'scent out, track, search' (originally referring to hunt), H t
( ) /
( ) 'know, find out'
2O3O. * s 1 a 4 k [ V ] ? Ë 'plait, tie, bind, wicker'
2O31. € * s 2V k V Â V 'intoxicating drink' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘
'alcoholic drink')
2O32. ( € ?) * s 2 { o } K ' o 'to follow' > IE : NaIE *sekW- id.
2O33. UA € * Í o K ' a 6 (= * s + s 1 + s 6 o K ' a 6 ) 'blind'
2O34. U A € * s + s 7 o K ' V 'to stick fast, to be stuck\motionless'
2O35. * s 2 u 4 K ' { a } 'to drink, to suck' > IE : NaIE *seu\k- ≠ *seu\g- 'suck', H t
v. 'water (horses)'
2O36. * s 1 V k ' V 'honey' or 'bee'
2O37. ? € * s 2 V K ' V 'to carve, to chisel' > IE *sek- v. 'chop'
2O38. € * s 2u h K 'V 'wish, covet'
2O39. * s { a } H k ' V 'thick, large'
2O4O. * s 2 i K ' [ ÷ ] a (or [less probably] * s 2 i K ' [ ˝ ] a ) 'to sink' > IE : NaIE
*sek- v. 'sink' (of water), 'flow down', 'dry up, be exhausted' (of liquid)
2O16.
* Í a c 7{ u }
sesariya
sak k - sek k -
sakiuwai
sesaru
2655
2O41.
* s 2i K 'a 6{ y V }
'to pour' > IE: NaIE
*sei\k[W]-
'pour
out, strain,
leak, drip'
2O42.
€ * Í u 6K 'u 4Â V
'person (man?) of the opposite exogamous m o i e t y
within an exogamic system of tribes, parent-in-law' > IE: NaIE
*≤swek8uro-s 'husband’s father', *swe≤k8ru2-s 'husband’s mother', ?
*swek8 u ≤ro- 'wife’s brother'
2O43. € * s 1 a l { a } 'tie, means of tying' (‘ 'rope')
2O44. * s 1 a l ∏ { a } 'willow' > IE : NaIE *salik8 - 'willow'
2O45. * s Å l { e 6 } 'put, throw'
2O46. * s 2 a l u 6 'intact' ( ‘ 'entire'), 'in good condition, healthy' > IE:
NaIE *so2lo-, *solwo- 'entire'
2O47. € * Í i l V 'hole'
2O48. * s 1 i l ∏ i ¬ * s 1i l ∏a y V 'smooth, slippery > IE : NaIE *slei\-m'slippery', 'smooth', ? Ï NaIE *slei\ m -a2 k - 'snail'
2O49. * s 2 i l V 'be(come) liquid, melt, flow' > IE : Ht {Frd.}
vi.
md. 'melt, dissolve (in water)'
2O5O. * s 2 u l ß { u 6 } 'lax, loose, slack' > IE : NaIE (in Gmc) *°sleu\- 'hanging
down loosely, slack'
2O51. * s 1 u 6 { l } V (= * s 1 u 4 { l } V ?) (or * s - ?) 'heel, sole of the foot, b o t t o m '
> IE: NaIE *swol-/*sul- 'sole of the foot; ground'; N * k 'u 6r V s 1 u 6 { l } V '∈
bottom (bone) of the leg\foot'
2O52. € * s 2 á ? { u 4 } L V ¬ * s 2 á ? w { u 4 } L V 'look for, search, ask'
2O53. € * s 2 i [ ? ] L V 'to roast, to fry, to cook'
2O54. € * Í V Ó a L V 'salt, spice' > IE *seél-/*séel-/*sé= l - 'salt': nom. IE
*seél-s > NaIE *sa2l-s, accus. IE *séel-m= > NaIE *sal-m=;  NaIE *sal-d'spice (malt, salt)'
2O55. * s { u 6 } w o l V (= * s u 4 w o l V ?) 'liquid, moisture' > IE : NaIE *su2Æl-, a2 'liquid, sludge'
2O56. * s 1 { o y i } l { Ë } 'entrails'
2O57. * s u 4 l ∏ [ w ] V 'thread, string' > IE : Ht
+ 'Faden, Band'
2O58. * s 1 a l b V 'cut out, pull out'
2O59. * s 1 i l k V (= * s 1 i l k a ?) 'let out' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ ' t h r o w ' ,
'fall out') > IE : NaIE *selg- 'let out, throw, pour out, free'
2O6O. * s 1 a l V m V 'collect on the bottom' (of liquid), 'a place ( a
depression) where water collects'
2O61. * s 1 V L X i t ' V ≠ * s 1 V L X i d V 'to slip' > IE NaIE *slei\d≈- 'slippery',
v. 'slide', *slid≈-os 'slippery, smooth'
salliya-
sue i l-
2656
* s 1u 4l !+ z 6u 4( - k e 6) ¬ * s 1i l + z 6i ( - k e 6) 'mucus, slime, saliva; to spit' >
IE : [1] NaIE *sleig8 - /*slig8 - 'slime, saliva', [2] NaIE *slei\- +ext. id.
2O63. * s 2 á m i 'fat (Fett)'
2O64. ( € ?) * s 2 i m V (= * s i m V ?) 'name (as a sign of identity), t h e
same' > IE : NaIE *sem-/*som-/*sm= - 'the same, one' (‘ 'together')
2O65. * s i m V 'be wet; moisture, liquid'
2O66. * s 1 + s 6 e 6 Ó m V 'to swallow'
2O67. * s + s 7 { i } Ù m V 'be dark, darken'
2O68. * s 1 a 6 y m V ( - t ' V ) '≈ hips, loins'
2O69. * s 1 { i } m ÷ V 'to hear'
2O7O. * s 1 a 4 m [ V ] 9 V '(lock of) hair, fine hair'
2O71. * s { o } m [ V ] 9 É ¬ * s { o } 9 m É 'enter, penetrate'
2O71a. * Í o m V d V ( > * Í o n d V ??) 'sand, small stone', (?) 'dirt' > IE:
NaIE * °sa+ond≈- and *sam[´]d≈- 'sand'
2O72. * Í a 4 m i r V 'fat' ('Fett') > IE : ≈ NaIE *smeru- 'fat, g r e a s e '
2O62.
('Schmer, Fett')
2O73. ( € ?) * Í É m [ V ] t ' V 'cold'
2O74. * s 1 + s 6 e [ y ] m [ V ] t ' Å 'to tear, to break' > ?σ IE : NaIE *snei\t- (mt. <
*sei\ n t- ) 'cut, harvest'
2O75. * s 2 { e } n 2 V 'long time' ([in HS] ‘ 'year'), 'old' > IE : NaIE *sen(o)'old; former'; NaIE *seno-ma2 t e2 r 'grandmother'
2O76. * s 1 i + u 4 n 2 î ^ ( - k V ) (= * s 1 i + u 4 n 2 u 6 ?) (or * s 1 i n 2 u 6 ) 'dark, night'; * s 1 i + u 4 n 2 u 6
'sleep, dream' > IE : NaIE *snou\ d [≈]-/*snud[≈]- 'slumber'
2O77. * s 2 o n 2 { i } 'one, only; to be separated' > IE : NaIE *seni-/*sôni-,
*senu- , sn= - ter- 'alone, separated', Ht
'one and the same'
2O78. * Í o n 2 V (= * s 6 o n 2 V ?) 'hear' > IE : NaIE + ext. *sent- 'perceive,
feel' (‘ 'think')
2O79. * s 2 u 6 n 2 á (or * s 2 u 6 y n 2 á ) 'to disappear, to finish' > IE : NaIE (att. i n
Gmc) *°swei\n- 'decrease, (?) disappear', NaIE *swend≈- ' d i s a p p e a r ,
wither'
2O8O. ? σ * s { u 4 } ˆ V (= * s { u 4 } N V ?) 'breathe, take a rest, be calm'
2O81. * s o n { V q } { u 4 } (= * s o n i { q } { u 4 } ?) 'sinew, tendon; root' > IE:
*sneé8w-, *sené8w-o- 'sinew'
2O82. * s { u 4 } n 3 c ' @ V Ù V (= * s { u 4 } N c ' @ V Ù V ?) 'worm, snake, (?) lizard'
2O83. € * s 1 a 4 ˆ { c 7 ' } V 'knee, articulation'
2O84. € * Í u 6 n 2 d V 'dry up' (intr.) > IE: NaIE *swend≈- 'wither,
disappear'
sani-
2657
* Í { u 4} n 2d u 4 '∈ river, body of water' > IE : NaIE *sind≈u- (??) 'river'
2O86. ( € ?) * s u 4 ˆ [ V ] Â V ÷ 3 V (or * s u 4 Â ˆ V ÷ 3 V ) 'nasal mucus', ? '≈ liquid'
> ? IE : NaIE *sero- 'watery part of curdled milk, watery part of blood'
2O87. * { s 1 } a 4 [ n 3 ] { Z } a 6 '(lock of) hair, feather'
2O88. ? φ € * s 1 e w V n 3 Z V '∈ bone'
2O89. * s + s 7a 4N V 'tooth'
2O9O. * s u 6 N V 'to smell (sth.)'
2O91. * s 1 a 4 N e Ù á (or * s a 4 N Å Ù á ) 'to plait, to twist, to tie' > IE *sneé8/*snoé8- (= *snex8 -/*snox8-?) > NaIE *sne2-/*sno2- 'plait, twist' (‘ 'spin') ,
2O85.
?? σ Ht
senahha-
{Mn.} 'snare, ambush', {Ts.} 'Hinterhalt'
2O92. * Í Ë N [ g ] { o } 'produce loud vocal sounds (call, make a n
incantation, weep)' > IE: NaIE *sengW≈- 'speak, make an incantation',
'sing'; NaIE *swen- v. 'sound, echo, ring'
2O93. * s 2i N k Ë 'sink, fall' > IE : NaIE *sengW- v. 'fall, sink'
2O94. * s 2 a ? e [ N ] k V ¬ * s 2 e ? a [ N ] k V 'be near, approach'
2O95. * s a 4 N û q Ë 'shoulder, nape, back of the neck'
2O96. * Í a p V 'to taste, to be tasty' > IE : NaIE *sap- ≠ *sab- 'juice', v.
'taste, perceive'
2O97. * s a P 3 { u 4 } ( - s 1 V ) 'thorn, pointed stake' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘
'needle') > IE : Ht
≠
'needle'
2O98. € * s 2 a p ' V 'riverbank, river'
2O99. * s 2 i p V 'to pour, to drop, to drizzle, to filter\screen' > IE : NaIE
*sei\p-/*sei\b- v. 'pour, spill, screen'
21OO. * s 2 i p V '(young of a) bird'
21O1. ( € ?) * s 2{ u 6} P 3V (or * s 2 u 6 ? á P 3 V ?) 'to sleep', '(?) to rest ( s i c h
v. md. 'sleep'  NaIE
erholen)' > IE *swep-/*sup- v. 'sleep' > Ht
*swep-/*sup- v. 'sleep, dream' Ï NaIE {EI} *≤swopniyo-m 'dream'; IE
*swepVr-/*supVr- 'dream, sleep'
21O2. * Í { u 4 } p ' V 'to sweep' > IE : NaIE *swep-/*seu\p- 'sweep'; ? σ NaIE
*swep-/*seu\ p - 'pour (schütten), scatter'
21O3. * s 1 É P [ q ] V 'cover, bury' > IE : ?µ NaIE * ° sepel- v. 'bury'
21O4. * s a 4 q [ i ] y e 6 'matter, pus, gall'
21O4a. * s 1a  V 'top, hill' > IE *ser-/*sr- > Ht
'oben, o b e r a h l b ,
darauf, darüber', Gk Hm [ r i1 o n 'peak'
21O5. * s 1 Å r V ( n a ) 'sing, utter ritual\magical incantations'
21O6. * s a 4 Â { Ë } 'sinew, fibre' > IE : NaIE *ser- 'thread, string'
sapikkusta- sepikkusta-
sup-
ser
2658
* s 1e  V
'row' > IE: NaIE *ser- 'fasten together in rows', (P}
'aneinander reihen, knüpfen'
21O8. * { s 1 } { É } r V 'back (dos), nape of neck'
21O9. * Í { i } Â V 'red, yellow' > IE : NaIE *ser-/sor- (+exts. *-to-, *b[≈]o- , *-p- , *-k+ k 8 - ) 'red, reddish'
211O. * s u 4 r V 'rub, scrape, smear'
2111. * s 1 u ÷ r e 6 'heavy, large' ([in K] ‘ 'full', 'whole') > IE : NaIE
*swer- 'heavy'
2112. * s 1 i h r V 'late' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'evening, night') > IE:
NaIE *se2 r - 'late'
2112a. * Í { i } h u 6 r V 'person (man?) of the opposite exogamous m o i e t y
within an exogamic system of tribes' > IE: NaIE {Schn.} *≤sye´\uro/*sye2´\u≤ro-, {EI} *syo2(u\)ros 'wife’s brother'
2113. ( € ?) * Í u Ó + w É Â V (= * s 6 u w É Â V ?) 'sour, seasoned' > IE : NaIE
*su2 r o- 'sour, salty, bitter'
2114. ? * { s 1 } É Ù a r V 'bright; daybreak'
2115. * s 1 + s 6 a y i w V r V 'nit'
2116. * s e r [ V ] Ù V 'grove, coppice; ∈ tree'
2117. * s 1 [ i y ] a r [ Ë ] y V 'beam' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ pole')
2118. ? σ € * s 2 i  b V 'sinew; to sew'
2119. * Í { u 4 } r b V ¬ * Í { u 4 } b V r V 'to swing, to sweep' > IE : NaIE
*swerb≈-/*surb≈- v. 'swing, sweep'
212O. * s 1V Â i X k 3a 'cold' > IE : NaIE *sre2i\g-/srïg-, *srïg-os(-) ' c o l d ,
frost'
2121. * s @ Ë Â t V 'dirt(y)' > IE : NaIE *swordo- 'dirty, black'
2122. * Í a r 1 { i } 'to drip' > IE : NaIE *sresk- v. 'drip' (*-esk- goes b a c k
to a sx.)
2123. € * Í u r 1 i ' ≈ squeeze out, filter, strain' > IE : Ht
'seihen, filtrieren'
2124. * Í u 6 r 1 V (= * Í u r 1 É ?) 'speak, declare' > IE *swer- ' s p e a k
(solemnly)'
2125. * s 1 i h a r 1 u , - P 3V 'dirt, earth' > IE : NaIE *srou\p-/*srup- ' s c a b b y
dirt on the body' ('schorfiges Schmutz am Körper')
2126. * s 2 i r 1 k a ≠ * s 2 i { r 1 } g a 'pain; to be ill\wounded, to pine, t o
languish' > IE : NaIE *serg≈- v. 'languish, be ill'
* s 1+ s 6u s 1+ s 6V 'worm, snake'
2127. €*
2128. * s a { w } u 6 s 6 V 'get dry, harden' > IE : NaIE *sau\s- / *sus- ' d r y ,
arid'
21O7.
sesariya-
2659
* s i t V 'tooth' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'sickle'?)
213O. * s i t V 'to tie' ([in d. l.] ‘ 'to spin').
2131. * s u 4 t [ y ] V ≠ * s u 4[ y ] t V 'to drink, to suck (milk); milk' > IE:
NaIE *swe2i\d- 'milk'
2132. € * s 2V t V L V 'to set, to put, to collocate' > IE : NaIE *stel- v. v.
2129.
'place, put, set' (stellen, setzen)'
2133. * s V Ê î ^m V (= * s V t ' î ^ m V ?) 'to hear' (“+‘ 'ear'), ? 'to feel' >
IE : Ht
'hear',
'ear'
2134. * s Ë t 'u 6 'beat, strike' > IE : NaIE *(s)teu\ - k/g- 'hit, strike'
2135. * s + s 7É w V 'oneself, self' ([ “ '[human] body [??]) > IE : NaIE
*swe- ≠ *se- 'himself' ('sich'), gen. {P} *sewe, dat. {P} *seb≈ei\, {Szem.}
*seb≈i, enclitic gen.-dat. *s(w)oi\ 'of\to himself', *swo- ( p r o n o m i n a l
adj.) 'his own'
2136. € * s 2 i { h } w V 'sun'
2137. ?φ ( € ?) * { s 2} a 4w [ ÷ 3 ] V 'to want', 'to beg' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘
desiderative, volitive) > IE: NaIE *-s-, *-sy-: [1] volitive sx. *-s- ' w a n t
to'; [2] in several lgs. *-s-, *-syo- changed into a marker of future
2138. * s 1 i w { ÷ 3 } a (or * s 1 i w 9 a ) 'to smear' > ? φ IE : Ht
'verunreinigen, beschmieren'
2139. * Í u w é ⁄ V 'to push, to cause' ( ‘ 'to ask for', ‘ causative) >
IE *seu\éx-/*suéx- > NaIE *sew´- ' ≈ set in motion', Ht {Ts.}
'stoßen, drängen, schieben', {EI} 'push, urge'
214O. * { s } { u 4 } w H a 6 ¬ * { s } É u w H V 'moisture, water, rain', 'to ( b e )
wet' > IE *seu\ Ó -/*suÓ- > NaIE *seu(´)-/su2 - 'moisture, rain'
2141. ( € ?) * s V w é € V 'to drink'
2142. o * s 1 { o w } y V 'to sound' > IE : NaIE {P} *swei\-/*swi- v. ' s o u n d ' ,
+ext.: *swei\ s d- v. 'sound' ('buzz', 'whistle', and sim.)
2143. * s i z 6 V 'stream, small body of water (lake & sim.)' > IE : NaIE
*selos- 'lake, marsh'
2144. € * s u ÷ 3 + 9 z 6 V 'finger(s), hollow hand'
2145. * s e Z 7 Å 'a relative from the opposite exogamous moiety within
an exogamic system of tribes' ('father\son-in-law', 'mother’s b r o t h e r ' ,
and sim.)
2146. * Í i { Z 7 } V 'to skin, to scratch'
2147. * s 7 u b y V 'spike, spear; to pierce'
2148. € * s 7 Ë d V 'fasten tightly, strangle, be violent to so.'
2149. * s 7 u 6 ÷ a d V (= * s 7 u 4 ÷ a d V ?) 'good, happy, pleasant' > IE *sweéd> NaIE *swa2d- 'sweet; be pleasant, enjoy' (*swa2≤du-s 'sweet', *swa2dw-
istamass-
istamana-
sah-
suwa2y-
?
2660
i-s 'sweet,
pleasant', *swa2d-o- 'savoury, pleasant', *≤swa2dos- ' p l e a s a n t
*swa2don-om, *swa2don-a 'delight,
taste;
pleasure,
satisfaction',
pleasure')
215O. * s 7 { a y u 4 } d V 'throw, (?) leave (abandon)'
2151. * s 7 { u 4 h i } ? V 'fade', 'go out' (fire), 'extinguish' > IE : NaIE *swï(also +exts. *-g- , *-k- ) 'decrease, become less, be(come) silent'
2151a. * s 7 { a } q [ V g ] a  V 'soot' (‘ 'black')
2152. * s 7 a H K ' É 'to cover, to hide'
2153. * s 7 o K ' o { ÷ 3 } e 6 'to say' > IE : NaIE *sekW- v. 'say'
2154. * s 7 i L V 'quiet' > IE : NaIE *sil- 'be silent, be quiet'
2155. * s 7 u ÷ 3 l { e 6 } 'throat, mouth' > IE : NaIE *swel- v. swallow', +ext.:
*swelk- 'Schlund', 'swallow'
2156. * s 7 u 4 + u 9 L V 'throw down (the enemy), attack, be hostile'
2157. € * s 7 Ë [ é € ] L V '∈ roe, deer'
2158. ( € ?) * s 7a l ∏G V 'strike, break' > ? IE : NaIE (+ext.) *sl´k+k8- o r
*slak+ k 8 - 'beat, strike'
2159. * s 7 e l ! V (or * s 7 e l ß V ) 'take away\off, destroy, pull off' > IE : NaIE
*sel(wo)- v. 'take away\off, seize'
216O. ( € ?) * s 7 V n 2 [ V ] ÷ V 'make, build' > ? σ IE *senÙ- '≈ (try to) o b t a i n ,
'seek, t r y ,
achieve, accomplish' > NaIE *se+an´-, *se+anu- id., Ht
strive for; require'
2161. * s 7u 4n i g o (or * s 7 u 4 N o ?) 'snow' > IE : NaIE *snei\gW≈- v. ' s n o w ' ,
*snigW≈-, *snoi\gW≈o- n. 'snow'
2162. * s 7 Ë N É 'breathe' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'soul')
2163. * s 7 a N g V 'to wish, to like, to love'
2164. ? σ ( € ?) * s 7 a N K a 'stalks, branches', ? 'straw'
2165. * s 7 o N K ' a 'be tight (too narrow), be heavy, be difficult' > IE : NaIE
*swenk- 'be heavy \ difficult'
2166. * s 7 i N e r V 'mouse'
2167. UA € * s 7 a 4 r V 'to spread'
2168. € * s 7 o  w V 'dry; to get dry'
2169. * s 7 a { r i } Ù V 'to stream, to flow' > IE : IE *serÓ-, NaIE *sreu\- v.
'stream, flow'
217O. * s 7 u 4 Â d V 'fibre (used as thread)'
2171. * s 7 e 6 Â [ V ] m { u 4 } 'sinew, root'
2172. * s 7 e h r 1 É 'be awake, watch (over), feel, notice' > IE *seé8r(w)- >
NaIE *se2r- 'sorgend Obacht geben, schützen, bewahren', *ser-w- > L
sanh-
2661
serva2- v. 'watch over, keep'
watch', sare% t a 'protector'
 ?? Ld
katare- (=
kat-sare-)
'stand
* { s 7 } a 4 t V 'buttocks; to sit, to sit down' > IE *sed- v. 'sit (down)'
2174. * s 7 { i } t V (= * s 7 { i } t Ë ?) 'thread (made of hair?)'
2175. * s 7 { a y u } t ' V (or * s 7 a t ' Ë y V ?) 'twig, rod'
2176. * s 7 a w V '(in the) middle' > IE : NaIE *-su , locative pl. ending ( “
'among' “ 'in the middle')
2177. * s 7u 4w Å ¬ * s 7 u w É 'fit, good' > IE : NaIE *su- 'good, well', e s p .
as the first element in cds. (e.g. *su-b≈ago- {P} 'beglückend' in IIrn a n d
2173.
Sl)
2178. ? σ (€ ?)
(of pain)
* s 7u w ? V 'weak'
> IE: NaIE
*0swï- >
Ic
svI1a 'to
abate'
* s 7{ e } w H V 'give birth, be born' > IE *seu\Ó-/*suÓ- > NaIE
*seu\[´]-/*su2- 'give birth'  Ï [1] IE *suÓ-nu- > NaIE *su2≤nu-s 'son', [ 2 ]
*suÓ-yu- 'son'
218O. * s 7 u 6 w H V 'loosen' ('release', 'let out', 'melt', etc.') > IE *seu\Ó/*suÓ- > NaIE *seu\[´]- / *su2- 'let, neglect'
218Oa. * { s 6 } a ? É b V 'to rot; rotten' > IE : NaIE {WP} *k8 s a[:]p- v. 'rot'.
2181. * s 6V b ÷ V ¬ * s 6V ÷ b V (= * s 6 u 6 b ÷ V ¬ * s 6 u 6 ÷ b V ?) 'tribe, people' >
IE : NaIE *seb≈a2 (≠*0sweb≈- ?) 'tribe, Sippe'
2182. * s 6 a b + p ' É H { i } 'log, piece of wood' > IE *(s)peh8i\- ' l o n g \ p o i n t e d
piece of wood' > [1] NaIE *°(s)p(≈)e2i\-/*(s)p(≈)ï- 'pointed piece o f
wood' , [2] +ext. with *-d- ≠ *-t-: Ht ispatar (obl. stem ispann-)
'spit, skewer', NaIE *spit- ( ≠ *° spid-) '≈ spit, spear, needle'
2183. * s 6 á b [ V ] Ù V 'tallow, animal fat' > IE : L se2bum 'tallow',
2179.
se2bo2sus
adj. 'fat'
2184. € * s 6 a d V 'to tie'
2185. ? σ * s 6á d V w V ' ≈ ≈ tip, end (extrémité)' > ? possibly IE : NaIE
*°s{e2}d≈- > Gmc {Wtk.} *sïdo2 'side'
2186. * s 6 a 4 g a  V 'cut, pierce' > IE : NaIE *sker- v. 'cut'
2187. € * s 6 V Ì V 'ray'
2188. € * s 6{ a } k a 'to cover' ( ‘ 'to clothe') > IE : NaIE *sag- ≠ *seg- v.
'cover, wrap, clothe'
2189. ( € ?) * s 6 o k V 'be mad\stupid\intoxicated'
2189a. ( € ?) * { s 6 } i { ? + ÷ } Ë k V 'flesh, meat'
219O. * s 6 a k ' a 'to split, to cleave' > IE : NaIE *sek- v. 'chop', NaIE *seku2ra2 'axe'
2662
* s 6 É K ' o 'look at, watch, see' > IE *sekW- 'look at, see'
2192. * s 6 i K ' { Ë } 'to get\be cold; cool'
2193. (€ ?) * s 6+ s 1u [ ? a ] K ' V ( r 1 V ) 'resin' > IE : NaIE * ° s(w)ek[W]- id.
2194. * s 6 i l ß { u 6 } (or * s 6 i l { u 6 } ?) 'take, take away\off' > IE : NaIE *sel(wo)2191.
v. 'take, seize, lay hold of'
2194a. * s 6 i l ∏ V (or * s i l ∏ V ?) 'fat (Fett)' > IE : NaIE (+ext.) *selp- n. 'fat'
2195. * s 6 + s 1 u l ∏ V (= * s 6 u l ß V ?) 'trunk, log' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘
'board', 'trough', and sim.) > IE: NaIE *swel- 'plank, b o a r d ' ≠ *sel'board', 'trough', 'bench', and sim.
2196. * s 6 { u 4 } l ∏ i 'neck, nape'
2196a. * s 6i ÷ 3l V y a 6 o r * c 6 i ÷ 3 l V y a 6 'tooth, fang' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘
'sharp stick')
2197. * s 6[ a Ó ] { u 4} L ÷ V 'dew'
2198. * s 6 a 4 l [ V ] q Ë 'cleave, cut asunder'
2199. * s 6 a 4 l [ i ] w V (or * s 6 a 4 l [ i ] w V y V '∈ a wild gallinacean fowl'
22OO. * s 6 i l ! V ( - m a ) 'eye; look, examine' > ? IE : Clt: OIr
'iris d e
'(he) looks'; W
, Crn
, Br
l’œil, œil' Ï
,
v. 'look'  OIr
'eye'
22O1. * s 6 i { l ! } w V 'shank, flesh\meat of a limb'
22O2. * s 6 e 6 l ! Ù a 6 'bough, twig, stick'
22O3. * { s 6 } a n 2 a 'word; say' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'think')
22O4. UA € * s 6 á Ó n ` V 'mushroom, fungus, sponge (Schwamm)'
22O5. * s 6 É { y } o n 3 t Ë 'finger(s), fist'
22O6. * s 6u 4 n 3Z V 'milk; to suck(le)'
22O7. ( € ?) * s 6 o N ? V 'to wish' ( ‘ 'to love', 'to wish evil to so.', ' t o
strive' [ ‘ 'to reach'])
22O8. € * s 6 a + o N ÷ 3 V '≈ run, jump, climb'
2209. € * s 6 { a 4 } N { c ' @ } V 'bark, skin' (‘ 'vessel')
221O. * { s 6} a 4N K 'a ' ≈ bough, inedible (or less valuable) parts of p l a n t s
(straw, rind of fruit)' > IE: NaIE *sonko- (or *song≈o-) 'sheaf of e a r s ,
straw, chaff'
2211. * s 6 a p V (or * s 6 o p V ?) 'to sew (leather); leather'
2212. * s 6 a p É [ h ] N V '≈ log, trunk of a tree' > IE : NaIE *sp≈e2 n - 'long flat
piece of wood'
2213. * s 6u ûq V 'breathe in, smell sth.' > IE : NaIE *swek+k8- v. 'smell ( o f
sth.), smell sweet'
2214. * s 6a r V 'be dry' > IE : NaIE *k+k8se(:)r- '(be) dry', *k+k8se(:)r-o'dry'
sellaid
sellout sellet
su1il
syllu
sell
sellos
2663
€ * { s 6 } É Â V 'to roast'
2216. € * s 6 i  V 'skin (of animals), rawhide'
2217. * s 6 u 6 r V 'a herd\swarm\flock (of wild animals)'
2218. ( € ?) * s 6 e ÷ 3 [ a ] r V 'reach, approach, enter'
2219. * s 6 o ÷ 3 V r V ¬ * s 6o ÷ 3Å r 1V 'grain, (wild) cereal'
222O. * s 6 a 4 Ì o y [ i ] Â V 'hair'
2221. * s 6 i h r V ' ≈ gray, bright' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'dark'?)
