Introduction to macro- and microscopic
anatomy of the bones and joints
Karel Smetana
Endo- vs exosceleton
Types of bones
Flat
Long
Short
©David B. Fankhauser, Ph.D.,
Professor of Biology and Chemistry
University of Cincinnati Clermont College,
Batavia OH 45103
Netter, F. Anatomický atlas
člověka, Grada, 2003
www.victoriacollege.edu/.../web
pages/humerus.jpg
Long bone-schematic presentation
Epiphysis
Spongióza
Spongiform
Diaphysis
Compact
Epiphysis
Grim et al. Základy anatomie, Galén, 2001
http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/02701ooa.htm
Architecture of femoral head and neck
Direction of trabecules as
reponse to forces – gothic arch
hsc.unm.edu/…/histology/lab1/laboratory_1.html
Compact bone-concentric cylindric osteons,
superficial lamellas, periosteum
1
2
1
3
3
2
Facstaff.bloomu.edu/jhranitz/courses/APHNT/html
Grim et al. Základy anatomie, Galén, 2001
1.
Cylidric osteon
2.
Coat lamellas
3.
Periosteum
Compact bone-osteon
Concentric bone
lamellas with
Haversian canal in
center. Osteocytes in
lacunas have long
branches
Haversův kanál
classroom.sdmesa.edu/…/connective.htm
Bone cells-osteoblasts
Osteoblasts are located
on surface of bone
trabecules and produce
new bone matrix
http://www.histologia.cm-uj.krakow.pl/Tk_podporowe/osteoblasty2.jpg
Bone cells-osteocytes
www.bioengn.auckland.ac.nz
Osteocytes are originated from
osteoblasts. They are responsible
for bone metabolism and fine
exchange of bone matrix. They are
are also participating in the control
of calcemia
Bone cells-osteoclasts
http://www.gcarlson.com/images3/osteoclast_activity.jpg
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Histo/HistoImages/hl4B-76.jpg
Osteoclasts are formed by fusion of mononuclear precursors similar
to monocytes. They resorb the bone matrix.
Foreign body giant multinucleate cells
These cells are similar to osteoclasts. Theory of bone as depo
„toxic calcium?
Bone extracellular matrix and minerals
Collagen represents a site of
formation of crystals of
hyroxyapatite. Using pulse of
tetracycline we can
demonstrate a site of
mineralisation.
http://mayoresearch.mayo.edu/mayo/research/bone_histo
morphometry_lab/images/tph1084206_08.jpg
http://133.100.213.46/photo/T-Collagen.jpeg
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Mutation of gene coding
collagen in chromosome 17
is responsible for failure of
mineralisation and
increased fragility of bones.
http://www.humpath.com/IMG/jpg/osteogenesis_impe
rfecta_type2__21w_07_3.jpg
Bone vessels
The most important
vessels pass to bone
via periosteum to
chanels of Volkman
http://www.lcusd.net/lchs/mewoldsen/AP103-02.JPG
Bone remodelling
http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/gebs/faculty/Images/puzasimg.gif
http://www.parathyroid.com/images/boneD
ensity.gif
The resorption and formation of
new bone must be ballanced. If
not, the risk of osteoporosis or
osteopetrosis is increased
http://www.mef.hr/Patologija/ch_26/c26_s26.jpg
Bone scan
www.med.harvard.edu/JPNM/TF99_00/April18/BoneScan.gif
Detection of bone metastases using
radioisotope
Ossification
chondrogenic
desmogenní
http://classes.aces.uiuc.edu/AnSci312/Bone/Gil%209%201
4%20Endochondral%20ossification.jpg
desmogenic
http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab
8/Images/CTL36.JPG
Growth cartilage
http://www.spineuniverse.com/displaygraphic.php/2731/apter-BB.jpg;
Chondrodystrophy
http://7e.devbio.com/images/ch06/4cdysplasia.GIF
http://www.szote.u-szeged.hu/radio/csont/csont4c.gif
Anatomy of the joint
Hrim M, Druga R: Základy anatomie, Galén, Praha, 2001
Articulation cartilage
http://www.tulane.edu/~fsuh/images/cartilage.jpg
http://www.steadmanhawkins.com/virtual/education/assets/MRI_large.jpg
Hyaline cartilge
arthritis-research.com
http://histologyolm.stevegallik.org
http://www.ilo.org/safework_bookshelf/english?co
ntent&nd=857170059
Synovial membrane
Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:1505–1515.
doi:10.1136/ard.2007.076430
netterimages.com
Bone marrow
http://www-sdc.med.nagasakiu.ac.jp/n50/disaster/BMFum-b-big.gif
http://nmf.jax.org/images/bone_marrow_normal_copy.jpg
Bone marrow- site of stem cells
http://neurobio.mcphu.edu/FischerWeb/images/bone%20marrow%20stromal%20cells.jpg
Conclusions
• Bone is the main supporting system of body
• Bone is highly metabolically active
• Bone is responsible fo the control of
calcemia
• Bone is in the regimenn of permanent
remodelling