2222. ( € ?) * s 6 i Ù [ Ë ] Â V 'side, edge'
2223. * s 6 e 6 r w V 'insert, thrust in, stop up'
2224. * s 6 { o } r Ë b V 'to drink, to gulp, to sup, to suck' > IE : NaIE
*serb≈- / *sorb≈- / *sr=b≈- v. 'sip, sup, drink', Ht sarap- / sarep- v.
2215.
'sip (nippen)'
2225.
2226.
2227.
reddish'
* s 6 É { ? V } Â b V 'coarse hair, eyebrow'
€ * s 6 a 4 Â K ' e 6 '≈ break, split, cut'
* s 6 É r É K ' { a } 'red, yellow' > IE: NaIE
* s 6É Â [ V ] K 'V
(in Blt)
*°ser+kW-
'red,
'to plait, to wattle', 'plait' > IE: NaIE *serk'wicker-work, wattling', ? v. 'hedge in', Ht
'compensate'
2229. € * s 6 V t V w V 'cold weather'
223O. ( € ?) * s 6 o t ' V 'to exercise magic' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ ' t o
curse', 'to bless')
2231. € * s 6 + c 6 u 6 t ' V '≈ vulva, anus'
2232. * s 6 a t ' { a h i } '≈ to take away' > IE : *steé- > NaIE *(s)ta2i\- ' d e p r i v e
so. of sth. secretly, steal', *(s)ta2yu-s- 'thief, theft', *ta2i\- 'deprive so. o f
sth. secretly, steal', *ta2 y u-s- , *ta2 t i-s 'thief'
2233. * s 6 V t ' V Â V 'tie' (‘ 'rope'); to twist (means of tying)' > IE : NaIE
*stre[ i\ ]g- 'twist together; rope'
2234. ( € ?) * { s 6 } { o } w V 'feather, wing'
2235. € * s 6 V w V 'to swell'
* c 6 { a 4 } ? i w É ?) 'body of water', (??)
2235a. * s 6 { a 4 } ? i w É (or
'wet\swampy ground'
2236. € * s 6{ o } h y V 'to wish'
2237. ? σ € * s 6 V y ? V 'thing'
2238. * s 6 u 4 z 6 ÷ Å 'heart' (“ 'breast'??)
2239. * t { a 4 } 'away (from), from', ablative (separative) pc. > IE [ 1 ]
NaIE *de2 'away (from), from', [2] NaIE *-de / *-Ê (archiphoneme *-d≈ + *d + *-t), separative (abl.) case ending  AnIE *-a{t}i , ablative case ending
2228.
sar-nin-k-
2664
* t V , a postnominal marker (prn.?) of plurality ('together')
2241. * t i ? u 6 'shine, be bright, be seen' > IE : [1] *dei\- 'shine, b e
bright'; [2] *dyeu\- 'daylight', 'deified daylight, heaven', Ht siu- ' g o d ' ,
[2a] IE *dye2u\s-p´te2r 'father daylight, father heaven' (name of a g o d ) ,
[2b] d. with an *o- sx.: NaIE *≤dei\ w o-s 'heavenly' (‘ 'god')
2242. € ≈ * t o { ? } i 'fig'
2243. * t u 4? { o } 'two' > IE *dwo2(u\) 'two' m. (and *dw´i\ f./ntr.); t h e
initial component of a cd.: NaIE *dwi- 'two-, bi-'  HrLw tu-wa-i
'two', accus. tuwaõzi 'duos', Ht cd. da-yuga 'two years old', da2n
224O.
'for the second time'
€ ≈ * t a ÷ 3{ i }
'to tear' > IE: NaIE *da2-/*d´-, *da2i\-/*d´i\-/*dï- v.
'divide, tear\cut into pieces'
2245. * t Ë b V (= * t u 4 b a ?) (or * t i b a ?) 'grass'; 'dry grass' ( [ i n
descendant lgs.] ‘ 'straw'), to cut grass\plants'
2246. * t á b ÷ 3 V (= * t a 4 b ÷ 3 V ?) 'follow, run, chase' ([in pN or i n
descendant lgs.] ‘ 'beg hard, demand')
2246a. ? σ € * t á b [ V ] s 2 V '≈≈ heel; to trample, to kick with the foot'.
2247. * t a ? á g a 'rock, mountain; top'
2248. € * t u ? { g } V (or * t ' u ? { g } V ?) 'listen, hear'
2249. ( € ?) * t i Ì V 'to flow' > ?σ IE *dei\Ó- > NaIE *dey´-/*dya2-, *dy´-,
*dï- 'hurry, run quickly'. An alt. etymological comparison: N *t i qV ' t o
flow'.
225O. * t { e } Ì a w { a } 'fire' > IE *deéu\- (= *de´€u\ - ) > NaIE *da2u\- / *d´w/ *du(:)- (/ ? *de2 w - ) vt. 'burn, kindle'
2251. * t o Ó { u 4 } ≠ * t a + á Ó { u 4} (= * t o { G } { u 4} ≠ * t a + á { G } { u 4 } ?) ' b r i n g ,
fetch, give' > IE *deéW- ≠ *deéWw- > NaIE *do2-/*d´-, *do2u\-/*d´u\-/*duv. 'give'  ? Lc M {ABIv.}
v. 'give (?)', Ld
n 'I give (?)'
2252. * t a w i k á 'insect, vermin, (?) reptile' > IE *dei\g8- ' ≈ t i c k
(Ixodes)'
2253. * t e k ÷ V 'to touch' > IE : NaIE *deg+ g 8 - v. 'touch'
2254. € * t Å k Ë { n 1 + n ` } V (or * t Å k Ë [ Ó V ] ?) 'bug'
2255. * t Å K ' á 'to suit, to be appropriate, to fit' > IE *dek8- v. 'suit, b e
fit'  Ï NaIE *dek8-os 'that which adorns or beautifies, distinction,
grace'  ? Ï IE *dek8 s - 'fortunate, right (dexter)'
2256. * t { e } K ' á 'take, carry' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'get, possess') >
IE *dek8- {Mn.} v. 'find, get', {P} 'nehmen, aufnehmen', ? Ht {Ts.}
'fügen, bereiten'
2244.
da-/du-
da2
taks-
2665
* t i k ' { u 4 } '≈ to show' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'say') > IE *dei\k8- v.
'show' ( ‘ 'say')
2258. * t o K ' É + a or * t a K ' É + a 'to tear' > IE : NaIE *dek8- (or *dek- ) v. ' t e a r
2257.
(up), reduce to threads'
2259. * t a 4y K 'V 'finger', ‘ 'one' > IE : NaIE *dei\ k 8 + k (w)- 'finger'; an alt.
rec.: * 0 t V y K ' V 'finger' (> IE) and * t ' a 4 K ' V 'one' (> HS, T)
226O. * t a L V 'to shake, to wave' (and redulication: * t a L V - t a L V ) >
IE : NaIE *del(d) , ? *dou\ l - vi. 'shake, swing'
2261. * t a 4 L V 'cut (split, trim, cleave)' > IE : NaIE *del[´]- v. 'cleave,
carve' ({P} 'spalten, schnitzen, kunstvoll bebauen')
2262. * t i l ∏ V '≈ to rough-hew, to chisel (behauen), to cut into slices'
> IE: NaIE *del[´]- v. 'cleave, carve' ({P} 'spalten, schnitzen, kunstvoll
bebauen')
2263. * t u l V '≈ tell (a story), utter ritual\magical incantations' > IE
*del- 'tell, narrate, utter ritual incantations'
2264. € * t Ë L V '≈ to line up' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'to count') > IE:
NaIE *del- ' ≈ row, thread', v. 'count, narrate'
2265. € * t + t ' V L V 'hang'
2266. * t o é € l ∏ V (or * t o l ∏ é € V ) 'to fill, to pile up; full'
2267. * t a l ß ÷ 3 { o } ' ≈ (back of the) neck, shoulders' > IE (att. in Blt)
*°d[≈]elÓ-b-/*0d[≈]olÓ-b-/*0d[≈]l=Ó- 'upper arm'
2268. * t á L ÷ 3 É ( - g a ) 'be long' > IE : [1] *del[h8]- > NaIE *del[´]- ' l o n g ' ,
'long', [3] NaIE *dlong≈o[2] IE *deleh8g≈-/*dl=h8≤g≈-o- 'long' > Ht
'long'
2268a. * t u l ß ÷ 3 V 'tip, sprout, sth. protruding, summit'
2269. * t { a } l h V ¬ * t a h E l V '≈ to hit, to damage, to be damaged' > IE
*deé8l-/*dé=8l- > NaIE *de2l-/*d´l- v. 'damage, destroy'
227O. * t á l ∏ [ h ] { o } ' ≈ be\make foolish, deceive' > IE : NaIE *del- {P}
'listig schädigen', *del-os 'lure'
2271. * t a 4 l Ë é € Å ¬ * t a l Ë é € a 4 ' ≈ cold season, rain' > IE : NaIE *del'rain', 'moist' ('humide')
2272. * t Å l ! V 'to tread, to pound' ([in descendant languages] ‘ ' t o
thresh')
2273. € * t u l ! + l ß V ' ≈ be bright, be light (hell)'
2274. € * t V l ! V (= * t Å { y + Ó } i l ! V or * t i { y + Ó } Å l ! V ?) 'female'
2275. * t i [ ? a ] l ! o 'stone, heap of stones'
2276. * t e l ! [ é € ] V 'to bore, to pierce' > IE : NaIE *del[´]- v. 'cleave,
carve'
daluki-
2666
* t e m V 'full, complete'
2278. * t V m V (= * t a m V ?) 'hair'
2279. € * t V m V 'worm, snake' > IE : NaIE *dem(-el)- 'worm'
228O. € * t { a } h [ V ] m V 'fire; to kindle; very hot'
2281. * t a m é ⁄ { u 6} (or * t a 4 m é ⁄ { u 6 } ) 'earthern wall, hut' ([in d e s c e n d a n t
lgs.] ‘ 'house') > IE *dom[Ó]u-, *dom[Ó]o-, *demÓ- (= *dom[éx]u-,
*dom[éx]o-, *deméx-?) > NaIE *domu-, *domo- 'house', *dem´- v. 'build';
+ext. *-r- 'building', v. build, carpenter'; HrLw tama- 'build'
2282. € * t V m [ V ] s 6 V 'to gather; dense' > IE *dens-/*dn= s - '≈ dense'
2283. * t { o } ˆ V 'appear' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'seem')
2283a. * t É N g V l ß + l ! V 'heavenly light in the night (star[s], moon)' > IE:
NaIE * ° dn= g [≈]lo- > Gmc *tunglal- 'star(s), constellation'
2284. * t o 6{ p '} á 'head, top' > IE : NaIE * ° doP- ≠ *dub- 'tip, summit' (?)
2285. * t u 4 + u p ' V 'to blow, to breathe'
2286. * t u p ÷ V 'tail, back' > ? IE : NaIE *dubb- (if the original m e a n i n g
2277.
duba
'a sheaf (standing upright), aufgestellte Garbe',
was 'tail') > Ltv
Gmc *tuppa 'plait (of hair)'
2287. * t a { P } k V (or * t a w k V ?) 'to obstruct, to prevent, (?) t o
overpower'
2288. * t e q { á ? Ë } 'say, talk t o ' > IE *d[≈]eh8- 'say' > NaIE *d[≈]e2- say',
{Frd.} 'sagen', {Ts.} '(autoritativ) sprechen'
Ht
2289. * t e r V 'to tear, to burst' > IE *der-, *derÓ- v. 'split, tear, burst'
229O. * t u  V 'back, back side' > IE : NaIE *dors-/*ders- ' ≈ b a c k
(dos)'
2291. * t u 4 V or * t u Â É 'pierce, stick into; hole' > IE : NaIE *der- v.
'prick, pierce', 'hole'
2292. ? σ * t u 4w r V ¬ * t u w r É 'to (re)turn, to roll (up), to t u r n
round' > IE (+ext.): NaIE *derb≈- 'turn, twist\bind together'
2293. * t u 4 r ÷ 3 e 6 ¬ * t u r ÷ 3e 6 'full, filled'
2294. * t a r é € V 'to drink'
2295. * t i r Ó V ''lie (liegen), lie down, sink'' > IE *dreé8-/*dré=8- > NaIE
*dre2 - /dr´- v. 'sleep'
2296. * t o  g á (= * t o r g á ?) 'weak, loose' > IE : NaIE *dreg8≈- ' ≈ b e
slack, be loose, be weak'
2297. * t á Â p ' V (or * t ' á Â P 3 V ?) 'tremble, shake' > IE : NaIE *°drep- ≠
* ° trep- 'shake, tremble'
te-
2667
* t a r 1u 6 '( ∈ ) tree, log' > IE *deru- / *doru- / *dreu\- /*drou\- /
*dru- , {EI} *≤doru / gen. *≤drou\-s 'tree, wood'
2298. ( € ?) * t o r 1V 'bark; to bark (remove the bark), to peel' > IE:
NaIE *der- v. 'skin, flay, bark'
2299. * t V r 1 V 'suffer, endure'
23OO. * t Å r 1 q V '≈ make an incision, dig' > IE *derÓ- 'sth. dug'
23O1. * t u s V or * t u 4s V 'against, in the opposite direction' > IE [ 1 ]
NaIE *dus- 'mis-, un-', 'bad' (as the initial component of cds.)  [2] NaIE
*deu\ s - v. 'lack'
23O2. * { t } u Í V 'bush (shrub)' > IE : NaIE *dus-(mo-) 'shrub'
23O2a. * t á ÷ s @ V (more probable than * d á ÷ s @ V ) 'to track (game), t o
follow the tracks of' > IE : NaIE *de2[s]- / (?) *des- 'find, meet'
23O3. ( € ?) * t V é € t ' V 'finger' ([in D] ‘ 'point, sharp edge'?) ( =
* t u 4é € t 'V [?]; an alt. rec. is * t a é € u 4 n t ' V )
23O4. ? φ € * t u 6 w V 'rain; to sprinkle'
23O5. * t V w V 'head' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'oneself') > IE : AnIE:
2297a.
HrLw
-ti 'sich', Lw -ti , Lc -ti , reflexive pc., Ht -z , -za id.
23O6.
23O7.
* t a y h V (or * t a 9 y V ?) 'incline, bend, stagger'
( € ?) * t a { q + 9 } a y u 6 'relative-in-law (person of
exogamous
*deéywer-
moiety within
> NaIE *≤da2i\we2r
the o p p o s i t e
an exogamic system of tribes)' > IE
/ *da2i\wer- (gen. *da2i\w≤r-es) ' h u s b a n d ’ s
brother'
* t a q o z i 'to plait, to w a t t l e ' > IE *deé8(y)- > NaIE *de2-/*d´,*de2 i \ -/ di(:)- v. 'bind'
23O9. * t u 4 [ y ] Z + Z 1 V (or * t u 4 [ w + ? ] Z + Z 1 V ) '∈ part of an arm\leg' > IE : NaIE
*dou\ s - '(upper) arm, shoulder'
231O. * t ' a 4 , dem. prn. of non-active (inanimate) objects ( w i t h o u t
23O8.
distance opposition [proximal ↔ intermediate ↔ distal]) > IE [ 1 ] NaIE
*to- (nom.-accus. *to-d ), dem. prn. of the neuter (inanimate) gender 
[ 2 ] *-d = *-Ê (word-final archiphoneme from **-t ), ending of the n e u t e r
(inanimate) gender in pronouns  [ 3 ] IE *-ti, "primary" verbal ending
of 3s ; IE *-t , "secondary" verbal ending of 3s
2311. * t ' i , a syntactic pc. that constructs analytical nomina actionis
> IE : NaIE *-ti- , sx. of nomina actionis
2312. * t '{ u 4} ( > * t ' i ) 'thou' > IE : [1] NaIE *tu2 nom. 'thou' and possibly
*tw-om id., AnIE *ti 'thou' nom.  [2] IE *twe and *te 'thee', *tu-
2668
/*twe-/*teu\ - /*te-
(+ case markers or without them) functioning as t h e
stem of the prn. of 2s
2312a.
'thou' +
"primary"
2313.
* t '{ u 4} ? a ≠ * s 1{ u 4} ? a 'ye (vos)', prn. of 2p (N * t '{ u 4} ≠ * s 1{ u 4}
N * ? a , pc. of plurality) > IE verbal endings of 2p: {Bks.}
*-tÓe , "secondary" *-te
* t ' V , a marker of passive participial constructions (verb + * t 'V
= an analytical construction with the meaning of past participle o r
passive verbal adjectives) > IE : NaIE *-to- , a marker of verbal adjectives
(mostly with passive meaning), that in some daughter lgs. w e r e
incorporated into the verbal paradigm as passive participle
2314. ( € ?) * t ' V , pc. of marked (definite?) accusative (‘ accus. o f
pronouns) > ? IE * ° -[e]Ê , accus. ending of personal pronouns
2315. * t 'É ÷ Ë 'to take' > IE : Ht
, HrLw
v. 'take'
2316. * t ' a b V 'fit, good' > IE : NaIE *d≈ab≈-, d≈ab≈-ro- 'fit, good'
2317. ? σ € * t ' a b V '≈ head'
2318. € * t ' á b V 'catch, seize'
2319. * { t ' } e b Å ( ≠ * t ' e m [ b ] V ?) 'ruminant (antelope, cervid)'
232O. € * t ' o b V 'teat'
2 3 2 O a . * t ' u 6 b V 'thin, small, of short stature'
2321. ( € ?) * t ' u 4 b V (or * t ' u b É ?) 'calm, quiet, (?) even'
2322. * t ' u é € i b V 'reed, stick' > IE : [1] NaIE *twïb≈-, *tub≈- 'hollow a s
a reed' ('röhrenartig hohl')  [2] ?σ NaIE *d≈eu\ b ≈-/*d≈ub≈- 'pin, wedge'
2323. € * t ' á b ÷ 3 { Ë } 'to fill' (or € * t ' á p { Ë } 'to fill')
2324. * t ' u b ÷ V 'lake; natural depression filled with water' > IE : NaIE
*d≈eu\b- ≠ *dhumb- 'depression in the ground (filled with water)'
2325. * t ' Ë b ÷ 3 V 'hoof, (finger-\toe-)nail, sole of the foot, heel'
2326. * t ' u 4 b ÷ Å 'deep'
> IE: NaIE *d≈eu\b'deep',
*d≈umb'Erdvertiefung'
2327. ? i * t 'a 4b Ó a or * t 'a b Ó É 'to trample, to kick, to crumple, t o
press' > IE {EI} *depÓ- > NaIE *dep≈- 'trample, push, knead, strike'
2327a. * t ' a b [ V ] q a 'hit, strike' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'kill')
2328. ? φ € * t ' V b V { L } V 'dip in, immerse'
2329. € * t 'u 6Ó { c @} V ≠ * d u 6Ó c 6'V 'glide, slip'
233O. ≈ ≈ * t 'a 4w o d V 'be full' > ? σ IE *teu\t- 'the whole, everybody,
people'
2331. * t 'o g á 'dust, earth' > IE *d≈eg8≈o2Æm / *d≈g8≈em- 'earth', H t
/ gen.
'earth'
da-
tekan
taknas
ta-
2669
2332. ( € ?)
* t 'o g V
'straight' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'true') > ? IE : NaIE
*dek8s- 'fortunate; right (dexter)'
2333. * t 'á 9 w V 'swell, become thick\large\strong', ? 'become fat' >
IE *teÓw-/*twoÓ-/*tÓ=u\- > NaIE *te2 w - /*t´u\ -/*two2 - /*tu2- '≈ big, strong'
2334. * t ' e ˝ w V 'ask (for), beg'
2335. * t ' a k a + á (or * t ' o k a ?) 'to touch' > IE : NaIE *tag- v. 'touch'
2336. * t 'a 4k V (or * t ' a 4 k ' V ?) 'to attack'
2337. * t '{ e } k É 'to build, to shape, to make, to do' > IE {P}
8 ,
{EI} *tek8s- 'fabricate', {Mn.} *tek8s- v. 'fashion, carpenter, create, c u t
(behauen)'
2338. * t 'i k o 'horror, fear' ([in A] 'abhor, hate') > IE : NaIE *tyegW - {P}
'scheu vor etwas zurücktreten oder auffahren', {EI} 'give way, pull
oneself back (in awe)'
2339. ( € ?) * t 'o k u 'large, thick' > IE : NaIE *teg+ g 8 u - 'thick'
2339a. * t ' o k V '≈ (palm of) hand (with fingers)' ([in descendant lgs.)
‘ 'span of hand')
234O. ≈ * t 'e { h } a k a ? e 6 'to put, to set' > IE : NaIE *ta2g- v. 'put (sth.) t o
its right place, arrange'
2341. * t 'o k V ? V ≠ * t 'o { h } á k V 'to burn; fire' > IE *teé8g8+g- > NaIE
te2g8+g-/*t´g8+g- v. 'burn'
2342. * t 'Ë k l ßÉ ( ‘ ? * t ' Ë l ß k É ) (or * t ' Ë k l ! É ) 'wolf, jackal, fox'
2343. * t ' a 4 k t V 'louse'
2344. * t '{ a } K 'á 'be\keep quiet, be silent' > IE : NaIE *tak+k8- v. ' b e
silent'
2345. * t ' i K ' a 'be straight' > IE : NaIE *tei\ k - / *tink- v. 'be fit; trust'
2346. * t '{ o } k 'o 'run away, run, stream' > IE *tekW- v. 'run, flow' (EI
'run, flow swiftly')
2347. * t 'u K 'a 6 'earth (substance), mud, dust' > AdS of IE *{t}ek-/{t}k'earth' ( < N * t ' o g á 'dust, earth [substance]')
2348. * t 'u K 'V 'offspring', 'young (of an animal)' > IE : NaIE *teu\k'offspring'
2349. * t '{ u 4} K 'a 'to thrust, to stab, to push' > IE : NaIE *tuk- v. ' t h r u s t ,
stab, prick'
2349a. ( € ?) * t ' u 4 K ' V (or * t ' u 4 k V ?) 'hair'
235O. ≈ * t ' [ o ? ] a 4 K ' [ w ] Å 'goat, sheep'
2351. * t ' a 9 [ V ] K ' { a } 'to stick \ be stuck to sth.', 'to fix\attach (sth. t o
sth.)'
*tek†-
2670
2352.
germ'
2353.
* t 'o w K 'a 6
* t 'e L V
'germ', 'seed' > IE: NaIE (in IIrn)
'shout,
call'
>
? σ IE
*tel-
*°teu\k[W]-
'pronounce
'seed,
magical
utterancers, pray'
2354. (€ ?) * { t '} i l ∏V ( - K 'o ) ( ¬ * t - ?) 'tongue, organs of speech' > ? σ IE:
NaIE *tolkW- 'speak', '≈ declare'
2354a. * t ' u 6 l ∏ V 'fire; to kindle (a fire)'
* { t '} a 4l ∏X a or * { t ' } a X l ∏ É ≠** { t ' } a l ∏ X É 'spleen'
2355. * { t ' } a 4 X l ∏ a ≠*
2356. * t 'a l ß÷ V ≠ * t 'a ÷ l ßV ' ≈ shoot, sprout, twig' > IE : NaIE *ta2l'shoot' ('junger Trieb')
2357. * t ' o l ∏ ÷ 3 Å ( - k V ) or * t 'Å l ∏÷ 3Å ( - k V ) 'head, top, upper end, tip' >
? σ IE : NaIE * ° tVl- 'forehead'
2358. * t ' u l ∏ [ i ] ÷ 3 e 6 'come, enter'
2359. € * t ' o L Ó V 'to cross (a river, a mountain range, etc.)' > IE *tl=Ó≤to- 'ford, passage'
236O. * t ' a L H V 'flat' > IE *tel[Ó]- 'flat, flat ground'
2361. * t ' a l ß [ É y ] { o } 'young of an animal, child; to give birth to' > IE:
NaIE *te(:)l- 'young of an animal, child'
2362. * t ' a l Ë y a 'skin, fell'
2363. * t ' a l ß k ' a 'strike, push' > IE : NaIE *telk-/*tolk-/*tl=k- v. ' s t r i k e ,
push, crash'
2364. * t 'a L P V (= * t ' a L b V ?) 'vast; room' > IE : NaIE *telp- v. ' h a v e
room', *tolpa2 'space'
2365. € * t 'u 6l !É (or * t ' á w u 6 l ! É ?) 'extend, stretch, be(come) long'
2366. * t ' Ë l ! V (= * t ' u 4 l ! V ?) 'to drip; drops of water, dew' > IE : NaIE
*(s)tel- v. 'drip'
2367. ≈ € * t ' Ë l ! É ÷ 3 V 'breast, female breast'
2368. * t ' a l ! [ 9 ] V 'be quiet\calm' > IE : NaIE *(s)tel- v. 'be quiet\still'
2369. * t ' u l ! [ V ] { 9 } V 'spread like a veil\net, cover with a v e i l \ n e t ,
catch (fish, etc.) with a net'
237O. * t ' a l ! { h } a 'lift up, carry' > IE *telé-/*tleé- > NaIE *tel´-/ *tla2v. 'lift, carry, endure'
2371. * t ' Å l ! [ Ù ] V or * t ' Å l ß [ Ù ] V 'stem', '( ∈ ?) tree' > IE : NaIE *tel[´]'wooden board, plank, (?) tree'
2372. * t ' { É } m V 'to feel by touch'
2373. * t ' o 6 m V 'to cut (off)' > IE : NaIE *tem- v. 'cut', *tomo-s 'a c u t ,
slice (Abschnitt)'
2374. * t ' o ˝ a m V 'to bite, to taste'
2671
*t'áqmV (or * t ' á q Ë m V ?) 'sinciput, crown of the head, t o p ,
tip' > IE * ° teé8 m n= > NaIE * ° te2 m n= > Sl *te7 m eß / te7men- 'crown of the head'
2376. * t ' u m [ V ] q V 'dark' > IE *temÓ- > NaIE *tem(´)- 'dark' and ds.:
*temes- ntr. 'darkness', *tem´sra2 id., *temsro- 'dark'
2377. € * t 'V m [ V ] k a + á 'to wet, to dip' > IE : NaIE *teng+g8- v. ' w e t ,
2375.
moisten'
* t ' u 4 m K ' V ¬ * t 'u 4N [ K ' ] V 'leather sack'
€ * t ' { i } m [ V n ] V 'be quiet, be calm'
* t 'a n 2V 'draw, stretch, extend' > IE : NaIE *ten-
2378. ( € ?)
2379.
238O.
v. 'draw, s t r e t c h ,
extend'
* t ' a n 2 V 'feel, know'
2382. * t ' i { n ` } É 'strong', 'to strain' (= 'violence directed to oneself') >
IE : NaIE *ten- v. 'stretch (to the uttermost), strain'
2383. * t 'i { h } u 4n 2V 'mud, silt, dirt' > IE : NaIE *tiÓn- > NaIE *tïn- > Sl
*tïna2 'mud, slime'
2384. * t ' a n 2 Ù u 4 ¬ * t ' a 4 n 2 Ù u (or * t ' a N Ù u 4 ? ) 'thin, short' > IE *ten[Ó]u- >
NaIE *tenu- ≠ *tônu- 'thin'
2385. * t 'Å N + n `V 'moisture' > IE : NaIE *teng+ g 8 - v. 'wet, moisten'
2385a. € * t 'e N { Ë } 'large body of water'
2385b. € * t ' i N V 'hear, listen'
2386. UA ? € * t ' o N É (or * t ' u 4 N V ?) 'butt, lower end of the trunk'
2387. * t 'o N V 'learn (erfahren), inform' > IE : NaIE *teng- / *tong- v.
2381. ( € ?)
'think, feel', {Mn.} v. 'remind, draw attention to; reflect upon, long f o r ' ,
*tonga2 'sentiment'
2388. * t 'Ë N { q } V 'swell, swell up'
2389. * t ' e N q V '( ∈ ) tree, (∈ ) forest'
239O. * t 'a N g a + o 'draw, stretch' > IE : NaIE *teng≈- or *tengW≈- ' d r a w ,
pull, stretch, strain'
2391. * t 'á N K 'a 'firm, dense' > IE : NaIE *tenk- v. 'be strong, solid,
dense'
2392. * t 'u N K 'V 'to press, to force oneself, to be too narrow, to b e
tight' > IE : NaIE *twenk- v. 'press'
2393. * t 'a { p '} É 'to squeeze, to press' > IE : NaIE *tap- v. 'press ( d o w n ,
together), squeeze'
2394. i * t 'a { p '} V 'hit (the target)' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ ' s u c c e e d ,
find, find an answer, identify, recognize') > IE: NaIE *top- ' w o h i n
gelangen, auf etwas treffen; Ort, wo man hingelangt oder hin will'
2672
(or * t ' { a } P 3 ? V , * t ' o p ' V , * t ' o P 3 ? V ?) 'to wade, to c r o s s ,
to go through, to pass''
2396. € * t 'a p 'V (= * t ' a p ' i ?) 'to put'
2397. * t 'a p 'V ( - L V ) 'to feel\touch with one's fingers, to smear' > IE:
NaIE {Mn.} * ° tep- v. 'smear'  NaIE *tep(o)l- 'smear; lubricant'
2398. * t 'á { p } V 'to warm, to be warm' > IE *tep- > NaIE tep- v. ' b e
, HrLw
'fever, heat'
warm', Ht {Ts.}
2399. o * t 'u 6p V 'to spit, to drip' > IE : Lw
- {Mlc.} v. 'spit ( o n ) ' ,
2395.
* t '{ a } p 'V
tapassa-
?? o Irn: NPrs
'saliva, spittle'
24OO.
24O1.
ƒTu tof
, Tjk
tapassa-s
tappa
tuf tuf, Krd Sr
* t ' a 4 h i p e 6 'high place, top, hill'
* t '{ a } { p ÷ } V 'plunge, immerse'
ƒT tif
> IE: NaIE
'spittle', Wx
*tap[´]-
tuf
v. 'plunge,
immerse'
* t '{ a } p '[ V ] ˝ V 'dirt, mud'
24O3. ≈ * t ' a P 3 H V 'flat'
24O4. * t ' V P 3 Â V ≠ * t ' V Â P 3 V '∈ part of the foot', 'foot'
24O5. * t ' e q V 'to smear, to rub' ([in HS] ‘ 'fat, marrow')
24O6. * t 'u 6{ q } i ¬ * t ' u 6 { q } y V 'hit, strike' > IE : NaIE *twe(:)i\-/*two2i\- v.
24O2.
'hit, strike'
24O7. ( € ?) * t 'Ë q V 'near; be close to, approach' > IE : NaIE *°tuw/ ? *tou\ - 'near'
24O8. € * t 'V q a 'melt, get spoiled' > IE *teé- > NaIE *ta2-/*t´- (+exts.:
*ta2w-, *ta2y-) v. 'melt, dissolve'
24O9. * t ' Å û q Ë 'lie (tell a lie), deceive'
241O. * t ' o { û q } a 'to plait, to bend', ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'to build',
'to make earthenware', 'to web'), ? ( “ ) 'to twist' > IE: NaIE *tek- v.
'plait, weave'
2411. * t 'o { ? u 4} ûq a 'hide, skin' > IE {EI} *≤twek- / *twôk- 'skin, hide'
2412. * t ' a r V '∈ vermin, noxious insects' > IE : NaIE *ter- id.
2413. * t ' a  V , * t ' a  V - Ó V g V , * t ' a  V - t ' V 'to drag, to pull' > IE : NaIE
{Mn.} *tr= g ≈- (or *tr´g≈-) v. 'draw, pull'
2414. € * t 'á Â V ' ≈ else, more, other' > IE : NaIE *-tero-, a sx. o f
pronouns and adjectives with the meanings of comparison and c h o i c e
between two objects\persons ('more than the other', 'between t w o ' ) :
*kWo-tero- ≠ *kWutero- 'which of the two?' , *i-tero- 'another', *antero- 'the other of the two'
2415. € * t ' e r a 'to heat, to roast, to fry'
2673
* t 'e  V 'to contain (aufnehmen können)'
2417. * t 'o r { u 4} ¬ * t ' o r { y u 4 } 'bring\come into existence (create, m a k e ,
give birth, be born)' > IE: NaIE *twer- v. 'create, produce by plaiting,
2416.
lay (a rope)'
2418. ( € ?) * t ' Ë Â É 'start, set in motion, begin' > ?s IE : NaIE *twer- v.
'move quickly, stir up'
2418a. * t 'u 6Â V 'hold' > IE : NaIE *twer-/*tur- 'grip, hold'
2419. UA € * t 'u 4Â V 'hard roe'
242O. * t 'e h r V 'clean, pure' > ? IE : NaIE *°terb[≈]- > pSl *terb -ti ' t o
clean, stub'
2421. * t ' u + o [ w ] r { u 6 } 'grow, grow densely, sprout forth, become b u s h y ,
thrive; thicket, thick bush\grass' > IE: NaIE *tre(:)u\-, *treu\s- 'flourish,
thrive, ripen'
2422. * t 'o X + q Ë r y V or * t ' Ë X + q r 1 V 'dirt; be dirty' > ? σ IE : NaIE {WH}
*te2 r -os / *ter- ⊥ a2 'earth'
2423. * t ' o r ? V 'fresh, new, young, young animal, child' > IE : NaIE
*torno- 'young man, young animal', *t{e}ru-no- 'young', *torm-/ *tr=mid.
2424. * t 'o r { V h } a 'to pass over; through' > IE : [1] IE *terx-/*trex- ( =
*trex - ) v. 'pass over, cross, overcome' > NaIE *ter´-/*tra2- id., AnIE: H t
,
'siegen, mächtig sein, können'; [2] NaIE *ter[´]'hindurch, über … weg'
2425. * t ' a r { i Ó } V 'open, bald'
2426. * t 'a r [ V ] Ó { u 6} 'delicate, thin' > IE : NaIE *ter-, *teru- 'delicate,
weak'
2427. € * t 'u 6r Ó a 4 'to bore, to drill' > IE *teré8-/*treé8- id. > NaIE *ter´/*tre2 - id.  +exts.: [1] *truÓ-p- > Gk try2 p a1 v 'bore, pierce through'; [ 2 ]
? pGmc *Tr-el- 'bohren'
2427a. * t 'o 6r Ù V 'long, large, far'
2428. * t 'a r [ V ] y i 'to rub' > IE : NaIE *teri-/*trei\- ≠ *ter- v. ' r u b ' ;
*treu\ [ Ó]- 'rub'
2429. * t ' i r [ y ] V 'to turn, to bend, to twist' (trans.) > IE *ter-, *terkW- 'turn (round)'
243O. * t ' Ë r [ V ] y V 'litter, dirt, dust' > IE : NaIE *(s)ter- 'filth, filthy
liquid', v. stain, dacay' ('unreine Flüssigkeit; besudeln; verwesen')
2431. * t ' u 4 r y V ¬ * t ' u r y É or * t ' u 4 r 1 V ¬ * t 'u r 1É 'row, line; to string' > IE:
[1] NaIE *°twerya2 > Gk seira1 'cord, rope, string, band', [2] NaIE *°ster'stripe' ( ‘ 'ray')
i¡
Å
tarh- tarhu-
2674
€ * t ' V Â [ V ] b V 'inside of the body, belly' > IE: NaIE *°terb[≈]- >
Sl *terb-/*trÁb- 'belly'
2432. * t 'i  g a 'force, strength, effort' > IE : NaIE *treg- v. 'be s t r o n g ,
2431a.
apply
force\violence'
2433. € * t 'o  g a 'hold, prop up' > ? IE : NaIE *derg≈- 'hold, grasp'
2434. * t ' e r V K ' V '( ∈ ) tree, stick'
2434a. € * t 'Ë Â K 'V 'pierce through; t h r o u g h ' > IE : NaIE *°terk[W]e/*tr= k [W]e- 'pierce through; through'
2435. ( € ?) ≈ ≈ * { t ' } a r V [ P 3 V ] ≠ * { t '} V P 3V r V 'to tie together' > IE : H t
'sammeln, versammeln, zusammenflechten'
2436. * t '{ e } Â P V 'devour, eat, be sated'
([in descendant lgs.] ‘
'enjoy') > IE : NaIE *terp-/*tr= p -/*trep- v. 'be sated, rejoice'
2436a. ( € ?) * t '{ o } Â { P 3} V 'to need, to suffer, to be moved ( w i t h
sadness, [?] joy)' > IE : NaIE *terp- 'suffer, endure (suffering)'
2437. * t ' u 4 Â û q V 'firm, dense, strong'
2438. ( € ?) * t ' { u } Â Z + Z 1 V 'dry, dried up, hard' > IE *ters- > NaIE *tersv. 'be dry, dry up ('trocknen, verdorren), be thirsty', *tr=su-, *tr=sro'dry'
2439. * t 'Å r 1V 'entrails, liver' > ? σ IE : Clt: OIr
, Brtt *to+arr'belly'
244O. ≈≈ * t ' { Ë } r 1 i 'heavenly light in the night (moon, star)' > S ı IE
*xest(e)r ≠ *xster- ({Pv.} *Å⁄est(e)r- ≠ *Å⁄st(e)r-) 'star' || IE: NaIE
*ter- 'star'
2441. * t ' u 4 + u r 1 i 'turn round, surround, enclose' > IE : NaIE *twer- v.
'twist, turn, close in', *tworos 'Einfassung'
2442. * t 'u 4÷ V r 1V (= * t ' u 4 ÷ { Å } r 1 V ?) '(part of) leg' ('calf of leg', ' t h i g h ' ,
'knee'?)
2443. * t 'a r 1Ù V 'throw, disperse, scatter' > IE : NaIE *°sterÓ-/*°streÓ> NaIE *ster´-/*stra2-(≠*stro2-/*stre2-) ≠ *ster- ≠ strew- v. ' s p r e a d ,
scatter'
2444. * t 'É r 1g É 'to run' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'running place' ‘
'road') > IE : NaIE *treg≈+g8≈- or *tr= g ≈+ g 8 ≈ - v. 'run'
2445. * t 'u 6t V '(fore)arm'
2446. * t 'u t 'É 'clan\tribe, everybody, all' > IE *teu\t-(a2) ' p e o p l e
(Volk), tribe' > ? AnIE {ABIv} *tuti- 'army (Heer)'
2446a. * t ' u 4 t ' { a } 'dust, ashes' (‘ [in descendant lgs.] 'smoke')
2447. ? σ € * t ' o Ó t ' V (or * t ' o t V ?) 'to run, to stream'
tarupp-
tarr
2675
* t 'a 4w H V 'abandon, leave'
2449. * t 'a 4y V 'louse'
245O. * t ' i y Å 'be narrow'
2451. ( € ?) * t ' Ë h y V 'eat, feed; food'
2451a. * t 'a H y V 'go away, take away' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘
'conceal') > IE *teh(y)- 'take away, steal' > NaIE *ta2y- 'deprive so. o f
sth. secretly, steal', *ta2 y u-s- , *ta2 t i-s 'thief', Ht, HrLw taya- 'steal'
2452. * w a 'also, same' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'and') > IE : NaIE *u
'and, but, also', ?φ *au\ 'again'
2453. * w V 'who?'
2454. * w É c @ u 6 'fit (?), good, beautiful' > IE *wesu- / *we2su- / *eu\s2448.
'good', Lw {Mlc.}
wa2 s u- 'good'.
(or * w É n 1 c 1 + c 1 ' V ?) 'whole, all' > IE: NaIE *wei\s/*wis- 'whole, every', (pl.) 'all'
2455. * w a c @ [ V ] q V 'liquid' (esp. 'dirty\filthy liquid'), 'dirt' > IE : [ 1 ]
*wo(:)s-o-s, -a2, -i-s, *wes-, *wo2s- ''liquid' (esp. 'dirty liquid'),
'moisture', [2] Ï NaIE *wos´-lo-s 'fluid'
2456. ( € ?) * w e c ' @ V (or * w i c ' @ V ?) 'to order, to require, to beg'
2457. * w e c 6'[ V ] ? V 'to go out' (‘ [in T] ‘ 'go out [of fire]') > IE:
NaIE *wesk- v. 'go out, depart'
2458. * w + ? u 4 + u c 6 ' [ V ] Ì V 'to put, to set, to lay'
2459. * w e d V 'to hunt' (‘ [in descendant lgs.] ‘ '[to] wish')
246O. * w e d V (or * w e ? V d V ?) 'push, strike, cut (with weapon)' > IE
*wed≈- v. 'push, strike, destroy, slay'
2461. * w V d [ V ] ÷ V 'walk, go, set out for' > IE : NaIE *wad≈- ( o r
*w´d≈-/*wa2 d ≈- ) 'walk, wade'
2462. * w e d h Å 'to cause to go (to drive, to lead)' > IE *wed≈[Ó]- >
NaIE *wed≈- v. 'lead'
2463. * w { i } g [ ? ] e 6 'carry, take (somewhere)' > IE : NaIE *weg8≈- v.
'carry, convey', *wog8 ≈ o-s 'way'
2464. * w a 4 k ÷ 3 e 6 (= * w a 4 k ÷ e 6 ?) 'strong, vigorous; strength' > IE : NaIE
*weg8- 'strong, vigorous' (‘ 'awake'), *wog8o-s 'strengh', *weg8e2- ' b e
strong'
2465. * w a k [ V ] Ù a (= * w a k [ V ] H a ?) or * w a k [ V ] ÷ a 'to s h o u t ' > IE
(mt.) *we+ a ég-/*wé= g - > NaIE *wa2g- / ? *w´g- 'shout, cry'
2454a.
* w i c @+ c @'V
2676
* w { a } K ' o (or * w á K ' o , * w o K 'o ) 'to call' > IE: NaIE *wekW*wokW-ti) 'speak, call'  d. *wekWos- 'speech'  d. *wo2kW-(s)
2466. ( € ?)
(prs.
'voice'
* w i k ' { a } 'back
part, behind, backwards' > IE: NaIE *wei\k- ( ≠
*wei\ g - ??) 'yield, give way, draw back'
2468. * w o y k ' V 'straight, even, fit' > IE : NaIE *wei\k- ' t r u e ,
resembling (like truth), fit'
2469. * w a l V 'be strong, be able' > IE : NaIE *wal- id., 'rule over', H t
'stark, kräftig',
'kräftigen'
247O. * w Å l ßa (or * w u + o l ß a ?) 'big, large, multitude' > IE : NaIE *wel'many, much, amount'
2471. ? * w { i } l V 'exchange'
2472. * w o ÷ 3 + 9 l V (or * w o ÷ 3 + 9 l ß V ?) 'stay, be'
2473. * w a Ó l V 'cry, speak' > IE : NaIE (in BSl) * ° wo+ a + ´ l- ≈ id.
2474. ? (€ ?) * w e Ó + y L V (or * w e L Ó V ?) (= * w e é ⁄ + y L V ¬ * w e L é ⁄ V ?)
'Schenkel, (?) Bein' (not in Ts.
'≈ hip', 'waist' > ? σ IE : ¿ Ht {Frd.}
W)
2475. * w a L ÷ 3 á 'wish, require' > IE *welé8- > NaIE *wel[´]-/wle2(i\)v. 'want, choose', n. *wl= t i-s 'wish'
2476. € * w V L { h } V 'to hit, to attack' (‘ 'to wound, to kill') > IE
*welÙ- ' ≈ strike, hit, fight' > Ht
'strike, attack', NaIE *wel[´]'wound, slay, fight'
2477. * w Å l ß + l ! [ V ] { h } V 'to turn, to roll, to revolve' > IE : NaIE
*wel(´)- / *wle2-, *welu-, *wlei\- v. 'turn, roll'
2478. * w { e } l ß + l ![ V ] h V (or * w i l ß + l ! [ V ] h V ?) 'field, plain' > IE *wa+el- >
Ht
'unmowed grass; meadow', ? NaIE: L
,
'valley'
2479. * w { i } l ß [ i ] q V 'liquid; moist, damp'
248O. * [ æ ] w { Å } l [ i y ] V (or * [ æ ] w o 6 l [ i y ] V ?) 'draw, pull (out, off)' > IE
*[æ]wel-/*[æ]wol- v. 'draw, pull, pluck, tear out', Ht
'geschoren
(?), enthaart' (von Fellen)', {EI} 'plucked'
2481. * w o l [ y ] V 'look, see' > IE : NaIE *wel- 'see', *wl= - tu- 'Aussehen'
2482. € * w a L d V 'to give birth'
2483. * w i { l ß } k a ? V 'wet, moist' > IE : NaIE *welg- 'moist, damp', NaIE
*welk- 'moist, wet'
2484. * w a l K ' { a } 'be bright\white, shine' > IE : NaIE *wlek-/*wl=k'radiant, shining, bright', ? Ï NaIE *wl= k a2 n os {EI} 'smith god'
2467.
walliwalli-
walliwallai-
walla
walh-
wellu-
valle2s vallis
walli-
2677
* w { u } L K 'a (or * w { u } L k a ? V ) 'remove, dislocate, pull, drag' >
IE : NaIE *welk- 'draw, carry (away)'
2486. * w Å l Å t 'V (= * w a l Å t ' V ?) 'run, flee'
2487. ? φ € * w V L [ V ] t 'V 'moist; moisture' > ? IE : AdS of NaIE *lat'moist' ( < N * Z 6 a t ' V 'fluid, body of water')
2488. * w { e } l ! V 'to shine, to lighten'
2489. * w e l ! V or * w e l ! V K V 'shoulder, upper part of the back'
249O. ? € * w V l ! [ V ] P 3 É 'fur-bearing animal' > IE : NaIE *wl=p(-ek8)- ≠
*[w]Vlou\ p e(:)k8 - '≈ fox', Ht {Ts.} ulip (pa ) na '∈ predator' ('wolf'?)
2491. * w V m o [ ? ] i 'use magical forces' ('make magical signs, u t t e r
2485.
incantations, swear, cause suffering, t o r m e n t ' ) > IE: NaIE
*omo2 ( i\ ) - v. 'swear; torment, vex, annoy'
2492. ( € ?) * w u 6 m Ó V (or * h u 6 m h V ) 'spit, vomit' > IE : NaIE *wem´- v.
'spew, vomit'
2493. (€ ?) * w + y Ë m V Â [ Ê ] V or * w + y Ë m V r V n 3 Ê V '∈ egg'
2494. * w a 4 n `V ¬ * [ Ù V ] w a 4n `V 'relative (of a younger \ the s a m e
generation) of the opposite exogamous moiety within an exogamic
system of tribes' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'brother\sister-in-law, son-inlaw')
2495. * w { o } n ` V 'wish, love; luck' > IE *wen- 'wish, strive for, love',
,
'copulate'
Ht
2495a. (€ ?) * w V [ ÷ V ] ˆ V (= * w V [ ÷ V ] n 2 V ?) 'stay, (?) be' > (?) IE: I r
'wait, stay'
2496. ( € ?) * w e n 2 d V 'to fight, to injure, to h u r t ' > IE : NaIE *wend≈'wound, injure'
2497. ( € ?) * w e n 2 d V 'to be withered, to dry' > IE : NaIE *wend≈- ' ' b e
barren, wither'
2498. * w e n [ ? V ] d V 'to turn' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'to r e t u r n ' ) >
IE : NaIE *wend≈-/*wond≈-/*wn= d ≈- 'turn, twist, plait'
2499. (€ ?) * w { o } n t ' V 'belly' > IE : NaIE *went-/*wont- id.
25OO. * w a n 2 V Û { a } 'belly' > ? IE : NaIE *we2Ænes-tro- '∈ internal o r g a n
(in the belly)' ('stomach of ruminants'?)
25O1. * w a n 1V 'squeeze, press' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ ' w e a k e n
[sth.]', 'ram, trample down, make compact by pressing') > ? IE NaIE
*wei\(´)-/*wï-, +exts.: *wït- ( < *wi-Ót-), *wei\-s '(make) wither,
weaken'
25O1a. € * w É y n 1 + n ` V ≠ * w É n 1 + n ` y V 'daylight'
25O2. * w a N É 'to hit, to injure' > IE : NaIE *wen- 'hit, injure'
magical
wen- went-
fanaim
2678
* w a 4 N { g } o 'hook' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'handle') > IE: ( m t . )
NaIE *wogW≈ni-s , *wogW≈nes- 'ploughshare'
25O4. * w a N K V ≠ (>?) * w o N K V 'hole, orifice' (‘ 'pit')
25O5. ( € ?) * w a 4 N k a 'to bend' > IE : NaIE *weng-/*wong- ' b e n t ,
25O3.
crooked'
25O6.
25O7.
/*w´-
* w o p ' V 'pour, strew' > IE : NaIE * °wep- 'strew'
* w { a } q a 'hit, hurt' > IE *weé-/*woé-/*wé=- > NaIE *wa2-/*wo2-
'hit, wound'
*wÅr{i}
'to burn, to heat, to cook\fry' > IE: NaIE *wer- v.
vi. md. 'burn'
'burn, heat', Ht
25O9. * w a r V 'stream of water' > IE : NaIE wer-/*we2r-/*u2r- ' w a t e r ,
'water'
flowing water', Lw {Mlc.}
251O. € * w a  V 'crow, raven' > IE : NaIE *worn- id.
2511. * æ w a r V 'look, watch' > IE : NaIE *æwer-/*æwor- id., 'perceive,
pay attention to, take care', *æwo≤r-os 'watching, cautious', ?? σ Ht
v. 'fear'
2512. * w a 4 r É 'make, do' (“ 'plait'?)
2513. * w e r V 'to speak; communication, information' > IE : NaIE
*wer- 'say, speak, tell', Ht {Ts.}
v. 'call, name, mention',
( pc. of quoted speech “ 'said'), Pal
'calls'
2514. * w e r V 'without, not, void of, (?) empty'
2515. * w a ÷ 3 r e 6 'wooded hill\mountain'
2516. € * w a Ó r V ¬ * w a r Ó V 'to scratch, to scrape, (?) to comb'
2517. * w { a } q r V (or * w { a } r q V ?) 'to rain, to drip, to trickle, to b e
strained' > IE : NaIE *we2 r -/*u2 r - 'rain', (?) 'liquid'
2518. * [ æ ] w e Ù V r V 'be mad, be dizzy, be intoxicated' > IE : NaIE
*[æ]wo2 r - 'be mad, be giddy'
2519. * w i X Â V 'male, man' > IE : NaIE *wïro-s nom. 'male p e r s o n ,
man'
252O. € * w e [ y ] r [ V ] ? V 'back'
2521. * w a r ? { u 6 } ¬ * w a ? r { u 6} 'tie' (‘ 'thong', 'rope'), 'to bind, to t i e '
> IE : NaIE *wer- v. 'bind, tie', *werw- 'a rope'
2522. * w { a } Â ÷ 3 V ( ≠ * w { a } ÷ 3 Â V ??) 'weak' (of a person) > IE : NaIE
*wo2 r - 'be weak, faint'
2523. * w { i } r h { u 4 + u } 'be wide\broad,
expand, spread' > IE {EI}
*werÓu- ( nom. *wer≤Óu-s, gen. *wer≤Óou\-s) 'broad', werÓ-os'breadth'
25O8.
war-/ur-
wa2r
weritewar-
weriyawe2 r ti
-
2679
2523a.
*wÅr{H}V
warwatna-
'grain (of cereals)' > IE: Ht {Ts.}
'seed, posterity', (?) Lw {Ivn.“ ?}
id.
2524. * w i r X V ' ∈ tree' ('Populus', 'Alnus', or sim)' > IE : NaIE
*werno- , werna2 'alder, poplar'
2525. * w V r [ y ] { É } 'another', * y i w V r [ y ] { É } 'one and another o n e '
( ‘ 'two')
2526. * w o  d V 'grow' (trans.), 'raise, bring up (children\animals)' >
IE : NaIE *wred≈-/*werd≈- 'grow',
*word≈o-s 'grown, full-grown,
upright, high', *wr= d ≈- 'raised, upright, high'
2527. ( € ?) * w o  k e 6 'to make' > IE : NaIE *werg8 - 'do, make, work'
2528. € * w e r V K ' V 'branches, leaves of a tree'
2529. ( € ?) * w e r a Ó [ V ] t V 'root, sinew' > IE : NaIE *wra2d-/*wôra2d/*wôr´d-/*wr´d- 'branch, twig, rod, root'
253O. * w { i } Â Z V 'young herbivorous mammal (calf, lamb, etc.)' > IE:
NaIE *werse2 - /ï- '(young) herbivorous mammal'
2531. (€?) * æ w V Â Û V ¬ * æ w V Û V Â V 'to pour, to flow' > IE *æwers/*æwors- > NaIE *æwers- 'rain, dew', Ht
≠†' rainfall', Lw
'drop'
2531a. € * w Å r 1 V 'way, path' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'road')
2532. * æ w u 6r 1u 6 'to scrape' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'to plough') > IE
*æworw- > NaIE *°[æ]worw-/*°[æ]wr=w- v. 'plough, dig up', *æworwo-s
'furrow, ditch' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'boundary-ditch' ‘ 'boundary')
2533. * w Å r 1c 6V 'rub, scrape' > IE *wers-/*wors- > NaIE *wers/*wors- {P} 'drag over the ground', Ht
'(ab)wische n,
(ab)streifen'
2534. * w a Í V 'rainy weather, rainy season' > IE : NaIE *wesr= / gen.
*wesn-es 'springtime'
2535. * w a 4 ? [ e ] s V 'get tired, be(come) weary\troubled'
V (= * w Ë s 1 ÷ V ?) 'wide, vast' > IE: NaIE (+ext.)
2536. ( € ?) * w V Í [ ÷ 3 ]V
*wasd≈- 'wide, long'
2537. * w a s [ V ] t ' V 'place inside' > IE : NaIE *wa(:)stu ≠ *west[u]
'home, house'
2538. € * w i s 7 V 'green' > IE : NaIE *wis- > L
'be g r e e n ,
'green', ? Gk ] i o1 ß 'rust, verdigris'
verdant',
2539. * w i s 6 ? V 'to grow' (esp. of plants) > IE : NaIE *wei\ s - v. ' s p r o u t ,
grow' ('sprießen, wachsen')
warwalan
warsa
warsa-
wars-
viridis
vire2-
2680
* æ w e s 6+ c 6÷ V 'to wind,
/*æwos[é x ]- 'cover, clothe' > Ht
to wrap, to clothe' > IE *æwes[éx]( )-,
,
vt.
md. 'be clothed', 'be put o n '
'clothe, cover; put on (clothes)',
(clothes), NaIE *æwes- vt. 'clothe', d.: *æwesô-no-, *æwes-mn=-, *æwestro- n. 'garment'
2541. ( € ?) * æ w Å t V 'belly' > IE : [1] NaIE *udero- / *æwe2dero- 'belly'
 ? [2] NaIE *ud-tero- 'belly, womb'
2542. * w Å t V 'earth, ground, dirt' > IE *wed- > NaIE *wed'ground, earth', Ht
'land', 'country' (↔ 'city')
2543. * w a 4 t V 'gut, sinew'
2544. * æ w e t e 6 '(flowing) water' > IE *æwed-/æwod-/æud- 'water' ({EI}
*≤wodr= / gen. *≤wedn=-s / loc. *u≤den-i 'water'; coll. *≤wedo2r / a c c u s .
*u≤den-m= / gen. *ud≤n-os 'water')  NaIE *°[æ]ou\d- v. 'flow' (of w a t e r )
 d.: ON
, AS
'humid, wet', NE
 Sl *ve7dro 'pail,
bucket' ( “ *'vessel for water')
2545. ( € ?) * w Å Ó t V ' ≈ to smell (sth.), to smell (of sth.)'
2546. € * w i t V ? V 'find' > IE : NaIE *wei\ d - v. 'find'
2547. * æ w o t [ V ? ] É ¬ * æ w o t [ É ? ] V 'speak, utter sounds', (?) ' o r g a n
/
of speech' > IE *æwed-/*æud- 'utter vocal sounds, speak', ? Ht
'word, speech'
2548. * w e 6t { Ì } V 'look, see' > IE: NaIE *wei\d- v. 'see, look', NaIE p f c .
3s *≤woyd-e / 1p *wid-≤me 'know(s)'
2549. * w a t ' V 'heavy, firm, strong'
255O. * w e t 'V 'year'
(and\or 'long time' [‘ 'old']??) > IE *wet'year'  Ï NaIE *wetos / *wetes- / *wets- 'year', 'old' (lit. 'jährig'),
Ï NaIE *wet-elo- 'yearling'
2551. € * w i t ' V 'grain' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'seed')
2552. € * w a Ó t ' V 'cold (north) wind'
2553. ( € ?) * w Å t 'V r V 'speak' > ? IE : Ht
/
'word,
speech, thing'
2554. * æ w a y V 'want, wish, strive for' > IE *æwei\- 'strive for' > NaIE
*æwei\- id.
2555. * w V y V 'we' > IE : [1] IE *wei\- 'we' pl.  The cd. *wei\- +
, Gt, AS, OSx
*dwo2 'two' underlies pronouns of 1st pers. du.: Lt
, ON
 [2] NaIE *we2 'we' du. nom. for nomina animata ( <
*wVyV {h}á)
254O.
was s wassiya- wessiyawess-
utne-
va1tr
wA2t
wet
uttar
uttan-
uttar uttan-
wit
vit
ve-du
2681
* w a h y V '(be) weak' > IE: NaIE *wa2y-/*w´y-/*wï- ' ( b e )
weak', *wei\ ( ´)-/*wï-, +exts.: wït- ( < wi-Ót- ), *wei\ - s '(make) wither'
2557. * w o y [ ? ] e 6 ¬ * w o [ ? ] y e 6 'be strong, be able\capable'
([in
descendant lgs.] ‘ probably a passivizing and intransitivizing verbal
affix) > IE *wei\ Ó - > NaIE *wei\ ´ - / *wï- 'strength, force'
2558. * w a y Ó V 'to descend; below'
2559. * w a 4z 7V 'little, young'
256O. * w i z 7V 'gray, (?) withered' > IE : NaIE *wei\(´)-/*wï-, +exts.:
wït- ( < wi-Ót- ), *wei\ - s '(make) wither, weaken'
2561. * w { Ë } z 6 [ É ] K ' o ≠ * w { o } K 'V z 6V '∈ a canine' > IE : NaIE *wl=kWo-s
'wolf', ?σ,φ AnIE: Lw walwa- 'lion', Ld walw-el(i)- 'pertaining to a
2556.
lion'
*wiH[V]ZV
'spring (fons); to flow' > IE: NaIE *wei\s- v. 'flow'
({P} 'zerfließen, fließen')  Ï NaIE *wiso- 'liquid' (‘ 'poison')
2563. * Ù e b Z 7 V 'breast'
2564. € * X Ë c 1 ' V 'to peel, to bark, to scrape off (hair, etc.)'
2565. * X + q u 4 [ y ] d V 'to separate' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'to divide;
part') > IE *[Ó]wei\d≈-/*[Ó]wid≈- > NaIE *wei\d≈-/*wid≈- v. ' s e p a r a t e ,
divide'  Ï : IE *[Ó]wid≈ewo-s 'separated' ( ‘ 'widower', ' u n m a r r i e d
youth'), IE *[Ó]wid≈ew-a2 'widow', NaIE *°woi\d≈-son- > Gmc *wai\san'orphan'
2566. ( € ?) * { X } u 6 d [ V ? ] V 'get (somewhere), reach (some place), clash
(with sth.)'
2567. € * Ù a g V 'dry, hard'
2568. € * Ù a { u 4 } g á 'to lack, to want' > IE : NaIE *a2[ i\ ]g8≈-/*´g8≈-/*ïg8≈'(be) needy'
2569. € * Ù á g V r V 'gird, tie around, surround'
257O. € * Ù a k É Ç V 'shoulder (Achsel), armpit' > ?? IE : NaIE *aks- ¬
*ag8(e)s- (and\or *ok-?) 'shoulder, armpit'; *ag8s(el)- ¬ *aks(-el)'shoulder (Achsel)'
2571. * Ù a k É Â V 'plain' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'field') > IE *ée+ag8ro> NaIE *ag8 r o-s 'field, field in cultivation'
2572. ( € ?) * X a k o + a  V ' ≈ top part, tip, extremity' > IE *xag[W]r- >
NaIE *agro- 'top, point, summit, uppermost (oberstes)'
2573. * X e k ' V 'scrape, scratch'
2574. * { X } o K ' Ë (or * { X } o K ' i ?) 'call
out, speak (solemnly?);
'conjure, treat by incantation'
incantations' > I E : Ht
2562.
?
huek-
2682
€ * Ù { o } y É K 'V 'lap, lower front part of the belly'
2576. € * Ù Å K ' Å r V 'need, want, be hungry'
* ÷ 3 - ) (*'forehead' ‘ ) 'front, edge'
2577. * { X } a l V (or * H - ,*
2578. * X Å l V '(be\become) clean' > IE *x{a}l- > Lw halali ' c l e a n '
ı Ht halali id.
2579. * X e l Å 'dwell, live'
258O. * X e l V 'fence, border, boundary; enclosure' > IE *xel2575.
'enclosure'
* Ù i l i ? V 'dirt, silt, soot' > IE : NaIE *ïl- , *ïlu- 'mud, silt'.
2582. ( € ?) * Ù a L b V (= * Ù a l b V ?) 'white' > IE : NaIE *alb≈o- 'white'
2583. € * Ù { a } l m V 'to dream'
2584. ( € ?) * X o l ! V 'middle; be among'
2585. € * Ù a m V 'womb, vulva'
2586. € * Ù Em V 'warm'
2587. ( € ?) * Ù o m V 'sour, bitter' > IE *éWem-/*é=Wm- 'raw, bitter,
2581.
(?)
sour'
€ * Ù u m V (= * X u m V ?) 'to wish, to covet'
2589. ?σ * Ù Ë m V ' ≈ old' (of things), 'bad, miserable' > IE
*ée+ou\mo- > ON aumr 'arm, elend', Tc B au\me {Ad.} ' ≈ misery',
2588.
oma4 s kem
{∫Ad.}
{Wn.}
{Ad.} evil', {Wn.} 'mauvais, méchant'
259O. * X V m V 'wall, (?) wind-break' > IE : Ht
'stable, stall,
( ) 'stable'
sty', (?) Lw
2591. * X a m [ V ] g e 6 'tight, narrow; to squeeze' > IE *xamg8≈- NaIE
*ang8≈- 'tight (eng), narrow', v. 'narrow down, tie (up), squeeze', NaIE
*an≤g8≈-u-s 'tight, narrow', Ht
( ) ( ) ≠
( ) 'tie;
betroth'
2592. * { Ù } o [ a ] m u s 1 + s 6 V ( ¬ * { Ù } o [ a ] m Ë ( - s 1 + s 6 V ) ) 'articulation
between a limb and the trunk' ( ‘ 'hip joint, rump, shoulder joint'),
'collar-bone', 'shoulder', or sim. > IE : NaIE *om(e)so-s 'shoulder'
2593. ( € ?) * { X } a 4 n 2 V (or * - N - ) 'to bow, to bend down, to descend'
2594. * X i n V 'be happy\glad, love'
2595. € * Ù Å n 2 [ V ] ÷ V 'together, with'
2596. * Ù u 4 { w } i n 2 Ç V (or * Ù { u 4 } n 2 Ç V ?) 'thin, narrow'
2597. * Ù a 4 n 2 V k V ( ¬ * Ù a 4 N k V ?) 'jaw, palate'
2598. ? σ (€ ?) * Ù V ˆ k V (= * Ù a 4 ˆ k a ?) 'to untie, to open'
'misère', Tc A
humma
hum ma ti
?
ham m e n k?
hami n k-
2683
(or * X + q { a } N K ' V ) 'to bend' > IE *xenk- ( ≠
*0x8enk-?) 'bend' > Ht
v. 'bow (reverentially), curtsy', NaIE *ankvt., vi. 'bend'  ? NaIE d. *onko-s 'crooked, hook'
26OO. * Ù a 4n `V t 'V 'grain, kernel' > IE *é8et(e)n 'grain, kernel' > NaIE
*et(e)n- 'kernel, grain'  AdS of Ht
( )
'∈ cereal' ( ' e i n
Getreideart') ( < N * q a t V ' ∈ corn')
26OOa. * Ù a y N o (= * H + X a y N o ) (or * ? a y N o ) 'marrow, brain, soft fat o f
animals' ( ‘ 'to smear, to anoint') > IE: NaIE *ongW- 'anoint', *ongW-en≠*n=gW-en- 'fat, grease'
26O1. € * Ù Ë N g V 'throat'
26O2. * Ù u p V 'press, crush, rub' > IE : NaIE *ub- 'press, press down'
26O2a. * X Å r V 'tracks, path, way' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'road')
26O3. ?? φ * X { a w [ a ] } r É (or * X a w É r V ) 'bright, white' > IE (+ext.)
*xarg8-, *xarg8i- 'white' > Ht
'white, bright', NaIE *arg8(i)- ' b e
white, be shiny'  Ï IE *{x}r=g8-n=t-om, {EI} *h€r=g8-n=t-om 'silver'
26O4. * X o  [ V ] w V 'herd\pack of (wild) animals' (‘ 'animal'?)
26O5. (€ ?) * Ù a  c 7 V (= * X a  c 7 V ?) 'rub, scratch' > IE : Ht
v. ' ≈
till (the soil)' (unless a loan from Ak)
26O6. * { Ù } i  g V ' ∈ (horned?) artiodactyl' > IE : NaIE *york+k8- ' r o e
deer'
26O7. * X a r 1 { u 4 } 'valley, low place, ravine, pit' > IE *xery- ¬ *xr=y'cavity' and (possibly) IE *ÓaÓr- 'valley, low place, cave' > Ht
(gen.
) 'valley'
26O8. ( € ?) * X { o } t ' { Å } 'scrape (off), 'rub off'
26O9. * Ù { o } t ' { i } '∈ fish' > IE : NaIE *°o+ati- > Lt
, Ltv
'halibut,
turbot'
261O. * Ù V t 'V 'quick' > IE : NaIE *e2t-/*o2t- 'earlier, quick(ly)'  Ï
NaIE *e2tro-/*o2tro- 'quick'
261Oa. ( € ?) * Ù É t ' V Â V or * Ù i L t 'V r 1V 'blood vessel (vein, a r t e r y ) ,
sinew, root' > IE: NaIE *e2tor, *e2trom, *e2tr= ''blood vessel (vein, a r t e r y ) ,
sinew, internal organ'
2611. * X a w V 'to rain, to spurt' > IE : Ht
( ) , ( )
n.
'rain'
2612. * X a w i [ ? V ] 'drive, chase, pursue' > IE *xwei\éx- v. ' p u r s u e ,
chase' > AnIE *xwey- v. 'run, flee', NaIE *wei\ [´]- v. 'pursue, drive', NaIE
pp. *wï-to- 'pursued'
2613. * Ù a y { u 4} 'live' > IE *éeyu-/*éei\ w - > NaIE *ayu-/ayw- 'life'
2599.
€ * X + q { a } n 2[ V ] K 'V
hink-
hat t ar
harki-
hars-
hari-s
hariyas
ati~s
afite
he w u- he y aw-
2684
2614.
2615.
* Ù o 6 y V 'to swim, to float, to flow'
* Ù a z 6u 4? V , * Ù a z 6 Ë ? É , * Ù a z 6 É w V , or * Ù a z 6 [ V ] w É 'to cover,
to
spread', 'soft stuff spread on the ground as bedding' ([in d e s c e n d a n t
lgs.] ‘ 'soft stuff [fell, feathers, hay]')
2616. * y a 'which?', 'what kind of?' > IE : Sl *jak¥(jÁ) 'what kind of?,
which?', *jak¥ 'how?'; ? AdS of the relative prn *yo- (in IE and U) < N
* { y } i y o 'which', 'that which, related to'
2617. ? * y É (= y { i } ?) 'these, they' (deictic marker of animate p l u r a l )
> IE *-i\ , plural ending of animate gender
2618. * y i 'he', (?) 'that' (anaphoric) > IE *?ei\-/?i (or *h8ei\-/*h8i- ? ),
'this'
anaphoric dem. prn. 'that, the (just named)', HrLw ï , nom. ï
2619. * y i 'a couple' (inanimate) ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ a marker o f
dual) > IE : NaIE ending of dual (ntr.) *-o-i\ , *-i(:) , *-a-i\
2619a. * y V , particle of hypocoristic (?) address (vocative) > IE:
NaIE *-yo-/*-iyo- , a diminutive suffix
262O. * y a b É (≠ * y a p É ) 'to cover, to fence, to p r o t e c t ' > IE : NaIE
*yeb≈- / *oi\ b ≈- 'copulate'
2621. * y a 4 d { a } (or * y a d a 4 ) 'go'
2622. * y { o } d V 'claws (as of a lobster\scorpion)', 'to hold b e t w e e n
fingers\claws (e.g. of a lobster)' ( ‘ [in HS and pre-K] 'hand, arm')
2623. ( € ?) * y u g e 6 (or * y u k e 6 ?) 'to drink'
2623a. * y u Ó V 'to tie, to bind', 'sth. that binds\ties' > IE : NaIE *ye2u\(EI) 'bind, join together'
2624. € * y a k V '≈ to pour, to be covered with water'
2625. * y a 4 k { a } 'ice, cold' > IE : NaIE *yeg+g8- 'ice', Ht
n. ' c o l d ,
adj. 'cold'
frost, ice', +
2626. * y u 6 k a 'attach, tie\bind t o ' > IE : NaIE *yeu\g- / *yung- v. ' b i n d ,
harness, yoke'; Ï : [1] IE *yug-o-m 'yoke'  [2] NaIE *yeu\g-os n t r .
'yoke\team of beasts'
2627. * y a K s { o } 'to loosen, (?) to untie'
2628. * y á K ' á (or * y á K ' H á ?) '(very) bright, white' > IE : NaIE *yek8(o-s)/*oi\k8-(o-s) 'light colour, clearness, brightness'
2629. * y o K ' É (or * ? o K ' É ?) 'seize, catch' > IE : NaIE *ei\k8-/*ïk8- ' t a k e
possession, possess'
2629a. € * y i L V 'burn' (trans.), 'kindle' > ?? AdS
of IE *{é}el( ≈ *{é}al- ) v. 'burn, burn sacrifices' (cf. N * ÷ { a } l ∏ V 'burn [esp. sacrifices],
use magic means [sacrifices, magic formulae, etc.] to produce a
particular result').
-
e i kuna-
-s
eka-
2685
* y e l [ a y ] V 'to shine; light (lux)'
2631. ( € ?) * y { a } m Ë (or * y o m V ) 'go'
2632. * y { a } m V (or * y o m a ) 'good\fit' (‘ [in HS] 'right [dexter]')
2633. * y a 4 m V 'body of water' ('sea, lake') ‘ 'water'
2634. * y u m { a } 'day, daylight' ([in the prehistory of descendant lgs.]
‘ 'sky, heaven, god') > IE: NaIE *ye+om-, name of a mythical being
263O.
(deity)
* y a 4 n [ h + ? ] V (or * ? a 4 n h + ? V ??) 'speak, say'
2636. ??? σ (⁄ ?) * y á n 3 Ê V '≈ stretch, strain, pull'
2637. * y a ? o N [ y ] É ¬ * y o ? a N [ y ] É (or * y a w o N [ y ] É ¬ * y o w a N [ y ] É ?)
'sinew, tendon' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'bow [weapon]')
2638. * y a 4 N [ g ] e 6 'ice; to freeze'
2639. ? € * y V P 3 ÷ i 'to rise; u p ' > IE : NaIE *epi-/*opi-/*pi- ' u p o n '
2635.
(direction, place)
€ * y Ë P X V 'leopard'
2641. * y É û q i or * y { u } û q i 'both, two (persons)'
2642. * y a r { u 6 } 'to shine (leuchten), to burn'
2643. ? σ * y e r V 'misfortune', 'to curse, to be
264O.
angry' ( < *'to c a u s e
misfortune')
* y o  V ( - b V ) 'firm, strong, hard'
2645. * y a 4? u 6r Ë (= * y a 4 ? u 6 r o ?) 'body of water' > IE *yuÓr- > NaIE: Blt
*yu2 r - 'sea', ? Thr iuras (name of a river)
2645a. € * y V ÷ 3 + 9 V r V 'honeycomb' , {?} 'beehive'
2646. * y É r ÷ 3 V '∈ (young of a) ruminant animal'
2647. * y a r 1 V 'to draw\scratch a sign'
2648. € * y a h [ V ] r 1 V 'broad open place'
2649. * y Å s V 'bone', (?) 'limb, joint (articulation)'
265O. * y o s V ' ≈ go\run, go away' > IE : NaIE *ei\s-/*is- v. ' m o v e
2644.
(go\run) in a hurry'
2651.
* y u [ ⊥ ]t{i}
'with (cum)', 'with, by' (instrumental), ' t o g e t h e r
, ending of the instr. case
with' > IE : Ht
2652. * y a Ó t ' V (= * y a ? t ' V ?) 'stranger, foreigner' ([in d e s c e n d a n t
lgs.] ‘ 'enemy')
2653. * y u w V ' ∈ tree' > IE : NaIE *ei\wa2 / *oi\wa2, *ei\wo-s id., ? H t
( ) ( )- '∈ evergreen tree'
2654. * y o w ? V ' ≈ good, right, proper' > IE : NaIE *yeu\-s ≠ *you\-s
'good, right, proper; goodness', NaIE *yewa2 - v. 'ease, relax, benefit'
eyan
-it
2686
2655.
*{y}iyo
'which' (rel. prn.), (enclitic pc.) 'that which, r e l a t e d
to' (individualization through relation): [I] as a prn. > IE: NaIE: *æyo-,
rel. (and interr.?) pronominal √ ('which' or sim.) (m. *æyo-s, f. *æy-a2,
ntr. *æyo-d ); [II] as a postnominal pc.: IE : NaIE *-(i)yo- 'related to', suff.
, sx. of derived adjectives, L
(gen. sg. of the *oof adjectives > Ht
stems), Clt *-i (> gen. in OIr and Gl); possibly here also [1] NaIE *-is- o f
cmpr., [2] *-ist(≈)o- of sprl.
2656. * z 1 o ? a (or * z 1 o ? y a , * z 1 o y ? a ) 'to bear (a young); to be born, t o
grow'
2657. * z 1 i 9 { o } d V 'stake, peg', ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'paling, f e n c e ' )
> IE *é8 o d≈-/*é8 e d≈- > NaIE *odH-/*edH- 'stake, stake fence, enclosure'
2658. * z 1 e d [ h ] u 4 + u (or * z 1 e n d V [ h ] u 4 + u ?) 'pull, drag, draw'
2659. * z 1o 6g [ V ? ] Ë ¬ * z 1 o 6 g Ë [ ? V ] 'hill'
266O. * z @ V g É r V (or * z @ V r g V ?) 'back (dorsum)'
2661. ( € ?) * z 2É g Ë t V (= * z 7 É g Ë t V ?) 'thigh, leg' > IE *h8eKÊV (or *?- )
> Ht
,
'leg'
2662. * z 1V k 'Ë 'to tie'
2663. * z u 6L V 'to fall, to crush down' > IE *[Ó]wel-/*[Ó]wo2l- v.
'fall\fell down'
2664. € * Ω a ÷ 3 l ∏ É ( - N V ) ¬ * Ω a 4 ÷ 3 l ∏ a ( - N V ) '(be) awake\alive'
2665. * z @ o 9 l É 'back part\side'
2666. * z 1 i L ÷ V 'to shove', 'to knead\stir'
2667. ? σ € * z @É L q V P 3V 'sorcery, witchcraft' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘
'calamities'). Possibly a cd. with * * z @ É L V 'harm' > IE *Ùel- 'harm'?)
2668. * z 1 e 6 l ! [ V ] - ( K ' a ) 'back (dos)'
2669. * z 1{ u } 9 [ V ] l !V ( ¬ * z 1 V 9 { u } l ! V ?) 'flow, pour' > ¿¿ IE : Ht {Frd.}
'ausgießen' (rejected by Ts., not mentioned by Pv.)
267O. * z @ É N g V 'black, dirt-coloured, dirty'
2671. ( € ?) * z a 4N { K '} V 'skin of animals (used as a container o r
garment)' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'waterskin', 'wineskin', 'sleeve',
'coat', etc.)
2672. o †* z 1 a p ' V or * z 1 a P 3 ? V 'to strike'
2673. ? € * z @o  V 'foreign, hostile' > ? AdS of IE : *é8er- > NaIE *er- v.
'be angry, hostile' ( < N * z e ÷ r V 'to hate, to abhor, to be annoyed')
2674. * z @ Ë Â { i } (= * z @ Ë r 1 { i } ?) 'look at, examine' (or * z 7 Ë Â { i } ' t o
watch, to spy') > IE *[Ó]wer- 'look at, pay attention'
-iy-
egdu igdu
huwalla
-°
2687
*ze÷rV
'to hate, to abhor, to be annoyed' > IE: *é8er- > NaIE
*er- v. 'be hostile'
2676. * z 1 o G  u 6 (or * z 1 o  G u 6 ) 'line\boundary\strip of land b e t w e e n
geographical objects\areas' > IE *æworw- > NaIE *æworwo-s ' f u r r o w ,
boundary-ditch, boundary'
2677. * z 1 { a } h r V ( ¬ * Z 1 { a } h r V ¬ * z + Z { a } h r V ) 'shine, be bright; light
(lux)' > ? IE *xarg8-, *xarg8i- 'white'
2677a. € * z 1 { É } h  V ¬ * z 1 { É }  V 'see, know'
2678. * z 1 { a } [ Ó ] r V 'low place, valley' > IE *éaÓr- 'level\open place,
vast space' > NaIE {WP} ? *a2 r o- 'open place, vast space'
2679. € * z 1 a w [ V ] r V 'young of a beast'
268O. * z @ u 6 r ÷ É 'fear, frighten'
2681. * z 1 + Z 1 { i } Â [ é € ] V ¬ * z 1 + Z 1 { i } [ é € ] Â V 'be very cold' > IE : NaIE *sre2i\g/srïg- 'cold' (AdS of N ? * s 1V Â i X k 3a 'cold')
2682. * { z 1a 4} Â g a 'to strike, to trample, to break' > ?σ IE *h8erg≈[éx]- >
NaIE *erg≈- '≈ tremble, leap, fidget' (× N * r V g [ V ] ÷ V 'to quake, to m o v e
'stoop to rage, come t o
in agitation' [q.v. ffd.]), Ht
violence'
2683. ?σ * z 1{ E}Â z 1V 'set in motion, incite, make\be ready for fight' >
IE *é8er[Ó]- > [1] NaIE *√er(´)- 'set (oneself) in motion, set on, incite'
 [2] AdS of NaIE *er- v. 'be angry, hostile' ( < N * z e ÷ r V 'hate, a b h o r ,
be annoyed')
2684. * z { e } r 1 d V 'to grow', 'to feed, to rear' ('to cause to grow') > IE
*Óord≈- > NaIE *ord≈- v. 'grow, rise'; ? σ IE *Ù=rdu- > NaIE *´rd- ' s t e e p ,
'≈ high'
high', ? Ht
2685. * z + Z i t X + q a 'dirt, excrements' > IE : NaIE *°sk+ke
8 i\d[Ó]- > G m c
*ski(:)t- 'defecate'
2686. ( € ?) * z + Z e w [ H ] V 'to mix'
2687. * z 1a y é € V ¬ * z 1a é € y V 'summer',
([in the prehistiry o f
descendant languages] ‘ 'year')
2688. ( € ?) * z 1 + Z 1 á [ y + ? + ÷ ] z 1 V 'to fill', (?) 'to overfill, to overflow'
2689. * z 7 + z 1 Ë H E b V 'to swallow, to eat'
269O. € * z 7 o m V n 2 V '≈ think', ? 'remember', '(have a) dream'
2691. * z 7 o m [ V ] Â V ' d r e a m ' > IE *Óon(e)r- ¬ *hWen(e)r- 'dream' >
NaIE *oner- 'dream'
2692. * { z 7 } a P 3 V (or * z 2 a P 3 V ? 'to make, to work' > IE *Óop- (or éWep-)
> NaIE *op- v. 'work', *op-os ntr. 'work'
2675.
?
argatiya-
harduppi
2688
* z 7á s 1X + q V
'blood' > IE *h8esx-r=, gen. *h8ôsx-n-es 'blood'  H t
+
, gen.
'blood', specially 'dark (venous) blood', Lw
* 'blood',
( )- 'bloody'
2694. * z 6 a ÷ 3 i d V 'to cut' > IE : NaIE *lai\ d ≈- / *lid≈- v. 'cut, wound'
2695. * z 6 a 4 { K i } d V 'move, go' > IE : NaIE *lei\t≈-≠ *l i(:)t≈- v. 'go' (× N
* L i c 7 ' V 'to pass, to go away')
2696. * z 6 Ë K ' Ë (= * z 6 o K ' Ë ?) 'juice' > IE : NaIE *sekWo-/*sokWo- 'juice'
2697. € * z 6 o m V 'be hot', 'sun', (?) 'flame'
2698. ( € ) * z 6 Ë ˆ [ g ] V '(young?) ungulate'
2698a. * z 6É é € P 3V ¬ * z 6 i é € É P 3 V (or * L É é € p 'V ¬ * L i é € É p ' V ?) ' ≈
spade, shovel, ladle' > IE : NaIE *le2 p -/*l´p- 'spade, shovel'
2699. * z 6 Ë û q Ë 'putrefy, turn sour, spoil, become turbid'
27OO. € * z 6 á h ” a ’ Â a 'moon'
27O1. € * z 6V r [ V ] Ù V ≠ * z 6V { Ù } [ V ] r V (= * z 6 a { Ù } É r V ?) 'to cut, t o
wound'
27O2. * Z 1{ Å } { ? } V (= * Z 1 { Å } { ? } o ?) 'to lie (liegen)' > IE *ses- ' r e s t ,
sleep, keep quiet'
27O3. € * Z @u 69 b V (or * z @ u 6 9 b V ?) 'fig tree (∈ ?)'
27O3a. € * Û e [ Ó ] b V '∈ a bird' (probably 'a gallinacean' a n d \ o r
'waterfowl'?)
27O4. * Z e y b Å 'tail, penis'
27O4a. € * { Z 1 } V c X a L V 'fire; (?) burning wood'
27O5. ? φ ( € ?) * Z V c '+ c 6'V ' ≈ willow' > IE : Ht
( )
(?) '∈
tree' ('willow'?)
27O6. * Z 1 i g Ë 'thorn'
27O7. € * Z 2 o 6 g V 'shoulder' (or '∈ part of the shoulder')
27O8. * Z @ Ë g { Ë } 'to move somewhere' (intr., trans.)
27O9. * Z 2 Ë g V 'mane, long hair (on animal’s body)' > ? IE: H t
'Stirnhaar [?] (des Rindes), Mähne (des Pferdes)'
271O. € * Z 2u 6{ ? } V g V (or * Z 2 u 6 g V { ? } V ) (? 'bring' ‘ ) 'give, give i n
exchange'
2711. * Û É g + k V r V (= * Z 2 É g + k V r V ?) 'antelope'
2712. * Z 1 e 9 a 'to get\be sated' > IE *sex-/*sx=- 'be sated', *sex-ti'satiety' > NaIE *sa2-/*s´- v. 'be\get sated', *sa2-ti- 'satiety', Ht
'stuff full, clog up'
2713. € * Z 1 V 9 { i } 'rancid, bitter, rank, fetid'
2714. ≈ * Z 1 i é ⁄ V 'to press, to knead, to rub' > IE : Ht
'festdrücken, einprägen'
2693.
e isxar
esxanas
a2sXar-/asXana1sXanuwant s
sisiya m ma-
suksuqa
sa2h-
sai\-/siya-
2689
2715. ( € ?)
* { Z 1} { o } H É
'to scatter' > IE: [1] IE *seh•[y]-> NaIE *se2(i\)/*s´(i\)- v. 'sow', Ht ( ) {Ad.} 'sow, throw', {Ts.} 'shoot'  Ï [ 1 a ]
NaIE *se2 - mn= '(a) seed (Same), sowing'  [1b] NaIE d. *se2-to-, *s´-to- p p .
n. act. 'sowing, planting' , OIr, NIr
'sown, scattered'  [1c] L
'swarm, litter', W
, Br
'swarm'  [2] NaIE *se2(i\)'scatter, sift'  NaIE d. *se2 i \ - to 'sieve'
2716. ?σ € * Z @o ÷ [ V ] k V 'back end, tail' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘
'behind', 'after', 'to follow, to follow [game] by the tracks') > AdS of IE
*sehg-/*sh=g- > NaIE *sa2g-/*s´g- 'scent out, track (nachspüren), follow
(game) by the tracks, seek out' (< N * s 2 a H k { a } 'search, find, know')
2717. * Z u 4 k [ V ? ] V ¬ * Z u k [ V ? ] É 'edible cereals, harvest (of wild
plants)'
2718. ?WW * Û { a } k V n 2 V 'elephant'
2719. ( € ?) * Z 1 a l V (or * Z 1 a l V ÷ 3 V ) 'flame'
272O. * Z @ á L V 'to swing, to wave, to be shaky', (?) 'to spring, to l e a p '
> IE : NaIE *sel- / *sôl- v. 'jump, leap'
2721. * Z @ i l ∏ V 'to slip, to slide' > IE : NaIE *slei\ -m- 'slippery', 'smooth'
2722. * Z a 9 [ V ] l i (or * Z a 9 [ V ] l a y V ) 'secret(ly); to deceive'
2723. ? σ * Z Å H Ë l V '≈ (calf of) leg', (?) 'bone of leg'
2724. * Z @ i Ù l ∏ V ≠ * Z @ i l ∏ Ù V 'to creep, to crawl' > IE : NaIE *sel- ( ≠
*tsel- ?) v. 'creep, crawl'
2725. * Z 1u 4[ h V ] l ß˝ V (or * Z 1 u [ h V ] l ß ˝ É ) 'smoulder, burn' (intr.); 'live
coals' > IE : NaIE *swel[´]- vi. 'smoulder, burn'
2726. € * Z @ V L { i } K á 'to slip, to slide' > IE : NaIE *slei\g8- 'slippery,
smooth', v. 'stroke, rub (the surface of sth.)'
2727. * Z @ { Å } l ! V 'to be weak'
2728. * Û a Ó u 6 l ! V 'light (lux), sunshine, sun' > IE *suél- / *suéel- /
*seéwel-/ suéo2l- > NaIE {P} *sa[:]wel- / *s(u)wel- / *s(u)wo2l- / *su2l'sun'  NaIE *swen-, *sun- 'sun' ( < IE *suÓen < N * Û a Ó u l ! V + genitive
pc. * n u )
2729. * Z Å H i l !+ l ßV (or * Z Å Ì i l ! + l ß V ?) 'wolf, dog'
273O. * Z @ a l ! Ù V (or * Û a l ! Ó V ) 'dripping fluid' > IE : NaIE *sal[´]'saliva, wet dirt'
2731. ? σ * Z o m V 'spice, spicy mineral, spicy food'
Z 1- ?) 'together; to unite, to tie together' > IE:
2732. * Z á m [ ? ] V (or *Z
NaIE *som- / *sm=- 'together, with'
2733. * Z @ i w V m [ V ] g É 'leopard' > IE : NaIE *sing8 ≈ o- 'leopard' or 'lion'
saithe
sa2 i -
sa"tio
haid hed
2690
* Z @a m a k a ≠ * Z @a m V K 'V 'to throw, to cast' > IE: NaIE *sma(:)g'throw, ( ‘ ) strike'
2735. * Z @e n V 'ear of cereal, head of a plant' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘
'sheaf of corn') > IE: NaIE *song≈o/a2- or *sonko- 'sheaf of corn, straw,
2734.
chaff'
* Z 1 É + a n 2 V 'to burn' (intr.), 'live coal (embers), fire'
2736a. € * Z 2V n 2V 'image, sign' > IE : Ht sena- ≠ sina 'figure,
2736.
doll,
effigy (Ersatzbild)'
€ * Z É H ˆ V 'lie down, sleep'
2738. * Z 1 + c @ i X + ˝ n 2 V '∈ ungulate'
2739. * Z 1V n 2h V ' ≈ to acquire, to obtain,
2737.
to increase' > IE *senÙ- ' ≈
(try to) obtain, achieve, accomplish' > Ht {Ts.}
'seek, try, strive
for; require', NaIE *se+an´-, *se+anu- ' ≈ (try to) obtain, achieve,
accomplish'
274O. ( € ?) * Z u 6w V ˆ V (= * Z u 6 w V { n 1 + n ` } V ?) 'to copulate',
(?)
'membrum virile'
2741. * Z 1 { a } n 1 [ V ] g + k Ë '∈ antelope'
2742. o * Z @ i N o 'sing, produce (musical, ritual?) sounds by voice' > IE:
NaIE *sengW≈- 'say, make an incantation, sing'
2743. * Z o N É (or * Z o n 2 É ) 'old'
2744. * Z 2É N q V (= * Z 1 É N q V ?) 'seek, try to obtain' > IE *senÙV > H t
'seek, try, strive for; require', NaIE *se+an´-, *se+anu- ' ≈ (try t o )
obtain, achieve, accomplish'
2745. * Z o N Ù V 'want, wish' > IE : NaIE *se+ a n´- , *se+anu- 'try to o b t a i n ,
'seek, try, strive for; require' ||| An alt. (and less
obtain', Ht
'seek, t r y ,
plausible) etymon: N € * Z o N h V 'want, wish' > Ht
strive for; require' (without NaIE *se+ a n´- , *se+ a nu- )
2746. * Z 1 { u 4 } N k a (or * Z 1 { u 4 } n 2 i k a ) 'to bend' > IE : NaIE *swe(n)g- ≠
*s(w)enk- '≈ bend'
2747. i * Z a p ' V 'hold, seize, catch' > IE : NaIE *sep- 'hold, h a n d l e
(skillfully)'
2748. ( € ?) * Z @ + z @a P V 'to cover'
2749. i * Z 1 i p ' V 'to pinch', (?) 'a pinch' > IE : NaIE *skei\p-≠*skip- v.
'pinch'
275O. * Z @ o r { Ë } 'crawl, creep'
2751. * Z { o } r V '∈ bird of prey'
2752. ( € ?) * Z + z o  V 'hand (palm of hand and fingers) ( [ i n
descendant lgs.] ‘ 'span')
sanh-
sanh-
sanh-
sanh-
2691
* Z @u 6r V 'inside of body, heart'
* Z 1{ Ë }  V (= * Z 1 o  V ?) 'female being'
2753. ? (€ ?)
2754.
> IE
*sor-
'woman,
-saraishassaraishasupessara
suppi*hassussara
hasusara
na2na-sri ya
, sx. for female beings:
female' in cds.: [1] AnIE: Ht
'lady, mistress' (ÿ
'lord, master'),
'pure girl,
'pure'),
'queen', HrLw
virgin' (ÿ
'queen', Lw
( ) gen. 'sister'  [2] NaIE *tri-sor-es 'three' f .
( “ *'three women')  [3] NaIE *swe-sor- 'sister, female member of t h e
clan'
2755. * Z 1a G V Â V 'hedgehog' > IE *°sÙVr- > some AnIE lge. reflected
in a gloss: [Hs.] scy6 r : ] e ci6 n oß 'hedgehog'
2756. € * Z 1 { a } h  V 'flower, blossom', ? 'unripe berry'
2757. € * Z @V Â V m V 'to stream, to flow, to pour' > IE : NaIE *sermo'flowing'
2758. € * Z @V Â Ê V 'pudenda muliebria', 'lewd' > IE : NaIE *sert- v.
'practise lewdness'
2759. * Z @ u 6 r 1 { u 6 } 'to stream' > IE : NaIE *serÓ-, *sreu\ - v. 'stream, flow'
276O. ? * Z 1 a s 7 V 'bush (shrub), wood (Holz)'
2761. ? € * Z 1 i s 7 V 'fire'
2762. * Z Ë w V 'to eat, to taste'
2763. € * Z @ i Ù V (or * z @ i Ù V ) 'come, (?) go (away)'
2764. * Z { Ë } X Ë 'to cause (so., sth.) to move from one place t o
another' ('to lead, to send')
2765. ( € ?) * Z 1 V X i 'to plait, to bind' ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ 'to s p i n ' )
> IE *sex8- / *sex8y- v. 'bind' > Ht
,
v. 'bind, wrap', Lw
id.  NaIE *se2- 'bind', *≤se+oy- ( < *sx8e+oy-) id., *sy- ( < *sx8y-),
*si(:)- (< *sx8i(:)-) id.
2766. * Z u 4 é ⁄ y V 'fibre, thick hair' > IE *syuéx- v. 'bind, sew' ( m t .
from **sué x y- ?) > NaIE *syu2- / *sïu\- v. 'sew', *syu2-to- 'sewn', *syu2-d≈la2
'awl'  Ht {Ts.}
(= {Pv.}
) 'Faden, Band', {Ts.}
'∈ Material für Festbinden, Binse(?)'  Ï IE *syuéx-men> NaIE *syu2-men- ' b a n d ' > Gk [ymh1n 'thin skin, membrane; dorsal sinew
'Schusterdraht', OI
(of cartilaginous fish)', Pru
'band, strap, seam', Ht
( )
( ) {EI} ' t h r e a d ' , {Ts.} 'Strick,
Band'
2767. Ll. o †* Z 1u 4 Z 1V ≠ * Z 1u 4n 1Z 1Å 'teat, female breast'
2768. ? σ * Z 1 a [ y ] Z 1 V X Ë ' ≈ ∈ leaf-bearing tree without berries a n d
edible fruits (lime-tree, Tilia or sim.)'
2769. * Z 7 á ? V b V (= * Z 7 e ? V b V ?) '∈ beast of prey (wolf or sim.)'
ishiya- ishai-
hishiya-
suwarwil-
suel-
suwel-
schumeno
sum m anza n -
≤syu2man-
2692
* Z 7 u [ ? ] b V 'to pour, to flow'
2771. ? o € * Z 7{ u 4} [ b V ] b V '∈ insect'
2772. ( € ?) * { Z 7 } a { ÷ 3 } d V (or * Z 2 a Ó d V ?) 'spread, be flat'
2773. * Z 7á w ˝ { i } 'bad, ugly', ([in descendant lgs.] ‘ left [link]') >
IE : NaIE *seu\ y o- 'left (link)'
2774. * Z 7Ë H { i } ' ≈ show, advise, get a c c u s t o m e d ' > IE : Ht siya- m d .
277O.
'sich zeigen'
2775.
2776.
* Z 7 { a } k Ë 'be low', 'be short and stocky' (of
* Z 7 É ˝ L V (or * Z 7 É L ˝ V ?) '∈ small carnivore
a person)
mammal' ('fox', [?]
'jackal', 'weasel' or the like)
2777. * Z 7 a m V 'be dying, perish'
2778. ? σ € * Z 7 É m V 'way (??)' ‘ [1] (N) 'manner of behaviour, n a t u r a l
law', [2] (N) 'blame, fault'
2779. ?? φ * Z 7 a { m + N } V K ' á ≠ * Z 7 { a } K ' V { m + N } V 'chin, beard' > IE {EI}
*smek8 - 'chin', *≤smok8wr= 'beard, (?) chin'
278O. * Z 7 e m u 6 û q a [ é € e 6 ] 'fog, smoke,
hot\sultry
air' > IE: NaIE
*(s)meu\k≈- ≠ *(s)meu\g- 'smoke'
278Oa. € * Z 7 Ë h ˆ V 'show; understand, be taught'
2781. ( € ?) * Z 7a n 2[ V b ] V 'tail, b a c k ' > ? IE : NaIE *dumb- 'tail' ( ‘
'penis')
2782. i ≈ * Z 7 Ë n 2 { c 1 ' } Ë (or * Z 7 Ë n 2 c 7 ' Ë ?) 'ant, stinging insect'
2783. * Z 7 i û q V 'shame, humiliation'
2784. € * Z 7 a r É 'be good\favourable\beneficial'
2785. * Z 7u  V 'stake, pole, long piece of wood' > IE : NaIE *swer/* ° sur- 'pole, rod'
2786. * Z 7 a 4 ? { o 6 } r V 'to blame, to scold, to accuse, to be angry, to hate'
2787. € * Z 7 É Â V ÷ 3 á 'arm, upper part of a leg/arm' > IE *sreé8-no- >
NaIE *sre2 n o- '≈ loins, hip, thigh'
2787a. ?? φ * Z 7 É Â [ u ] l ∏ V 'to flow, to stream; rapid current'
2788. * Z 7a w V 'to have a changed taste (to get sour, to ferment'), t o
fade, to wither'
2789. * Z 7 o { ? } a w V or * Z 7 a { ? } o w V *' ≈ of poor q u a l i t y \ a p p e a r a n c e ;
weak, bad'
279O. € * Z 7 V X V 'to push, to strike'
2791. * Z 6 u 6 h d V (or * Z 6 u 6 h a d V ?) 'sweet' > IE *sweéd- > NaIE *swa2d'sweet; be pleasant'
2792. € * Z 6 e k ' V 'be tight\crammed, tighten'
2793. * Z 6o k 'V 'to push' > IE : NaIE *lak8+k- or *lag8+g- v. 'kick'
2693
* Z 6á l ∏V
'∈ tree' > IE: NaIE *sel- 'beam, board (used as b e n c h ,
bed, trough, etc.)'
2795. € * Z 6u ÷ 3l ∏V 'to be bright', 'blaze, flame', '∈ a light' ('torch' o r
sim.?) > ?? IE *swel[´]- v. 'smoulder, burn'
2796. * Z 6 { Ë } l H { u 6 } 'take, take away, pull out' > IE : NaIE *sel(wo)'take, seize, lay hold of'
2797. * { Z 6 } V m V (or * s 6 + c 6 + c ' 6 + Z 6 V m V ) '≈ to put, to place'
2798. (U A € ?) * Z 6 o + a Ó É m Ë (= * Z 6 o + a É m Ë ?) ' ∈ berries ( b i r d cherry?), a (sweet-smelling?) plant with berries(\fruit?)'
2799. € * Z 6 V m V ÷ V (or * z 6 V m V ÷ V ?) 'wax'
28OO. ( € ?) * { Z 6 } a p V 'receptacle (basket, vessel)' or * s 6 a p V id.
28O1. * Z 6 a { p ? } V 'lip', ( ‘ ) 'edge, shore, riverbank' > IE : NaIE *lab-yom, -y´, *lab-uro-m, *lab-s- 'lip'
28O2. * Z 6e  9 u 6 'vein, sinew' > ?? AdS of IE : NaIE *ser- v. ' f a s t e n
together in rows, string' (< N * s 1 e  V 'row')
28O3. * Z 6 i r w V or * Z 6i r { u } 'root'
28O4. * Z 6a t 'V 'fluid, body of water' > IE : NaIE *lat- 'humid, moist;
swamp, mire, mud'
28O5. ? σ ( € ?) * Z 6 á w { i } (or * Z 6 á ? w { i } ?) 'up, upper point, extremity'
2794.
?
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
and OTHER SIGNS
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGICAL ENTRIES
Generalities. § 1. In my papers I distinguish between t r a n s c r i p t i o n
(rendering the phonemes and allophons of the language in q u e s t i o n )
and transliteration (rendering the characters of the original script). For
transcription (as well as for reconstructions) a unified t r a n s c r i p t i o n
script is used: a, b, c, d, e , etc., while for transliteration (as well as f o r
rendering the original Roman spelling of the language in question a n d
for literal quoting of other scholars in their own notation) a special
transliteration-quotation script is used:
, , , , , etc. Wherever it is
necessary to distinguish between phonemic and phonetic transcriptions,
the former is denoted by solidi (slant lines) and the latter by s q u a r e
brackets, e.g. Nen F /man1/ [ma4n1] 'I'. Morphophonemic transcription i s
, e.g. Old Indian
spas1-s
denoted by broken brackets
'beholder', Kota tot tols 'full year, anniversary'. These brackets a r e
used also when a morphophoneme is phonetically reduced to zero: Rf
a b c d e
(
)
()
spat5 (
)
2694
()
()
Tm TamŒa2 r T 'woman', uz7u r 'to go'. For Oscan, Umbrian, Gaulish,
Punic and other languages of the I mill. B.C.E and the early I mill. C. E.
(as well as for Guanche) a special script (font) " A , B , C , D " is used f o r
the original Latin alphabet of the sources (capital letters), while t h e
transliteration script "
" is used for rendering the Oscan,
Umbrian and Phoenician alphabets. "EM:" means "E-mail equivalents"
(used by me and some of my colleagues in E-mail). But for p r o p e r
names of these languages (e.g. Gaulish) (if preserved in Latin s o u r c e s )
the usual spelling with capital and small letters of the "transilteration
script" is used (e.g. Gl R
).
A special sign: The sign ∂ (before the symbol of the source) indicates
that the transcription of the author in question is indicated with
Dolgopolsky’s modification (interpretation).
This sign before t h e
semantic definition means that the definition is reformulated r a t h e r
than quoted word by word.
a, b, c, d
emos
§ 2. The transliteration
is either traditional (for languages with long
scholarly tradition of transliteration, such as Old Indian, Avestan,
Gothic, etc.) or partially approaching our transcription system (e.g. f o r
Egyptian we use
and
instead of EG’s
,
and
respectively, for the ancient Semitic languages we use , , , ,
,
and
instead of the traditional
, , , , ,
and
of t h e
z, s, Ó, X, x1, c
d3
Ω T5
Z
s, s1, h5, hœ, h3 t3
ÓXGT
h5 hœ g$ t3 d3 z5
dœ
is transliterated as h›
ta-marbuta
s65
Orientalistic transcription;
É
Arabic
(but transcribed as -at- ). For Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada and Telugu w e
use the traditional indological transliteration. The sign a\ytam of t h e
Classical Tamil script is reproduced as ∴ (for its meaning cf. MeenS HTL
53, 68-72 and An. GTJ 11). On Coptic see below Transliteration of
Coptic Letters . For Classical Armenian I usually use transcription script,
but in words with letters and digraphs of controversial reading ( é , ø
, iy
) the transliteration is preferred.
The sign : precedes translations quoted from a glossa or from a n
ancient\medieval dictionary (e.g. Gk [Hs.] ]oru1a: cordh1 'gut(s)', Pru [El.]
: " Tyer" 'beast', i.e. Pru
:, translated in Elbing’s dictionary ( ≈
1400 C. E.) as T
'beast'). If the quoted translation (e.g., of Prussian,
medieval Celtic lgs.) is in Latin script, it is printed here with t h e
"Geneva" letters (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, ß, t, u, v ,
w, x, y, z) within quotation marks " ".
o6
e6
iw
alne
yer
alne
§ 3. For some languages a kind of super-dialectal
transcription o r
transliteration has been used. In transcribing Arabic, the sign g7 is u s e d
to denote a phoneme (spelled as
Ô
) pronounced [ g ] in Northern Egypt,
2695
[ g1] in Sudan, [ Z7] and [ z7] in the rest of the Arab world. For Syriac a
super-dialectal transliteration is used combining the vowel distinctions
preserved by West Syriac dialect and script (vocalization signs) and l o s t
in East Syriac with the distinctions preserved in East Syriac script only.
Thus, the sign
is used for a vowel preserved as e2 in Sr E and c h a n g e d
into ï in Sr W, while for the vowel pronounced e in Sr W (" r ´ b _ a \ s > a \ ") t h e
is used here. The sign
denotes the vowel a2 of Sr E and o
sign
(" z ´ k > a \ p _ a \ ") of Sr W.
For New Persian I prefer the transcription of B. Miller and V.
Rastorgujeva to the traditional one. The new transcription reflects t h e
transformation of the former quantitave opposition of vowels into a
qualitative one, but still with preservation of the vowel length ( a2 ↔ a >
å2 ↔ a4; ï ↔ i > ï ↔ e ; u2 ↔ u > u2 ↔ o ), so that traditional a2, ï , u2, a , i , u
have changed into å2 , ï , u2, a4, e , o [cf. Rast. GPJ 616-70]; EarNPrs e2
(spelled as ) > NPrs ï (loss of the EarNPrs opposition ï ↔ e2 ) .
e2
E
a2
°
§ 4. No distiction
is made here between fricatives and spirants ( i n
Martnet’s terminology: NE
in
is a frivative, while Sp
in
is a spirant [Mart. DPh § 2.21 , TBC 39-42]) . Although this distinction i s
phonetically justified, the sources usually do not distinguish b e t w e e n
them, so that without direct observation we are unable to d r a w
conclusions in this respect.
Wherever possible, we can denote t h e
spirants by an underline below a letter for frivatives: Sp
[ ≤naÎ3 a ]. If
th this
d nada
nada
the spirants are very weak, we use a superscript letter ( ˝ in Rif Berber,
G
in dialects of Vogul).
§ 5. In our transcription we usualy do not distinguish between t w o
types of hushing sibilants: apico-alveolar and predorso-alveolar ( f o r
lack of information about it in the desciption of languages and i n
dictionaries, as well as because no phonemic opposition is envolved).
§ 6. Reconstructions of proto-languages are given either in the unified
a, b, c, d
transcription (as described below), or in transliteration script
(if reconstructions of other scholars are quoted in their own n o t a t i o n ) .
If a proto-language (e.g. pA, pM, pD) does not distinguish b e t w e e n
orders of affricates, I transcribe them as c> (for traditional pA and pM ,
or J7, pD ), in order to avoid
pD ) and Z> (for traditional pA and pM
unjustified identification of the affricates as hushing ( c7 , Z7 ) or hissing (c ,
Z ). In pT and pTg the phonemes usually interpreted as j-, c7, Tg Z7 a r e
likely to be (in my opinion) palatal stops, therefore I transcribe them a s
J and ç. The pFU and pU phonemes
! and *-Î!- (of the FU
c
Z7
j
*s7
c7
2696
transcription)
the phonetic
cannot have
special sign
’
are lateral fricatives and are transcribes as s6 and z6. But
nature of the pU and pFU initial *Î!- remains obscure ( i t
been a voiced obstruent), therefore I transcribe it by a
.
§ 7. I am aware of the trouble that my symbols (not found in r e g u l a r
computer fonts and in printing offices) may cause to those willing t o
quote from this ductionary. Therefore I propose quotable equivalents
for the my symbols. In this list they follow my symbols and are m a r k e d
by the sign "Q".
§ 8. In the following lists of symbols
symbols based on Latin letters (such as
b,
we do not include
d, t, a, o, etc.).
obvious
§ 9. Those colleagues
who cannot print subscript and s u p e r s c r i p t
characters (in quotable equivalents of my transcption) may r e p l a c e
them by letters in italics (e.g. c 2 for c 2 ), which is a less desirable option.
I. In pN reconstructions
CONSONANTS
?-
?
¿
glottal stop. Q: ’
- cover sign for ? + h . Q: ’1 a
- cover sign for ? + ÷ . Q: ’1 - 2
Ø
÷ - epiglottal voiced approximant (like Arabic ). Q: ’2
÷3 - cover sign for an unspecified voiced laryngeal (÷ or ˝ ). Q: ’2 a
c - voiceless hissing affricate (> S *s , K *c` = *c⁄ , IE ?*(s)K-, *-s-, U *c1, T
and Tg * ç , M and D *c> ). Q: c
c 1 - voiceless (presumably palatalized) affricate (> S *c , Eg s (?), K *c`=
*c 1, IE ?*(s)K-, *-s-, ?? **K≈- , U *c1, T and Tg * ç, M and D *c>). Q: c 2
c 2 - cover sign for * c + c 1 + c 7 (but not for glottalized phonemes: * c ' , e t c . ) .
Q: c 1-3
c 23 - cover sign for an unspecified non-lateral affricate. Q: c/c ” 1 - 3
c @ - cover sign for c + c 1 . Q: c 1 / 2
c7 - voiceless hushing affricate (> S *T , K *c7 , IE *(s)t-, *-s-, U *c7, T a n d
Tg * ç , M and D *c> ). Q: c 3
c6 - voiceless lateral affricate (> S *s6 , Eg s7 , K *c1 - , ??? *-c-, IE *s, U *c1, T
and Tg * ç , M *c> , D *c> and ? *k1 - ). Q: c 4
2697
c' - glottalized hissing affricate (> S *c' and *c , K *c`'= *c' ⁄ , IE ?*(s)K-, *-s, ?? **K≈- , U *c1 , T and Tg * ç , M and D *c> ). Q: c ”= c 5
c1' - a glottalized (presumably palatal) affricate (> S *c' and *c, Eg Z , K
*c', IE ?*(s)K-, *-s-, ?? **K≈-, U *c1, T and Tg * ç, M and D *c>). Q: c ”2
c '2 - cover sign for c '+ c '1+ c 7'. Q: c ” 1 - 3
c '@ - cover sign for c '+ c '1. Q: c ” 1 - 2
c7' - glottalized hushing affricate (> S *T' and T , K *c7', IE *(s)t- , *t≈, *-st-,
U *c7 , T and Tg * ç , M and D *c> ). Q: c ” 3
c6' - glottalized lateral affricate (> S *s' 6 , Eg Z , K *c`', IE *-s-, U *s6-, *-c1-, T
and Tg * ç , M *c> , D *c> and ? *k1 - ). Q: c ” 4
Ç - cover sign for an unspecified affricate ( c + c '+ Z + c 1+ c '1+ Z 1+ c 7+ c 7'+ Z 7+ c 6+ c 6'+ Z 6+ c 6+ c 6'+ Z 6) .
Q: Ç
Ç3 - cover sign for c + c ' + Z . Q: c/c ” 3 / 3
9 - voiced uvular stop. Q: g 2
Ì - voiced uvular fricative or spirant (like Arabic ). Q: g 3
G - cover sign for ˝ + 9 . Q: g 2 - 3
h - a laryngeal yielding S *h (and zero), Eg h , x1 ( h3 ) (and zero), pIE
"strong" laryngeals, K, U, A and D zero; in A and D the pN postvocalic *h
produces lengthening of vowels Q: h
é - cover sign: unspecified laryngeal (? + h + ÷ + H + X + ˝ ). Q: Ó 2
é ⁄ - cover sign for "weak" laryngeals (? + ÷ + H ). Q: Ó 3
é € - cover sign for "weak" laryngeals, including h (? + ÷ + H + h ). Q: Ó 4
Ó - cover sign for é + 9 + q . Q: Ó
H - a voiceless epiglottal fricative that yields S *H, Eg Ó and x1, IE w e a k
laryngeals, K, U, A and D zero; in A and D the pN postvocalic *H
produces lengthening of vowels. Q: h 2
K - cover sign for k + g + k ' + û q . Q: K
k 3 - cover sign for k + g + k ' . Q: K 2
k ' - glottalized velar cns. Q: k ”= k 5
K ' - cover sign for k '+ ûq . Q: K ”= K 5
l ! - palatal (or palatalized) lateral sonorant. Q: l 2
lß - postalveolar (cacuminal or retroflex) lateral sonorant. Q: l 7
l ∏ - cover sign for l + l ß. Q: l 1 , 7
L - cover sign for lateral sonorants (l , lß , l ! ). Q: L
n 1 - palatal (or palatalized) n. Q: n 2
n` (= n ß ) - postalveolar (cacuminal or retroflex) n . Q: n 7
·
2698
ˆ
n3 - cover sign for n + n `+ n 1 . Q: n 1,2,7
n 2 - cover sign for * n + n ` . Q: n 1 , 7
ˆ - cover sign for an unspecified
ˆ3 -
nasal consonant (other than
* m ).
Q:
cover sign for an unspecified nasal consonant (including
* m ).
Q:
ˆ2
N - velar or uvular nasal consonant (like ng in English long ). Q: n 8
p ' - emphatic (ejective?) labial stop. Q: p ”= p 5
P - cover sign for an unspecified labial stop (p + p ' + b ). Q: P
P3 - cover sign for p + p ' . Q: p 1,5
q - voiceless uvular stop. Q: q
ûq - glottalized uvular stop. Q: q ”= q 5
r 1 - palatalized (or palatal) vibrant. Q: r 2
 - cover sign for r + r 1 . Q: Â
s 1 - palatal (or palatalized) s (e.g. like Polish s1 ). Q: s 2
s @ - cover sign for s + s 1 . Q: s 1 , 2
s 2 - cover sign for s + s 1 + s 7 . Q: s 1 - 3
s 7 - voiceless hushing sibilant (like English sh ). Q: s 3
s 6 - voiceless lateral consonant. Q: s 4
Í - cover sign for an unspecified voiceless sibilant (or lateral
obstruent) ( s , s 1, s 7, s 6). Q: Í
t ' - emphatic (ejective?) t . Q: t ”= t 5
Ê - cover sign for * t + t ' + d . Q: Ê
Ê 3 - cover sign for * t + t ' . Q: t 1 , 5
w - labial approximant (like English w ). Q: w
X - voiceless uvular fricative (like Spanish j and Arabic ) = hœ of t h e
Orientalistic Transcription. Q: x (= x 3 )
Ù - cover sign for H + X . Q: Ù
y - palatal approximant (like y in English yes ). Q: y
z - voiced hissing sibilant (like English z ). Q: z
z 1 - voiced palatalized sibilant (like Polish z1 ). Q: z 2
z 7 - voiced hushing sibilant (like French j ). Q: z 3
z 6 - voiced lateral fricative. Q: z 4
z @ - cover sign for z + z 1 . Q: z 1 , 2
z 2 - cover sign for * z + z 1 + z 7 . Q: z 1 - 3
Ù
Z - cover sign for an unspecified voiced sibilant. Q: Z
2699
Z - voiced hissing affricate (= d¢ z ) (like Italian z in mezzo ). Q: 3
Z 1 - voiced palatal (or palatalized) affricate (like Polish dz1 ). Q: 32
Z 7 - voiced hushing affricate (like English j ). Q: 33
Z 6 - voiced lateral affricate. Q: 34
Z @ - cover sign for Z + Z 1 . Q: 31 , 2
Z 2 - cover sign for Z + Z 1 + Z 7 . Q: 31 - 3
Û - cover sign for an unspecified voiced affricate. Q: 31 - 4
⊥ - cover sign for an unspecified consonant. Q: c n s
VOWELS
a4 - low front vowel. Q: e 2 = a 2
á - cover sign for a 4 + e . Q: e 1 - 2
Å - cover sign for a 4 + a . Q: Å
É - cover sign for an unspecified front vowel. Q: É
e6 - cover sign for e + i . Q: e 1 , 4
o6 - cover sign for o + u . Q: o 1,4
Ë - cover sign for an unspecified rounded vowel (o + u + u 4 ). Q: Ë
u6 - cover sign for u + u 4 . Q: u 1 , 2
u4 - high labialized front vowel. Q: u 2
î^ - cover sign for an unspecified high vowel (u + u 4 + i ). Q: u 1,2,4
a6 - cover sign for an unspecified back vowel. Q: a 5
V - cover sign for an unspecified vowel. Q: V
OTHER SIGNS
æ
in the
word-initial
position
= a sign for
prelaryngealization (preaspiration?)
(according to my
working hypothesis, see above Introduction, § 2.2.6 ). Q: ’3
# - word boundary
word-initial
preliminary
II. In pIE and NaIE reconstructions
Here the traditional notation of the IE comparative linguistics is u s e d ,
with the following exceptions:
in the aspirated consonants the sign of aspiration is a superscript ≈
rather than h ( *b≈ , *d≈,†*g≈¨†*g8≈, *gW≈, *p≈,†*t≈,†*k≈,†*k8≈,†*kW≈ for t h e
traditional *bh , dh , etc.). Q: ≈
2700
*y instead of the traditional *j or *i\ . Q: y
*w instead of the traditional *u\. Q: w
*i\ and *u\ as glides of diphthongs instead of the traditional *i and * u
(e.g. *ei\ for the traditional *ei , *eu\ for the traditional *eu , etc.). Q: y , w
In quotations (Q) the sign of palatality
• may be replaced by 6 (e.g. g8 ≈
= Q: g≈ 6 , g8 = Q: g 6 , k8 = Q: k 6 )
The pIE laryngeals are denoted as follows:
h - "weak" (yielding zero in Hittite) a- colouring laryngeal ( ≈ Pv.'s *A €)
(pIE *eh > NaIE *a2). Q: h
h8 - "weak" (yielding zero in Hittite) e- colouring laryngeal ( ≈ Pv.'s *E⁄)
(pIE *eh8 > NaIE *e2 ). Q: h 6 (or h y )
hW - "weak" (yielding zero in Hittite) o- colouring laryngeal ( ≈ Pv.'s
*A⁄W) (pIE *ehW > NaIE *o2). Q: hW
x - "strong" (yielding
in Hittite) a- colouring laryngeal ( ≈ Pv.'s
*A⁄) (pIE *ex > NaIE *a2). Q: x
x8 - "strong" (yielding
in Hittite) e- colouring laryngeal ( ≈ Pv.'s
* E€) (pIE *ex8> NaIE *e2). Q: x 6 (or x y)
xW - "strong" (yielding
in Hittite) o- colouring laryngeal ( ≈ Pv.'s
*A€W) (pIE *exW > NaIE *o2). Q: xW
Ù - a cover sign for x+x8+xW, i.e. a cover sign for a "strong" (yielding
in Hittite) laryngeal of unknown colouring (≈ Pv.'s * H ⁄ ). Q: Ù
Ó - a cover sign for an unspecified laryngeal (é x + Ù ) (≈ Pv.'s * H ) . Q: Ó
é - a cover sign for h+ x , é0. Q: Ó a
é8 - a cover sign for h8+x8. Q: Ó 6 (or Ó y )
éW - a cover sign for hW+ x W8 . Q: Ó W
hx - a cover sign for a "weak" (lost in Hittite) laryngeal of u n k n o w n
colouring ( ≈ Pv.'s * H € ). Q: h x
? - a "weak" (yielding zero in Hittite) laryngeal, lost in zero-grade o f
apophony (unlike all other laryngeals, that yield NaIE *´ in t h e
apophonic zero-grade). Q: ’
Ê - an archiphoneme resulting from neutralization of the opposition
*-d≈ *-d *-t. Q:Ê
´ - schwa in NaIE. Q: e 3
ô - non-phonemic vocoid (schwa secundum) in proto-IE. Q: e 5
h, hh
h, hh
h, hh
h,
hh
≥
≥
2701
æ
(in pIE and pNaIE recinstructions) = the prosodic feature ( b r e a t h e d
voice, some kind of word-initial devoicing?) that brought about Gk
prostetic vowels, transfromation of IE *w- and *y- into Greek h- ( c f .
Introduction, § 2.2.6). Q: ’3
# - word boundary
III. Transcription of living and extict languages, transcription
symbols of reconstruction (other than in pN, pIE and NaIE)
CONSONANTS
?
5
= glottal stop. Q: ’
= weak glottal stop, sub-phonemic glottal stop, glottal stop as a
feature of an adjacent phoneme. Q: ’6
] = unreleased undiscriminate stop, i.e. a stop (with undiscriminate
place of articulation) without explosion (as in some ds. of Lp and J), Q:
]
= voiceless zero-consonant (short absence of any sound) ( p r e c e d i n g
a consonant in some Lp dialects). Q: ’O
¿
Ø
÷ = voiced epiglottal approximant (Arabic ). Q: ’2
÷' = glottalized epiglottal consonant. Q: ’2 ”
÷3 = unspecified voiced laryngeal (÷ or ˝ ). Q: ’2 a
b' (= ∫ ) = glottalized injective or preglottalized b . Q: ”b
b5 = consonant described as "voiced ejective b ". Q: b ”
B (= b33) = fricative b . Q: b 9
c = voiceless hissing affricate (= t¢ s ), like german z . Q: c
c' = glottalized (ejective) c . Q: c ”= c 5
c1 = voiceless palatal (or palatalized) sibilant affricate (like Polish c1,
Tofalar palatal c1æ, c1). Q: c 2
c1' = ejective c1. Q: c15. Q: c ” 2
c7 = voiceless hushing affricate (like English ch ). Q: c 3
c7' = ejective c77. Q: c ” 3 .
c6 = voiceless lateral affricate. Q: c 4
c6' = ejective lateral affricate. Q: c ” 4
c` (in proto-Kartvelian and Jurchen), postalveolar c = K {K, FS} c⁄ a n d
Mudrak's Jurchen c6 . Q: c 7
c`' (in proto-Kartvelian), postalveolar c' = K {K, FS} c'⁄. Q: c ” 7
ç = voiceless palatal stop (like Hungarian ty ). Q: c 1 O
2702
c> = voiceless
c, c7, c1 and c6 )
lingual affricate (without phonemic distinction b e t w e e n
or a voiceless palatal or sibilant consonant ( w i t h o u t
phonemic distinction between affricates and ç or between sibilant
affricates and pure [fricative] sibilants). Q: c 1 1
c'> = glottalized lingual affricate c> (without phonemic distinction
between c', c7', c'1 and c'6) Q: c ” 1-4
d' (= ∂ ) = injective glottalized or preglottalized d . Q: ”d
d5 = consonant described as "voiced ejective d ". Q: d ”
dœ =
uvularized ("emphatic")
d , like
d” )
Modern Standard Arabic
d 12 (or a less specific notation:
Î (= d3 ) = voiced fricative dental
∞
. Q:
th in this) o r
d nada ). Q: d 9
consonant (English
in
dental spirant (in Martnet’s terminology) (Spanish
¶
Îœ = uvularized ("emphatic") Î , like Arabic . Q: d ” 9 = d 9 + 1 2
Î^œ = lateralized uvularized ("emphatic") Î , like 8th cent. Arabic
Q: z 4+12 (= d 4+9+12 = d ” 4+9 )
dß = postalveolar (cacuminal or retroflex) d . Q: d7 (or ∂ of the
notation)
dÀ = alveolar d (in Dravidian) (= in Indological transcription). Q:
F (= p3 ) = voiceless fricative bilabial consonant (bilabial f ). Q: p 9
g° = injective glottalized or preglottalized g . Q: ”g
g5 = consonant described as "voiced ejective g ". Q: g ”
9 = voiced uvular stop (incl. Mlt {Drs.} °). Q: G (IPA} or 9. Q: g 2
d3
Ì
g
= voiced uvular fricative or spirant (like Arabic
used for a phoneme without opposition
˝↔G
·
fi
.
IPA
d1 5
). This sign is a l s o
(as in pOUg and pOs). Q:
g3
Œ = an emphatic uvular fricative consonant (typical of Berber). Q: g”3
= g 3+12
Ì = voiced uvular spirant. Q: g 3 + 9
˝ (superscript) = a uvular spirant (incl. an emphatic one) if it i s
reduced almost to zero (as in some subdialects of Rif Berber). Q: g 3 + 1 4
G = voiced velar fricative\spirant (fricative\spirant g), like in Spanish
trigo or New Greek g . Q: g9
G6 = voiced postpalatal lateral (approximant or fricative) (= {KD} Kms
l ). Q: g 4
G (superscript) = a voiced velar spirant if it is reduced almost to z e r o
(as in some subdialects of Vogul). Q: g 1 4
2703
G = unspecified voiced uvular cns. (˝+9 ). Q: g 2 - 3
˙ = voiced h. Q: h 1 6
hœ = emphaticized (uvularized) h (as in the southern dialects
Twareg); ≠ hœ [ X ] of the Orienralistic transcription!. Q: h 1 2
h_ = "allgemeiner Mundgeräsch\Geräuschlaut" {Lagerkrantz}, e.g. in
Q: h 17
= fricative laryngeal onset that is added
absolute initial position (in Dsn). Q: ≈ = h 1 4
Ó
H=
voiceless epiglottal fricative (like Arabic
Ó
before
;=
of
Lp.
vowels in t h e
h5 of the
Orientalistic
Transcription). Q: h 2
ˇ = palatalized glottal stop. Q: ’3 or (for Eg) y
j = voiced palatal fricative (like the initial consonant in French
·jE2r⁄‚). In pSl and pGmc recostructions (in accordance with t h e
tradition) j is used for the palatal approximant (instead of y ). Q: j
J = voiced palatal stop (like Hungarian
). Q: j 2
J° = injective glottalized or preglottalized J . Q: ”j 2
k' = ejective k . Q: k ”= k 5
l! = palatal (or palatalized) l , like Italian
in
. Q: l 2 (= [IBA]
¥)
lß = postalveolar (cacuminal or retroflex) l . Q: l 7
Ò = velarized l (like in Russian l ). Q: l . Q: l 1 8
¬ = voiceless l . Q: l 1 7
¬ß = voiceless lß. Q: l 17+7
= a special type of palatal l (different from l! ), as in U and FU, where
* stands for the traditional (FUV) *Î! - (in the word-initial position). Q:
hier
dy
gli voglio
’
’
l2 a
Ò
= a consonant (flap or tap) that is intermediate between r and l
(Loubignac’s & in ZAS), or a phoneme without phonemic distinction
between r and l (as in proto-Agaw). Q: r 4
m - voiced bilabial consonant with neutralization of the feature o f
nasality (with allophones [m ] and [b ]), as in pT. Q: m 2
n1 = palatal (or palatalized) n . Q: n 2
nÀ = alveolar n (like Tamil ). Q: n 1 5
n` (= nß ) = postalveolar (cacuminal or retroflex) n . Q: n 7
M = nasal consonant with phonologically neutralized place o f
articulation (always homorganic with the following consonant). Q: n x
l
n3
2704
n = Old Telugu ardha \n u s v a \ra (a nasal consonant [word-final n ,
preconsonantous M ] that is optionally lost in certain environments, e.g.
n
=
≠
'he disturbed'). Q: n14
N = velar or uvular nasal consonant (like
in English
). Q: n 8
p' = ejective p . Q: p ”= p 5
kala gu kalaNgu kalagu
Œ
ng
long
q = voiceless uvular stop (like Arabic ). Q: q
û q = ejective uvular stop. Q: q$ (a sign that is technically easier than û q ).
Q: q ”= q 5
r⁄ = uvular trill (like German r ). Q: r :2 O
r2 = long r (incl. Armenian ® [long trilled r ]). Q: r r
r1 = palatalized (or palatal) vibrant. Q: r 2
r ∑ = trilled r (with phonemic opposition to R ). Q: r :
rÀ = alveolar trill (in contrast to post-dental); rÀ = r3 of Dravidianist
notation. Q: r 1 5
r` (= rß ) = postalveolar (retroflex) r (Dravidianistic r› ¨ †r5). Q: r 7
r7 = obstruent r (like Czech r7 ). Q: r 3
R = Old Scandinavian (presumably palatalized) kind of r < *s . Q: r 2 1
® = voiceless r (like Moksha Mordvin rx ). Q: r 1 7
®À = voiceless alveolar trill (like Konda {DED}  ). Q: r :1 7
R = cerebral flap or tap (like Spanish r in cara, or like Hausa r i n
sarki). Q: r19 (= {IBA} ®)
® = uvular flap or tap. Q: r 2 O
s = denotes both the apico-alveolar s (as in French, Russian, and m o s t
other European lgs.) and the postalveolar s (as in Spanish, New Greek,
Finnish, and Estonian). The difference between both of them has p r o v e d
to be irrelevant in Nostratic studies (so far). Q: s
s3 (in proto-Karvelian) = weak *s ( > Georgian s , Megrelian and Laz
zero). Q: s 9
s7 = voiceless hushing sibilant (like English
). Q: s 3
s73 (in proto-Semitic) = weak *s7 ( > in Ak, but h , ? and zero in m o s t
WS lgs.). Q: s 3+9
s1 = palatal (or palatalized) s (e.g. like Polish ). Q: s 2
s` (in proto-Kartvelian) = {K, FS} *s⁄ (> G s , Md, Lz, Sv s7). Q: s 7 a
s`3 (in proto-Kartvelian) = {K} *(s⁄) ( > Svan s7, zero in Georgian a n d
Zan). Q: s 7a+9
s6 = voiceless lateral consonant. Q: s 4
s7
sh
s1
2705
sœ
= uvularized
s,
("emphatic")
like Arabic
Ç
. Q:
s12
(or a less
specific notation: s ” )
sÀ = apico-alveolar s with flattened body of the tongue (like Toda i n
BE’s transcription of Dravidian). Q: s 1 9
s> = infralabialized voiceless domal infradental sibilant (as in Twi a n d
Jibbali; Johnstone’s s% ). Q: s 2 O
sß = postalveolar (cacuminal or retroflex) s . Q: s 7
S = voiceless palatal fricative (= X7, of Solon [transcription o f
[in the new East Lappish
Poppe, SSTMJ & Ivanovskij], Kildin Lappish
alphabet of 1982] and Moksha Mordvinian j x ). Q: s 2 1
t' = ejective t . Q: t ”= t 5
tß = postalveolar (cacuminal or retroflex) t . Q: t 7 (= [IBA] T )
tÀ = alveolar t (in Dravidian lgs.) (=
of the Indologocal
transcription). Q: t 1 5
s3
x7
tœ
= uvularized ("emphatic")
t , like
Arabic
j
fl
t3
. Q: t 12 (or a less specific
notation: t ” )
T (= t3) = voiceless dental (or interdental) fricative (like English
). Q: t 9
T' = ejective T. Q: t ” 9 = t 5+9
w = labial approximant. Q: w
x (= k3 ) = voiceless velar fricative (like Russian x ). Q: x (or x 1 )
thin
x
X
= a weak
x- sound
(like
Tifri x T in Izn {Rn.}). Q: x 1 4
= voiceless uvular fricative (like Spanish
j
and Arabic
Ù
)=
hœ
th i n
of t h e
Orientalistic Transcription. Q: x 3
y = palatal approximant (like in English
). Q: y
z = voiced hissing sibilant. Denotes both the apico-alveolar z (as i n
French, Russian, and most other European lgs.) and the postalveolar z
(as in New Greek). The difference between both of them has proved t o
be irrelevant in Nostratic studies (so far). Q: z
z7 = voiced hushing sibilant (like French ). Q: z 3
z$ = voiced hushing fricative with a broad slit (as in Zng: {TC} "fricative
sonore avec un faible chuintement", = {TC} ). Q: z 2 2
z1 = voiced palatalized sibilant (like Polish ). Q: z 2
zœ = uvularized ("emphatic") z , like in Berber ( of the Orientalistic
Transcription). Q: z 12 (or a less specific notation: z ” )
z6 = voiced lateral fricative. Q: z 4
y
yes
j
z2
z1
z5
2706
Z
Z7
Z1
Z`
= voiced hissing affricate (= d¢ z ). Q: 3
= voiced hushing affricate (like English ). Q: 33
= voiced palatal (or palatalized) affricate (like Polish
). Q: 32
(in proto-Kartvelian and possibly in Jurchen) = Klimov's Z⁄ a n d
Mudrak's Jurchen . Q: 37
Z6 = voiced lateral affricate Q: 34
Z> = voiced lingual affricate (without phonemic distinction between Z,
Z7, Z7 and Z6) or a voiced palatal or sibilant consonant (without p h o n e m i c
distinction between affricates and J or between sibilant affricates a n d
pure [fricative] sibilants). Q: 31 1
∅ = zero consonant
j
Z6
dz1
.
BOUNDARIES
= syllable boundary (both in transcription and transliteration). Q: i n
quotations it may be either rendered by a hyphen or not rendered at all
# = word boundary. Q: for lack of a special sign, a scholar may u s e
words (e.g. t # = t in the Auslaut)
√
COVER SIGNS (UNCERTAINTY SIGNS)
FOR CONSONANTS IN RECONSTRUCTIONS
+
"or" (b+p means " b or
p ").
?
(in reconstructions) = ?+h . Q: ’1 a
ℵ = Ó+w+y. Q: Ó+w+y
÷3 = ÷+˝. Q: ’2a
Ç = unspecified affricate. Q: Ç
G = ˝+ 9 . Q: g 2-3
é = cover sign: unspecified laryngeal (?+ h + ÷ + H + X + ˝ ). Q: Ó 2
é⁄ = cover sign for "weak" laryngeals (?+ ÷ + H ). Q: Ó 3
é€ = cover sign for "weak" laryngeals, including h (?+ ÷ + H + h ). Q:
Ó = cover sign for é+ 9 + q . Q: Ó
L = unspecified lateral sonorant. Q: L
ˆ = unspecified nasal consonant (other than *m ). Q: ˆ
P = unspecified labial stop. Q: P
Q = q+9. Q: Q
Ó4
2707
 = r+r1. Q: Â
Í = unspecified
s`). Q: Í
Ê = unspecified
8 = w+ y . Q: W
Ù = H+X. Q: Ù
ÙÚ = X+˝. Q: Ù 2
voiceless sibilant (or lateral obstruent)
dental stop. Q:
( s,
s1, s7, s6, K
Ê
Z = unspecified voiced sibilant. Q: Z
Û = unspecified voiced affricate. Q: 3x
⊥
(in reconstructions) is an unspecified consonant. Q: cns. In
formulas we use C as a general sign for consonant.
= for transliterated letters that are not pronounced (e.g Sr
with a "deaf" initial ). Q: ( )
“‘
“?‘na2s
?
In cases of neutralized opposition the letter without diacritic signs
(denoting the feature which is neutralized) is used. For instance, in p T
words with intervocalic voiced obstruents (where the opposition *tæ↔ *t£- is neutralized) we use a plain *t- . If the neutralized opposition is
between phonemes denoted by different letters, we may use / , e.g. p/b .
VOWELS
â
= "patach furtivum", i.e. an epenthetic a (appearing in Hb between a
long vowel and a following word-final laryngeal cns.: ≤ru2 H 'wind,
(= a O 1 )
spirit'), as well the ultra-short a ( H b 9[ h >a t’aph-pathach]). Q:
å = low back vowel (back a ). Q: a 3
ä = a vowel in pre-IE from which alternating IE *e/o/ zero h a v e
developped; ultra-bref (reduced) low back vowel (e.g., in Lamut [= ¥$ o f
STM]). Q: a 4
a4 (= á ) = low front vowel. Q: a 2 = e 2
á = [1] in attested lgs.: = a4. Q: a 2 = e 2
á = [2] in reconstructions: = a4 + e . Q: e 1 - 2
a$ = vowel intermediate between a4 and a . EM: a'. Q: a 6
aº = labialized low vowel. Q: a 7
A = high a . Q: a 8
ä = low-mid back vowel (= IPA U ), like
in English
. Q: a 9
a = ultra-short a (= Ramstedt’s å ). Q: a 1 O
a4 = ultra-short a4 . Q: a 1 1
â
u
but
â
2708
Ä=
low-mid central vowel (= IPA Ä ); in Korean Ä = Korean {Lee} Ä,
{Starostin} a", {Ramstedt} aœ. Q: a 1 2
eº = slightly labialized e ("leichte spaltformige Labialisation"). Q: e 7
E = low-mid front vowel. Q: e 6
‰ = central mid vowel (= IPA and Africanistic ´ , FUT eœ, Wiklund’s ø ,
Sammallahti’s ). Q: e 8
‰º = slightly labialized central mid vowel (Genetz’s ). Q: e 9
´ = ultra-bref (reduced) central vowel, or ultra-bref vowel w i t h o u t
phonologic distinction of quality; in Chuvash ´ = orthographic e€; =
Sammallahti’s . Q: e 3
´⁄ = back mid vowel (like Estonian ) = IPA G (or Ä of some a u t h o r s ) ;
in Korean ´⁄ = Ko {Lee} ´ , {Starostin} ´, {Ramstedt} eœ; in Svan ( a c c .
Tuite’s description) ´⁄ = E = ´ of the traditional transcription. Q: e 1 O
= high e . Q: e 1 1
i º = slightly labialized i ("leichte splatformige Labialisation"). Q: i 7
î = palatal glide of a diphthongoid. Q: y 2
I = low i (like in English
). Q: i 3
È = high mid vowel (like Russian y ). Q: i 4
â = lowered high mid vowel (low È ). Q: i 5
î = high back vowel. Q: i 2
O = labialized low-mid back vowel (like British English in
). Q: o 3
o4 (= ø ) = labialized front mid vowel (labialized e ). Q: o 2
O4 = labialized front low-mid vowel (labialized E ). Q: o 4 .
o$ = vowel intermediate between o4 and o . Q: o 5 .
ö (= o' ) = high o , intermediate between o and u . Q: o 6 .
o_ = centralized o . Q: o 7
˛ , ô = non-phonemic vocoid (= {Bi.} ). Q: e 1 2
˛\ = preconsonantous voiceless vowel glide (as in Lappish) a n d
postconsonantous voiceless ultra-short vowel (as in Nenets); the s a m e
sign is used when the final part of the preceding vowel is voiceless ( a s
in Lp L, as described by Wiklund: ˛\ = Wiklund’s ); ≈ . Q: h 1 8
u = labialized high back vowel. Q: u
U = low u . Q: u 3
u4 = labialized high front vowel (labialized i ), like German
and
French . Q: u 2
U4 = labialized lowered high front vowel (labialized I ). Q: u 4
u$ = vowel intermediate between u4 and u . Q: u 5
e4
o_
o_
o%
¨
i
bit
o dog
?
O
u
¿
u4
2709
2709
= centralized . Q: 7
= labial glide of a diphthongoid (e.g.
in Russian). Q:
2
= ultra-short back vowel (=
of the Finno-Ugric Transcription);
=
, High Cheremis
. Q: 1 3
Chuvash , Volga Tatar and Bashkir short
= Volga Tatar and Bashkir . Q: 1 3
= ultra-short (reduced) front vowel;
= Volga Tatar, Bshk ,
(after a consonant), pSm {Hl.} . Q: 1 3
= Volga Tatar, Bashkir . Q:
Q: 2+13
∅ = zero p h o n e m e Q: ∅ (if the sign ∅ is not available, "-" may b e
used)
NB : 1. Instead of Lytkin’s proto-Permian
,
,
,
,
and
we use
,
and
respectively.
vowel. I transcribe it a s
2. In Sr W there is only one non-ultra-short
because in Sr E there are two non-rultra-short -vowels: a more open
(usually corresponding to Sr W ) and a more more closed
(usually
).
going back to
COVER SIGNS (uncertainty signs) FOR VOWELS IN RECONSTRUCTIONS
= . Q:
= (in reconstructions) =
. Q: 1 - 2
(= FUT ) = unspecified front vowel. Q:
= unspecified round vowel. Q:
= unspecified high vowel (
). Q: 1,2,4
= unspecified back vowel (
). Q: 5
(or ) is an unspecified vowel. Q: V
All this refers to transcription, rather than to transliteration o r
reproducing the national (Roman-based) script. The transliteration a n d
the national Roman spelling are (and should be) quoted in t h e i r
traditional form.
Fot more details about the cover sings in the pN reconstruction
above § 8.
DIACRITICAL SIGNS
cf.
traditional form.
2710
Fot more details about the cover sings in the pN reconstruction
above § 8.
cf.
2710
DIACRITICAL SIGNS
(1) WITH CONSONANT LETTERS
Superscipt
consonant
consonants ( ,
letters
are
always
used
, , , etc.). The superscript letters
to
denote
denote e x t r e m e
reduction of a consonant, like in some dialects of Rif Berber:
'woman',
weak
,
'he went out'. Q (the quotable equivalents o f
= Q: 9+O1,
these signs) is formed by adding O1 or +O1 after the letter:
= O1
Reduction to zero is denoted by using morphohonemic brackets
:
'woman'. If a superscript consonant letter is adjacent to a
in Vg dialects),
letter for a homorganic consonant (e.g. in affricates:
it denotes a weak consonantous elements of an affricate.
Subscript consonant letters (e.g. in Lp Kld v
) denote very w e a k
consonants. Their quotable equivalents are formed by adding O2 or +O2
to the corresponding character: v = Q: O2
= 9+O2 .
) - glottalization (both ejective and voiced injective), including
preglottalization. In the N reconstructions it denotes an e m p h a t i c
articulation (without commitment as to its exact phonetic articulation:
glottalization, aspiration or tenseness). EM: . (after the letter). Q: ” a f t e r
voiceless conconants, ” before voiced conconants (e.g. = Q ”, = Q
”, = Q ” )
(preceding the letter) - preglottalization (as Sq , , Lp ∆ , ) o r
, ). Q: ”
injective glottalization (especially of voiceless consonants:
= ” 2
before a cns., e.g.
(after the letter) - tense non-aspirated (in the NrCs languages, i n
Zng).
(after the letter: ) - unreleased stop (stop without explosion, as i n
Vietnamese and Ndam); cp. ] = unreleased undiscriminate stop ( s e e
above). Q: ]
(
) - uvularization ("emphasis", as in Arabic and Berber). Q: 1 2
or +12 after letters for consonants
(after the letter:
) - fortis. Q: ”3
(after the letter:
) - lenis, lax; in Azm denotes lax s o n o r a n t s
. Q: ”4
("relâchées")
(after the letter:
) - aspirate. Q: (after the letter)
and (preceding the letter:
=
, ) - preaspirate. Q: h
(before the letter)
2711
ò (after
the letter: bò, gò, dò, jò , zò, rò, lò, mò, nò, N ò ) - devoiced or halfvoiced = FUT small caps. EM: h (after the letter), Q: ” 5b after c o n s o n a n t
letters
òò (after the letter: ròò, lòò) - devoiced final part of the consonant (as i n
Nen F). EM: h (after the letter). Q: ”5c after consonant letters
™ (after the letter) - half-voiced. EM: h (after the letter). Q: ” 5a a f t e r
consonant letters
] (preceding the letter) - voiceless consonants with a voiced or halfvoiced initial part (as in some dialects of Lp). Q: ” 5d p r e c e d i n g
consonant letters
3 (under the letter: b3, d3, g#, k3, p3, t3, q#) - fricativity resulting from lenition
(fricative variants of phonemes or morphophonemes, as in Hebrew,
Aramaic and Berber). Q: 9a (or + 9 a ) after consonant letters
3 under letters for fricatives (B3, Î3, G3, v3, h3 ) - lax fricativity (c o n s o n n e s
= B3, Î3, G3 ) .
spirantes of Mart. and TBC, such as Sp intervocalic
Lax fricativity resulting from lenition may be also denoted as a b o v e
(with a dot under letters for stops: b3, d3, g, k3, p3, t3, q## ) if no phonological
opposition ( b3 ↔ B3, etc.) is involved or known. Q: 9b (or +9b ) a f t e r
consonant letters
£ (e.g. p£, t£) - lax consonants (pT *-p£- > -p- ≠ -b- in daughter lgs.). Q: ”4
= - syllabic consonant (l=, n=, m=, etc.). Q: ”1 3
b, d, g
"
over the consonant letter - weak consonant (intermediate b e t w e e n
the consonant and zero), e.g. w" , y" = w, y with weak approximation. Q:
” 14
2, ∏ over the consonant letter = long consonant, including the so-called
"long consonants" in Korean and the Nakh-Daghestanian lgs. Q: ”1 5
ì (under the letter) - plosive consonant (stop): H ì (plosive H ), ÷ ,ì f ,ì vì. Q:
” 16 after a consonant letter
Ú (under the letter) - open fricative consonant (with b r o a d e n e d
aperture). Q: the diacritic sign may be ignored
″ (after the letter) - affricatized or half-affricatized stop ( k ″ =
affricate k¢x, t!″ = a half-affricatized t! [intermediate between t! and c1, a s
Russian t∆ ]. Q: 23 or +23 (e.g. k ″ = Q: k 23 , t!″ = Q: t 2+23 )
″ (preceding the letter) - slightly affricatized fricative consonant ( w i t h
a weak initial plosive articulation): ″x = very weak k + x . Q: 24 a f t e r
consonant letters
˘ or † with dental consonant letters (t˘ = t † , d˘ = d † , d'˘) - addental o r
gingival (in contrast with alveolar) consonant. The traditional symbol †
is less convenient because it cannot be combined with the under-dot f o r
2712
glottalization. Q: 25 after consonant letters ( t˘ = t † = Q: t 25 , d˘ = d † , d'˘ =
Q: d 25 )
˘ with palatal consonant letters ( ç , J ) - dentopalatal c o n s o n a n t s
(intermediate between t and ç , d and J ), as in dialects of Lapp = Q: 25 ,
+25
À ( tÀ, dÀ, nÀ ) - alveolar (in contrast with dental or post-dental) c o n s o n a n t ;
tÀ, dÀ, nÀ = t3, d3, n3 of the Dravidianist notation. Q: 15 after cns. letters
8 - palatal consonant (e.g. Z8 = J¢j ) (if distinguished from palatalized).
Q: 26 after a cns. letter. But in pIE reconstructions k8, g8, x8 is u s e d
(according to scholarly tradition) for palatalized consonants: k8 = Q: k 2a
(see below)
1 (over the letter: s1, n1, l!, w1, etc.) - palatality. Q: 26 after cns. letters
Y (after the letter: kY, gY, XY) - palatalization. Q: 2a , +2a ater cns. letters
Ï, 4 (over the letter) or ê (after the letter) - weak palatalization ( e\ palatalization). Q: 2 b , +2b after cns. letters
W (after the letter: kW, gW, XW) - labialization. Q: W after the letter
Ü (after the letter: s Ü ) - v- labialization (articulated with the upper lip
only). Q: v
Ü (in word-initial position before diphthong
or vowel) - w e a k
approximant functioning as a v- glide (as in dialects of Kola Lapp). Q: v
%, fi (over a consonant letter or to its left) - nasalization or (in Chadic)
prenasalization of an obstruent ( p%, bfi, dfi, tfi or % p , % b , % d , % t ) or nasalization o f
a cns. (y% , w% , ÷% , ?% ). Q: 27 after the letter
` (s`, n`, etc.) = ß (sß, lß, etc.) - postalveolar or retroflex consonants. Q: 7 ,
+7 after cns. letters
> over letters for sibilants (s>, z>, s'>) - symbol of infralabialized d o m a l
) or i n
infradental sibilants, like in Central Jibbali (Johnstone's
Twi (Ghana); s> = [¸ ] of the IPA transcription. Q: 28 after the letter
> over letters for sonorant consonants ( y> , w>, n> ) denotes a glottal s t o p
that is simultaneous with the sonorant. Q: ” after the cns.
> over letters c and Z is used to denote lingual affricates w i t h o u t
phonemic disrinction between hissing, hushing, and palatal: Z> for a
voiced affricate, c> for a voiceless affrivace, as well as for a palatal o r
sibilant consonant (without phonemic distinction between affricates
and ç or between sibilant affricates and pure [fricative] sibilants, as well
as for an affricate without phonemic disrinction between voiced a n d
voiceless). Q: 1 1 after the letters c and 3
w
s%, z%, s%5
- vibration (e.g,
X
w
- vibrating
w
X, g- g
with vibration). Q: r .
2713
3 (after the letter) - a sign for clicks (EM: !), namely:
b 3 - voiced bilabial click,
c> 3 - voiceless palatal (palato-retroflex) click,
c6 3 - voiceless lateral click,
d 3 - voiced addental click,
dÀ 3 - voiced alveolar click,
J 3 - voiced palatal (palato-retroflex) click,
J63 - voiced lateral click,
m 3 - nasalized bilabial click,
n 3 - nasalized addental click,
nÀ 3 - nasalized alveolar click,
n113 - nasalized palatal (palato-retroflex) click,
p 3 - voiceless bilabial click,
t ç - voiceless addental click,
tÀ3 - voiceless alveolar click;
aspirated and glottalized clicks should be represented by adding
the signs of aspiration and glottalization to the symbols for clicks (e.g.,
t3≈, c>3≈, t'3, c>'3 ); retroflex clicks can be designed by adding the sign o f
retroflexity to the signs of addental clicks: tß 3 , dß 3 , n` 3 ) .
The clicks are rare in African languages of Nostratic origin (in s o m e
South Cushitic languages only). Nevetheless in view of further r e s e a r c h
of languages of Africa I find it useful to formulate my proposal o f
transcription of clicks.
(2) WITH VOWEL LETTERS
%
denotes nasality: a% = nasal a ; in the Slavic languages nasality is
denoted by a cedille: aß = a% . EM: ~ (after the letter)
ß denotes retroflex articulation (as iß in Chinese
,
, or ‰ß i n
[b‰ß 2 d ])
American English
À denotes apical pronunciation: iÀ, uÀ = apicalized i, u (as iÀ in some East
Lapp subdialects denoted in Sotavalta’s and Wiklund’s transcription a s
iº, uº, or as iÀ in Chinese ).
> (over the letter) denotes creaky phonation of vowels.
< (over the letter) denotes middle pharyngealization (as in s o m e
Daghestanian languages; such pharyngealization is supposed to h a v e
existed in the history of Akkadian) and pharyngealization of vowels i n
bird
si
shi ri
2714
Tuva and Tofalar. NB: î< is a pharyngealized î (Tv y` ), while i< is a
pharyngealized i (Tv i ` ) . EM: I (after the letter).
and Η (before the letter or between vowel letters) d e n o t e
"interrupted" and "aspirated" vowels (in Ud, according Zinder a n d
Matusevich) (the sign chosen in accordance with the source: Η if t h e
source indicates a kind of h ); Krm. treats this "interruption" a n d
"aspiration" as phonemes ? and h (transcribed so in quotations f r o m
Krm.)
… (a… e…, etc.) - breathy vowels (vowels with breathy voice) and "lax"
vowels ({Bender} Dime)
' (under the vowel letter) denotes close vowels ( e' = , closed e ). In Tg
it denotes vowels of the higher series of vowel harmony
3 (under the vowel letter) denotes open vowels ( e3 = E ). In pTg i t
denotes the vowels of the lower series of vowel harmony
¯ denotes retracted vowels (a¯ = retracted a )
˘ denotes advanced vowels (a˘ = advanced a )
Ú (under the letter) - broadened vowel
¿ (under the letter) - narrowed vowel
8 (over the letter) - narrowed vowel with a convexed middle part o f
in Karjalainen's
the tongue ("gewölbte Mittelzunge", such as ö8
description of Ostyak)
4 denotes front vowels (a4, u4, o4)
$ denotes half-front vowels (o$, u$)
\ denotes glides (English
·mai\‚, Spanish
·bi\en‚,
'
,
¨
·≤bu\eno‚)
ò (after
my
bien
bueno
the vowel letter) denotes devoiced vowels (as in Japanese,
Oromo and Wolaytta prosody)
£ (e£, i£, o£ ) - lax vowels (as in Slq: e£, i£, o£ = {KKIH}
[ with s u b s c r i p t
<] , ; or as in Boni)
ª (under the letter: eª , oª , aª , etc.) - tense vowels (as in Boni)
Diacritical signs at the beginning of words denote supersegmental
features:
˘ at the beginning a word - supersegmental anteriorization of all
vowels of the word (as in Somali);
Ú at the beginning of a word - supersegmental lowering of all vowels ( i
> i3 , etc.) (as in the Tungusic languages)
¿ at the beginning of a word - supersegmental higher articulation of all
vowels ( u > u' , etc.) (as in the Tg languages)
O
E, i< i
2715
2715
Subscript vowel letters denote anaptyctic and ultra-short vowels (e.g.
in Kalmuck, Kurukh), as well as the patach furtivum in Hebrew (
=
)
Superscript vowel letters
=
and JA: Hb
,
, denote
-coloured shva (in H b
).
Superscript vowel letters ( i , u , o , e , ä ) adjacent to vowels denote glide
o 'road')
[ u ] 'nose', Xlj
elements of diphthongoids (e.g. R
(3) WITH BOTH CONSONANTS AND VOWEL LETTERS
(at the end of a word) - devoiced Auslaut
(i.e.
)- syllable boundary, e.g. in MM and MKo (rendering
unless it denotes [ ] - see Lee GKS 130-1, 150-3). Q:
MKo letter
the
(4) QUANTITATIVE DIFFERENCES OF VOWELS
vowel letters without diacritics of length or shortness denote s h o r t
vowels (in languages with an opposition short vs. long) and n o r m a l
("full") vowels (in languages with an opposition normal vs. u l t r a - s h o r t
and with a triple opposition long vs. short vs. ultra-short); an exception:
special letters for ultra-short (reduced) vowels
denotes a ultra-short vowel (e.g. ); in languages distinguishing
between long and short vowels only (L, Gk, pA) it denotes a short vowel
small subscript vowel letters denote ultra-short vowels (almost zero)
letters followed by
denotes half-long vowels
or with a following colon denote long
vowel letters with a macron
vowels
(in the formula of a root or a stem) denotes vowel length as part o f
, cf. 2486.
'run, flee')
the formula (e.g. in Sv
denote ultra-long vowels
letters followed by
(after the letter) symbolizes "schwachgeschnittene Länge" (in t h e
Samoyed languages)
letters followed by ⋅ denotes a short vowel (opposed to a long o n e ) ,
e.g. ⋅
(5) QUANTITATIVE DIFFERENCES OF CONSONANTS
(after the letter) symbolizes "schwachgeschnittene Länge" (in t h e
Samoyed languages)
2716
letters followed by ⋅ denotes a short vowel (opposed to a long o n e ) ,
e.g. ⋅
2716
(5) QUANTITATIVE DIFFERENCES OF CONSONANTS
Long consonants are denotes by double letters ( ) or by a colon
Half-long consonants are denoted by the sign .
Ultra-long consonants are followed by the sign .
( ).
(6) TONES AND STRESS
(before the syllable) - full stress.
(before the syllable) - weak stress
(before the syllable) - strong stress (e.g. phrasal stress).
(before the syllable) - secondary stress
The tones are denoted mostly by supralineal signs over vowels, e.g. b y
signs of the second supralineal level (higher than regular supralineal
signs):
- high tone; in Kor. and Jap. this sign is quoted after Starostin's
papers
- low tone; in Kor. and Jap. this sign is quoted after Starostin's papers
- middle tone.
- falling high-to-mid tone. Q: (e.g.
=
)
- falligh high-to-low tone. Q: (e.g. =
)
- falling mid-to-low tone. Q: (e.g.
=
)
- rising low-to-high tone. Q: (e.g. =
)
- rising low-to-mid tone. Q: (e.g.
=
)
- rising mid-to-high tone (mid rise tone). Q: (e.g.
=
)
- high rise tone (as in Wedekind's records of Janjero). Q: (e.g.
=
)
- very low tone. Q: ( )
- very high tone. Q: 7 ( 7 )
_ (after the syllable) - the tone (in ds. of Ko and J) designated b y
Starostin by a subscript macron: _ = St.’s
In transcribing languages distinguishing between more than t h r e e
pitches of tones the first supralineal level is used for the mid low tone (
, e.g. ) and for the mid high tone ( , e.g. ), so that the tones a r e
for
denoted as follows ( standing here for any vowel):
very low, low, mid low, middle, mid high, high and very high t o n e s
respectfully. They may be denoted by subscript numbers as well: = ,
= , = , = 4 , = 5 , = 6 , = 7 , falling mid-to-low
= 4-2 ,
= 4-6 , etc.
rising mid-to-high
2717
If the tone sign precedes a word (as in MfG), it indicates that the w o r d
requires this tone in the preceding word (Brr.’s "ton flottant").
In proto-Slavic reconstructions, in Lt, Ltv and Lv the syllabic
intonation (Slavic and Baltic accents) are denoted according to t h e
Slavistic vs. Baltistic tradition.
V
In transcribing Korean dialects I use superscript L, T and
(preceding the syllable) to designate those tones which are symbolized
in St. AJ and SDM95 by capital letters L, T and V (without explaining t h e
phonetic meaning of the symbols).
In trascribing Chinese I use the traditional numeration of the t o n e s
(subscript numbers ¡, ™, £, ¢) .
For unwritten languages with expiratory syllabic intonation (like Liv) I
— (a highly placed macron) for the even intonation (Endz.’s
use
"gedehnter Ton") (or leave the syllable without intonation sign), ~ ( a
highly placed gravis) for the falling intonation (initially-strong a n d
finally-weak lyllables; Endz.’s "fallender Ton") and 5 (after the vowel)
for the stød ("Stoßton"). For written lgs. of this kind (Lt, Ltv) we u s e
traditional accent symbols with traditional transliteration.
(7) ADDITIONAL SIGNS
(used in description and reconstruction of languages)
These signs should not necessarily be reproduced by scholars w h o
quote my data. but have no techinical possibility to reproduce t h e
characters. If necessary, their meaning may be rendered by words o f
explanations.
1, 2, 3, 4 - radicals of S, B and Eg roots
↔ - morphological, semantic, or phonemic opposition (L
pl.
↔
sg., 'land' ↔ 'sea', d ↔ t ); in semantic definitions: "opposite o f ,
antonym of" (e.g., 'right' ↔ 'left')
¬ = and (for variants of roots and words); or (for alternative
reconstructions)
≈ , ± = approximately (in semantic definitions and in p h o n e t i c
reconstructions); ≈ before a reference means that the etymological o r
semantic interpretations in the quoted source are only partially s h a r e d
by the present author
{ } - uncertainty brackets: {a} = a or similar. EM: [ ]
[ ] - uncertainty brackets: [a] = a or nothing. EM: ( )
< > - brackets for silent letters (in transliteration)
⁄, € , ‹ - these indexes are used for reconstructed or ancient languages
in order to distinguish between phonemes with unknown p h o n e t i c
difference, e.g. OJ o⁄ and pJ *o⁄ = OJ , pJ
(=
).
reges
rex
o4
*o4 *o3
2718
÷ - cognate of
• - sign of a non-existing word, form or a non-existing m e a n i n g
(quoted by a scholar)
• < - erroneous etymology
• ÷ - erroneous etymological comparison with …; 'not here …' o r
'hardly cognate with …'
⇔ - "contrary to the opinion of…", "compare otherwise"
* - sign of reconstruction
*°
- a reconstruction based on one descendant language (or branch o f
a family) only
* °° - a reconstruction based on one granddaughter-language only
** - a questionable reconstruction or a result of "internal
reconstruction"
* (after a word) - unattested forms (esp. quotation forms: nom. sg.,
inf., etc.) of a word (reconstructed from the attested forms of i t s
paradigm)
' ↑ ' - the abovementioned meaning of the same N etymon (in c r o s s references)
s ≡ - a semantic parallel
? - a questionable N etymology, or a questionable cognate
€ - a N etymology based on two daughter-languages only
?€ - a N etymology based on two daughter-languages only, with
questionable representation in a third language family (or in two o t h e r
language families)
? φ € - a N etymology based on two daughter-languages only, with
phonetically uncertain representation in a third language family (or i n
two other language families)
? σ - a semantically doubtful connection
? φ - a phonetically doubtful connection
? σ,φ or ? φ,σ - a doubtful connection (for semantic and p h o n e t i c
reasons)
?? σ - a highly doubtful connection (for semantic reasons)
?? φ - a highly doubtful connection (for phonetic reasons)
? µ - a morphologically doubtful connection (the derivation is n o t
clear, the root structure is deviant, etc.)
¿ - a questionable
reconstruction
of a daughter-language,
a
questionable adduction of a lge. or a family of of lgs., or (before '…') a
questionable semantic interpretation of a reconstructed or an a t t e s t e d
word; 'the sign '¿' before a language name means that the very existence
of the form in question is dubious
[¿] - A. Dolgopolsky’s
doubts
about
an opinion
(semantic
interpretation, etc.) of another author
+ = "adduces" (used in references to other scholars)
2719
The arrows ‘ and “ in references or between abbreviations f o r
authors or bibliographical sources (A ‘ B or B “ A) mean t h a t
words\roots published (or registered, reconstructed) in a paper A ( o r
by the scholar A) were later repeated (quoted) in a paper B (or by t h e
author B). For instance, "IS I 224 ‘ BmK 261-2" means that t h e
etymology proposed in IS I 224 was later repeated in BmK 2 6 1 - 2 ;
"{BK “ Fr.}" = "{Biberstein-Kazimirky after Freytag}".
(8) OTHER SIGNS
: - translation within a glossa or an ancient\medieval dictionary (e.g.
Gk [Hs.] ]oru1a: cordh1 'gut(s)', Pru [El.]
: " Tyer" 'beast', i.e. Pru
: , translated in Elbing’s dictionary ( ≈ 1400 C. E.) as T
'beast').
If the translation in a glossa or in an ancient\medieval glossary is i n
Larin script, the quotation marks are " ", and the text of the translation
is in the capital Helvetica script (A B C D... )
√ = "root". Q: "root"
√ - consonantous verbal root (in the Hamito-Semitic languages)
- consonantous scheme of a derived verbal stem (in the HamitoSemitic languages. Q: root
(or  ) - biconsonantous nucleus of roots (in the HS languages)
# - word juncture (used in phonetic formulas)
× - contamination (merger) of roots, stems, or words ( a × b = ' a
contaminated [merged] with b '). Q: "merged with"
† - obsolete word, obsolete semantic variant
≠ - variant forms. Q: "variant"
± - dialectal variants. Q: ≠ . Q "dialectal variant" or dialectal variants"
/ - apophonic and other morphological variants of a r o o t \ s t e m
distributed according to their morphologicl role; on the meaning of t h e
solidus (/) in the enumeration of languages and dialects see "Names o f
Languages, Dialects, Language Families & Subfamilies"
\ = "or", "and\or". Q.: /
↑ = high style. Q: "high style"
↓ = non-standardnon-standard"
† = obsolete. Q.: "obsolete"
i - ideophonic root (including "nursery words" [Lallwörter]) Q.:
"ideophonic"
o = an onomatopoeic word\root;
o € = secondary onomatopoeic associations;
' ⇑ ' = anaphoric sign "the above-mentioned meaning of the s a m e
word\morpheme"
alne
√
√√
alne
yer
2720
⇓ = "see below"
⇒ = "see to the right" (referring
to the following part of the s a m e
entry)
× = contamination (merger) of roots, stems, or words ( a × b = ' a
contaminated [merged] with b ' )
ı - source of borrowing, borrowed to (a ıb = 'b borrowed f r o m
a')
π - borrowed from (a π b = 'a borrowed from b ')
ı+π - borrowed in one direction or another (a ıb or a π b )
Ï - source of derivation (a Ïb = 'b derived from a ')
ÿ - derived from (a ÿb = 'a derived from b ')
‘ - a semantic change to …
“ - a semantic change from … (on the meaning of ‘ and “ i n
bibliographical references or between names of scholars see above [ e n d
of the preceding paragraph])
‘ µ - a morhological change to …
“ µ - a morhological change from …
≡σ - a semantic parallel
|| - bars between primary families of languages (Hamito-Semitic,
Kartvelian, IE, Uralic, Altaic, Dravidian, Elamic)
 , || - bars between secondary families (Anatolian IE, Narrow IE,
Semitic, Egyptian, Cushitic, Chadic, Finno-Ugrian, Samoyed, Yukagir,
Turkic, Mongolian, Tungusian, Korean)
»» - bars between branches of families (e.g. Germanic, Balto-Slavic,
East Cushitic, Central Chadic, Finno-Permian, Ugrian)
» (and  ) - bar between subbranches (e.g., Slavic [within Balto-Slavic],
Iranian [within Indo-Iranian], Baltic Finnic, Ob-Ugrian, Bole-Tangale)
 - bar between etymological entries of different words of the s a m e
root\morpheme or between different variants of a root ( r e c o n s t r u c t e d
within a branch of a family), as well as between different s e m a t i c
variants of the same root (within a primary or secondary family)
 - bars between etymological entries of different words of the s a m e
root\morpheme (reconstrucred within a secondary family) or b e t w e e n
secondary etymological entries (derivatives, compounds) within a n
entry denoted by  , as well as between different roots belonging to t h e
same secondary family and going back to the same N etymon
 or  - bars between etymological entries of different w o r d s \ s t e m s
of the same root\morpheme or between different roots going back t o
the same N etymon (reconstrucred within a primary family)
| - bar between etymological variants of the same N root (within a
primary family)
2721
|||
- bars between reconstructions of different pN words or t h e i r
variants within one N etymological entry
 before a D reconstruction means "a reconstruction distinguishing
between voiceless and voiced cnss. (GSt.’s theory and IS’s ideas o n
voiced geminates)"
¶ - sign preceding bibliographical and other notes referring to a
secondary family
¶¶ - sign preceding bibliographical and other notes referring to a
primary family
˚ - sign preceding bibliographical and other notes referring to a
Nostratic etymon
˚ - sign preceding bibliographical notes referring to impressionistic
comparisons which are not based on classical comparativistic m e t h o d s
(historical phonology, regular sound changes, etc.).
≠ - sign
preceding
bibliographical
reference
to alternative
etymological interpretations (not shared by the present author); sign
'not related to' (e.g. T *arka-n ≠ M *aru ) and 'to be distinguished f r o m '
'grant, bestow' ≠ √
'set in motion').
(e.g. OI √
≠ φ = untenable for phonetic reasons
≠ σ = untenable for semantic reasons
≈ - sign preceding
bibliographical
reference
to etymological
interpretations that are only partially shared by the present author; ( i n
semantic definitions and in transcription) "approximately"
{ } - brackets for the source of information (author or paper, inicated
by means of abbrreviations - see Bibliography )
∫ (preceding the abbreviated name of the bibliographical s o u r c e ,
within {}-brackets) means "in X's notation" (e.g. {∫ Bz}, {∫ IS}, {∫ SDM94}
s m (preceding the abbreviated name of the quoted author) means t h a t
his semantic interpretation has been reformulated. Q: "reformulated b y
Dolgopolsky)"
† (preceding the abbreviated name of the source) means "according
to X’s theory / hypothesis" (e.g. {†SDM94}, {†Hel.}, {†Rsl.}). Q:
"according to X’s theory / hypothesis"
∂ (preceding the abbreviated name of the source) means "according
to X with A. Dolgopolsky’s notation" (e.g. {∂ADb.} = "quoted after ADb.,
but in AD’s notation"). Q: "according to X with A. Dolgopolsky’s
notation"
{A “ B} - sign indicating that the author A quoted data recorded by B
{A “?} - sign indicating that we quote a paper by A, but the u l t i m a t e
source of the information (scholar who recorded the word) is unknown
∈ = 'a kind of'; used in semantic definitions if the exact specific
meaning of the word\stem is unknown, e.g. ' ∈ plant' means that w e
know that the word denotes a plant but we do not know which o n e ,
su2 -
su2 -
2722
' ∈ to eat' means that this is a verb denoting some kind of eating. Q: " a
kind of"
÷ = 'akin to', 'cognate with'. Q: "'akin to" or "cognate with"
÷ ÷ = 'cognate with (families\macrofamilies outside Nostratic)'
+ stands between parts of a compound verb
+ after a root (Ari dif + 'steal') means that the root is used with sxs.
+ stands between semantic varieties of one descendant word, each o n e
having its own etymology, e.g. D *mutß- vi. 'end, terminate, b e
completed' < N * m u d a 'to finish' + D *mutß - 'die' < N * m u t V ≈ 'go away
(?), die'.
IV. Transliteration of Coptic Letters
a a, v b, g g, d d, e e, z z, i e2, † t˙, I i, k k, l l, m m,
n n, ≈ x, o o, oy u, p p, r r, s s, t t, y w, f p˙, x k˙, π
ps, O o2, W s7, F f, 3 X, £ (graphic variant of the prec. l e t t e r ) X,
# X € (used in Cpt A only), 9 X ‹ (used on Cpt P), 2 h , H Z (= Cpt B
[ Z7 ], Cpt Sd/A/F [ Z7ò], = Cpt {†Lpr.} [ c7 , c7 ' ]), C c (= Cpt B [ c7 ≈ ], Cpt
Sd/A/F [ g1ò], Cpt {†Lpr.} [ kY ]), T ti, macron over the l e t t e r = ´ (e.g.
n 2 ´n).
Quotable equivavalents (if my transliteration characters cannot b e
reproduced): a
v
g d
e z i
†
I k
a, b, g, d, e, z, e:, t˙, i, k,
l l, m m, n n, ≈ x, o o, oy u, p p, r r, s s, t t, y w, f
p˙, x k˙, π ps, O o:, W s7, F f, 3 x, £ (graphic variant of t h e
prec. l e t t e r ) x, # x€ (used in Cpt A only) , 9 x ‹ (used on Cpt P), 2
h , H 3 (= Cpt B [Z7], Cpt Sd/A/F [Z7ò], = Cpt {†Lpr.} [c7, c7']), C c (= Cpt
B [c7 ≈ ], Cpt Sd/A/F [g1 ò ], Cpt {† Lpr.} [kY ]), T ti, macron over the l e t t e r
= ´ (e.g. n 2 ´n) .
V. Armenian letters
(arranged according to the alphabetical order
of the Roman alphabet)
a a , b b , c c , ç c ≈ , 4 c7 , ¢ c7 ≈ , d d , e e , é e6 , ú e w , ` ´, f
f , g g , h h , i i , k k , ˚ k ≈ , l l , ¬ Ò , m m , n n, o o , ø o6, p
p , π p≈ , r R, ® r2, s s , 2 s7 , t t , † t≈, u u , v v , y w, x X,
j y , z z , 1 z7 , 3 Z , £ Z7
2723
Quotable equivavalents (if my transcription characters cannot b e
reproduced): a a , b b , c c , ç c ≈ , 4 c 3 ¨ ¢ c 3 ≈ , d d , e e , é e6, ú
e w , ` e 3 , f f , g g , h h , i i , k k , ˚ k≈, l l, ¬ l18, m m , n
n , o o , ø o6 , p p , π p≈ , r r, ® rr, s s , 2 s 3 , t t , † t≈, u u,
v v , y w , x x , jy , z z , 1 z 3 , 3 3, £ 3 3
R ECOMMENDED QUOTING EQUIVALENTS OF THE TRANSCRIPTION
When quoting data of this dictionary, scholars may find it hard t o
render the non-standard transcription signs found here. Hence w e
propose two systems of equivalents of my signs:
A. Some equivalents of the my characters and signs (available in t h e
IPA, SIL, and other commonly
Orientalistic transcription, etc.):
Consonants:
9=G
k' = k5
ûq = q5
tœ = t'
Vowels:
¿=?
G = g#
lß = l'
R=\
T' = T5
ä
=Ä
used
transcription
÷' = ÷5
G6 = g#l
¬ß = ¬5
r∑ = r
zœ = z'
b' = ∫, 5b c' = c5
h_ = h
ˇ = y5
’ = Î!
Ò†= l r
rÀ = r3
r` = r'
Μ = z6' (Arabistic d')
´⁄
È = I 4,
= ‰¯,
Diacritics with consonants:
fonts,
in
c7' = c75
J = d!
nÀ = n3
sœ = s'
Z> = Z
the
c`' = c`5
J° = 5d!
n` = n'
t' = t5
â = I4
' = 5 (t' = t5 ); s> = s%; z> = z%
Tones: complex tones of long vowels may be denoted by two vowels
with the signs of the respective tone: phases, e.g. a^ = a! a ~ , a§ = a! a @ , a& = a~ a ! .
Uncertainty signs: The uncertainty brackets may be either spelled o u t
(e.g. *≤kal[a]b- ‘ *≤kalab- or *≤kalb-, *g8[≈]er-‘ *g8≈+g8er-), or replaced b y
commonly used brackets: [ ] ‘ () (e.g. *≤kal[a]b- ‘ *≤kal(a)b-, *g8[≈]er-‘
*g8(≈)er-), { } ‘ · ‚ (e.g. *Z6a{p}V ‘ *Z6a·p‚ ) The sign V‘ ; á ( i n
reconstructions) ‘ a4+e; ÷3 ‘ ˝+ G ; Ó ‘ H+X; ◊ ‘ a+Ë.
V.
V
c6'
p'
2724
B. Those scholars who cannot use the characters of IPA, SIL, etc., a r e
advised to use my system of quotable equivalents for the c h a r a c t e r s
used in this book (see above § 8, parts I, II , and III .
All this refers to transcription, rather than to transliteration o r
reproducing the national (Roman-based) script. The transliteration a n d
the national Roman spelling are (and should be) quoted in t h e i r
traditional form.
L IST OF THE RECOMMENDED QUOTING EQUIVALENTS OF THE TRANSCRIPTION
CONSONANTS AND GLIDES,
ELEMENTS OF CONSONANTS
Q: ’ = ? - glottal stop; (in pIE) ? , a "weak" (yielding zero in Hittite)
laryngeal, lost in zero-grade of apophony (unlike all other laryngeals,
that yield NaIE *´ in the apophonic zero-grade)
Q: ’O = , voiceless zero-consonant (short absence of any s o u n d )
(preceding a consonant in some Lp dialects)
Q: ’1a =
(in reconstructions) (cover sign for ?+h )
¿
?
Q: ’2 = ÷ , voiced epiglottal approximant (Arabic
Ø
)
Q: ’2 ” = ÷' , glottalized epiglottal consonant
Q: ’2a = ÷3 , unspecified voiced laryngeal ( ÷ or ˝ ) (cover sign)
Q: ’3 or (for Eg) y = ˇ , palatalized glottal stop; (in pIE and pNaIE
recinstructions) æ (in pIE and pNaIE recinstructions), the p r o s o d i c
feature (breathed voice, some kind of word-initial devoicing?) t h a t
brought about Gk prostetic vowels, transfromation of IE *w- and *yinto Greek h- (cf. Introduction, § 2.2.6 )
Q: ’6 = 5 , weak glottal stop, sub-phonemic glottal stop, glottal stop as a
feature of an adjacent phoneme
Q: b ” = b5 , consonant described as "voiced ejective b "
Q: ”b = b' (= ∫ ), glottalized injective or preglottalized b
Q: b 9 = B (= b33), fricative b
Q: c = c , voiceless hissing affricate (= t¢ s ), like german
Q: c2 = c1, voiceless palatal (or palatalized) sibilant affricate (like
Polish , Tofalar palatal c1æ, c1)
)
Q: c 3 = c7 , voiceless hushing affricate (like English
Q: c 4 = c6 , voiceless lateral affricate
Q: c 7 = c` (in proto-Kartvelian and Jurchen), postalveolar c = K {K, FS}
c⁄ and Mudrak's Jurchen
z
c1
ch
c6
2725
ty
Q: c 1O = ç , voiceless palatal stop (like Hungarian
)
Q: c 11 = c>, voiceless lingual affricate (without phonemic distinction
between c, c7, c1 and c6 ) or a voiceless palatal or sibilant c o n s o n a n t
(without phonemic distinction between affricates and ç or b e t w e e n
sibilant affricates and pure [fricative] sibilants)
Q: c ”, c 5 = c' , glottalized (ejective) c
Q: c ” 1-4 = c'>, glottalized lingual affricate c> (without p h o n e m i c
distinction between c', c7', c'1 and c'6)
Q: c ” 2 = c1 ' , ejective palatal (or palatalized) sibilant affricate
Q: c ” 3 = c7', ejective hushing affricate
Q: c ” 4 = c6 ' , ejective lateral affricate
Q: c ” 7 = c`' (in proto-Kartvelian), postalveolar c' = K {K, FS} c' ⁄
Q: Ç = Ç , cover sign for an unspecified affricate
Q: d7 (or ∂ of the IPA notation) = dß, postalveolar (cacuminal o r
retroflex) d
Q: d 9 = Î (= d3 ), voiced fricative dental consonant (English
in
)
in
)
or dental spirant (in Martnet’s terminology) (Spanish
in Indological transcription)
Q: d 15 = dÀ , alveolar d (in Dravidian) (=
Q: d ” = d5 , consonant described as "voiced ejective d "
Q: ”d = d' (= ∂ ), injective glottalized or preglottalized d
d3
th this
d nada
¶
d ” 9 , d 9+12 = Îœ , uvularized ("emphatic") Î , like Arabic
Q: g 2 = 9 , voiced uvular stop (incl. Mlt {Drs.} g °)
Q: g 2-3 = G , unspecified voiced uvular cns. (˝+9 )
Q: g3 = Ì , voiced uvular fricative or spirant (like Arabic
is also used for a phoneme without opposition ˝ ↔ G (as
Q:
pOs)
Q: g 3+9 =
Π, an emphatic
g3+14 = ˝ (superscript),
·
). This sign
in pOUg a n d
uvular fricative consonant (typical of Berber)
a uvular spirant (incl. an emphatic one) if
Q:
it is reduced almost to zero (as in some subdialects of Rif Berber)
Q: g 4 = G6 , voiced postpalatal lateral (approximant or fricative) (= {KD}
Kms l ).
Q: g6 = IE, NaIE g8
Q: g9 = G , voiced velar fricative\spirant (fricative\spirant g) , like i n
or New Greek g
Spanish
trigo
Q: g 14 = G (superscript), a voiced velar spirant if it is reduced a l m o s t
to zero (as in some subdialects of Vogul)
Q: g≈6 = IE, NaIE g8≈
2726
Q: g ” = g5 , consonant described as "voiced ejective g "
Q: ”g = g° , injective glottalized or preglottalized g
Q: g”3 (or g 3+12 ) = Œ , an emphatic uvular fricative consonant (typical
of Berber)
Q: h = (IE) h , "weak" (yielding zero in Hittite) a- colouring laryngeal ( ≈
Pv.'s * A €) (pIE *eh > NaIE *a2)
Q:
h2
=
H,
voiceless epiglottal fricative (like Arabic
Ó
; =
h5
of t h e
Orientalistic Transcription)
Q: h6 (or h y ) = (in IE) h8, "weak" (yielding zero in Hittite) e- colouring
laryngeal (≈ Pv.'s * E ⁄) (pIE *eh8 > NaIE *e2 )
Q: h 12 = hœ , emphaticized (uvularized) h (as in the southern dialects o f
[ X ] of the Orienralistic transcription!
Twareg); ≠
Q: h 14 = Ó , fricative laryngeal onset that is added before vowels in t h e
absolute initial position (in Dsn)
Q: h 16 = ˙ , voiced h
Q: h 17 = h , "allgemeiner Mundgeräsch\Geräuschlaut" {Lagerkrantz},
e.g. in Lp
Q: h 18 = ˛\ , preconsonantous voiceless vowel glide (as in Lappish) a n d
postconsonantous voiceless ultra-short vowel (as in Nenets); the s a m e
sign is used when the final part of the preceding vowel is voiceless (as i n
Lp L, as described by Wiklund: ˛\ = Wiklund’s ); ≈
Q: hW = (in IE) hW , "weak" (yielding zero in Hittite) o- colouring
laryngeal (≈ Pv.'s * A ⁄W ) (pIE *ehW > NaIE *o2 )
Q: hW = (in IE) h x , a cover sign for a "weak" (lost in Hittite) laryngeal
of unknown colouring ( ≈ Pv.'s * H € )
Q: Ó = Ó , cover sign for é+9+q (all laryngeal consonents, as well a s
uvular 9 and q ); (in IE) Ó , a cover sign for an unspecified laryngeal
( é x + Ù ) (≈ Pv.'s * H )
Q: Ó+w+y = ℵ , cover sign for Ó+w+y
Q: Ó 2 = é , cover sign: unspecified laryngeal (?+ h + ÷ + H + X + ˝ )
Q: Ó 3 = é⁄ , over sign for "weak" laryngeals (?+ ÷ + H )
Q: Ó 4 = é€ , cover sign for "weak" laryngeals, including h (?+ ÷ + H + h )
Q: Ó 6 (or Ó y) = é8 , a cover sign for h8 + x 8 .
Q: Ó a = (in pIE) é , a cover sign for h+ x , é0 é=
Q: ÓW = (in pIE) éW , a cover sign for hW+ x W8 .
hœ
O
¿
2727
j = j , voiced palatal fricative (like the initial consonant in French
hier ·jE2r⁄‚). In pSl and pGmc recostructions (in accordance with t h e
tradition) j is used for the palatal approximant (instead of y )
Q: j 2 = J , voiced palatal stop (like Hungarian dy )
Q: ”j 2 = J° , injective glottalized or preglottalized J
Q: k ” and k 5 = k' , ejective k
Q: k 6 = (in IE, NaIE) k8
Q: l 1,7 = N l ∏ , cover sign for l + l ß .
Q: l 2 [= (IBA) ¥ ] = l!, palatal (or palatalized) l , like Italian gli i n
Q:
voglio
’
Q: l 2a = , a special type of palatal l (different from l! ), as in U and FU,
where * stands for the traditional (FUV) *Î!- (in the word-initial
position)
Q: l 7 = lß , postalveolar (cacuminal or retroflex) l
Q: l 17 = ¬ , voiceless l
Q: l 17+7 = ¬ß , voiceless lß
Q: l 18 = Ò , velarized l (like in Russian l )
Q: L = L, unspecified lateral sonorant (cover sign)
Q: m 2 = m, voiced bilabial consonant with neutralization of the f e a t u r e
of nasality (with allophones [m ] and [b ]), as in pT
Q: n 2 = n1, palatal (or palatalized) n .
Q: n 7 = n` (= nß ) , postalveolar (cacuminal or retroflex) n
Q: n 8 = N, velar or uvular nasal consonant (like
in English
)
Q: n14 = n , Old Telugu ardha \n u s v a \ra (a nasal consonant [word-final n ,
preconsonantous M ] that is optionally lost in certain environments, e.g.
n
=
≠
'he disturbed')
Q: n 15 = nÀ, alveolar n (like Tamil )
Q: nx = M, nasal consonant with phonologically neutralized place o f
articulation (always homorganic with the following consonant)
Q: ˆ = ˆ, unspecified nasal consonant (other than *m ) (cover sign)
Q: p ” = p', ejective p
Q: p 9 = F (= p3 ) , voiceless fricative bilabial consonant (bilabial f )
Q: P = P, unspecified labial stop (cover sign)
’
ng
kala gu kalaNgu kalagu
n3
q = q, voiceless uvular stop (like Arabic
Q: q ” (or q 5 ) = ûq, ejective uvular stop
Q: Q = Q (cover sign for q+ 9 )
Q:
Œ
)
long
2728
Q: rr = r2, long r (incl. Armenian ® [long trilled r ] )
Q: r : = r ∑, trilled r (with phonemic opposition to R )
Q: r 2 = r1, palatalized (or palatal) vibrant
Q: r 3 = r7, obstruent r (like Czech )
Q: r 4 = , a consonant (flap or tap) that is intermediate between r a n d
l (Loubignac’s & in ZAS), or a phoneme without phonemic distinction
between r and l (as in proto-Agaw)
Q: r 7 = r` (= rß ) , postalveolar (retroflex) r (Dravidianistic ¨ † )
of
Q: r 15 = rÀ, alveolar trill (in contrast to post-dental); rÀ =
Dravidianist notation
Q: r 17 = ®, voiceless r (like Moksha Mordvin rx )
Q: r :17 = ®À, voiceless alveolar trill (like Konda {DED}  )
in
, or
Q: r19 (= {IBA} ®) = R, cerebral flap or tap (like Spanish
)
like Hausa in
Q: r 2O = ® , uvular flap or tap
Q: r :2O = r⁄, uvular trill (like German )
Q: r 21 = R , Old Scandinavian (presumably palatalized) kind of r < * s
Q: Â = Â , cover sign for r+ r 1
Q: s = s, denoting both the apico-alveolar s (as in French, Russian, a n d
most other European lgs.) and the postalveolar s (as in Spanish, New
Greek, Finnish, and Estonian). The difference between both of them h a s
proved to be irrelevant in Nostratic studies (so far)
Q: s 2 = s1 - palatal (or palatalized) s (e.g. like Polish )
)
Q: s 3 = s7 - voiceless hushing sibilant (like English
in Ak, but h , ? and z e r o
Q: s 3+9 = s73 (in proto-Semitic) - weak *s7 ( >
in most WS lgs.)
Q: s 4 = s6 - voiceless lateral consonant
Q: s 7 = sß - postalveolar (cacuminal or retroflex) s
Q: s 7a = s` (in proto-Kartvelian) (= {K, FS} *s⁄ ]) ( > Georgian s ,
Megrelian, Laz, Svan s7 )
Q: s 7a+9 = s`3 (in proto-Kartvelian) = {K} *(s⁄) ( > Svan s7, zero i n
Georgian and Zan)
Q: s9 = s3 (in proto-Karvelian) - weak *s ( > Georgian s , Megrelian a n d
Laz zero)
Q: s 12 (or a less specific notation: s ”) = sœ - uvularized ("emphatic") s ,
Ò
r7
l
r› r5
r cara
r sarki
r
s7
like Arabic
Ç
r3
s1
sh
2729
Q: s 19 = sÀ - apico-alveolar s with flattened body of the tongue (like
in BE’s transcription of Dravidian)
Toda
Q: s2O = s> - infralabialized voiceless domal infradental sibilant (as i n
Twi and Jibbali; Johnstone’s s% )
of Solon [transcription
Q: s 21 = S - voiceless palatal fricative (= X7 ,
of Poppe, SSTMJ & Ivanovskij], Kildin Lappish [in the new East Lappish
alphabet of 1982] and Moksha Mordvinian j x )
Q: Í = Í , unspecified voiceless sibilant (or lateral obstruent) ( s, s1, s7,
s6, K s`) (cover sign)
Q: t ” (or t 5 ) = t' - ejective t
Q: t ” 9 (or t 5+9 ) = T' - ejective dental (or interdental) fricative
Q: t 7 = tß - postalveolar (cacuminal or retroflex) t . Q: t 7 (= [IBA] T )
Q: t 9 = T (= t3 ) - voiceless dental (or interdental) fricative (like English
in
)
Q: t 12 (or a less specific notation: t ”) = tœ - uvularized ("emphatic") t ,
s3
x7
j
th thin
like Arabic
fl
t3
Q: t 15 = tÀ - alveolar t (in Dravidian lgs.) (=
of the Indologocal
transcription)
Q: Ê = Ê , unspecified dental stop (cover sign); (in IE and NaIE) Ê , a n
*archiphoneme resulting from neutralization of the opposition *-d≈
≥
d ≥ *-t
Q: w = w
- labial approximant; IE and NaIE *u\ as a glide of d i p h t h o n g s
instead of the traditional * u
Q: w 2 = ú , labial glide of a diphthongoid (e.g. n ú os nos in Russian)
Q: x (or x 1 ) = x (= k3 ) - voiceless velar fricative (like Russian x )
in Hittite) a- colouring
Q: x (in IE) = x , "strong" (yielding
laryngeal (≈ Pv.'s * A ⁄ ) (pIE *ex > NaIE *a2 ) .
h, hh
Q:
x3 = X
- voiceless uvular fricative (like Spanish
of the Orientalistic Transcription
Q: x6 (or x y ) = (in IE) x8, "strong" (yielding
colouring laryngeal (≈ Pv.'s * E € ) (pIE *ex8 > NaIE *e2 )
j
and Arabic
h, hh
Ù
) =
in Hittite)
hœ
e-
Q: x 14 = x , a weak x- sound (like Tifri x T in Izn {Rn.})
in Hittite) o- colouring
Q: xW = (in IE) xW , "strong" (yielding
laryngeal (≈ Pv.'s * A €W ) (pIE *exW > NaIE *o2 )
Q: Ù = Ù , a cover sign for x+x8+xW, i.e. a cover sign for a "strong"
in Hittite) laryngeal of unknown colouring (≈ Pv.'s * H ⁄ )
(yielding
h, hh
h, hh
2730
Q: Ù 2 = ÙÚ , i.e. X+˝ (cover sign)
in English
); IE and NaIE *i\ a s
Q: y = y , palatal approximant (like
a glide of diphthongs instead of the traditional * i
Q: y 2 = î , palatal glide of a diphthongoid
Q: z = z - voiced hissing sibilant. Denotes both the apico-alveolar z ( a s
in French, Russian, and most other European lgs.) and the postalveolar z
(as in New Greek). The difference between both of them has proved t o
be irrelevant in Nostratic studies (so far)
Q: z 2 = z1 - voiced palatalized sibilant (like Polish )
Q: z 3 = z7 - voiced hushing sibilant (like French )
Q: z 4 = z6 - voiced lateral fricative
Q: z 4+12 (= d4+9+12 = d ” 4+9 ) = Î^œ - lateralized uvularized ( " e m p h a t i c " )
y
yes
j
Î,
like 8th cent. Arabic
z1
fi
Q: z 12 (or a less specific notation: z ”) = zœ - uvularized ("emphatic") z ,
like in Berber ( of the Orientalistic Transcription)
Q: z 22 = z$- voiced hushing fricative with a broad slit (as in Zng: {TC}
"fricative sonore avec un faible chuintement", = {TC} )
Q: Z = Z , nspecified voiced sibilant (cover sign)
Q: 3 = Z - voiced hissing affricate (= d¢ z )
)
Q: 32 = Z1 - voiced palatal (or palatalized) affricate (like Polish
Q: 33 = Z7 - voiced hushing affricate (like English )
Q: 34 = Z6 - voiced lateral affricate
Q: 3 7 = Z` (in proto-Kartvelian and possibly in Jurchen) = Klimov's Z⁄
and Mudrak's Jurchen
Q: 3 11 = Z> - voiced lingual affricate (without phonemic distinction
between Z, Z7, Z7 and Z6 ) or a voiced palatal or sibilant consonant ( w i t h o u t
phonemic distinction between affricates and J or between sibilant
affricates and pure [fricative] sibilants)
Q: 3x = Û = unspecified voiced affricate (cover sign)
Q: 8 = 8, i.e. w+y (cover sign)
Q: cns. (n formulas we use C as a general sign for consonant) = ⊥ ( i n
reconstructions), cover sign for an unspecified consonant
Q: ] after a cns. letter: b ] = ’ (e.g. b’ ) unreleased stop (stop w i t h o u t
explosion, as in Vietnamese and Ndam)
Q: ( ) (in transliteration) =
- for transliterated letters that are n o t
with a "deaf" initial )
pronounced (e.g Sr
Q: ” after letters for voiceless conconants = ' (s', t') - glottalization
z5
z2
j
Z6
“?‘na2 s
“‘
?
dz1
2731
Q: ” after letters for sonorant consonants ( y , w, n) = > over letters f o r
sonorant consonants ( y> , w> , n> ) denoting a glottal stop that i s
simultaneous with the sonorant
Q: ” before letters for voiced conconants = ' (b' , d' ) - preglottalization
Q: ” before letters for laryngeal conconants (5÷ , 5H ) - preglottalization
Q: ” before letters for voiceless conconants ( 5p , 5t ) - injective
glottalization (as in Lp ∆ )
Q: ” 3 after consonant letters ( t ” 3 , k”3, p ” 3 ) = æ (to the right of t h e
letter: tæ, kæ, pæ) - fortis
Q: ” 4 after consonant letters ( t ” 4 , k”4, p ” 4 ) = [1] … (to the right of t h e
letter: t…, k…, p… ) - lenis, lax; [2] in Azm … (Q: ” 4 ) denotes lax s o n o r a n t s
("relâchées") m…, n…, N… = Q: m ”4, n ” 4 , n ”4+8; [3] = £ (e.g. p£, t£ ) - lax
consonants (pT *-p£- > -p- ≠ -b- in daughter lgs.)
Q: ”5a after consonant letters = ™ (after the letter) - half-voiced. EM: h
(after the letter)
Q: ”5b after consonant letters = ò (after the letter: bò, gò, dò, jò , zò, rò, lò,
mò, nò, N ò) - devoiced or half-voiced = FUT small caps. EM: h (after t h e
letter)
Q: ” 5c after consonant letters = òò (after the letter: ròò, lòò ) - devoiced
final part of the consonant (as in Nen F). EM: h (after the letter)
Q: ” 5d preceding consonant letters = ] (preceding the letter) voiceless consonants with a voiced or half-voiced initial part (as i n
some dialects of Lp)
Q: ”13 after consonant letters (l ” 13 , n ” 13 , m ” 13 )= = - syllabic c o n s o n a n t
( l= , n=, m=, etc.)
Q: ” 14 after consonant letters = " over the consonant letter - w e a k
consonant (intermediate between the consonant and zero), e.g. w" , y" =
w, y with weak approximation
2, ∏ over the consonant letter Q: ” 15 after a consonant letter =
marling long consonant, including the so-called "long consonants" i n
Korean and the Nakh-Daghestanian lgs.
Q: ” 16 after a consonant letter = ì (under the letter) - plosive
consonant (stop): H ì (plosive H ), ÷ ì, f ì, v ì
Q: O1 or +O1 together with preceding letters for consonants =
superscript consonant letters (e.g. Q x O1 = x , Q t 9+O1 = T )
Q: O2 or +O2 together with preceding letters for consonants = s u b s c r i p t
consonant letters denoting very weak consonants (e.g. Lp Kld vu\allaÎ =
Q vO2wallad9+O2)
2732
Q: 2a , +2a ater cns. letters = Y (after the letter: kY, gY, XY ) palatalization.
Q: 2b , +2b ater cns. letters = Ï, 4 (over the letter) or ê (after the letter) weak palatalization ( e\ - palatalization). Q: 2 b , +2b ater cns. letters
Q: 7 , +7 after cns. letters = ` (s`, n` , etc.) = ß (sß, lß, etc.) - postalveolar o r
retroflex consonants. Q: ` (over the letter)
Q: 9a (or +9a ) after consonant letters = 3 (under the letter: b3, d3, g#, k3, p3,
t3, q#) - fricativity resulting from lenition (fricative variants of p h o n e m e s
or morphophonemes, as in Hebrew, Aramaic and Berber)
Q: 9b (or +9b ) after consonant letters = 3 under letters for fricatives
( B3, Î3, G3, v3, h3 ) - lax fricativity (consonnes spirantes of Mart. and TBC,
= B3, Î3, G3 ). Lax fricativity resulting f r o m
such as Sp intervocalic
lenition may be also denoted as above (with a dot under letters f o r
stops: b3, d3, g, k3, p3, t3, q## ) if no phonological opposition ( b3 ↔ B3, etc.) is
involved or known
Q: 11 after the letters c and 3 = > over letters c and Z that is used t o
denote lingual affricates without phonemic disrinction between hissing,
hushing, and palatal: Z> for a voiced affricate, c> for a voiceless affrivace,
as well as for a palatal or sibilant consonant (without p h o n e m i c
distinction between affricates and ç or between sibilant affricates a n d
pure [fricative] sibilants, as well as for an affricate without p h o n e m i c
disrinction between voiced and voiceless)
Q: 12 and +12 after consonant letters ( d 12 , z 12, t’12, q’12, d 12, d 9+12 ) = œ
( dœ, zœ, tœ) - uvularization ("emphasis", as in Arabic and Berber)
Q: 15 after cns. letters = À ( tÀ, dÀ , nÀ ) - alveolar (in contrast with d e n t a l
of the Dravidianist notation.
or post-dental) consonant; tÀ, dÀ, nÀ =
Q: 23 or +23 after consonant letters = ″ (after the letter) - affricatized
or half-affricatized stop ( k ″ = affricate k¢x, t!″ = a half-affricatized t!
[intermediate between t! and c1 , as Russian t∆ ], e.g. Q: k 23 = k ″ , Q: t2+23 =
b, d, g
t3, d3, n3
t!″
Q: 24 after consonant letters = ″ (preceding the letter) - slightly
affricatized
fricative
consonant
(with
a weak
initial
plosive
articulation): ″ x = very weak k + x = Q: k 2 4
Q: 25 , +25 : [1]: after consonant letters = ˘ or † with dental cns. l e t t e r s
( t˘ = t † , d˘ = d † , d' ˘ ) - addental or gingival (in contrast with alveolar)
consonant ( t˘ = t † = Q: t 25 , d˘ = d † , d'˘ = Q: d 25 ); [2] with palatal
consonant letters ( ç = Q: c1O; J = Q: j 2 ) = ˘ with consonants =
dentopalatal consonants (intermediate between t and ç , d and J ), as i n
dialects of Lapp
2733
Q: 26 after a cns. letter = [1] 8 - palatality (e.g. Q: 3 24 = Z8 ); [2] 1 ( o v e r
the letter: s1, n1, l!, w1, etc.) - palatality
Q: 27 after the letter = %, fi (over a consonant letter or to its left) nasalization or (in Chadic) prenasalization of an obstruent ( p%, bfi, dfi, tfi o r
% p , % b , % d , %t) or nasalization of a cns. (y% , w% , ÷%, ?%)
Q: 28 after the letter = > over letters for sibilants ( s>, z>, s'>) - symbol o f
infralabialized domal infradental sibilants, like in Central Jibbali
(Johnstone's
) or in Twi (Ghana); s> = [¸ ] of the IPA transcription
Q: ’3 in the word-initial position (in pIE and pNaIE recinstructions) = æ
, the prosodic feature (breathed voice, some kind of word-initial
devoicing?) that brought about Gk prostetic vowels, transfromation o f
IE *w- and *y- into Greek h-
s%, z%, s%5
after consonant letters (b≈ , d≈ , †g≈¨†gyh , gW≈ , p≈ ,†t≈,†k≈,†kyh ,†kW≈ ) = ≈
to the right of consonant letters aspration)
Q: ≈ preceding consonant letters ( ≈t, ≈p, ≈k ) = ≈ and æ (preceding t h e
letter: ≈t, ≈p, ≈k = æt, æp, æk )
Q:
≈
Q: r
w
after consonant
vibrating
X, g- g
letters = vibration =
with vibration)
w
- vibration (e.g,
X
w
-
Q: v in word-initial position = Ü (in word-initial position b e f o r e
diphthong or vowel) - weak approximant functioning as a v- glide (as i n
dialects of Kola Lapp). Q: v
Q: v after consonant letters = Ü (after the letter: sÜ) - v- labialization
(articulated with the upper lip only)
Q: W after the letter = W (after the letter: kW, gW, XW ) - labialization
Q: ! with following letters = signs for clicks (EM: !), namely:
Q: !b = b 3 - voiced bilabial click,
Q: !c 11 = c> 3 - voiceless palatal (palato-retroflex) click,
Q: !c 4 = c6 3 - voiceless lateral click,
Q: !d = d 3 - voiced addental click,
Q: !d 15 = dÀ 3 - voiced alveolar click,
Q: !j 2 = J 3 - voiced palatal (palato-retroflex) click,
Q: !j 4 = J6 3 - voiced lateral click,
Q: !m = m 3 - nasalized bilabial click,
Q: !n = n 3 - nasalized addental click,
Q: !n 15 = nÀ 3 - nasalized alveolar click,
Q: !n 2 = n1 1 3 - nasalized palatal (palato-retroflex) click,
Q: !p = p 3 - voiceless bilabial click,
2734
Q: !t = t 3 - voiceless addental click,
Q: !t 15 = tÀ 3 - voiceless alveolar click;
aspirated and glottalized clicks should be represented by adding
the signs of aspiration and glottalization to the symbols for clicks (e.g.,
t3≈, c>3≈, t'3, c>'3 = Q: !t≈, !c11≈, !t”, !c11”); retroflex clicks can be designed
by adding the sign of retroflexity to the signs of addental clicks: tß3 , dß3,
n`3 = Q: !t7, !d7, !n7
VOWELS
â
â
Q: (= a O1 ) = - "patach furtivum", i.e. an epenthetic a (appearing i n
Hb between a long vowel and a following word-final laryngeal cns.: ≤ru2 H
'wind, spirit'), as well the ultra-short a ( H b 9[ h >a t ’ a p h - p a t h a c h ] )
Q: a 2 or e 2 = a4 (and á in attested ;anguages), low front vowel
Q: a 3 = å , low back vowel (back a )
Q: a 4 = ä , a vowel in pre-IE from which alternating IE *e/o/ zero h a v e
developped; ultra-bref (reduced) low back vowel (e.g., in Lamut [= ¥$ o f
STM])
Q: a 5 = a6 , unspecified back vowel (a+ o + u ) (cover sign)
Q: a 6 = a$ , vowel intermediate between a4 and a
Q: a 7 = aº , labialized low vowel
Q: a 8 = A , high a
Q: a 9 = ä , low-mid back vowel (= IPA U ), like
in English
Q: a 1O = a , ultra-short a (= Ramstedt’s å )
Q: a 11 = a4 , ultra-short a4 .
Q: a 12 = Ä , low-mid central vowel (= IPA Ä ); in Korean Ä = Korean {Lee}
Ä , {Starostin} a", {Ramstedt} aœ
Q: a 13 = ¥ , ultra-short back vowel (= ´8 of the Finno-Ugric
Transcription); ¥ = Chuvash a€ , Volga Tatar and Bashkir short y , High
Cheremis y
Q: Å = Å , a+ a 4 (cover sign)
Q: e 1-2 = á (in reconstructions), a cover sign for a4 + e
Q: e3 = ´ , ultra-bref (reduced) central vowel, or ultra-bref vowel
without phonologic distinction of quality; in Chuvash ´ = o r t h o g r a p h i c
e€ ; = Sammallahti’s ; (in NaIE) ´ , schwa
Q: e e = (in proto-IE) ô , non-phonemic vocoid (schwa secundum)
Q: e 6 = E , low-mid front vowel
â
u
o
but
2735
Q: e 7 = eº , slightly labialized e ("leichte spaltformige Labialisation")
Q: e 8 = ‰ , central mid vowel (= IPA and Africanistic ´ , FUT eœ, Wiklund’s
ø , Sammallahti’s )
Q: e 9 = ‰º , slightly labialized central mid vowel (Genetz’s )
), IPA G (or Ä of s o m e
Q: e1O = ´⁄ , back mid vowel (like Estonian
authors); in Korean ´⁄ = Ko {Lee} ´ , {Starostin} ´, {Ramstedt} eœ; in Svan
(acc. Tuite’s description) ´⁄ = E = ´ of the traditional transcription
Q: e 11 = , high e
Q: e 12 = ˛ , ô , non-phonemic vocoid (= {Bi.} )
Q: É = É (= FUT G4 ), unspecified front vowel (cover sign)
Q: i 2 = î , high back vowel
in English
)
Q: i 3 = I , low i (like
Q: i 4 = È , high mid vowel (like Russian y )
Q: i 5 = â , lowered high mid vowel (low È )
Q: i 13 = Á , ultra-short (reduced) front vowel; Á = Volga Tatar, Bshk ´ ,
e (after a consonant), pSm {Hl.} .
Q: o 2 = o4 (= ø ), labialized front mid vowel (labialized e )
in
)
Q: o 3 = O , labialized low-mid back vowel (like British English
Q: o 4 = O4 , labialized front low-mid vowel (labialized E )
Q: o 5 = o$ , a vowel intermediate between o4 and o
Q: o 6 = ö (= o' ), high o , intermediate between o and u
Q: o 7 = o_ , centralized o
Q: u = u , labialized high back vowel
Q: u 1,2,4 = î^ , unspecified high vowel (u+ u 4 + i ) (cover sign)
and
Q: u 2 = u4 , labialized high front vowel (labialized i ), like German
French
Q: u 2+13 = Áº , Volga Tatar, Bashkir ø
Q: u 3 = U , low u
Q: u 4 = U4 , labialized lowered high front vowel (labialized I )
Q: u 5 = u$ , vowel intermediate between u4 and u
Q: u 7 = u_ , centralized u
Q: u 13 = ¥º , Volga Tatar and Bashkir o
Q: Ë = Ë , unspecified round vowel (cover sign)
Q: ∅ (if the sign ∅ is not available, "-" may be used) = ∅ ,, z e r o
phoneme
Q: V = V (or „ ), an unspecified vowel (cover sign)
e4
o%
¨
o_
?
i
bit
´4
o dog
u
u4